#sno2

[insportsday]

26er Carbon Hardtail Fat Bike SN02

Fat bikes are awesome. If anyone says to you that they aren’t you need to remove that person from your life. Jumping on a fat bike and going for a ride will make your day better regardless of what has happened. Fat bikes just want you to get out and enjoy riding. They also make everyone around you happy and isn’t that something we all want at the end of that day?

The other thing people will inform you is that fat bikes are heavy. You’ll then want to show them our fat bikes. As we use Toray carbon fiber to construct the frame, fork, and wheels from our fat bikes are light. You’ll have no issue getting our fat bikes up hills, and thanks to the legendary fat bike grip you’ll get them up hills that other bikes will falter trying to get up. Yeah, fat bikes are great to go climbing on.

Our fat bikes are also only available as full suspension bikes. That means there is no terrain that you can’t cross on our fat bikes. You’ll sail across snow, bogs, swamps, and sand, following this you’ll be able to sail down drops and through rock gardens with ease. Nothing will be able to get in your path. You’ll literally just roll over any obstacles that get in your way.

Come and try our fat bike and before you know it all your other bikes will be sitting in the garage gathering dust as you realize how much fun 4” of rubber can be.

Specification

Frameset

Model: 26er Sn02 Carbon Hartail Fat Bike Frame

Material: Carbon Fiber Toray T700

Size: 17/19 Inch

Bb: Bsa (100mm)

Rear Spacing: 12x197mm

Fork: Carbon Fork 15x150mm

Drivetrain

Groupset: Sram Nx Eagle 12s

Brakes: Db Lvl Blk L/F Dir 900

Db Lvl Sj Blk R/R Dir 1900

Trigger Shifter:Sl Nx Eagle Trigger

Rear Derailleur: Rd Nx Eagle 12s

Chain: Nx Eagle 126li Pwr.Lck 12s Slvr

Cassette: Pg1230 Eagle 11-50t

Disc Rotors: 160mm ( Front And Rear )

Crankset: Ican Oem Cnc 32t, 170mm Arm Length

Bb Wide: 100mm Bsa

Wheels

Front Hub: 150mm, Powerway Hub M74, 15x150mm , 32 Hole

Rear Hub: 197mm, Powerway Hub M74, 12x197mm, 32 Hole

Spokes: Cn

Rims: Carbon, 90mm Wide, 20mm Deep, Clincher Tubeless Ready, Ud Matt

Tires: Maxxis Minion Fbr 26*4.0 Inch, 20psi

Please Note The Biggest Tires Of The 17-Inch Size Is Maxxis 26*4.0 Inch, 19-

Inch Size Is Maxxis 26*4.8 Inch

Components

Headset: Integrated, Sealed Bearings, H373

Stem: St35 35mm Diameter, 50mm Legth Black Matt Alloy

Handlebar: Mtb Riser Handlebar Hb35, 780mm*35mm

Seat Post: Full Carbon Sp01 31.6 * 350/400mm

Seat Post Clamp: Carbon 34.9mm, Csc01-Sl

Saddle: Sd10 Saddle

Spacer: Carbon, Ud Matt, Sc002

Handlebar Grip: Sram Grip

Weight

Complete Bike Weight:13.7kg ( Pedal Not Included )

Shop Now:

[crinxl]

imagine.

dude imagien being albedos lab rat in his basement. he would feed you the nastiest thing like a whole ass burger king combo but blended together. and and when it comes to sex.yall having sex right? and instead of moaning normally like "oh oh ah omg", he would start saying SnO2(s) + 2h2(g) -> Sn(s) +2H2O(g).

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Investigating arc erosion performance of Ag-Ta₂AlC, a new electrical contact material

Relays are extensively utilized in accelerators, satellites, rockets, and various advanced technology sectors. They play crucial roles in signal transmission, long-distance control implementation, and protection circuits, directly impacting the safety of aerospace and defense equipment systems. The selection of electrical contact material in a relay is crucial for its performance. Arc discharge, characterized by high temperature, heat, and energy, is a common occurrence during operation. Consequently, the arc erodes the electric contact material, causing craters, spattered particles, compositional changes, and a decrease in performance. Traditionally used silver-based electrical contact material, such as AgCdO and AgSnO2, suffer from chromium toxicity or poor wettability and severe temperature rise. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new reinforcement phase material to replace CdO and SnO2 materials.

Read more.

[quartz-components]

The MQ9 Gas Sensor is a member of the MQ Gas Sensors family. It operates as a Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) gas sensor primarily designed to identify Carbon Monoxide, Methane, and Propane. It is capable of detecting concentrations of LPG, Propane, Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide, and Methane gases. The sensor contains a sensitive element, primarily composed of aluminum-oxide-based ceramic coated with Tin dioxide (SnO2), enclosed within a stainless-steel mesh. When gases come into contact with this element, it causes a change in its electrical resistance. This alteration is then measured to determine the concentration of the gases. The sensor features a small heating element that preheats the sensor to bring it into the operational range.

It is widely used in applications involving the detection of gas leaks in pipelines and alarms for home safety.

[mineraloftheday]

18.09.24: Cassiterite

Formula: SnO2

Colour: Black, yellow, brown, red or white.

Lustre: Adamantine, Greasy, Sub-Metallic

Hardness: 6 - 7

Specific Gravity: 6.98 - 7.01

Crystal System: Tetragonal

Member of: Rutile Group

Name: The mineral name is derived from the term “Cassiterides” which was applied to 'islands off the western coast of Europe' in pre-Roman times. The exact location of these 'islands' has been hotly debated over the years. Current thought is that the source was probably mainland Spain and that even 2000 years ago, traders had a habit of providing misleading locality information to protect their sources.

Isostructural with: Rutile

The primary ore of Tin. This mineral is found in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites associated with granite intrusions. Because of its durability, