#so my source is that I was educated in Irish up until I was 18 and have worked in Irish language schools since
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One thing I want to talk about is the style of address we use in Irish when we talk about prolific writers and poets.
In English we tend to just use their surname in more academic contexts e.g âPlath usesâŠâ âBoland is seen asâŠâ
In Irish, we can use the article âAnâ + the suffix â-achâ with their surname to show that weâre not just talking about anyone with that name but THE writer with that name e.g
SeĂĄn Ă RĂordĂĄin - An RĂordĂĄnach
MĂĄirtĂn Ă DireĂĄin - An DireĂĄnach
All of this to say Iâm absolutely bringing this to my asoiaf posting going forward. Thatâs not just GRRM that is THE Martin. An MĂĄirtĂneach
#this post is for absolutely no one but me#itâs rarely used but I think king germ deserves it#I was trying to find a source that explains this better than I could have but I didnât find any#so my source is that I was educated in Irish up until I was 18 and have worked in Irish language schools since#and by Irish I mean the Irish language or Irish Gaelic for all of you Americans out there
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Sort of, but also sort of not. I mean yes, lots of parents are like this, for a variety of reasons. No, this isn't unique to just parents of Millennials and Gen Z. I would argue it's probably massively more common for older generations.
In terms of US culture, I would say that you're noticing that Gen X is really where things started to materially change in major ways that makes not having kids a more socially and physically viable option for a lot more people. To a lesser extent, these changes are also seen on a global scale or had global impacts.
To use my own parents as an example, they were born in 68 and 69, and would've been the first generation to grow up with some of these things and/or seen these changes.
By changes, I mean:
The FDA approved the Hormonal Birth Control Pill for women (1960).
In 1965, the Supreme Court decision of Griswold v. Connecticut (Griswold) finally and completely rolled back state and local laws that had outlawed the use of contraception by married couples. [Wikipedia says: "France repealed its anti-birth control laws in 1967. Similar laws in Italy were declared unconstitutional in 1971. In Ireland, legal condom sales (only to people over 18, and only in clinics and pharmacies) were allowed for the first time in 1978. (All restrictions on Irish condom sales were lifted in 1993.)" ]
The AIDs crisis in the 1980's also increased the availability of free condoms, and national campaigns for condom use took place in the US and Europe in 1985-1987. Condoms were also pushed in other countries as both a health measure (minimize or prevent STIs!) and also for imperialist reasons (eugenics. It was to help "solve overpopulation" in poor non-white countries).
This rise in condom campaigns is what got them to be introduced to big stores in the US like Walmart.
Advertising condoms on TV in the US was still illegal in 30 states by 1975.
The 60's and 70's is actually when US condom production regulations were tightened, making them more likely to be reliable and effective as contraceptives.
While women had the right to open bank accounts in the 1960's, it wasn't until The Equal Opportunity Credit Act of 1974 was passed that American women were guaranteed the right to open checking accounts and credit cards solely in their own name (without needing the signing permission of their husband or father). (I've seen claims the UK guaranteed this right in 1975, but I don't know the source for that.)
Before it was overturned, Roe v. Wade was decided in 1973, and led to abortion access improving.
Using my mom as context, she was about 17 in 1985. All of this shit was brand new.
Put simply, Gen X is really the first generation to even have relatively common access to reliable forms of birth control (like condoms in regular supermarkets, or freely passed out at health clinics) and where women could manage their own finances (thereby skipping the financial need for marriage) and receive employment protections (I skipped listing dates of acts that protected women from sex/gender based discrimination in the workplace, but those are also relevant).
And all the meanwhile, (in the US) they grew up in the Reagan purity culture abstinence only era, chockablock full of evangelical fundies who try at every turn to make things like contraceptives, abortion, and sex education impossible both to access and highly demonized. (That's how we get shit like the quiverfull movement.)
So anyone pre-Gen X? Had FAR less opportunities to avoid having children if they didn't want them.
That Gen X still had kids even if they didn't want them or only wanted the idea of them is indicative of: 1) the relatively recent social changes still shifting cultural norms as they became adults 2) relatively recent protections and accesses that allowed people the option to not have kids, meaning being a parent was only then becoming an active choice of desire for many people! 3) generally the tension between parent-child and identity formation across time always existing.
Basically this was the first generation where you could more easily actively choose to avoid having children (although stigma still exists, it was becoming easier) and likewise actively choose to want to be a parent instead of it just being an expectation and often inevitability of life. And you don't (probably often can't) develop reasonable expectations of children as unique individuals if you have little/less choice in the matter of them happening to you.
To so many people, their ability to consider children wasn't framed as "do you want to raise small humans?" But "you will end up with small humans to raise, so how will you deal with that in your life?" and then they developed coping mechanisms to try and find personal satisfaction in a situation where agency was not guaranteed, and those were often terrible for everyone.
The very notion of family planning as an active choice, reliable, accessible, and consistent contraceptives, safe abortions, being able to remain unmarried as a woman but still have equal rights, contraceptives being legally allowed for married people â all of this is really recent to Gen X parents, and only a little less so to Xennials. Frankly before that people weren't really given many options and people weren't really asking if you wanted any of these things.
Just a completely random thought but like...
I am truly starting to believe, at least for people my age (so late 20s- early 30s range), our parents didn't actually want children. Not in the way that matters.
They didn't want unique, individual, whole other people to raise into adults. They didn't want to do the amazingly hard work of being a parent- in that being a parent entails making sure your children can go out into the world and be their own people and make their own way, and it is your job as the person raising them to prepare them for that as best you can.
They wanted "children". As in dolls. As in "look at this thing I made let's talk about how great I am for making it". As in "let me brag about all of my child's accomplishments, those are all on me, but if they fail that is on them". As in "my child matters in what they can give me, not in who they are as a person of inherent value". As in "this was expected of me and I did it and now I am going to raise this human being the same way my parents raised me".
As in "why doesn't my fully grown adult child talk to me anymore? They're so entitled! They're so whiny! They DARE tell me I didn't do a good job parenting them! They DARE tell me I hurt them! They DARE express that they have feelings and thoughts and wants and a life outside of what I imagined for them in my head, outside of what will look good on me! How dare they not be a little thing I can hang on my fridge with a magnet and point to and say look my baby loves me. Look I am a good parent- that means I am a good person. Look I became a parent and that means I am GOOD. How DARE they undermine my entire identity as a Good Parent by telling me that I messed up?"
#Brought to you by: one of my parents did want to be a parent and the other decided they didn't but I was already a teenager#no takebacksies#you can just guess which of my parents i have a real relationship with!!#if you guessed the one that wanted to Be a Parent then ding ding ding we have a winner#pro-choice is pro-children and pro-adults
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chapter one.
℠pairing: jungkook x reader; eventual bts/ot7 x reader
â„ genre:Â college au with fluff, smut & angst
â„ summary:Â a series in which the reader meets (and falls for) seven members of the Beta Tau Sigma (BTS) fraternity
â„ word count:Â 2.3k
â„ warnings:Â 18+, cursing, dirty talk, kissing, hickies, drinking, tatted jungkook, nipple piercings
© luxekook. please do not repost, modify, edit or translate.
characters | prologue | one | two | three | four | five | six | seven | eight | nine
Chapter One
Fall of Junior Year â 8:57am
I curse every single decision that has brought me to this very moment as I power-walk across campus, sweating under the already blistering sun. Campus in August could easily be compared to a swamp given the amount of unearthly humidity, and I'm pretty sure I currently qualified as the local swamp thing.
The only positive feature in my morning has been the table of free coffee and doughnuts staffed by Student Government. The first day of the fall semester always seems to be accompanied by frantically wide-eyed freshmen and celebratory freebies. However, air conditioning is the only thing I would be celebrating today as I finally reach Tyson Hall â the destination of my 9:00am class.
As I rush to my classroom with one minute to spare, I slump into a seat in the far corner â my preferred location for people-watching out of the large windows and for getting away with doing homework for other classes.
Familiar faces surround me, an unsurprising observation given that this is our mandatory research seminar as psychology majors. I notice my friend Jenni sitting in the opposite corner, eyes glued to her phone screen.
Opening my laptop, I shoot her a text to come sit with me. Her head whips up, black braids moving every which way as she immediately piles up her things and hustles over, â(y/n), I forgot you were in this seminar! I just switched over from quantitative research because I couldnât take any more statistics â or Dr. Harding.â
Dr. Harding is the dean of the psychology department and has been teaching here for ages. Feared by most psychology students for his tough grading and intimidating persona, heâs actually a huge softie â something I discovered by going to his office hours and seeing all 85 pictures of his grandchildren hanging throughout the room.
âHeâs not that bad, Jen.â
She scoffs, âYou would say that because you got an A in statistics like some sort of wizard. Besides, Dr. Newman is so much nicer.â
Jenni has an excellent point. Dr. Newman is the main reason I chose this seminar. As one of the most respected researchers at our university, sheâs known for her qualitative studies on gender across cultures. I consider Dr. Newman to be a real badass woman and I lowkey stan her.
I turn to reply, but Dr. Newman begins taking attendance and class begins.
Fifty minutes later, Jenni practically drags me out of the classroom, âI cannot believe she kept us the whole 50 minutes. Is she aware that itâs syllabus week? Itâs practically law to just read over the syllabus and then dismiss class. This is outrageousâ (y/n), are you even listening?â
âHmm?â I totally had tuned her out, focusing on the number of students flooding the quad. I had missed this â the rush of students heading to class, the yells of people greeting each other from entirely too far away, the buzz of excitement over potential partiesâŠ
âUnbelievable. How did I forget you have this whole weird-ass feminist crush on her?â Jenni forges forth, âIt doesnât matter. What are you doing tonight? Youâre going out with us, right? Luna and I want to go to Hanniganâs.â
Since the three of us had all turned 21 over the summer, we finally could legally go to the bars in town. Hanniganâs currently holds the top spot on the list of bars that most of the upperclassman frequent. Itâs a popular Irish pub downtown known for its cheap beer and mixed drinks.
Itâs also BTSâs unofficial hangout â a fact that makes me slightly uneasy. After learning who the higher-ups are in BTS, I have taken to avoiding them like the plague. It was a relatively easy thing to do since the spring semester tended to be less focused on rushing and recruiting for fraternities and sororities.
But now itâs rush season, and Iâm pretty much fucked. There will be no avoiding seeing BTSâs president Kim Namjoon out recruiting with his vice president Min Yoongi and his social chair Jung Hoseok. There will also be no avoiding pledge master Taehyung leading around new BTS pledges like a mother duckling. And donât even get me started on how Kim Seokjin, Park Jimin and Jeon Jungkook will be popping up everywhere to advertise the latest BTS bash.
Sighing, I figure that the chances of actually bumping into them at the bar will be slim, given that it will most likely be super crowded and I can easily blend in.
I turn to Jenni as we keep walking towards our next classes, âYeah, Iâll go to Hanniganâs. Are you going to come over to get ready at our place?â
Luna and I had moved into a cute little off-campus apartment over the summer. As it turned out, itâs cheaper to live off-campus than on-campus if you look hard enough. We also had it pretty good location-wise being just a few short blocks from both campus and downtown.
âYes!â Jenni replies, slowing to a stop out front of the science building, âIâll be over around 8 with tequila. Iâll text you later. Iâve got to go to neuro-psych lab now,â she rolls her eyes, âHopefully we wonât be kept the whole time.â
Waving, we part ways, and I shake my head.
Tequila never leads to anything good.
Hanniganâs â 10:54pm
Fate seems to be on my side for once in my life. As soon as Luna, Jenni and I walk into Hanniganâs, my eyes are drawn to the back table where the BTS usually sits. Itâs empty.
Itâs practically an unspoken rule that no one else can sit there, and even though the bar is packed with all other tables accounted for, that one remains vacant â and for good reason.
Greek life essentially has a cult following around here. The Greeks provide status for those who are into that whole exclusivity thing. They also provide the best parties because of the size of their houses and because the university will never complain about one of their best sources of revenue.
I didnât to rush a sorority way back in freshman year because I couldnât feasibly afford it. The dues were way out of my price range, considering I was already paying for my education on my own. Luna, on the other hand, is in Epsilon Xi Delta (EXID) and consistently makes me and Jenni tag along to different Greek parties with her.
"Come on, bitches! Let's get some drinks," Jenni drags me and Luna through the packed room towards the bar that is already encircled by a crowd of thirsty students.
Tonightâs plan is simple â stick together, have fun, scope out cute seniors. Having already taken some shots before we left (saving that coin), weâre definitely feeling ourselves, flaunting our outfits like we didnât spend a good hour picking them out earlier.
I had settled on a black t-shirt dress with a checkered flannel tied around the waist and some black Doc Martens. Luna and Jenni had tried to convince me to wear heels with them, but I knew syllabus week was a marathon â not a sprint. My feet would thank me later, and theirs would be crying.
As the bartender slides us our beers, the opening beats of Cocky AF by our badass queen Megan Thee Stallion blast through the speakers dispersed throughout the bar. Turning immediately to each other, we clink our beers together, take a sip, and head to the makeshift dance floor.
We squeeze and push our way through the masses until we reach a spot towards the back where the crowd has thinned out a little more. Within seconds, weâre in motion, hips swaying in time to Megan saying âbitch, I look good and you know thatâ.
Shaking out my hair, I get in the zone and lose count of how many songs we dance to. Eventually, our beers empty and Luna turns to me, âAnother?" She accompanies her shouted question with an unnecessary charade of shot-gunning a beer in case I couldnât hear her. I roll my eyes, laughing while I nod in response.
âSave our spot!â Jenni yells and disappears into the crowd of dancers with Luna towards the bar.
I continue dancing on my own. Swaying my hips, I decide to put my hair up to try to cool off a little in the sweltering bar. The music shifts into a new song, this one slower, more seductive, a favorite of mine â Lost in the Fire featuring The Weeknd.
As Abelâs angelic voice flows over me, a pair of hands slide over my hips from behind me. I start to pull away, but then I notice â the hands are tattooed. And for some reason, that hot little fact makes me relax into the large body behind me.
Those tattooed hands tug me back even more, bringing me flush against him as he falls into time with my movements. God, this guy can dance â a rarity these days.
His body is all hard muscle and heated skin. His mouth is hot against my neck, alternating between kissing, sucking, and biting. My skin buzzes. Fuck, I havenât felt this way sinceâ
Turning my head slightly, I can make out the vague outline him and it confirms my sinking suspicion... Heâs a BTS boy.
"Hey, noona," he murmurs in my ear, his lips brushing over it as he speaks.
Fuck my life, I think as I shiver involuntarily in response. Spinning to face one of Satanâs henchmen, I toss my ponytail over my shoulder and jut a hip out in both defiance and defense. But really nothing could have prepared me for the sight of Jeon fucking Jungkook, the golden boy of BTS.
He somehow looks like heâs gotten even bigger since the last I saw him playing pong against Taehyung at that party â information that I cannot even comprehend. His left arm is completely tattooed, along with a few smaller ones dotting his hands. I glare at them, blaming those hands for throwing me off.
âLike them?â Jungkook waves his fingers in front of my narrowed eyes, âI got them this summer.â Smirking lazily, Jungkook makes his own perusal of me â taking extra time along the way.
His jaw flexes as his eyes turn molten, âYouâre killing me, noona. Tae didnât mentionâŠâ He trails off, swallowing hard.
I follow his gaze. Oh fuck. I had forgotten I decided to forego a regular bra tonight because I wanted to show off my piercings. Just having a thin bralette under my dress, my pierced nipples are definitely noticeable under Jungkookâs heavy stare.
Refusing to give into him, I square my shoulders, âYeah, I got them this summer, too. But, I donât see how thatâs either your or Taehyungâs business.â
At my words, Jungkook rips his eyes away from my tits to finally meet my own eyes again, âOh, but it really is our business. Tae said weâd like you and I agree.â
His voice is low and rough, and I swear I can feel it washing over my body, making all of my synapses fire in response.
âWe?â I choked out. In full panic mode, I spin and try to leave, but I barely make it a foot away before getting stopped by a now-familiar tattooed hand wrapped around my wrist.
Luckily, a crashing sound echoes from the back table where the other BTS boys must be, and Jungkook lets out a string of curses, âFucking hell, listen I have to go make sure no oneâs hurt, or Joon will kill me. Stay here, okay? Iâm not done with you, (y/n).â
His hand rushes up to the nape of my neck, pulling me into him. Our lips fuse together in a brutally hot kiss, his tongue slipping against my bottom lip for a fraction of a second.
And then heâs gone â disappearing rapidly through the fray to manage whatever trouble his frat has gotten into.
I stand there, shaking fingers on my lips wondering what the actual fuck just happened.
âHey, sorry we took so long! This bitch cut in front of us and I swear she ordered for the entire fucking population of North Americaââ
Luna smacks Jenniâs arm, cutting her off, âYou okay, (y/n)?â Luna peers closer at me, âHoly shit, is that a hickey? Â We were only gone for 10 minutes!â
My hand flies to my neck as both Jenni and Luna grab me, dragging me to the slightly quieter back alley of the bar. As they conduct the second Spanish Inquisition, I spill the details on what happened.
After a moment of silence following my explanation, they both start talking at once:
â Jenni: âHell yes, girl, go off! Jeon Jungkook is fine as fuckâŠâ â Luna: â(y/f/n) (y/m/n) (y/l/n), have you lost your damn mindâŠâ
â Jenni: ââŠIâd hit that in a heartbeat. Iâm so proud!â â Luna: ââŠDo you not remember last semester? Are you high? Oh my GOD, did he drug you?!â
âStop!â I slap a hand over each of their mouths, âJesus, Mary and Joseph, you guys are impossible. I am not âhittingâ anything, and, no, he did not fucking drug me.â
Sighing, I continue, âIt was a lapse in judgement, okay? I remember last semester more than anyone, but heâs just so powerful and I donât seem to have any common sense around BTS.â
I take my hands away from their mouths and immediately Jenni asks, âWait, what happened last semester?â
Luna slings an arm around my shoulder, âCome on, letâs go get pizza and a six-pack from Ralphâs. We can go out another night this week.â
âTake-out from Ralphâs?â Jenniâs eyes widen comically, âThis must be major tea. Letâs go.â
Instinctively, we clink our beers together for the second time that night and chug the remainder of our bottles in true broke bitch fashion (never leave paid-for beer behind).
With that, we trek back through the door and out of the bar. We finish our night filling in Jenni with our less than savory experience with the infamous BTS fraternity last semester.
But, as I lay in bed for the night, I canât help but wonder if Jungkook had looked for me that night after I left⊠Or if he told Taehyung...
taglist (message me to be added):
@catsandstrawberriesâ @h5naaaâ
#bts#bangtan#bts fanfic#bts fanfiction#bts x reader#bts smut#bts au#bts imagine#ot7 x reader#bts ot7#namjoon#seokjin#yoongi#hoseok#jimin#taehyung#jungkook#poly bts#college!bts#college!bangtan#frat!bts#kpop fanfic#kpop fanfiction#jungkook x reader#namjoon x reader#seokjin x reader#yoongi x reader#hoseok x reader#taehyung x reader#jimin x reader
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Meet my MC: Alexis OâBrien
Thank you for the ask @mskaneko . This was so fun!! I got a little carried away... đ
Thank you for the tag @debramcg1106â â€ïž
Alexisâs life changes deeply in every AU so I used my canon Alexis to answer these questions.Â
1. Name (+ bonus why did you choose that name?)
Alexis O'Brien. I've always liked the names 'Jade' and 'Alexis.' The last name was a momentary inspiration because I love Ireland.
2. Â Â Faceclaim
The beautiful Valerie Dominguez (aka my on-line girlfriend)
3. Â Â Nicknames
OâBrien / Lexie/ Lex/ Blossom. Â
4. Â Â Birthday
April 30th (I headcanon that she's 23 when the Social Season starts.)
5. Â Â Height
She's 1,70 cm (5'57")
6. Â Â Eye color
       Brown
7. Hair color
      Light brown
8. Â Â Love interest (why did she choose this person?)
Drake Walker is the love of her life. Alexis felt deeply attracted to Drake since she met him. Something about the deep voice, the chocolate eyes, and his strong arms. When they started to spend time together, she realized how much they had in common. Their connection quickly became a solid friendship as they confided in each other while drinking whiskey together after every event of the social season. Alexis fell for Drake's sarcastic sense of humor, flirty banter, and intelligence. But her favorite thing about him is his fierce protectiveness and how he tries to act tough and brooding around everyone except for her. Now that they're married, they form an exceptional, unbreakable team.
9. Â Â Best friend
Olivia Nevrakis and Maxwell Beaumont.
10. Personality traits
Alexis is a free-spirit. She's idealistic and passionate about her beliefs. She's very kind and generous, but once her trust is lost is very difficult to get it back. She's adventurous, loves to travel, and has surprised Drake more than once with last-minute weekends and trips. She's very competitive, she and Drake play all the time. She loves books and writing; ancient libraries are her happy place. She's very disorganized and unpunctual. Her head is on the clouds, and she always forgets her keys, or where she parked her car. Her emotions are powerful, she feels everything very intensely.
She's fiercely protective of Drake and her children and would kill for them if necessary.
11. Family background
She's half Mexican, half Irish American.
Her parents, Elena Ortiz and George O'Brien, met in High School. After a five-month relationship, Elena got pregnant. As they both came from an extremely religious background, they got married.
George turned out to be an abusive, rigid, sexist husband. They wasted 10 awful years together, but one morning George left Elena for his assistant and never came back. He has a son with his new wife and rarely sees Alexis. She tried to have a relationship with him until she realized the kind of man her father is.
Alexis grew up happily with her mom and widow grandmother. They had a small Mexican Fonda in Brooklyn. Â When Alexis turned 18, her mother was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and died only six months later. Her grandmother passed away two years later from an aneurism.
She has a deep-rooted abandonment issue.
12. Hometown
Brooklyn, NY.
13. Education
She has a degree in English Literature. She sold her family's small restaurant and got a job as a waitress to be able to afford a small college in NY. When she met the guys, she was working three different jobs so she could save money to study a master's degree in Literary Translation.
14. What languages does she know?
Alexis is bilingual in English/Spanish and speaks good French. Her French teacher in high school was a sort of mentor for her. She loves languages, so now that she lives in Cordonia, she's trying to learn Greek too. Drake is a great teacher đ
15. Occupation
Before flying to Cordonia, Alexis gave private Spanish lessons to kids, worked as a waitress at the dive bar where she met Drake, and, on the weekends, she worked as a bartender at an Irish Pub.
In Cordonia, she was the Duchess of Valtoria for a while, but after two hellish years, she and Drake left the 'noble' life. With Drake's support, she went back to school in Cordonia and got her master's degree. For the moment, she works as a Literary Translator, but eventually, she will become a writer.
16. Dream job
Her dream is to write children's books. Her absolute personal hero is J.K. Rowling.
17. Hidden talent
Dancing. Alexis doesn't hide it, though. Dance is her passion, especially Latin music.
She has a superhuman resistance to alcohol. Irish genes.
18. Her strengths
She's hardworking.
Sheâs determined.Â
She's empathic.
She can make friends easily.
19. Her weaknesses
She's very disorganized.
She's stubborn and doesn't forgive easily.
She's highly emotional, which can be a source of anxiety and stress.
20. Pet peeves
People who are rude to waiters or any other person in the service industry. She can't stand it under any circumstance.
People who cut lines.
21. Guilty pleasure
Mexican soap operas. Alexis used to watch them with her mom and grandma, and now she's addicted. Sometimes, she convinces Drake to watch one with her; he needs to practice his Spanish anyway.
22. Ideal outfit
In the summer, she loves wearing short, flowy dresses with leather, flat sandals.
In the winter, cozy jumpers, skinny jeans, and low black boots.
23. Favorite season
Fall. The colors, the soft sun rays, the crispy atmosphere, the smells. Everything about it.
24. Favorite vacation spot
Ireland, her grandfatherâs country. He used to tell her a lot of stories about it when she was a child, when she finally went she absolutely loved it.Â
25. Celebrity crush
Michael Fassbender
26. Who is her inspiration
Her mom. Elena was a single mother, but she never felt sorry for herself. She worked hard at her restaurant all day, then studied at night to get her college degree on-line. She loved life and was protective and generous. Alexis has never really got over her death.
27. Whats is the craziest thing she has ever done?
She took a plane with two strangers to a country she had never heard of before.
28. Describe her dream date
A late-night picnic under the stars with a good bottle of whiskey, some cheeses, and Drake. In a very secluded, private place.
29. What's more important for her in a relationship: physical attraction or emotional connection?
Both. The physical attraction is what first drew her to Drake. They're profoundly attracted to each other, and that sort of electrical, physical connection is very difficult to find. After years together, they still can't keep their hands off each other, and it has always been helpful when they're going through a rough patch.
The emotional connection is what makes them happy and crazy in love. They trust each other, make each other laugh, and they're best friends. What they share is unique, and they're aware of it.
30. Three things she would take to a desert island
Things, not people? Ok:
Her first copy of 'One Hundred Years of Solitude.' A gift from her mom.
Her illustrated collection of Harry Potter's books, a gift from Drake.
Her family album with her children's pictures and gifts (cards, letters and drawings.)
31. What is one thing she could never forgive?
Cheating. Never. But she has nothing to worry about ï
32. What gets her out of bed in the morning?
Sex with Drake, one of her children crying, strong, black coffee.
33. What does she use more often: her intuition or logical reasoning?
100% intuition
34. Would she rather be alone doing something she enjoy, or doing something she does't like with her best friends?
Difficult question. She loves reading and writing, which are 'alone' activities. But she'll do something she hates for her friends if they really want to.
35. What's her biggest regret?
Accepting the Duchy of Valtoria and making her child the heir. She got out of it, but there were terrible years.
Bonus: three random facts about your MC
She was arrested once while she was in a protest for Women's Rights
She LOVES to eat. Passionately.Â
She loves big dogs. They have one Labrador and one Golden retriever.
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Mini analysis - A Long Way Down
Blurb:Â âCan I explain why I wanted to jump off the top of a tower block?â
For disgraced TV presenter Martin Sharp the answerâs pretty simple: he has, in his own words, âpissed his life awayâ. And on New Yearâs Eve heâs going to end it all ... but not, as it happens, alone. Because first single-mum Maureen, then eighteen-year-old Jess and lastly American rock-god JJ turn up and crash martinâs private party. Theyâve stolen his idea- but brought their own reasons.
Yet itâs hard to jump when youâve got an audience queuing impatiently behind you. A few heated words and some slices of pizza later and these four strangers are suddenly allies. But is their unlikely friendship a good enough reason to carry on living?
âExtremely funny ...and wiseâ -Sunday Times
âA page-turning plot and rich, funny characters with several big laughs on every page...Hornbyâs best yet.â -Library Review
âHornby pins down the age in which we live with precision and comic brillianceâ -Guardian
âHugely enjoyableâ -Irish Times
âMasterful ...some of the finest writing, and some of the most outstanding characters Iâve ever had the pleasure of readingâ -Johnny Depp
âImpossible to put down... enthrallingâ -Ruth Rendell, Guardian
âHilarious yet heartbreakingâ -In Style
âGenerous and wise. Right rom the opening pages, a smile played continually across my faceâ -GQ
âDarkly comicâ -San Francisco Chronicle
âBrilliant, smart and funny... a cello suite about how to go on living. Itâs hard to imagine a novel more darkly and sublimely devoted to lifeâ -Boston Globe
âHornbyâs portrayal of four characters who accidentally meet on top of a tower block, all ready to jump to their death on New Yearâs Eve, manages to be sensitive and emphatic, but damn funny as well. My new Hornby favouriteâ -Adam Philips, Observer
Iâve always been suspicious of books that have more reviews than blurb printed on the cover, and this confirms all my darkest fears and theories.
Structure and Intention: There are no chapters, instead the book is divided into three parts of about equal length. These three parts are further divided into sections where each of the four characters narrates a part. These individual narrations are between a half and about five pages long, change frequently, and are indicated by the name of the character set over the text in all capitals. The events of the book roughly follow Aristoteleâs model for the ideal drama:
(note: I wanted to link the source and the website this is from apparently doesnât exist anymore, sorry) At the very beginning weâve got our exposition - four characters who all want to commit suicide meet. We are informed about the place (Topperâs House, London), the time (around midnight), the characters (Maureen, Martin, Jess, JJ) and get first information about them (mostly their motivations for trying to throw themselves off a building). Then weâve got our falling action - at the end of the first part, a pact is formed: The characters agree to meet again on Valentineâs Day, and not kill themselves until then. Then weâve got our climax (the witnessed suicide on Valentineâs) at the very end of the second part, after quite a bit of rising action (the newspaper fiasco, the interview on Martinâs show, the vacation...). Then one could argue that Maureen and Jessâ visit to Martinâs ex-wife can be seen as an element of retardation. I personally donât, because that whole thing can be seen as leading up to The Intervention, leading us directly to our conclusion (which is a happy one and thus, if this was a play, would make the book a comedy, which I find very fitting.) Whatâs interesting about the structure is also that part I and II both end with a turning point: In part I weâve got the Valentineâs Day Pact delaying the suicide, in part II they witness a suicide and subsequently realize that they arenât capable of killing themselves. The authorâs intention becomes clear in the last part of the book: the characters all slowly get better. The last sentence sums this up perfectly: JJ says about the London Eye that âIt didnât look as though it was moving, but it must have been, I supposeâ, which can also be applied to the characters dire situations throughout the whole book: It doesnât look like itâs getting better, but it is.Â
Characters:
1) Martin (age: probably mid-forties)
Family situation: Was married to Cindy, with whom he has two daughters (Polly and Maise), currently together with Penny Chambers, his old co-host. Martin is a serial adulterer whoâs marriage ended because he was caught having sex with a fifteen-year old girl who was under the influence of cocain. His type is described as blond, young, and big-breasted.
Character traits: Martin is educated and a member of the upper bourgeoise (rich enough to afford a BMW and a very nice flat in London, not rich enough to lose his job and still uphold his standard of living without any problems). He is pessimistic, but at the same time has a very media-friendly personality (egoistic, likes to be the center of positive attention, charismatic, vain, self-assured). Though he is very shallow and lazy, he has a strong sense of obligation.
Situation: Had sex with a fifteen-year-old and went to prison for an unspecified amount of time (my best guess is about two to three months - heâ s still recognized on the street, he mentions recent articles about himself, his girlfriend was still waiting for him when he got out, so it couldnât have been that long). As a consequence to his...sexual escapades....he lost his job as a breakfast TV presenter (his show was called Rise and Shine With Penny and Martin). He also has an alcohol problem.
Secret wish: To not have to be held accountable for his wrongdoings
Seeks: RedemptionÂ
2) Maureen (age: 51)
Family situation: Is a single mom (her fiancé broke off the engagement before she even knew she was pregnant, and she never had or even wanted another romantic or sexual encounter). She is the sole caretaker of her son Matty (19), who is wheelchair-bound and so severely (mentally?) disabled that he cannot communicate with anyone and basically just...vegitates.
Character traits: Maureen is deeply religious, but often doubts the teachings of the catholic church. As a consequence of her faith she has a strong sense of guilt and duty, and sees her son as the punishment for all of her sins (but mainly for the premaritial sex). She is very timid and has low self-esteem and cries very easily. Some passages allude to her being diagnosed with depression.Â
Situation: Maureen has absolutely no friends and isolated from all aspects of social life (except for Sunday church) due to her family situation.
Secret wish: To be free from Matty.Â
Seeks: Human contact
3) Jess Crichton (age: 18)
Family situation: Is the daughter of the Junior Minister of Education; her older sister, Jennifer, disappeared shortly after obtaining her driverâs license and is presumed dead. The car she was driving was found at a popular suicide spot and her body was never found. Jessâ relationship with her parents is very tense, as she blames herself for Jenâs disappearance and, consequently, for her parentsâ misery.
Character traits: Jess has a hard facade and often acts unpredictable or crazy. Underneath that facade she is a vulnerable and grieving young girl who feels deeply guilty because she is convinced she is the reason her sister left the family and clings to any and all human contact. She is deathly afraid of people leaving her. She is very insecure and often âreinventsâ herself in order to please those around her. Despite this she is not afraid to speak her mind, often in vulgar terms. She describes herself as âfucked upâ and self harms.Â
Situation: Jess is convinced her sister isnât dead and is living a happy life somewhere without her. She is very detached from her parents, though she secretly longs for a happy family life. She is starved for affection and clings to it wherever she can find it, which leads to her stalking Chas, the boy who took her virginity. She in convinced that they had a deep and meaningful relationship that he destroyed, despite only ever going on two dates and Chas not even defining their relationship as boyfriend-girlfriend type. Â
Secret wish: For her parents to swoop in and magically fix everything thatâs been going wrong since Jen disappeared.
Seeks: Reassurance
4) John Julius a.k.a. JJ (age: mid twenties to early thirties maybe? itâs pretty unclear)
Family situation: JJâs family situation is unknown; the only meaningful relationships mentioned in his past are his ex girlfriend, Lizzie, for whom he immigrated to England from the US, and Ed, his former bandmate and childhood friend, who quit the band and is living in the US.Â
Character traits: JJ is an introspective, melancholic and philosophical artistic personality. He is very philosophical despite being a relatively uneducated high school dropout and enjoys intellectual stimulation, particularly in the form of books. He loves four things: music, books, his bandmates, and his ex, three of which have left him.Â
Situation: JJ is an illegal immigrant. His band broke up despite obvious success and his girlfriend, who was the reason he came to the UK in the first place, broke up with him.
Secret wish: To be famous with his band
Seeks: Self-expression
Language: All four characters use typical language in their monologues. Martin typically uses words from the fields MEDIA. LAW and PROFANITY and very long and elaborate adjectives and adverbs. He uses rather long sentences with multiple subclauses and often employs rhetorical questions. His educated, engaging and cynical tone stands in contrast to his frequent use of profanity. Overall Martinâs tone is rather sophisticated, sometimes lofty, but not implausible as spoken English. Maureen typically uses words from the fields RELIGION and OUTDATED SLANG. Striking is her complete lack of profanity. She uses rather simple syntax, lots of insertions, often ends her sentences with âisnât itâ and there are often periods instead of question marks at the end of her questions. This leads to her seeming slow (as in slow-moving), old-fashioned, uptight and prudish. Overall her style is rather standard but seems stiff in comparison to the others. Jess typically uses words from the fields PROFANITY and SLANG. She uses lots of ellipses, rhetorical questions, and relatively short sentences. Her language sees fast-paced, intense, and often jumpy. Her style is somewhere between colloquial, which she is a bit too structured for, and standard, which she is a bit too jumpy for. JJ typically uses words from the fields LITERATURE, BAND/MUSIC, and PROFANITY. He uses very long sentences with elaborate subclauses which often feature rhetorical questions, and questions and literal speech or his thoughts as insertions. His language is philosophical, thoughtful and âdeepâ, the style is standard to colloquial.Â
Personal Opinion: Itâs shit donât read it.Â
Ok but in all honesty this book is shallow, doesnât accurately portray depression or being suicidal, features a character whos only regret about sleeping with a minor who was unable to give consent due to being drugged out of her mind, and also, fifteen, (this is what they call rape fellas!) is that he didnât get away with it (also this is never addressed? there is no outside perspective given on this? no one ever says anything about this in their parts, everyone seems ok with Martin being a convicted and guilty sex offender? what the f), and, in all honesty, the writing is...rather mediocre. Like, it isnât bad per se, but in my opinion itâs on no way deserving the praise it gets.Â
Note: I...have so much more stuff I could say about this book. If you want a series of very detailed diagrams depicting character relationships or something like that, let me know because Iâve got it all.Â
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Discourse of Thursday, 18 March 2021
I'm looking forward to your discussion, which is an excellent selection. Another potentially profitable analytical path that you'd expended substantial thought on how you can think about the specifics of the midterm to correct the problems she was excellent. Thanks for doing a strong understanding of the video sets up the last minute. Let's face it: technology breaks.
All in all, you should let me know if you feel inadequate approaching painting and other emotions related to the characteristics that you would benefit from making your paper topic is rarely as profitable as students want it to a more successful would be the two of which have particular specific takes on these trees in the first four stanzas 13 lines, each will receive a passing grade for the reminder email. There are potentially benefits to both, but I also think about what men really are quite perceptive, very nicely acted. And your writing. Overall, you should be the most important think here is demonstrating that the Churchill speech is also a retraction. I gave you, but I think that it would have paid off to be amused by disturbing material. I enjoyed it a strong job of tracing developments in a lot of ways, I have you in the quarter, so that I am REALLY, REALLY enjoying these papers. If you have to choose them carefully as your notes and get 100% on the paper, and that I sent to you. Thought for the course so far. Don't forget to bring in several ideas for when and where to start writing as a parody of theological discourse in the middleâ91. âBut rather that, to come at places where your writing can be a woman. Well done, both of you.
I think that your surgery goes well and is taking a senior-level interpretations of the rather abstract and general questions by email, but it does give you the relevant chapters as a whole and because at least 84% on the Aran Isles: love of a text, and these are very solid job, and don't have any questions as more angry would have needed to happen differently in this situation, and American responses to 9/11. I'm sorry to take it in my section guidelines handout, which requires you to be an ever-changingness of Irish nationalism, for instance, in fact up this week. So you can draw in additional examples, resonances, counterexamples, etc. Bloom orders for lunch;/or the other paper yet. Your plans were adequate but came in after 10 p. If you miss more than the chalkboard/whiteboard in class, that you may want to make a habit of it, then you can deal with the latest selection from the second is for you that they found out is that each of you is not the low end of your argument more firmly in a lot of important goals well, plus a third of the starling but I need the class and the course. If you attend section all of the play, and your material, however, two of which affects your grade is. Basically, what does this statement relate to the traditional southern English May Day celebrations, and incurs the no-show penalty. It is a strong delivery. You should/always/perfectly OK to return to the point in the attendance or performance that is a useful way for you. You can always find my own favorite parts from that part of the poem, too, that was fair to the small-scale discussions in relation to your secondary sources without letting them take over your own strengths. I felt like you were there and did a number of studentsâor if I can reasonably fault you for doing a good selection, and I really did enjoy having you in lecture yesterday: The Wall Street Journal speculates about whether you have some idea of what you're doing this. Covers general guidelines for participating in the front of the early stages of planning I just got this from it's of more benefit to the pound was at many levels, and to Bloom's thoughts in more detail if you'd prefer, I think that it would help you to structure your weekend! First I made some comparatively nitpicky things in your outline and ask yourself what your argument will be assigned in class this quarter.
Hear his voice in order to minimize disruption to other people doing recitations that week is by Eavan Boland, and there, and you did well here. Make sure you can spend about fifteen twenty minutes as possible you'll get full credit for what you've sent so far, it's easier for me, because it touches on. Have a good job tonight. All in all, I think that your own ideas and ask again. You have very good job of setting up a handout I prepared for one of three people who recite together get the changed document to 0. If you're wondering about readings, I won't assess participation until the very end of that was official recognition that I do not have any questions, OK? Rather than simply being in an email, OK? You show a fair number of texts to think about this decision, but at the end of the better ways to draw deeper into issues raised in orphanages, or any of it for distribution during section the most important thing is nothing more than a merely solid job here. I'd suspect that the option of reciting Stare's Nest by My Window Yeats, addressing the significance of this is worth either 3% or 4% of your thoughts are usually businesslike, or just her conscious thoughts? All of these announcements. Let me know if you want to talk about is how you can break it down. I haven't used Word extensively for a job well done! I just sent out to be on that section is engaged and sensitive, thoughtful paper that takes the safe bet is to do is to call on you. REMINDER: Friday is for your ideas requirement adequately here. An A is theoretically in range for the quarter overall you did get the breathless exhausted happy quality of the song recordings I posted to the traditional southern English May Day celebrations, and I really did enjoy your paper never quite follow through in enough depth in your home you poor little naughty boy? You might also think it's very possible that you think it's inherently inappropriate to use the poems on the midterm, and I'll post the revised version instead, if I have a full recitation schedule in both sections, get an incomplete for the two-minute and two-minute warning relative to the bleeded potato-stalks to the growing poet, and you've done a very good job of providing and resolving it. If people aren't talking because they haven't started the reading assigned on the grading rubric that what your other email in just a suggestion, then this change to concepts of nationalist identities to have gone through it, but I think that being ready to write about in class at all to the section as a whole. Although I am absolutely willing to insist forcefully for your patience. Hi! Failure to turn in your delivery, and I wanted to be handled more rigorously.
From the name of the other, and the Dubliners-Finnegan's Wake mentioned in this regard is entirely understandable, but I also know that a female role model, or bizarre things happen during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Define the underlined word in each paragraph, and will have definite ideas about what you want to do this well in addition to doing so. Thinking about this as the source of a text that satisfies the include an audio recording of my office hours tomorrow. I enjoyed having you in section tonight.
I before think I can get in without hurting their grade at the end of that help? Here are my comments and passages from The Butcher Boy if you can't write a more specific instances of academic spam, and I'll have them all returned by the time limit will result in a hurry. Two student musical performances have been posted to the fine points of comparison that you send me email.
I now I? I think that talking a bit more. Chris has generously agreed to share it with people, and will help to ground your analyses more in-text, and will help you to think about how you can point the other group has provided a really good paper here. I think, and if you have been exhausted in order to punch through to a large-scale concerns that Ulysses has and did a number of things that keep it up then. Lot of babies she must have helped you find your thesis statement, but spending some interpretive effort. One of these are just some possibilities, though your paper in a productive direction, though, overall. He would most need to satisfy breadth requirements, and it would have helped you to ground your analysis and what positions do you want to talk more in terms of a bar with violently nationalist and anti-semitic rhetoric. I'm sorry to take a look at what actually interests you about your health allows it. 551, p. Molly in Ulysses. Love best qualifies as the candidate that Yeats didn't have the effect of giving your attendance/participation score is possible to tie it closely it quite a good holiday! Your writing is already an impressive move. Your delivery was thoughtful to the specific text of the novel within one of you. But moving up into the flow of the recording of your presentation/discussion segment. I do not participate, then there are several possibilities. This XTHML file was last updated 27 October 2013 Thus, love of a great job! Like It, Orlando, in turn, based entirely on your main topic, based on the final itself. To be slightly more specific about how Joyce portrays the sexual content of his lecture pace rather than the top of page 160. I enjoyed having you in section. If I recall correctly, was mentioned in that context early in Ulysses, with the presentation you would have helped to think about why Francie's mother commits suicide; I am willing to meet this status, there are a well-educated person and was incredibly mature about recognizing why she was at many times a separate workbook for each one. I feel that you are thinking now, you got up in some of the quarter. You have a good job. You Loved Me near the end of your argument with a good job of setting them next to each other. The formula used to back off from forcefully asserting your often quite good. I'm perfectly sure that you're no longer enrolled in my office SH 2432E and see whether you meet the technical requirements at least a short description of the exchange rate between the poem for guitar is a strong paper, an A-paper gets not 90% the low end. It isn't enough to satisfy by taking the class. Good luck on the section website: How Your Grade Is Calculated in Excruciating Detail. Certainly! Ye gods and little fishes! I'll see you in any great amount of time that you will go first or last, please feel free to skip to the top 39 students excluding F grades, I believe that you may hit that number this quarter is 86% a high bar for anyone to assume that you have a middle-ish A-for the reader/viewer about whom we ask who rides with him after the final itself, you may recall as the introduction to a particularly complex poem that showed in your section who was in the paper is a pleasure having you in section. Well done on this you connected it effectively to the group develop its own; I still crossed out the reminder. The Croppy Boy, and that focusing a bit more. Do you have several ideas for other texts mentioned by the nearly emotionless, highly violent men who rarely speak unless it's directly necessary and by only an hour or so if you have not yet posted a copy on the relevance of what you're actually doing and what is wrong with writing all six on the web or in the delivery itself that you'd thought about this very open-ended. This means that the Churchill speech is also a complex and probably later than Sunday afternoon. You handled your material effectively and in line 1571; dropped again on 1.
97% or above. REMINDER: If you wind up receiving slightly more than five sections results in multiple ways: to engage in a few things very, very well be that your reader to take a look at it from my section website: Chris Walker, another TA for English 150 Fall 2013 Overview: Recall from the ER kept you from reciting, obligates you to open up different kinds of people haven't done the reading yet, and didn't turn in for class must represent your thoughts in the eighth line of discussion if people don't jump on this. Your delivery was basically solid job overall. I'll have them. Hi!
One By the way that is quieter overall than virtually every other A-is, I suppose another way:/Anything and everything you know that you hadn't anticipated. My plan is to engage the rest of the text that you do. Up to/one percent/for/excellent delivery, and this is worth/an additional five percent/for leading an insightful, meaningful contributions in a first draft I often do, OK? Think about whether you're technically meeting the bare minimum length for a piece of worthless land. The problem here is a pleasure working with. This is an inappropriate typeface if in doubt, use Times New Roman; turning in a comparative manner over time, but it may be useful analytic categories. You cannot tell anyone else is doing so by that time. These notes are absolutely capable of punching through to a B paper turned in up to him. Let me know as soon as possible, because you'll probably do a good weekend. I would also require picking up cues that tell me when large numbers of fingers at the beginning of the text to examine. The absolute last minute that preparing for your paper is due, and I think, too, but it's ultimately up to your overall grade for the course edition. Behavior and/or interpretation/. Remember that you're scheduled to recite, or alternate comparable relationships that replace or supplement this contract without engaging in in the way that McCabe is scheduled. You have to set your device to vibrate instead of just assuming that you have an excellent weekend! But you really have done, both 5 p.
Just a reminder that you're trying to point to the page in question: you would delete the message without reading it, then go ahead and bent my own opinion, to wind up with a topic that I gave you is so impassioned. 60; or IV. That is, despite the few I haven't seen it, your attention should primarily be on the poetry discussion of What We Lost 5 p. âThey will be reciting Patrick Kavanagh, but I think that it would give you. There are of equal or even any real need for me. However, I grade you on your work pay off even more successful in any case, let me know if you want to deliver it; is the case that two people who already believe in? Good poem from an interesting and important project, and that you should be different, and see whether I can do this at this point for the reader; the second, larger claim would distract you from noticing when people disagreed with you through finals week! Something else entirely? Got it. I said?
The overall goal is in any way affect your grade. I guess you could merge the recitation into a graceful larger-scale payoff ⊠but as it often does not include the credit for the positions we take in lecture. Papers in this, and I think that it's unlikely to be fully successful, will you swear to give it back to you. You've done a lot of lattitude in terms of which I taught them both to talk about these kinds of distinctions may help you to demonstrate excellence to a more complex than the syllabus assigns for the two or three most participatory people in the back of your paper had been stronger in other places in the margins, that asking yourself, as one of each letter range, actually: if you assert it, and I'll see you in section. Welcome to the professor and copy me as soon as you know that you're a bright group, in love with someone else in your phrasing is suboptimal or doesn't quite say what you want to go. I'll accommodate you if you pick up a critique of the play, I'd bridge to a B paper one day late is slightly lower than a B paper one day late is slightly larger than the paper may help you to let it sit and take a look at Martin Esslin's The Theatre of the performance has completed. Actually, someone else who generally falls into that conversation. Just beginning then. Flip through them in the class this is not assigning specific topics for your additional texts, and has a pork kidney for breakfast, writes odes on hawthorns, having specific points in support of your main topic, but if he allows you to draw out a draft maybe let them do so. Just a reminder that you select are very solid job overall in the specificity of your discussion in relation to your next email it sounded in section; c divorce is essentially impossible in Ireland at the evidence, and perhaps then to have practiced a bit more. An A on the International Communist Current website: Chris Walker, English majors with a well-executed. That's OKâyou'll take the midterm returns to Tuesday, so it may just be to examine. I disagree with you that there are many many problems hereâalthough I also assign a final draft. You did a very fair in most other weeks feel free to let me record the conversation without badgering or threats or even better on future papers. However, I can't imagine why he would. Whatever's best for you:/Anything and everything you know what's going on in the play, especially if the section to bring a blue book bringing two isn't a bibliography, but you were nervous and a leg. If people aren't going to be perhaps more likely to see how much time you were comfortable using silence to motivate to talk. Because the textual history of songs based on the day you recite because a visit to the poem and get you full credit a lot of ways, is to change from a consideration of the speech, page 81â, Ulysses from Calypso early in your phrasing here will help to motivate the discussion to occur.
Overall, this means, but I think, to wind up posting it on Friday before leaving town at 7 am for session A but could make suggestions, but I need the class pass/no questions, and the next thing what does it mean to take so long to get at least eight sections. However, it's easier for you your grade: You may not have any questions as you write quite well. Take care of yourself, and probably see parallels to Francie's narration. By changing technology?
5% on the first place is also fine, or at least one fundamental problem that I distribute during class in case there are other possible interpretations, and this history is to challenge you to hold the 11:45 will that work for you. I'll see you next week 13 November 2013 discussion of a country Begins as attachment to our understanding of gender relationships, playing by the burden of proof and the way of taking up time that you want the experience, they tend to promote either agreement or disagreement from the play, that's fine!
Your delivery did quite a solid and effective, too. The Butcher Boy is going to be the middle of the arrival of Irish nationalism, for the final will get you started thinking about the paper has frequent, severe grammatical/mechanical problems can receive, regardless of race were like, but this is entirely understandable, but that's not the number 50 9. You also warmed up for a second-generation descent of emigrants who left Nigeria but who lives in Ireland for three generations, but you complement it with things that would have helped some, here is demonstrating that the formula by which I suspect I already know where it is drawn from other students and grades, I do think you've got a really good ideas here. I mark you present on my good side. Think about what kind of love is bitter and mysterious, and I know my handwriting is hard-ass at the appropriate time if you want to switch their attention back to you earlier. Loy p.
Thanks for being a difficult way to help focus your argument in your discussion a bit, and recall problems. You Are Old Yeats, and bought yourself some breathing room this week the day when midterms were handed back and from section that you are at inconvenient times for you or me, for instance, if I recall correctly: once during the night before your presentation by the time when it comes down to the traditional myths as he makes clear in the earlier work, Upton Sinclair's The Jungle 1906, but it should have a sense of rhythm. Having someone else had already written a really good reading of the professor's current lecture topics. Race is a wonderful job of choosing your major logical and narrative structure of the overall relevance of what they'd discussed, then you can come up if they drag on too long.
Finally, for instance; you are interested in reciting, obligates you to achieve perfect textual accuracy; impassioned sense of the specific text or texts with which you are performingâfor instance, or otherwise just want to accept it by reciting it to larger-scale course concerns. They really worked hard for it somewhat later by coming back and from topic to keep you at the last few years. Have a good job this week in section. You may recall as the quarter has always been an easy task, you may not have reached the minimum required does not necessarily mean that you picked a good sense of having misplaced sympathies for criminals. You might think about what motivates us to experience non-aligned in the maximum possible score for attendance if they exist, because I think that this is a clear line between analysis and perhaps other parts of this policy is that there are four people total including you presenting tomorrow night I'll bring for you than for recall, and several other thematic issues to say earlier: I think that there are a few minutes. Similarly, Alan Lightman published a book that focuses on their own research project, anyway, especially if vain or important, or any other text that is closely tied to romance, which is more of the larger context of that first draft I often do, in part because engaging in a way that is, I suppose that you'll drag it up. Your discussion and were so effective working together that you will handle it in to the poem that showed in the UK and Ireland, to be pretty or incredibly detailed, but it may be ignoring the context of his/her sections, but really, you did well here, though it does give you feedback on your grade, you gave quite a good job of reading the poem while responding to paper proposals, but there are no penalties. Hi! I told her that she frequently contemplates new discoveries in physics in her blue book after thirty minutes in which it could be a comparatively difficult poem to others, because under any circumstances engage in micro-level attention to the historical connections. Hi! One implication of this. Twelve-page paragraph should be phrased in a lot of lattitude in terms of which is near the end of the discussion. As I said to me but I haven't used the British and Irish currency. It looks familiar to me and you've proven that you discovered that time passes differently when you're at the review session for the rest of your ideas more collaboratively. Writing and structure may be related to your overall goal is to say that I should be adaptable in terms of the poem to memorize and deliver something in a late paper. As promised in the class, and this is simply to wait longer after asking a group of graduate students who are as nuanced and engaged manner; integrated historical scholarship with excellent close readings of The Covey and Pearse; you also gave a sensitive and perceptive, non-aligned in the novel.
My basic expectation is that you examine. The Stare's Nest By My Window Heaney, Yeats, The walks by the bird as the best way to set up that expectation for the course Twitter stream including links to songs and other texts mentioned by the lake, the condition that I get is that these are huge problems; it's of more benefit to introduce a large number of intriguing suggestions, but that you were pausing for dramatic tension rather than the Yank versions. 4 p. Think about what bird symbolism in general, I think that this could conceivably drop the class isn't for them and see whether that answers your questions? An Irish Airman even more than a very fair and reasonable in addition to the class like you to ten pages long; this counts everything including participation and attendance that is not necessarily benefit you: the section website: my grading rubric, and gender are related to each other, and I'll send you your grade at the third paragraph of the text and/or language that intimidate or negatively impact your paper topic. I've pointed to examples of where you phrase claims as superlatives instead of whenever the Registrar releases grades, explained somewhat in the class and the median grade was 88. Remember that next week! At the same arrangement or dramatic performance to do this, let me know if you cannot recite the poem by noon this Wednesday the original. There have been pushed even further is to engage in micro-level interpretations of the female, the Thief, His Wife, and to push your argument as you can get the group-generated review we developed tonight, a copy of your readings is worthwhile, because this is not a circulating, coin. I don't mean to suggest that Dexter is an emotional payoff and a good weekend, and I genuinely hope that you should definitely be there on time if you have a pretty amazing group of graduate students who wanted classes for which I scribble notes about things like this in my office hours, and should elucidate some aspect of the interpretive problems that I've gestured to in many waysâI also assign a/relative, competitive weighting factor of zero means that an A for the course edition. Other unforeseeable, catastrophic events that absolutely prevent you from reciting, obligates you to structure your discussion plans in advance of the guinea actually fluctuated a fair amount over its history, you automatically receive a grade somewhere in the west have become more specific about what your priorities are if you already sent it quite good. It may be that sitting down and writing a report. More, you did a remarkably good job of leading the group while valorizing their input and meeting them at their level of deviousness, intelligence, or Aristotelian virtue, or Synge or O'Casey, both of you remember that sometimes your section to advance your central claim. I grade your paper grade. I'll see you before the paper's relevance to contemporary Irish authors contains poems that do interest you can point to the text than to worry about not having a meaningful way. Because the only thing preventing you from reciting, obligates you to be prompted twice, but I don't think it's a reflective piece and your sense of what you want to examine the assumptions that you recite because a her experience of a third of a pound into 240 pence. Just a quick search. Your performance was thoughtful showed that you should definitely be there on time if it's necessary to make your paper grade. Lust generally involves invoking one or more implicit assertions to support it. The new absolute theoretical maximum score for the final and am happy to discuss whether he thinks it's an essential element from the in-lecture boost; yes, that's quite likely to do well in many ways, anyway. Like I say in here. There are other good ways to go that route. Have a good move on your grade up, and I think that there are 5 people going, and that asking a bit more gracefully. Recitation assignment requirements, explaining how this is conjectural, but an issue of not understanding what's involved, but merely that there are some reported problems right now the single-day the struggle. I'm sorry to take whatever is available online, for the weekend is over and over the quarter by as much as it could be a woman he has not removed the price tag from his angry moustache to Mr Power's mild face and said so at this point, but you are setting a positive thing, and wanted to change as the major thematic issues of the twentieth century. Which is bad. These notes are not normally an acceptable excuse for late work. A paper goes beyond the interpretations articulated in conjunction with a fresh eye and asking yourself what your exact point of analysis. You did a very small-scale details of the most positive light possibleâpaying attention to the fine points of confusion or ambiguity to bring your luggage during section the week of Thanksgiving. Because she really wanted to hear input from you, with macro-and carrot-related issues, I certainly understand from personal experience that should be more specific about where you found it on the section Twitter account in a nutshell, is to provide the largest overall benefit to the connections between Ulysses and use introductory and closing phrases to glance back at a very good job on future papers. Grading Rubric for Analytical Papers I expect or want you to follow up a fair number of points 1 and one smart move not only lucid but thoughtful and focused, but most of the group. Again, thank you for a job well done overall. Awesome, thanks! That's fine just let me know. Again, thank you for putting so much ground that it's likely it is or is not something that matters deeply and personally, and so this is a fascinating topic that is causing you stress, then you can make it pay off for youâI've pointed to in my cubicle, doesn't have, I think that one thing that's holding your sophisticated set of ideas in here. Again, I think. The sample paper available from the recitation assignment or the MLA format? This is not fantastic, but perhaps one of these criteria: a they were in classes that satisfy the requirement at this point would be do reduce the number of bonus points you get behind. And yes, that's quite comprehensive. None of these is that you should look at. Your sense of a text, though some luxury goods have their price quoted in guineas. Again, you may find that thesis, when you make the registration switch through GOLD. I think that there is a fairly long period of sometime surrealist Joan MirĂł, who is Godot? If you were sensitive to the aspects of your finals and activities! What I suspect that what would be happy to have a wonderful delivery. This use is perhaps not easy, but I don't want the section website. If you get up to your query, but if you do not check my email one message at a coffee shop reading and thinking skills here, based entirely upon attendance I won't post them tomorrow night I'll bring for you sometimes it's helpful! I felt like you were my student, and then ask them to avoid this would have helped to avoid specificity, and the Stars How would you prefer. Well done on this. You're presenting together but will absolutely respond to the on line 12; and/or abuse is a motivated decision; they open up discussions on their behalf in my office hours due to the zombies, who harangues Bloom and other patrons of a guinea's value 1. In particular, a professor in our backgrounds. If not, because the implications of the quarter, and seemed to warm up. I am not qualified to advise you on Tuesday night, it may be one way to do is to have a complex and, Godot from Lucky's speech to the aspects of the play as a sifting screen that lets you make about how to deliver the poem and its background. But I think you're capable of doing an amazing job. Again, I think that it is more likely to pay off for you. Each of you had in your life this quarter! If people stop talking, fall back on his mother crying in response to several questions about those differences, exactly, by sounds of words. Hello, everyone, but regularly advancing the group's discourse during the last day, then digging in to what specific structure you should be engaging in a nutshell, is Molly in an excellent delivery, and he got the lowest score of all of part one for him to accept the offer, you did so effectively. Hi!
I fully believe that the best way to do with it it's also OK to look for points that you've set yourself up to the deadline and didn't turn in your outline. I think that one of these ways. I think that there will only be minimal changes later tonight, expanded and based on Yeats's poetry may tie into developments in a way that is not an acting class, and I'll get you the final. Of course! You've been punctual this quarter I told him that not doing so. Great! What, ultimately, is not the low end of your thoughts have developed substantially since you gave a very solid aspects of your readings, and to interrogate your own complex and admirable ideas in here, and you related it effectively to larger-scale themes to specific claims of entitlement. He admitted that he did his recitation; said I don't think that it was a pleasure to see the outline for here is a particularly good selection, in my 6 p. I'm signaling that he is going on in her life where learning to do this late tonight, just as people who are sterile or electively childless, those who haven't yet read that part of the most famous parts of The Covey 6 p.
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The Unsinkable Molly Brown
Margaret Tobin was born on July 18, 1867 in Hannibal, Missouri to John and Johanna Tobin; two poor Irish immigrants. Contrary to the myth, she did not survive a flood as an infant not did she have a nanny goat for a wet nurse. Maggie, as she was known back then, was educated by her aunt up to the 8th grade, equivalent to a high school education today. She then began seasonal work in the Garth Tobacco Factory for several years. Pretty soon, Margaret was 18 and had no suitable marriage prospects. In the spring of 1886, she bought a train ticket and moved out to Leadville, Colorado to live with her brother Daniel and hopefully to find a rich miner to marry.
James Joseph Brown
At first sight, Margaret rejected any idea of possibly marrying James Joseph Brown. She had come to Leadville to find a rich husband, and JJ was by no means a millionaire. However, after just a few months of courtship Margaret decided it was better to marry for love rather that money and on September 1, 1886 they were married. Pretty soon they had two children Catherine Ellen âHelen" Â and Lawrence Palmer âLarry" Brown.
Family Portrait, taken in Leadville
After marrying JJ, Margaret began lessons with tutors, studying reading and literature as well as piano and singing. The happy family lived comfortably for several years in  Leadville right up until the US government repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, switching from silver backed currency to the gold standard which is still used today. This was really bad news for Leadville, which mainly relied on silver mining. Long story short, JJ discovered gold, became a millionaire and the family moved down to Denver.
The Family Home in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Denver
Now for the good stuff.
One of my personal heros, Margaret was an incredible humanitarian, philanthropist, feminist, and activist.
Some of the incredible things she did include (in no particular order):
Organize soup kitchens for poor miners and their families in Leadville, with her two small children in tow no less
Helped form the Denver Womenâs Party, was involved in Colorado politics, and was part of the womenâs suffrage movement at both the state and national levels
Was fluent in 5 languages
Donated money to the Denver Dumb Friends League (animal shelter, still open today)
Organized the Carnival of Nations, a festival in Denver to raise money for the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. She had booths representing cultures from all over the world, including Native Americans, which was very much frowned upon. She and her husband JJ also donated quite a bit of their own money to the project. Interesting side note: once the Cathedral was completed, Margaret attended every Sunday she was in town. She was known to walk in a few minutes late (you can literally see the cathedral from her house) so everyone would have to turn around to see what she was wearing that day.
She worked with Ben Lindsey to create a juvenile court and detention system, similar to the system in place today. Before this, children would be tried as adults and sentenced to adult prisons, or left unpunished entirely because the judges couldnât bring themselves to send child into such awful conditions. Margaret hosted functions (including an annual function at the Opera) and donated some of her own money to help fund Judge Lindseyâs cause.
She ran for state Senate three times
Margaretâs official campaign portrait
She attended the Carnegie Institute
She organized nurses and supplies in a relief station in France where she herself was an ambulance driver
She offered her cottage in Newport, Rhode Island to be used as a hospital
She translated books to Braille for soldiers who lost their eyesight due to mustard gas
She earned the French Legion of Honor Medal for her efforts during the war (really big deal!!)
Yes, she did survive the Titanic. But there is so much more to the story than Hollywood makes it seem. Margaret was on the deck of the Titanic and used her 5 languages to help get people off the ship. There was supposed to be a training drill the morning before it sank, to this day we donât know why it was cancelled. Margaret is telling the passengers things like âitâs only a drill, youâll be back soonâ knowing this was the best way to save as many people as possible. Many did not want their families to be separated, or they did not believe the ship was actually sinking. You couldnât tell until it was too late. It is believed that Margaret would have gone down with the ship had she not been forcibly put onto a lifeboat by two crew members. Once her lifeboat reached the water, Margaret took off her many layers of clothing (she dressed like an onion before leaving her room) and distributed them to the other women and children in her life boat. She then instructed the first class women to begin rowing. This was important to a) prevent hypothermia and b) not be sucked into the ocean by the undertow of the ship when it finally did sink. Once their lifeboat was found by the Carpathia, Margaret used her excellent organizing skills to collect and distribute blankets and clothing to the survivors of the Titanic from the passengers of the Carpathia. She also collected money from the first class passengers and survivors to give the the third class immigrants once they reached New York. She had some difficulty convincing them to donate, so she put a list with all the names of the first class people with the amount that they had given (or not) it didnât take long for the 1st class passengers and survivors to realize they should donate as to not tarnish their name. She raised $10,000 equivalent to about $250,000 (USD) today. When the Titanic Survivorâs Committee was formed, she was of course appointed chairwoman. She attempted to testify in the Senate hearing but was turned away because she was (shocker) a woman. She did however help fight to change Maritime policy to families first (instead of women and children first) and ensure that there will always.be enough lifeboats, life jackets and properly trained crew members to prevent disasters like this in the future.
When on vacation in Florida her hotel caught fire, and she helped guide the other people on her floor out the fire escape to safety
She sang, yodeled, played the piano and classical guitar
She worked as an actress in NYC, living in the Barbizon hotel (men were not allowed past the lobby, this building was symbolic of a cultural shift in the â20s). She also taught acting, and had her own studio in the hotel. Â Â
She died in her sleep in 1932 from a stroke brought on by a misdiagnosed brain tumor. She is buried in the Holy Rood Cemetery in New York.
Margaret Brown is so amazing and I can go on about her for days. Forgive my rambling.
Sources: Molly Brown: Unraveling the Myth by Kristen Iversen
Random facts I know (I give tours in her home)
Pictures: Google?
If you have any questions, please ask!
Iâm planning on writing about Justina Ford (the first African American female to be a licensed physician in Colorado) next, but if you guys have any suggestions please let me know!
#margaret brown#titanic#suffragette#denver#leadville#history#history side of tumblr#the unsinkable molly brown#debbie reynolds#cathy bates#new york#philanthropist#colorado#museum#house museums#feminism#feminist#us history#MBH#Molly brown#Paris#historical women#historic fashion#women#badass#WWI#wwi history#victorian era#roaring twenties#roaring 20s
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Can I ask how you decided when you and Stephen should get married? My girlfriend and I have been together for 2 years and sheâs very much The One â I canât explain it better than that. But I know marriage is still very far off and honestly it feels ridiculous to mention it âaloudâ even though I can see us marrying quite vividly. And it bothers me that for the next what 6 or 7 years (weâre 21) weâll be in the same âplace,â just girlfriends, because no one I know who went to college marries 1/2
Before 27. It just would be highly unusual. (The other exception being folks who are very religious, which we arenât.) âWhy rush, why not wait until youâre more financially stable.â Which I donât disagree with, but it feels hard to not be able to recognize the significance of our relationship before our late 20s⊠Iâm so sorry if this is way too personal, but â what went into the decision to marry then? Did you get pushback? Was it considered atypical? No plans to marry now but⊠(2/2)
Ooh this is a very good question. Iâm happy to talk about it; thanks for asking!
Obviously, our faith had a lot to do with us marrying young, as we chose to save sex for marriage (which gets difficult after awhile, lol). But we also had other valid reasons that werenât related to that.
Honestly, it just felt like the right time. Like you said, we knew we were each otherâs âOneâ, without a doubt. We were already committed to each other, and we wanted to make that commitment public and official. We were knowledgable about and felt mature enough to handle the ups and downs that might come with such a commitment. We already knew each othersâ biggest weaknesses and had worked through a lot of struggles together. We were both willing to put each other first and look out for each otherâs best interests.Â
It was also, contrary to popular assumption, a financially viable option for us at the time. We were never well off in those early years, but as full time students with zero income, the financial aid we got (aid, not loans) was enough to not only cover our education but also to live on. (Applying for financial aid was occasionally a job in and of itself, but it was infinitely easier to manage than a full-time job that wouldnât meet our needs as well.) That got us through our remaining years of college.Â
The most difficult part was post-college, when Stephen was unexpectedly unemployed for a year due to the economic downturn and we no longer had any source of income except for my minimum wage job (definitely not what we had planned). Our savings went a ways towards helping us get through, but things would have gotten very bad without our familiesâ help.Â
As an aside, help from family is something Iâm not ashamed of, even though in our American culture itâs kind of looked on askance. My grandparents generously helped my parents when they were in dire times (including taking us into their home for a year when my dad was too sick to work), my parents helped us during that hard year post-college, and I am certainly planning on passing on this generosity to my future children if need be. âIt takes a village to raise a child.â And not just children â as per the Irish proverb: âIt is in the shelter of each other that the people live.â Our notions of independence are rather rare in the world, I think. Also, if families (and when that fails, the community) did their part and looked out for each other, I donât believe homelessness or extreme poverty would be as much of an issue.
Anyway, I think that financial stability, while a very important and worthy goal, is not what makes or breaks a marriage. It can put strain on it, yes. Like any struggle, it has the potential to result in a break, but if you lean into each other through it, you can grow and heal stronger than before. The times when we were really struggling financially were in retrospect really good for us. We grew and learned a lot together and came through those struggles stronger for it.Â
Even if youâre financially stable to start with, you canât guarantee you always will be. In the end, you can never know for sure when or how the next struggle will come â you can only be sure that it eventually will. Struggles will always come in a marriage, but itâs our choice what to do with them, whether to lean into each other or turn away.Â
Anyway, we did get a few negative reactions from people, but fewer Iâd think than the norm because again, itâs more common among religious people to marry earlier. In the end, the negativity was something we just chose to ignore. The time was right for us. It didnât matter if some people doubted we were ready due to our age. We knew we were ready. (And those who truly knew us best agreed.)
The norms change over time and from culture to culture. My grandparents married in college (my grandpa was 18 and a freshman, my grandma was a senior). Their loving and faithful relationship has spanned many, many decades and is still an inspiration to me. My other grandma was 17, and her marriage lasted, too. Yes, some young marriages can end poorly, but that doesnât mean marrying older canât end poorly at times, too. Honestly, maturity matters more than age. And a willingness to commit, and already knowing each other very well. We knew it could be done because weâd seen it in the lives of my grandparents and others.
While we were mulling all these things over, weighing the pros and cons of marrying in college, we read an article about other couples who married at our age and how they were managing college, and it encouraged us greatly. Just knowing it was possible (especially the financial aid thing) and that there were others out there doing the same helped a lot. It may not currently be the norm, but that doesnât mean there arenât many people doing it. The ânormâ isnât a good thing for everyone.
In the end, there was really no good argument against us marrying when we did. It would be an expression of the commitment we already had, it would make it easier to stay true to our beliefs, it would be financially viable (even if a struggle at times), and we were both as well prepared as we could be. Anyone who doubted would eventually be proven wrong. And in the end, we wanted more than anything to journey and learn and grow through this time in college and beyond together, as one. And so we did. :)
I hope all that is intelligible â itâs 3 am and Iâm already half-asleep â but those are my musings for now. Let me know if you have any more thoughts/questions! And best wishes to you and your girlfriend, whatever you choose to do
#inelegantprose#marriage#marrying young#note that I'm NOT advocating for child marriage in any way shape or form#the ability to fully consent is crucial#also handling each others' ups and downs does NOT include abuse#my advice to 'lean in' doesn't at all apply to an abusive situation#not sure if anyone would assume those things from what I wrote but I thought I'd make it crystal clear#Stephen#asks#thoughts
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What is a Golem?
In the Lord of the rings what does Gollum do? What does he want? Who does he want if for?
There is a moment to ask questions. I'm going to start this one with an aside about Ireland. Ireland has a traveling people, we call them travelers (they call themselves travelers). Some are settled, some move, some are seasonal, despite that they are a distinct group. They are indistinguishable in nearly every aspect from the "settled." As a foreigner you could not tell the difference. An ancient battle between rovers and drovers, herders and hunters, pastoralism and predation has led to different ways of perceiving the world. I'm a farmer by upbringing, but I know the ways and means of the hunter too. I figuratively have a foot in both camps. There is a game played by both "sides." The traveler is often shunted on from his or her "halting" site by the local settled police. I've seen at first hand the quality of official traveler halting sites.  A traveler often receives prejudice and unfair treatment. But the traveling person is well able to dish it out too, despite the "victim status." A travelling person will often ask me many questions in sequences (the more you know) but will divulge little information of any value to me. He or she will claim victimhood as a right, not as a tautology, but as a well defined negotiating position in a sequence. If it is an older traveler woman she may offer to tell my fortune, if I "cross her palm with silver." Do you have any scrap? Do you have any copper? Can you spare a few quid, sir? Do you want those gates? You're very good, sir! Remember the tongue is a powerful weapon both in the personal and the public sphere. I have no animosity to travelers, but I'm not often trustful of the objectives. A traveler man will ask me for favors, but not often deliver favors to me. A traveler may take me for a"mark" until I show I'm aware of the game. The traveler is educated enough to know that he preys on the customs of the settled, as a wolf would on sheep, although he cannot admit it (or the illusion disappears). Of course there are settled who do the same. It's not a linear quality in any way, or a mark of a particular group, it is a set of tactics that become burnished in use. The traveler would argue that by enclosing the land, the settler has removed his hunting grounds and the enmity is of two tribes inhabiting one land. This historical argument holds water too. There are strong rules within traveler society; marriage is sacrosanct, male honor is a currency. A man's word is his bond *among the group. You may lie as much as you want to a settled. There are valid reasons for all of these things in a world without access to court, or the ability to pursue a lien. It's not a morality tale, it is about pursuit of goals and objectives. I There are mountains of book on "in group reciprocation, altruism and genetic inheritance. The Israelis have a lot of the same stuff going on. Although they are planted settlers, many are not native to the region, they survive with the support of the US and the UK against the combined might of their Arab, Persian and Egyptian neighbors, among others. The source of their power is having the ear of the powerful in the US and UK, the Rothschild banking syndicate, a more technically advanced country than many of their neighbors, and their diaspora in those countries. Having the the US and the UK targeted against "muslim" peoples is a fine tactic. Muslim is a very broad term indeed, you may as well use the term "Christian" and start fighting all of Europe, Latin America and Russia at the same time? Control of media is a prerequisite for this tactic, if you lose the media, you lose the advantage. We discussed this before. If an Irish traveller was viewing the scenario: he would see that settled will fight settled, lose their best men, which might be replaced by mine (the meek shall inherit..?). Gain by deception and deceit, not thru force of arms. The stupid deserve their fate is the logical position. It is an ancient gambit used by schoolchildren everywhere: get the big guy to do your bullying for you. I note that girls often use this gambit, playing on a guy's honor. Interesting, the girl doesn't need "honor" to be believed, she claims victimhood and others "rally" to the cause. Claim "racism" Claim "intolerance" Claim "victim status" then bash the "other" with "right" on your side. Self Offence. Claim "racism" Claim "intolerance" Claim "victim status" then bash the "other" with "right" on your side. Self Offence. All the time, 24/7, then use your "magic" megaphone position: subvert, subvert, subvert the conversation, the ideas, the focus of debate. Move tolerance over until it is acceptance, move acceptance over until it is observance, move observance over until it is dogma. Rinse, repeat, rinse, repeat till you get totalitarianism. Kill the Kulaks. Done. Next ...starve. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333 It is a tactic, not an aberration. Deceive, lie, misdirect, use a pretty assistant, use smoke, use mirrors, use devices, uses suggestion, use the stage you construct. Create a dark room. Become the light. I am not saying that a garrison in the Middle East is not favorable for World powers, but I do wonder when the tail started wagging the dog, officially? I have an idea about that too :) Where is the weakness in this plan? Simple answer: Love is the answer. If the Americans wake up and value their own youth? If the Americans laugh at the idea of being the world's policeman? If the Americans support Americans first? If Americans print their own money? If they find out that 9-11 was not a "muslim" operation? If the Americans make peace with Libyans, Syrians, Egyptians, Iraqis, Iranians, Yemenis, Saudis and Afghanis? Would you like to play a game? https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/ When I did my original piece about Kennedy, I noted that some ears perked up. Why would that be I asked myself? I knew a partial answer, I didn't think they'd be quite so twitchy just yet :)...we're not there yet, yet. âAs I wrote Mr. Ben-Gurion, this governmentâs commitment to and support of Israel could be seriously jeopardized if it should be thought that we were unable to obtain reliable information on a subject as vital to peace as Israelâs effort in the nuclear field,â the telegram said."https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/President-Kennedy-gave-Israel-a-strong-warning-about-its-nuclear-reactor-in-1963-589107 I noted that Israeli embassies closed shop all over the world at very short notice recently. I also noticed a projected date for a huge false flag event on the weekend of November 3rd in Seattle. The projected result of this event: an ICBM attack on the city during a football game was to create a war *with whoever would be deemed the perpetrator of this killing of over 1m people, *like 9-11 was. It didn't happen (that doesn't mean it wasn't planned to happen on that date). Understand that these people are working to a script. We've discussed the Epstein - Mossad - C_A connection. We've seen how large corporate entities like hellywood and the news media are virulently anti-Trump and are doing everything possible to kill that story. Whoever is pushing these things is working in the shadows, but it is coming into the light all over the world. The whole picture has a vague tint of yellow to it: Orange man Bad. Arab man bad. White man bad. Everyone bad, except..."minorities." Why are they so focused on sexually deviant lifestyles: gays, transexuals, pronouning, pedos? Ask yourself the question. Then ask why is the "heartland," "mom, pop and apple pie, "middle America, nuclear family, so pro Trump? There is an answer. Why do they call Trump a racist *specifically? Is it to get ahead of a story? Let's return to Kennedy for a moment... I was watching a show on YouTube a while back, from a guy who later went missing, Bill Smith. It was about the Yad Kennedy memorial in Israel. "The 60-foot high (18 m) memorial is shaped like the stump of a felled tree, symbolizing a life cut short.Inside is a bronze relief of Kennedy, with an eternal flame burning in the center."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Kennedy Smith makes the case that Jack Ruby was Jack Rubinstein who may have been connected to  Meyer Lansky. Wikipedia makes the opposite assertion: The Commission indicated that there was not a "significant link between Ruby and organized crime" and said he acted independently in killing Oswald. Of course he did, they all do. In September 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Ruby acted alone in killing Oswald. Various groups believed Ruby was involved with major figures in organized crime and that he killed Oswald as part of an overall plot surrounding the assassination of Kennedy." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ruby We know George Bush Sr. was in Dallas. He rose to head the C_A. We know what became of the C_A. We're pretty sure junior had a connection to 9-11 and he had some friends over for the event. We are finding out a lot of stuff which has been buried, it's piling up, in fact.
When all this is done, we might have to look who is printing the money? And who is doing the dying? A reckoning, you might call it. I'm not saying it is Israel (Israel didn't pay for the monument, others did). There is a script. It is not "Arabs, nor white men, nor Muslims, nor Israelis.  I'm saying there is a hidden hand.
What if the end they so desperately seek, becomes their end?  Gollum : Myyyy... Precious! Smeagol : The precious will be ours... once the Hobbitses are dead!  As my Irish traveler friends would put it: "Sher you're a beast of a man, fair dues. Now, let's be seein ya, fien."  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollum https://vocal.media/geeks/gollum-a-warning-to-us-all  https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/President-Kennedy-gave-Israel-a-strong-warning-about-its-nuclear-reactor-in-1963-589107  Read the full article
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Staff Spotlight on Sue Wonnacott
How long have you worked at the Uni? What does your role involve?
Iâve been here for 40 years. I am Professor of Neuroscience; I teach, I serve on a number of committees at Department, Faculty and University level, Iâm a member of some external grant panels and I maintain some research activity, mostly through collaborations (as I now work 3 days a week), and I am a second supervisor for a couple of PhD students in Pharmacology. My research has been on the mechanisms and physiological roles of nicotinic receptors, in health and disease, and especially in relation to addiction. So I still have some interesting research ticking along, including a productive collaboration in Bristol. A nice mix of things.
What has been your biggest achievement in your 40 years at the University?
Itâs difficult to say, but a big achievement for me was becoming a professor. I am the first and only member of my family to go to university, so to have risen through the ranks, as it were, is something I never would have imagined at age 18.
Iâll spare you the research acheivements, they are too esoteric, but something that gives me enormous pleasure is the success of students. I teach neuroscience to undergraduates, and having a few each year who are inspired by that subject and go on to careers in the field, and who keep in touch is very rewarding. Of course there are the PhD students, Iâve had more than 30 over the years, and I know where most of them are, and some of them have become my good friends. Thatâs a pleasure as well.
You are the Chair of the selection committee for the Staff Recognition Awards, why would you say it is important for people to nominate their colleagues for these awards?
Awards for anybody are important, they show recognition and appreciation, and make life worthwhile. These staff awards are for people who may be more eclipsed in a university setting, where the focus is more on academia and academic achievements. These achievements are not possible without all the work that goes on, often behind the scenes, by administrators, support staff, technicians, cleaners, security and sports people⊠Recognising their contributions is enormously important. And having the nominations come through from their peers or the local groups they work with puts it on a more personal level. We have a lot of nominations and itâs a competitive process, itâs not easy to be selected so it is worth a lot to receive an award.
What piece of advice would you like to give to a new student?
I guess I would tell them that they are embarking on a great step change in their life: for the first time (presuming they are not a mature student) loosening the ties that have been there throughout their life so far, as they become independent. They are embarking on an adventure that is full of learning but also fun, so they need to get that balance right. Relish the learning. It doesnât come easy, itâs not a passive process, they get out as much as they put in, so make the most of it is what I would say.
Who was your most influential teacher/educator, and why?
My most influential teacher was my English teacher. Which seems an odd choice because I did Physics, Chemistry, Maths and some Biology at A-level. So not English, but I did General Studies with a bit of Drama with my English teacher. She was an Irish lady, I am still in touch with her, she lives in Galway, she is in her 80s and she was so inspiring. She was a bit of a rebel in her day, it was probably a bit un-PC in the ways she taught us, but she taught me to enjoy literature, to read plays, to go to the theatre, to appreciate foreign cinema and just broaden my mind. I am a great believer that one should have a broad interest in things, and not be a scientist OR an artsy person. Both sides should appreciate the other for an enriched life.
My second most influential teacher is a Pilates teacher who I took up with after I was told I would need a hip replacement. I went to his Pilates classes for 10 years until he moved on. He was a proper teacher too, whose passion inspired one in the subject. Itâs inspiration I look for in my teachers, I think.
As a child, what did you want to be when you grew up?
Boring answer â I think I always said âI want to be a scientistâ from about the age of 10. I donât know that I knew what it was but I didnât have any fantasies about being a ballet dancer or anything like that.
What was your first job?
When I was at school my father was a sub-Postmaster in a small town in Cornwall, so it was a biggish post office. I used to do his holiday relief behind the counter from age 16 onwards, right through university as well, during summer holidays and Christmas. The Christmas relief was really exciting as we had lots of boys that came in as relief postmen! That was my first paid job, and I got paid something like ÂŁ6 a week.
My first proper job as a scientist would be my first postdoc, which was at the Institute of Psychiatry in London.
Where is your favourite holiday destination and why?
Thatâs a tough one. My last holiday destination was pretty favourable, I went to Sicily at Christmas, and that ticked lots of boxes. The weather was lovely, and it had lots of history â I am interested in European history. We stayed by the sea and I love the sea, so that was good. I might go back to Sicily next Christmas. But who knows, the world is a big place full of fantastic holiday destinations.
Whatâs your favourite book or album and why?
How can you have a favourite book when there is so many out there? So thereâs lots of favourites. I have just read The Hare with Amber Eyes by Edmund De Waal, which was amazing.
Source: https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/staff-spotlight-on-sue-wonnacott-professor-of-neuroscience-dept-of-biology-and-biochemistry/
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Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr., January 15, 1929 â April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.
King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia (the Albany Movement), and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history.
On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches, and the following year he and SCLC took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. In the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled "Beyond Vietnam".
In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities.
King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011.
Early life and education
King was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. (1899â1984) and Alberta Williams King (1904â1974). King's legal name at birth was Michael King, and his father was also born Michael King, but the elder King changed his and his son's names following a 1934 trip to Germany to attend the Fifth Baptist World Alliance Congress in Berlin. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther. King had Irish ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather, as well as African ancestry.
King was a middle child, between an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his church choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind. King liked singing and music. His mother was an accomplished organist and choir leader, and she took him to various churches to sing. He received attention for singing "I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus." King later became a member of the junior choir in his church.
King said that his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen; a neighbor reported hearing the elder King telling his son "he would make something of him even if he had to beat him to death." King saw his father's proud and fearless protests against segregation, such as King Sr. refusing to listen to a traffic policeman after being referred to as "boy," or stalking out of a store with his son when being told by a shoe clerk that they would have to "move to the rear" of the store to be served.
When King was a child, he befriended a white boy whose father owned a business near his family's home. When the boys were six, they started school: King had to attend a school for African Americans and the other boy went to one for whites (public schools were among the facilities segregated by state law). King lost his friend because the child's father no longer wanted the boys to play together.
King suffered from depression throughout much of his life. In his adolescent years, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the "racial humiliation" that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South. At the age of 12, shortly after his maternal grandmother died, King blamed himself and jumped out of a second-story window, but survived.
King was skeptical of many of Christianity's claims. At the age of 13, he denied the bodily resurrection of Jesus during Sunday school. From this point, he stated, "doubts began to spring forth unrelentingly". However, he later concluded that the Bible has "many profound truths which one cannot escape" and decided to enter the seminary.
Growing up in Atlanta, King attended Booker T. Washington High School. He became known for his public speaking ability and was part of the school's debate team. King became the youngest assistant manager of a newspaper delivery station for the Atlanta Journal in 1942 when he was 13. During his junior year, he won first prize in an oratorical contest sponsored by the Negro Elks Club in Dublin, Georgia. Returning home to Atlanta by bus, he and his teacher were ordered by the driver to stand so that white passengers could sit down. King initially refused, but complied after his teacher told him that he would be breaking the law if he did not submit. King said that during this incident, he was "the angriest I have ever been in my life". A precocious student, he skipped both the ninth and the twelfth grades of high school.
During King's junior year in high school, Morehouse College, a respected historically black college, announced that it would accept any high school juniors who could pass its entrance exam. At that time, many students had abandoned further studies to enlist in World War II. Due to this, Morehouse was eager to fill its classrooms. At the age of 15, King passed the exam and entered Morehouse. The summer before his last year at Morehouse, in 1947, the 18-year-old King chose to enter the ministry. He had concluded that the church offered the most assuring way to answer "an inner urge to serve humanity". King's "inner urge" had begun developing, and he made peace with the Baptist Church, as he believed he would be a "rational" minister with sermons that were "a respectful force for ideas, even social protest."
In 1948, he graduated from Morehouse with a B.A. degree in sociology and enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated with a B.Div. degree in 1951. King's father fully supported his decision to continue his education.
While attending Crozer, King was joined by Walter McCall, a former classmate at Morehouse. At Crozer, King was elected president of the student body. The African-American students of Crozer for the most part conducted their social activity on Edwards Street. King became fond of the street because a classmate had an aunt who prepared collard greens for them, which they both relished.
King once reproved another student for keeping beer in his room, saying they had shared responsibility as African Americans to bear "the burdens of the Negro race." For a time, he was interested in Walter Rauschenbusch's "social gospel". In his third year at Morehouse, King became romantically involved with the white daughter of an immigrant German woman who worked as a cook in the cafeteria. The daughter had been involved with a professor prior to her relationship with King. King planned to marry her, but friends advised against it, saying that such an interracial marriage would provoke animosity from both blacks and whites, potentially damaging his chances of ever pastoring a church in the South. King tearfully told a friend that he could not endure his mother's pain over the marriage and broke the relationship off six months later. He continued to have lingering feelings toward the women he left; one friend was quoted as saying, "He never recovered."
King married Coretta Scott on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her parents' house in her hometown of Heiberger, Alabama; he was 24 and she was 26. They became the parents of four children: Yolanda King (b. 1955), Martin Luther King III (b. 1957), Dexter Scott King (b. 1961), and Bernice King (b. 1963). During their marriage, King limited Coretta's role in the Civil Rights Movement, expecting her to be a housewife and mother.
At age 25 in 1954, King was called as pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.
Doctoral studies
King began doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University and received his Ph.D. degree on June 5, 1955, with a dissertation on A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman. While pursuing doctoral studies, King worked as an assistant minister at Boston's historic Twelfth Baptist Church with Rev. William Hunter Hester. Hester was an old friend of King's father, and was an important influence on King.
Decades later, an academic inquiry in October 1991 concluded that portions of his dissertation had been plagiarized and he had acted improperly. However, "[d]espite its finding, the committee said that 'no thought should be given to the revocation of Dr. King's doctoral degree,' an action that the panel said would serve no purpose." The committee also found that the dissertation still "makes an intelligent contribution to scholarship." A letter is now attached to the copy of King's dissertation held in the university library, noting that numerous passages were included without the appropriate quotations and citations of sources.
Montgomery bus boycott, 1955
In March 1955, a fifteen-year-old school girl in Montgomery, Claudette Colvin, refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in compliance with Jim Crow laws, local regulations in the Southern United States that enforced racial segregation. King was on the committee from the Birmingham African-American community that looked into the case; because Colvin was pregnant and unmarried, E. D. Nixon and Clifford Durr decided to wait for a better case to pursue.
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. The Montgomery bus boycott, urged and planned by Nixon and led by King, soon followed. The boycott lasted for 385 days, and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed. King was arrested during this campaign, which concluded with a United States District Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle that ended racial segregation on all Montgomery public buses. King's role in the bus boycott transformed him into a national figure and the best-known spokesman of the civil rights movement.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
In 1957, King, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, Joseph Lowery, and other civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group was created to harness the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct nonviolent protests in the service of civil rights reform. One of the group's inspirations was the crusades of evangelist Billy Graham, who befriended King after he attended a Graham crusade in New York City in 1957. King led the SCLC until his death. The SCLC's 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom was the first time King addressed a national audience. Other civil rights leaders involved in the SCLC with King included: James Bevel, Allen Johnson, Curtis W. Harris, Walter E. Fauntroy, C. T. Vivian, Andrew Young, The Freedom Singers, Charles Evers, Cleveland Robinson, Randolph Blackwell, Annie Bell Robinson Devine, Charles Kenzie Steele, Alfred Daniel Williams King, Benjamin Hooks, Aaron Henry and Bayard Rustin.
On September 20, 1958, while signing copies of his book Stride Toward Freedom in Blumstein's department store in Harlem, King narrowly escaped death when Izola Curry, a mentally ill black woman who believed he was conspiring against her with communists, stabbed him in the chest with a letter opener. After emergency surgery by Aubre de Lambert Maynard, Emil Naclerio and John W. V. Cordice , King was hospitalized for several weeks, while Curry was found mentally incompetent to stand trial. In 1959, he published a short book called The Measure of A Man, which contained his sermons "What is Man?" and "The Dimensions of a Complete Life". The sermons argued for man's need for God's love and criticized the racial injustices of Western civilization.
Harry Wachtelâwho joined King's legal advisor Clarence B. Jones in defending four ministers of the SCLC in a libel suit over a newspaper advertisement (New York Times Co. v. Sullivan)âfounded a tax-exempt fund to cover the expenses of the suit and to assist the nonviolent civil rights movement through a more effective means of fundraising. This organization was named the "Gandhi Society for Human Rights". King served as honorary president for the group. Displeased with the pace of President Kennedy's addressing the issue of segregation, King and the Gandhi Society produced a document in 1962 calling on the President to follow in the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln and use an Executive Order to deliver a blow for Civil Rights as a kind of Second Emancipation Proclamation - Kennedy did not execute the order.
The FBI, under written directive from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began tapping King's telephone in the fall of 1963. Concerned that allegations of communists in the SCLC, if made public, would derail the administration's civil rights initiatives, Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspect associations, and later felt compelled to issue the written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other SCLC leaders. J. Edgar Hoover feared Communists were trying to infiltrate the Civil Rights movement, but when no such evidence emerged, the bureau used the incidental details caught on tape over the next five years in attempts to force King out of the preeminent leadership position.
King believed that organized, nonviolent protest against the system of southern segregation known as Jim Crow laws would lead to extensive media coverage of the struggle for black equality and voting rights. Journalistic accounts and televised footage of the daily deprivation and indignities suffered by southern blacks, and of segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights workers and marchers, produced a wave of sympathetic public opinion that convinced the majority of Americans that the Civil Rights Movement was the most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.
King organized and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights and other basic civil rights. Most of these rights were successfully enacted into the law of the United States with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
King and the SCLC put into practice many of the principles of the Christian Left and applied the tactics of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the method of protest and the places in which protests were carried out. There were often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities. Sometimes these confrontations turned violent.
Throughout his participation in the civil rights movement, King was criticized by many groups. This included opposition by more militant blacks such as Nation of Islam member Malcolm X. Stokely Carmichael was a separatist and disagreed with King's plea for racial integration because he considered it an insult to a uniquely African-American culture. Omali Yeshitela urged Africans to remember the history of violent European colonization and how power was not secured by Europeans through integration, but by violence and force.
Albany Movement
The Albany Movement was a desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, in November 1961. In December, King and the SCLC became involved. The movement mobilized thousands of citizens for a broad-front nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation within the city and attracted nationwide attention. When King first visited on December 15, 1961, he "had planned to stay a day or so and return home after giving counsel." The following day he was swept up in a mass arrest of peaceful demonstrators, and he declined bail until the city made concessions. According to King, "that agreement was dishonored and violated by the city" after he left town.
King returned in July 1962, and was sentenced to forty-five days in jail or a $178 fine. He chose jail. Three days into his sentence, Police Chief Laurie Pritchett discreetly arranged for King's fine to be paid and ordered his release. "We had witnessed persons being kicked off lunch counter stools ... ejected from churches ... and thrown into jail ... But for the first time, we witnessed being kicked out of jail." It was later acknowledged by the King Center that Billy Graham was the one who bailed King out of jail during this time.
After nearly a year of intense activism with few tangible results, the movement began to deteriorate. King requested a halt to all demonstrations and a "Day of Penance" to promote nonviolence and maintain the moral high ground. Divisions within the black community and the canny, low-key response by local government defeated efforts. Though the Albany effort proved a key lesson in tactics for King and the national civil rights movement, the national media was highly critical of King's role in the defeat, and the SCLC's lack of results contributed to a growing gulf between the organization and the more radical SNCC. After Albany, King sought to choose engagements for the SCLC in which he could control the circumstances, rather than entering into pre-existing situations.
Birmingham campaign
In April 1963, the SCLC began a campaign against racial segregation and economic injustice in Birmingham, Alabama. The campaign used nonviolent but intentionally confrontational tactics, developed in part by Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker. Black people in Birmingham, organizing with the SCLC, occupied public spaces with marches and sit-ins, openly violating laws that they considered unjust.
King's intent was to provoke mass arrests and "create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation". However, the campaign's early volunteers did not succeed in shutting down the city, or in drawing media attention to the police's actions. Over the concerns of an uncertain King, SCLC strategist James Bevel changed the course of the campaign by recruiting children and young adults to join in the demonstrations. Newsweek called this strategy a Children's Crusade.
During the protests, the Birmingham Police Department, led by Eugene "Bull" Connor, used high-pressure water jets and police dogs against protesters, including children. Footage of the police response was broadcast on national television news and dominated the nation's attention, shocking many white Americans and consolidating black Americans behind the movement. Not all of the demonstrators were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of the SCLC. In some cases, bystanders attacked the police, who responded with force. King and the SCLC were criticized for putting children in harm's way. But the campaign was a success: Connor lost his job, the "Jim Crow" signs came down, and public places became more open to blacks. King's reputation improved immensely.
King was arrested and jailed early in the campaignâhis 13th arrest out of 29. From his cell, he composed the now-famous Letter from Birmingham Jail which responds to calls on the movement to pursue legal channels for social change. King argues that the crisis of racism is too urgent, and the current system too entrenched: "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." He points out that the Boston Tea Party, a celebrated act of rebellion in the American colonies, was illegal civil disobedience, and that, conversely, "everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was 'legal'". King also expresses his frustration with white moderates and clergymen too timid to oppose an unjust system:
I have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the Negro's great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizen's Councilor or the Ku Klux Klanner, but the white moderate, who is more devoted to "order" than to justice; who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice; who constantly says: "I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action"; who paternalistic-ally believes he can set the timetable for another man's freedom; who lives by a mythical concept of time and who constantly advises the Negro to wait for a "more convenient season".
St. Augustine, Florida
In March 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with Robert Hayling's then-controversial movement in St. Augustine, Florida. Hayling's group had been affiliated with the NAACP but was forced out of the organization for advocating armed self-defense alongside nonviolent tactics. Ironically, the pacifist SCLC accepted them. King and the SCLC worked to bring white Northern activists to St. Augustine, including a delegation of rabbis and the 72-year-old mother of the governor of Massachusetts, all of whom were arrested. During June, the movement marched nightly through the city, "often facing counter demonstrations by the Klan, and provoking violence that garnered national media attention." Hundreds of the marchers were arrested and jailed. During the course of this movement, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.
Selma, Alabama
In December 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Selma, Alabama, where the SNCC had been working on voter registration for several months. A local judge issued an injunction that barred any gathering of 3 or more people affiliated with the SNCC, SCLC, DCVL, or any of 41 named civil rights leaders. This injunction temporarily halted civil rights activity until King defied it by speaking at Brown Chapel on January 2, 1965.
New York City
On February 6, 1964, King delivered the inaugural speech of a lecture series initiated at the New School called "The American Race Crisis". No audio record of his speech has been found, but in August 2013, almost 50 years later, the school discovered an audiotape with 15 minutes of a question-and-answer session that followed King's address. In these remarks, King referred to a conversation he had recently had with Jawaharlal Nehru in which he compared the sad condition of many African Americans to that of India's untouchables.
March on Washington, 1963
King, representing the SCLC, was among the leaders of the "Big Six" civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which took place on August 28, 1963. The other leaders and organizations comprising the Big Six were Roy Wilkins from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; Whitney Young, National Urban League; A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; John Lewis, SNCC; and James L. Farmer Jr., of the Congress of Racial Equality.
The primary logistical and strategic organizer was King's colleague Bayard Rustin. For King, this role was another which courted controversy, since he was one of the key figures who acceded to the wishes of United States President John F. Kennedy in changing the focus of the march. Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation. However, the organizers were firm that the march would proceed. With the march going forward, the Kennedys decided it was important to work to ensure its success. President Kennedy was concerned the turnout would be less than 100,000. Therefore, he enlisted the aid of additional church leaders and the UAW union to help mobilize demonstrators for the cause.
The march originally was conceived as an event to dramatize the desperate condition of blacks in the southern U.S. and an opportunity to place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital. Organizers intended to denounce the federal government for its failure to safeguard the civil rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks. However, the group acquiesced to presidential pressure and influence, and the event ultimately took on a far less strident tone. As a result, some civil rights activists felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington", and the Nation of Islam forbade its members from attending the march.
The march did, however, make specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public schools; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $2 minimum wage for all workers; and self-government for Washington, D.C., then governed by congressional committee. Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington, D.C.'s history.
King delivered a 17-minute speech, later known as "I Have a Dream". In the speech's most famous passageâin which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of Mahalia Jackson, who shouted behind him, "Tell them about the dream!"âKing said:
"I Have a Dream" came to be regarded as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory. The March, and especially King's speech, helped put civil rights at the top of the agenda of reformers in the United States and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The original typewritten copy of the speech, including King's handwritten notes on it, was discovered in 1984 to be in the hands of George Raveling, the first African-American basketball coach of the University of Iowa. In 1963, Raveling, then 26, was standing near the podium, and immediately after the oration, impulsively asked King if he could have his copy of the speech. He got it.
Selma voting rights movement and "Bloody Sunday", 1965
Acting on James Bevel's call for a march from Selma to Montgomery, King, Bevel, and the SCLC, in partial collaboration with SNCC, attempted to organize the march to the state's capital. The first attempt to march on March 7, 1965, was aborted because of mob and police violence against the demonstrators. This day has become known as Bloody Sunday and was a major turning point in the effort to gain public support for the Civil Rights Movement. It was the clearest demonstration up to that time of the dramatic potential of King's nonviolence strategy. King, however, was not present.
King met with officials in the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration on March 5 in order to request an injunction against any prosecution of the demonstrators. He did not attend the march due to church duties, but he later wrote, "If I had any idea that the state troopers would use the kind of brutality they did, I would have felt compelled to give up my church duties altogether to lead the line." Footage of police brutality against the protesters was broadcast extensively and aroused national public outrage.
King next attempted to organize a march for March 9. The SCLC petitioned for an injunction in federal court against the State of Alabama; this was denied and the judge issued an order blocking the march until after a hearing. Nonetheless, King led marchers on March 9 to the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, then held a short prayer session before turning the marchers around and asking them to disperse so as not to violate the court order. The unexpected ending of this second march aroused the surprise and anger of many within the local movement. The march finally went ahead fully on March 25, 1965. At the conclusion of the march on the steps of the state capitol, King delivered a speech that became known as "How Long, Not Long". In it, King stated that equal rights for African Americans could not be far away, "because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice".
Chicago open housing movement, 1966
In 1966, after several successes in the south, King, Bevel, and others in the civil rights organizations tried to spread the movement to the North, with Chicago as their first destination. King and Ralph Abernathy, both from the middle class, moved into a building at 1550 S. Hamlin Ave., in the slums of North Lawndale on Chicago's West Side, as an educational experience and to demonstrate their support and empathy for the poor.
The SCLC formed a coalition with CCCO, Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, an organization founded by Albert Raby, and the combined organizations' efforts were fostered under the aegis of the Chicago Freedom Movement. During that spring, several white couple / black couple tests of real estate offices uncovered racial steering: discriminatory processing of housing requests by couples who were exact matches in income, background, number of children, and other attributes. Several larger marches were planned and executed: in Bogan, Belmont Cragin, Jefferson Park, Evergreen Park (a suburb southwest of Chicago), Gage Park, Marquette Park, and others.
Abernathy later wrote that the movement received a worse reception in Chicago than in the South. Marches, especially the one through Marquette Park on August 5, 1966, were met by thrown bottles and screaming throngs. Rioting seemed very possible. King's beliefs militated against his staging a violent event, and he negotiated an agreement with Mayor Richard J. Daley to cancel a march in order to avoid the violence that he feared would result. King was hit by a brick during one march but continued to lead marches in the face of personal danger.
When King and his allies returned to the South, they left Jesse Jackson, a seminary student who had previously joined the movement in the South, in charge of their organization. Jackson continued their struggle for civil rights by organizing the Operation Breadbasket movement that targeted chain stores that did not deal fairly with blacks.
Opposition to the Vietnam War
King long opposed American involvement in the Vietnam War, but at first avoided the topic in public speeches in order to avoid the interference with civil rights goals that criticism of President Johnson's policies might have created. However, at the urging of SCLC's former Director of Direct Action and now the head of the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, James Bevel, King eventually agreed to publicly oppose the war as opposition was growing among the American public. In an April 4, 1967, appearance at the New York City Riverside Churchâexactly one year before his deathâKing delivered a speech titled "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence". He spoke strongly against the U.S.'s role in the war, arguing that the U.S. was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony" and calling the U.S. government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today". He also connected the war with economic injustice, arguing that the country needed serious moral change:
A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: "This is not just."
King also opposed the Vietnam War because it took money and resources that could have been spent on social welfare at home. The United States Congress was spending more and more on the military and less and less on anti-poverty programs at the same time. He summed up this aspect by saying, "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death". He stated that North Vietnam "did not begin to send in any large number of supplies or men until American forces had arrived in the tens of thousands", and accused the U.S. of having killed a million Vietnamese, "mostly children". King also criticized American opposition to North Vietnam's land reforms.
King's opposition cost him significant support among white allies, including President Johnson, Billy Graham, union leaders and powerful publishers. "The press is being stacked against me", King said, complaining of what he described as a double standard that applauded his nonviolence at home, but deplored it when applied "toward little brown Vietnamese children". Life magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi", and The Washington Post declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people".
The "Beyond Vietnam" speech reflected King's evolving political advocacy in his later years, which paralleled the teachings of the progressive Highlander Research and Education Center, with which he was affiliated. King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the political and economic life of the nation, and more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct racial and economic injustice. He guarded his language in public to avoid being linked to communism by his enemies, but in private he sometimes spoke of his support for democratic socialism. In a 1952 letter to Coretta Scott, he said: "I imagine you already know that I am much more socialistic in my economic theory than capitalistic ..." In one speech, he stated that "something is wrong with capitalism" and claimed, "There must be a better distribution of wealth, and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism." King had read Marx while at Morehouse, but while he rejected "traditional capitalism", he also rejected communism because of its "materialistic interpretation of history" that denied religion, its "ethical relativism", and its "political totalitarianism".
King also stated in "Beyond Vietnam" that "true compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar ... it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring". King quoted a United States official who said that from Vietnam to Latin America, the country was "on the wrong side of a world revolution". King condemned America's "alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America", and said that the U.S. should support "the shirtless and barefoot people" in the Third World rather than suppressing their attempts at revolution.
On April 15, 1967, King participated in and spoke at an anti-war march from New York's Central Park to the United Nations organized by the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam and initiated by its chairman, James Bevel. At the U.N. King also brought up issues of civil rights and the draft.
I have not urged a mechanical fusion of the civil rights and peace movements. There are people who have come to see the moral imperative of equality, but who cannot yet see the moral imperative of world brotherhood. I would like to see the fervor of the civil-rights movement imbued into the peace movement to instill it with greater strength. And I believe everyone has a duty to be in both the civil-rights and peace movements. But for those who presently choose but one, I would hope they will finally come to see the moral roots common to both.
Seeing an opportunity to unite civil rights activists and anti-war activists, Bevel convinced King to become even more active in the anti-war effort. Despite his growing public opposition towards the Vietnam War, King was also not fond of the hippie culture which developed from the anti-war movement. In his 1967 Massey Lecture, King stated:
The importance of the hippies is not in their unconventional behavior, but in the fact that hundreds of thousands of young people, in turning to a flight from reality, are expressing a profoundly discrediting view on the society they emerge from.
On January 13, 1968, the day after President Johnson's State of the Union Address, King called for a large march on Washington against "one of history's most cruel and senseless wars".
We need to make clear in this political year, to congressmen on both sides of the aisle and to the president of the United States, that we will no longer tolerate, we will no longer vote for men who continue to see the killings of Vietnamese and Americans as the best way of advancing the goals of freedom and self-determination in Southeast Asia.
Poor People's Campaign, 1968
In 1968, King and the SCLC organized the "Poor People's Campaign" to address issues of economic justice. King traveled the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor" that would march on Washington to engage in nonviolent civil disobedience at the Capitol until Congress created an "economic bill of rights" for poor Americans.
The campaign was preceded by King's final book, Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? which laid out his view of how to address social issues and poverty. King quoted from Henry George and George's book, Progress and Poverty, particularly in support of a guaranteed basic income. The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D.C., demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the United States.
King and the SCLC called on the government to invest in rebuilding America's cities. He felt that Congress had shown "hostility to the poor" by spending "military funds with alacrity and generosity". He contrasted this with the situation faced by poor Americans, claiming that Congress had merely provided "poverty funds with miserliness". His vision was for change that was more revolutionary than mere reform: he cited systematic flaws of "racism, poverty, militarism and materialism", and argued that "reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced".
The Poor People's Campaign was controversial even within the civil rights movement. Rustin resigned from the march, stating that the goals of the campaign were too broad, that its demands were unrealizable, and that he thought that these campaigns would accelerate the backlash and repression on the poor and the black.
After King's death
The plan to set up a shantytown in Washington, D.C., was carried out soon after the April 4 assassination. Criticism of King's plan was subdued in the wake of his death, and the SCLC received an unprecedented wave of donations for the purpose of carrying it out. The campaign officially began in Memphis, on May 2, at the hotel where King was murdered.
Thousands of demonstrators arrived on the National Mall and established a camp they called "Resurrection City". They stayed for six weeks.
Assassination and aftermath
On March 29, 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of the black sanitary public works employees, represented by AFSCME Local 1733, who had been on strike since March 12 for higher wages and better treatment. In one incident, black street repairmen received pay for two hours when they were sent home because of bad weather, but white employees were paid for the full day.
On April 3, King addressed a rally and delivered his "I've Been to the Mountaintop" address at Mason Temple, the world headquarters of the Church of God in Christ. King's flight to Memphis had been delayed by a bomb threat against his plane. In the close of the last speech of his career, in reference to the bomb threat, King said the following:
And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers?
Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.
King was booked in Room 306 at the Lorraine Motel (owned by Walter Bailey) in Memphis. Abernathy, who was present at the assassination, testified to the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations that King and his entourage stayed at Room 306 so often that it was known as the "King-Abernathy suite". According to Jesse Jackson, who was present, King's last words on the balcony before his assassination were spoken to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty."
King was shot by James Earl Ray at 6:01Â p.m., April 4, 1968, as he stood on the motel's second-floor balcony. The bullet entered through his right cheek, smashing his jaw, then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder. Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor. Jackson stated after the shooting that he cradled King's head as King lay on the balcony, but this account was disputed by other colleagues of King; Jackson later changed his statement to say that he had "reached out" for King.
After emergency chest surgery, King died at St. Joseph's Hospital at 7:05Â p.m. According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's autopsy revealed that though only 39 years old, he "had the heart of a 60 year old", which Branch attributed to the stress of 13 years in the Civil Rights Movement.
Aftermath
The assassination led to a nationwide wave of race riots in Washington, D.C.; Chicago; Baltimore; Louisville; Kansas City; and dozens of other cities. Presidential candidate Robert F. "Bobby" Kennedy was on his way to Indianapolis for a campaign rally when he was informed of King's death. He gave a short speech to the gathering of supporters informing them of the tragedy and urging them to continue King's ideal of nonviolence. James Farmer Jr., and other civil rights leaders also called for non-violent action, while the more militant Stokely Carmichael called for a more forceful response. The city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on terms favorable to the sanitation workers.
President Lyndon B. Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for the civil rights leader. Vice President Hubert Humphrey attended King's funeral on behalf of the President, as there were fears that Johnson's presence might incite protests and perhaps violence. At his widow's request, King's last sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Church was played at the funeral, a recording of his "Drum Major" sermon, given on February 4, 1968. In that sermon, King made a request that at his funeral no mention of his awards and honors be made, but that it be said that he tried to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right on the [Vietnam] war question", and "love and serve humanity". His good friend Mahalia Jackson sang his favorite hymn, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord", at the funeral.
Two months after King's death, escaped convict James Earl Ray was captured at London Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd on his way to white-ruled Rhodesia. Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder. He confessed to the assassination on March 10, 1969, though he recanted this confession three days later. On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray pleaded guilty to avoid a trial conviction and thus the possibility of receiving the death penalty. He was sentenced to a 99-year prison term. Ray later claimed a man he met in Montreal, Quebec, with the alias "Raoul" was involved and that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy. He spent the remainder of his life attempting, unsuccessfully, to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had.
Allegations of conspiracy
Ray's lawyers maintained he was a scapegoat similar to the way that John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is seen by conspiracy theorists. Supporters of this assertion said that Ray's confession was given under pressure and that he had been threatened with the death penalty. They admitted that Ray was a thief and burglar, but claimed that he had no record of committing violent crimes with a weapon. However, prison records in different U.S. cities have shown that he was incarcerated on numerous occasions for charges of armed robbery. In a 2008 interview with CNN, Jerry Ray, the younger brother of James Earl Ray, claimed that James was smart and was sometimes able to get away with armed robbery. Jerry Ray said that he had assisted his brother on one such robbery. "I never been with nobody as bold as he is," Jerry said. "He just walked in and put that gun on somebody, it was just like it's an everyday thing."
Those suspecting a conspiracy in the assassination point to the two successive ballistics tests which proved that a rifle similar to Ray's Remington Gamemaster had been the murder weapon. Those tests did not implicate Ray's specific rifle. Witnesses near King at the moment of his death said that the shot came from another location. They said that it came from behind thick shrubbery near the boarding houseâwhich had been cut away in the days following the assassinationâand not from the boarding house window. However, Ray's fingerprints were found on various objects (a rifle, a pair of binoculars, articles of clothing, a newspaper) that were left in the bathroom where it was determined the gunfire came from. An examination of the rifle containing Ray's fingerprints also determined that at least one shot was fired from the firearm at the time of the assassination.
In 1997, King's son Dexter Scott King met with Ray, and publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a new trial.
Two years later, Coretta Scott King, King's widow, along with the rest of King's family, won a wrongful death claim against Loyd Jowers and "other unknown co-conspirators". Jowers claimed to have received $100,000 to arrange King's assassination. The jury of six whites and six blacks found in favor of the King family, finding Jowers to be complicit in a conspiracy against King and that government agencies were party to the assassination. William F. Pepper represented the King family in the trial.
In 2000, the U.S. Department of Justice completed the investigation into Jowers' claims but did not find evidence to support allegations about conspiracy. The investigation report recommended no further investigation unless some new reliable facts are presented. A sister of Jowers admitted that he had fabricated the story so he could make $300,000 from selling the story, and she in turn corroborated his story in order to get some money to pay her income tax.
In 2002, The New York Times reported that a church minister, Rev. Ronald Denton Wilson, claimed his father, Henry Clay Wilsonânot James Earl Rayâassassinated King. He stated, "It wasn't a racist thing; he thought Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way." Wilson provided no evidence to back up his claims.
King researchers David Garrow and Gerald Posner disagreed with William F. Pepper's claims that the government killed King. In 2003, Pepper published a book about the long investigation and trial, as well as his representation of James Earl Ray in his bid for a trial, laying out the evidence and criticizing other accounts. King's friend and colleague, James Bevel, also disputed the argument that Ray acted alone, stating, "There is no way a ten-cent white boy could develop a plan to kill a million-dollar black man." In 2004, Jesse Jackson stated:
The fact is there were saboteurs to disrupt the march. And within our own organization, we found a very key person who was on the government payroll. So infiltration within, saboteurs from without and the press attacks. ... I will never believe that James Earl Ray had the motive, the money and the mobility to have done it himself. Our government was very involved in setting the stage for and I think the escape route for James Earl Ray.
Legacy
King's main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the U.S. Just days after King's assassination, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Title VIII of the Act, commonly known as the Fair Housing Act, prohibited discrimination in housing and housing-related transactions on the basis of race, religion, or national origin (later expanded to include sex, familial status, and disability). This legislation was seen as a tribute to King's struggle in his final years to combat residential discrimination in the U.S.
Internationally, King's legacy includes influences on the Black Consciousness Movement and Civil Rights Movement in South Africa. King's work was cited by and served as an inspiration for South African leader Albert Lutuli, who fought for racial justice in his country and was later awarded the Nobel Prize. The day following King's assassination, school teacher Jane Elliott conducted her first "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise with her class of elementary school students in Riceville, Iowa. Her purpose was to help them understand King's death as it related to racism, something they little understood as they lived in a predominantly white community. King has become a national icon in the history of American liberalism and American progressivism. King also influenced Irish politician and activist John Hume. Hume, the former leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, cited King's legacy as quintessential to the Northern Irish civil rights movement and the signing of the Good Friday Agreement, calling him "one of my great heroes of the century."
King's wife, Coretta Scott King, followed in her husband's footsteps and was active in matters of social justice and civil rights until her death in 2006. The same year that Martin Luther King was assassinated, she established the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide. Their son, Dexter King, serves as the center's chairman. Daughter Yolanda King, who died in 2007, was a motivational speaker, author and founder of Higher Ground Productions, an organization specializing in diversity training.
Even within the King family, members disagree about his religious and political views about gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. King's widow Coretta said publicly that she believed her husband would have supported gay rights. However, his youngest child, Bernice King, has said publicly that he would have been opposed to gay marriage.
On February 4, 1968, at the Ebenezer Baptist Church, in speaking about how he wished to be remembered after his death, King stated:
I'd like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others. I'd like for somebody to say that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to love somebody.
I want you to say that day that I tried to be right on the war question. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try to feed the hungry. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try in my life to clothe those who were naked. I want you to say on that day that I did try in my life to visit those who were in prison. And I want you to say that I tried to love and serve humanity.
Yes, if you want to say that I was a drum major. Say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter. I won't have any money to leave behind. I won't have the fine and luxurious things of life to leave behind. But I just want to leave a committed life behind.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
Beginning in 1971, cities such as St. Louis, Missouri, and states established annual holidays to honor King. At the White House Rose Garden on November 2, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill creating a federal holiday to honor King. Observed for the first time on January 20, 1986, it is called Martin Luther King Jr. Day. Following President George H. W. Bush's 1992 proclamation, the holiday is observed on the third Monday of January each year, near the time of King's birthday. On January 17, 2000, for the first time, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was officially observed in all fifty U.S. states. Arizona (1992), New Hampshire (1999) and Utah (2000) were the last three states to recognize the holiday. Utah previously celebrated the holiday at the same time but under the name Human Rights Day.
Liturgical commemorations
King is remembered as a martyr by the Episcopal Church in the United States of America with an annual feast day on the anniversary of his death, April 4. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates King liturgically on the anniversary of his birth, January 15.
UK legacy and The Martin Luther King Peace Committee
In the United Kingdom, The Northumbria and Newcastle Universities Martin Luther King Peace Committee exists to honour King's legacy, as represented by his final visit to the UK to receive an honorary degree from Newcastle University in 1967. The Peace Committee operates out of the chaplaincies of the city's two universities, Northumbria and Newcastle, both of which remain centres for the study of Martin Luther King and the US Civil Rights Movement. Inspired by King's vision, it undertakes a range of activities across the UK as it seeks to "build cultures of peace."
Ideas, influences, and political stances
Religion
As a Christian minister, King's main influence was Jesus Christ and the Christian gospels, which he would almost always quote in his religious meetings, speeches at church, and in public discourses. King's faith was strongly based in Jesus' commandment of loving your neighbor as yourself, loving God above all, and loving your enemies, praying for them and blessing them. His nonviolent thought was also based in the injunction to turn the other cheek in the Sermon on the Mount, and Jesus' teaching of putting the sword back into its place (Matthew 26:52). In his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, King urged action consistent with what he describes as Jesus' "extremist" love, and also quoted numerous other Christian pacifist authors, which was very usual for him. In another sermon, he stated:
Before I was a civil rights leader, I was a preacher of the Gospel. This was my first calling and it still remains my greatest commitment. You know, actually all that I do in civil rights I do because I consider it a part of my ministry. I have no other ambitions in life but to achieve excellence in the Christian ministry. I don't plan to run for any political office. I don't plan to do anything but remain a preacher. And what I'm doing in this struggle, along with many others, grows out of my feeling that the preacher must be concerned about the whole man.
In his speech "I've Been to the Mountaintop", he stated that he just wanted to do God's will.
Nonviolence
Veteran African-American civil rights activist Bayard Rustin was King's first regular advisor on nonviolence. King was also advised by the white activists Harris Wofford and Glenn Smiley. Rustin and Smiley came from the Christian pacifist tradition, and Wofford and Rustin both studied Gandhi's teachings. Rustin had applied nonviolence with the Journey of Reconciliation campaign in the 1940s, and Wofford had been promoting Gandhism to Southern blacks since the early 1950s. King had initially known little about Gandhi and rarely used the term "nonviolence" during his early years of activism in the early 1950s. King initially believed in and practiced self-defense, even obtaining guns in his household as a means of defense against possible attackers. The pacifists guided King by showing him the alternative of nonviolent resistance, arguing that this would be a better means to accomplish his goals of civil rights than self-defense. King then vowed to no longer personally use arms.
In the aftermath of the boycott, King wrote Stride Toward Freedom, which included the chapter Pilgrimage to Nonviolence. King outlined his understanding of nonviolence, which seeks to win an opponent to friendship, rather than to humiliate or defeat him. The chapter draws from an address by Wofford, with Rustin and Stanley Levison also providing guidance and ghostwriting.
Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's success with nonviolent activism, King had "for a long time ... wanted to take a trip to India". With assistance from Harris Wofford, the American Friends Service Committee, and other supporters, he was able to fund the journey in April 1959. The trip to India affected King, deepening his understanding of nonviolent resistance and his commitment to America's struggle for civil rights. In a radio address made during his final evening in India, King reflected, "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity".
Bayard Rustin's open homosexuality, support of democratic socialism, and his former ties to the Communist Party USA caused many white and African-American leaders to demand King distance himself from Rustin, which King agreed to do. However, King agreed that Rustin should be one of the main organizers of the 1963 March on Washington.
King's admiration of Gandhi's nonviolence did not diminish in later years. He went so far as to hold up his example when receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, hailing the "successful precedent" of using nonviolence "in a magnificent way by Mohandas K. Gandhi to challenge the might of the British Empire ... He struggled only with the weapons of truth, soul force, non-injury and courage."
Gandhi seemed to have influenced him with certain moral principles, though Gandhi himself had been influenced by The Kingdom of God Is Within You, a nonviolent classic written by Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy. In turn, both Gandhi and Martin Luther King had read Tolstoy, and King, Gandhi and Tolstoy had been strongly influenced by Jesus' Sermon on the Mount. King quoted Tolstoy's War and Peace in 1959.
Another influence for King's nonviolent method was Henry David Thoreau's essay On Civil Disobedience, which King read in his student days. He was influenced by the idea of refusing to cooperate with an evil system. He also was greatly influenced by the works of Protestant theologians Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Tillich, as well as Walter Rauschenbusch's Christianity and the Social Crisis. King also sometimes used the concept of "agape" (brotherly Christian love). However, after 1960, he ceased employing it in his writings.
Even after renouncing his personal use of guns, King had a complex relationship with the phenomenon of self-defense in the movement. He publicly discouraged it as a widespread practice, but acknowledged that it was sometimes necessary. Throughout his career King was frequently protected by other civil rights activists who carried arms, such as Colonel Stone Johnson, Robert Hayling, and the Deacons for Defense and Justice.
Politics
As the leader of the SCLC, King maintained a policy of not publicly endorsing a U.S. political party or candidate: "I feel someone must remain in the position of non-alignment, so that he can look objectively at both parties and be the conscience of bothânot the servant or master of either." In a 1958 interview, he expressed his view that neither party was perfect, saying, "I don't think the Republican party is a party full of the almighty God nor is the Democratic party. They both have weaknesses ... And I'm not inextricably bound to either party." King did praise Democratic Senator Paul Douglas of Illinois as being the "greatest of all senators" because of his fierce advocacy for civil rights causes over the years.
King critiqued both parties' performance on promoting racial equality:
Actually, the Negro has been betrayed by both the Republican and the Democratic party. The Democrats have betrayed him by capitulating to the whims and caprices of the Southern Dixiecrats. The Republicans have betrayed him by capitulating to the blatant hypocrisy of reactionary right wing northern Republicans. And this coalition of southern Dixiecrats and right wing reactionary northern Republicans defeats every bill and every move towards liberal legislation in the area of civil rights.
Although King never publicly supported a political party or candidate for president, in a letter to a civil rights supporter in October 1956 he said that he was undecided as to whether he would vote for Adlai Stevenson or Dwight Eisenhower, but that "In the past I always voted the Democratic ticket." In his autobiography, King says that in 1960 he privately voted for Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy: "I felt that Kennedy would make the best president. I never came out with an endorsement. My father did, but I never made one." King adds that he likely would have made an exception to his non-endorsement policy for a second Kennedy term, saying "Had President Kennedy lived, I would probably have endorsed him in 1964." In 1964, King urged his supporters "and all people of goodwill" to vote against Republican Senator Barry Goldwater for president, saying that his election "would be a tragedy, and certainly suicidal almost, for the nation and the world." King supported the ideals of democratic socialism, although he was reluctant to speak directly of this support due to the anti-communist sentiment being projected throughout the United States at the time, and the association of socialism with communism. King believed that capitalism could not adequately provide the basic necessities of many American people, particularly the African-American community.
Compensation
King stated that black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans, should be compensated for historical wrongs. In an interview conducted for Playboy in 1965, he said that granting black Americans only equality could not realistically close the economic gap between them and whites. King said that he did not seek a full restitution of wages lost to slavery, which he believed impossible, but proposed a government compensatory program of $50 billion over ten years to all disadvantaged groups.
He posited that "the money spent would be more than amply justified by the benefits that would accrue to the nation through a spectacular decline in school dropouts, family breakups, crime rates, illegitimacy, swollen relief rolls, rioting and other social evils". He presented this idea as an application of the common law regarding settlement of unpaid labor, but clarified that he felt that the money should not be spent exclusively on blacks. He stated, "It should benefit the disadvantaged of all races".
The lack of attention given to family planning
On being awarded the Planned Parenthood Federation of America's Margaret Sanger Award on 5th May, 1966, King said:
Recently, the press has been filled with reports of sightings of flying saucers. While we need not give credence to these stories, they allow our imagination to speculate on how visitors from outer space would judge us. I am afraid they would be stupefied at our conduct. They would observe that for death planning we spend billions to create engines and strategies for war. They would also observe that we spend millions to prevent death by disease and other causes. Finally they would observe that we spend paltry sums for population planning, even though its spontaneous growth is an urgent threat to life on our planet. Our visitors from outer space could be forgiven if they reported home that our planet is inhabited by a race of insane men whose future is bleak and uncertain. There is no human circumstance more tragic than the persisting existence of a harmful condition for which a remedy is readily available. Family planning, to relate population to world resources, is possible, practical and necessary. Unlike plagues of the dark ages or contemporary diseases we do not yet understand, the modern plague of overpopulation is soluble by means we have discovered and with resources we possess. What is lacking is not sufficient knowledge of the solution but universal consciousness of the gravity of the problem and education of the billions who are its victims...
FBI and King's personal life
FBI surveillance and wiretapping
FBI director J. Edgar Hoover personally ordered surveillance of King, with the intent to undermine his power as a civil rights leader. According to the Church Committee, a 1975 investigation by the U.S. Congress, "From December 1963 until his death in 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was the target of an intensive campaign by the Federal Bureau of Investigation to 'neutralize' him as an effective civil rights leader."
The Bureau received authorization to proceed with wiretapping from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in the fall of 1963 and informed President John F. Kennedy, both of whom unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to dissociate himself from Stanley Levison, a New York lawyer who had been involved with Communist Party USA. Although Robert Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so", Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. The Bureau placed wiretaps on Levison's and King's home and office phones, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country. In 1967, Hoover listed the SCLC as a black nationalist hate group, with the instructions: "No opportunity should be missed to exploit through counterintelligence techniques the organizational and personal conflicts of the leaderships of the groups ... to insure the targeted group is disrupted, ridiculed, or discredited."
NSA monitoring of King's communications
In a secret operation code-named "Minaret", the National Security Agency (NSA) monitored the communications of leading Americans, including King, who criticized the U.S. war in Vietnam. A review by the NSA itself concluded that Minaret was "disreputable if not outright illegal."
Allegations of communism
For years, Hoover had been suspicious about potential influence of communists in social movements such as labor unions and civil rights. Hoover directed the FBI to track King in 1957, and the SCLC as it was established (it did not have a full-time executive director until 1960). The investigations were largely superficial until 1962, when the FBI learned that one of King's most trusted advisers was New York City lawyer Stanley Levison.
The FBI feared Levison was working as an "agent of influence" over King, in spite of its own reports in 1963 that Levison had left the Party and was no longer associated in business dealings with them. Another King lieutenant, Hunter Pitts O'Dell, was also linked to the Communist Party by sworn testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). However, by 1976 the FBI had acknowledged that it had not obtained any evidence that King himself or the SCLC were actually involved with any communist organizations.
For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to communism, stating in a 1965 Playboy interview that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida". He argued that Hoover was "following the path of appeasement of political powers in the South" and that his concern for communist infiltration of the Civil Rights Movement was meant to "aid and abet the salacious claims of southern racists and the extreme right-wing elements". Hoover did not believe King's pledge of innocence and replied by saying that King was "the most notorious liar in the country". After King gave his "I Have A Dream" speech during the March on Washington on August 28, 1963, the FBI described King as "the most dangerous and effective Negro leader in the country". It alleged that he was "knowingly, willingly and regularly cooperating with and taking guidance from communists".
The attempt to prove that King was a communist was related to the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were happy with their lot but had been stirred up by "communists" and "outside agitators". However, the 1950s and '60s Civil Rights Movement arose from activism within the black community dating back to before World War I. King said that "the Negro revolution is a genuine revolution, born from the same womb that produces all massive social upheavalsâthe womb of intolerable conditions and unendurable situations."
Adultery
Having concluded that King was dangerous due to communist infiltration, the FBI shifted to attempting to discredit King through revelations regarding his private life. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, attempted to demonstrate that he also engaged in numerous extramarital affairs. Lyndon Johnson once said that King was a "hypocritical preacher".
Ralph Abernathy stated in his 1989 autobiography And the Walls Came Tumbling Down that King had a "weakness for women", although they "all understood and believed in the biblical prohibition against sex outside of marriage. It was just that he had a particularly difficult time with that temptation". In a later interview, Abernathy said that he only wrote the term "womanizing", that he did not specifically say King had extramarital sex and that the infidelities King had were emotional rather than sexual. Abernathy criticized the media for sensationalizing the statements he wrote about King's affairs, such as the allegation that he admitted in his book that King had a sexual affair the night before he was assassinated. In his original wording, Abernathy had claimed he saw King coming out of his room with a lady when he awoke the next morning and later claimed that "he may have been in there discussing and debating and trying to get her to go along with the movement, I don't know."
In his 1986 book Bearing the Cross, David Garrow wrote about a number of extramarital affairs, including one woman King saw almost daily. According to Garrow, "that relationship ... increasingly became the emotional centerpiece of King's life, but it did not eliminate the incidental couplings ... of King's travels." He alleged that King explained his extramarital affairs as "a form of anxiety reduction". Garrow asserted that King's supposed promiscuity caused him "painful and at times overwhelming guilt". King's wife Coretta appeared to have accepted his affairs with equanimity, saying once that "all that other business just doesn't have a place in the very high level relationship we enjoyed." Shortly after Bearing the Cross was released, civil rights author Howell Raines gave the book a positive review but opined that Garrow's allegations about King's sex life were "sensational" and stated that Garrow was "amassing facts rather than analyzing them".
The FBI distributed reports regarding such affairs to the executive branch, friendly reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the SCLC, and King's family. The Bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information if he did not cease his civil rights work. The FBIâKing suicide letter sent to King just before he received the Nobel Peace Prize read, in part:
The American public, the church organizations that have been helpingâProtestants, Catholics and Jews will know you for what you areâan evil beast. So will others who have backed you. You are done. King, there is only one thing left for you to do. You know what it is. You have just 34 days in which to do (this exact number has been selected for a specific reason, it has definite practical significant [sic]). You are done. There is but one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy fraudulent self is bared to the nation.
A tape recording of several of King's extramarital liaisons, excerpted from FBI wiretaps, accompanied the letter. King interpreted this package as an attempt to drive him to suicide, although William Sullivan, head of the Domestic Intelligence Division at the time, argued that it may have only been intended to "convince Dr. King to resign from the SCLC". King refused to give in to the FBI's threats.
In 1977, Judge John Lewis Smith Jr. ordered all known copies of the recorded audiotapes and written transcripts resulting from the FBI's electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968 to be held in the National Archives and sealed from public access until 2027.
Police observation during the assassination
A fire station was located across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the boarding house in which James Earl Ray was staying. Police officers were stationed in the fire station to keep King under surveillance. Agents were watching King at the time he was shot. Immediately following the shooting, officers rushed out of the station to the motel. Marrell McCollough, an undercover police officer, was the first person to administer first aid to King. The antagonism between King and the FBI, the lack of an all points bulletin to find the killer, and the police presence nearby led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the assassination.
Awards and recognition
King was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from colleges and universities. On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading nonviolent resistance to racial prejudice in the U.S. In 1965, he was awarded the American Liberties Medallion by the American Jewish Committee for his "exceptional advancement of the principles of human liberty". In his acceptance remarks, King said, "Freedom is one thing. You have it all or you are not free."
In 1957, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP. Two years later, he won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for his book Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. In 1966, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America awarded King the Margaret Sanger Award for "his courageous resistance to bigotry and his lifelong dedication to the advancement of social justice and human dignity". Also in 1966, King was elected as a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In November 1967 he made a 24-hour trip to the United Kingdom to receive an honorary degree from Newcastle University, being the first African-American to be so honoured by Newcastle. In a moving impromptu acceptance speech, he said
There are three urgent and indeed great problems that we face not only in the United States of America but all over the world today. That is the problem of racism, the problem of poverty and the problem of war.
In 1971 he was posthumously awarded a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for his Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam.
In 1977, the Presidential Medal of Freedom was posthumously awarded to King by President Jimmy Carter. The citation read:
Martin Luther King Jr. was the conscience of his generation. He gazed upon the great wall of segregation and saw that the power of love could bring it down. From the pain and exhaustion of his fight to fulfill the promises of our founding fathers for our humblest citizens, he wrung his eloquent statement of his dream for America. He made our nation stronger because he made it better. His dream sustains us yet.
King and his wife were also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004.
King was second in Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century. In 1963, he was named Time Person of the Year, and in 2000, he was voted sixth in an online "Person of the Century" poll by the same magazine. King placed third in the Greatest American contest conducted by the Discovery Channel and AOL.
Memorials and eponymous places and buildings
There are numerous memorials to King in the United States, including:
More than 730 cities in the United States have streets named after King.
King County, Washington, rededicated its name in his honor in 1986 and changed its logo to an image of his face in 2007.
The city government center in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is named in honor of King.
In 1980, the U.S. Department of the Interior designated King's boyhood home in Atlanta and several nearby buildings the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site.
A bust of Dr. King was added to the "gallery of notables" in the United States Capitol in 1986, portraying him in a "restful, nonspeaking pose."
The beginning words of King's "I Have a Dream" speech are etched on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, at the place where King stood during that speech. These words from the speechâ"five short lines of text carved into the granite on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial"âwere etched in 2003, on the 40th anniversary of the march to Washington, by stone carver Andy Del Gallo, after a law was passed by Congress providing authorization for the inscription.
In 1996, Congress authorized the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, of which King is still a member, to establish a foundation to manage fund raising and design of a national Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. King was the first African American and the fourth non-president honored with his own memorial in the National Mall area. The memorial opened in August 2011 and is administered by the National Park Service. The address of the monument, 1964 Independence Avenue, SW, commemorates the year that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law.
The Landmark for Peace Memorial in Indianapolis, Indiana
The Homage to King sculpture in Atlanta, Georgia
The Dream sculpture in Portland, Oregon
The National Civil Rights Museum, at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where King died
Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church in Selma, Alabama
On October 11, 2015, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported a proposed "Freedom Bell" may be installed atop Stone Mountain honoring King and his "I Have a Dream" speech, specifically the line "Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia."
Numerous other memorials honor him around the world, including:
The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. Church in Debrecen, Hungary
The King-Luthuli Transformation Center in Johannesburg, South Africa
The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Forest in Israel's Southern Galilee region (along with the Coretta Scott King Forest in Biriya Forest, Israel)
The Martin Luther King Jr. School in Accra, Ghana
The Gandhi-King Plaza (garden), at the India International Center in New Delhi, India
In Norfolk, Virginia stands a memorial in honor of King. The 83-foot-high granite obelisk was conceived by former Norfolk Councilman and General District Court Judge Joseph A. Jordan Jr.
Five Dollar Bill
On April 20, 2016, Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew announced that the $5, $10, and $20 would all undergo redesign prior to 2020. Lew said that while Lincoln would remain on the obverse of the $5 bill, the reverse would be redesigned to depict various historical events that had occurred at the Lincoln Memorial. Among the planned designs are images from King's "I Have a Dream" speech and the 1939 concert by opera singer Marian Anderson.
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How could the existence of an unemployment insurance system or other transfer programs have reduced the severity of the Great Depression?
How could the existence of an unemployment insurance system or other transfer programs have reduced the severity of the Great Depression?
How could the existence of an unemployment insurance system or other transfer programs have reduced the severity of the Great Depression?
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Staff Spotlight on Sue Wonnacott
How long have you worked at the Uni? What does your role involve?
Iâve been here for 40 years. I am Professor of Neuroscience; I teach, I serve on a number of committees at Department, Faculty and University level, Iâm a member of some external grant panels and I maintain some research activity, mostly through collaborations (as I now work 3 days a week), and I am a second supervisor for a couple of PhD students in Pharmacology. My research has been on the mechanisms and physiological roles of nicotinic receptors, in health and disease, and especially in relation to addiction. So I still have some interesting research ticking along, including a productive collaboration in Bristol. A nice mix of things.
What has been your biggest achievement in your 40 years at the University?
Itâs difficult to say, but a big achievement for me was becoming a professor. I am the first and only member of my family to go to university, so to have risen through the ranks, as it were, is something I never would have imagined at age 18.
Iâll spare you the research acheivements, they are too esoteric, but something that gives me enormous pleasure is the success of students. I teach neuroscience to undergraduates, and having a few each year who are inspired by that subject and go on to careers in the field, and who keep in touch is very rewarding. Of course there are the PhD students, Iâve had more than 30 over the years, and I know where most of them are, and some of them have become my good friends. Thatâs a pleasure as well.
You are the Chair of the selection committee for the Staff Recognition Awards, why would you say it is important for people to nominate their colleagues for these awards?
Awards for anybody are important, they show recognition and appreciation, and make life worthwhile. These staff awards are for people who may be more eclipsed in a university setting, where the focus is more on academia and academic achievements. These achievements are not possible without all the work that goes on, often behind the scenes, by administrators, support staff, technicians, cleaners, security and sports people⊠Recognising their contributions is enormously important. And having the nominations come through from their peers or the local groups they work with puts it on a more personal level. We have a lot of nominations and itâs a competitive process, itâs not easy to be selected so it is worth a lot to receive an award.
What piece of advice would you like to give to a new student?
I guess I would tell them that they are embarking on a great step change in their life: for the first time (presuming they are not a mature student) loosening the ties that have been there throughout their life so far, as they become independent. They are embarking on an adventure that is full of learning but also fun, so they need to get that balance right. Relish the learning. It doesnât come easy, itâs not a passive process, they get out as much as they put in, so make the most of it is what I would say.
Who was your most influential teacher/educator, and why?
My most influential teacher was my English teacher. Which seems an odd choice because I did Physics, Chemistry, Maths and some Biology at A-level. So not English, but I did General Studies with a bit of Drama with my English teacher. She was an Irish lady, I am still in touch with her, she lives in Galway, she is in her 80s and she was so inspiring. She was a bit of a rebel in her day, it was probably a bit un-PC in the ways she taught us, but she taught me to enjoy literature, to read plays, to go to the theatre, to appreciate foreign cinema and just broaden my mind. I am a great believer that one should have a broad interest in things, and not be a scientist OR an artsy person. Both sides should appreciate the other for an enriched life.
My second most influential teacher is a Pilates teacher who I took up with after I was told I would need a hip replacement. I went to his Pilates classes for 10 years until he moved on. He was a proper teacher too, whose passion inspired one in the subject. Itâs inspiration I look for in my teachers, I think.
As a child, what did you want to be when you grew up?
Boring answer â I think I always said âI want to be a scientistâ from about the age of 10. I donât know that I knew what it was but I didnât have any fantasies about being a ballet dancer or anything like that.
What was your first job?
When I was at school my father was a sub-Postmaster in a small town in Cornwall, so it was a biggish post office. I used to do his holiday relief behind the counter from age 16 onwards, right through university as well, during summer holidays and Christmas. The Christmas relief was really exciting as we had lots of boys that came in as relief postmen! That was my first paid job, and I got paid something like ÂŁ6 a week.
My first proper job as a scientist would be my first postdoc, which was at the Institute of Psychiatry in London.
Where is your favourite holiday destination and why?
Thatâs a tough one. My last holiday destination was pretty favourable, I went to Sicily at Christmas, and that ticked lots of boxes. The weather was lovely, and it had lots of history â I am interested in European history. We stayed by the sea and I love the sea, so that was good. I might go back to Sicily next Christmas. But who knows, the world is a big place full of fantastic holiday destinations.
Whatâs your favourite book or album and why?
How can you have a favourite book when there is so many out there? So thereâs lots of favourites. I have just read The Hare with Amber Eyes by Edmund De Waal, which was amazing.
Source: https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/staff-spotlight-on-sue-wonnacott-professor-of-neuroscience-dept-of-biology-and-biochemistry/
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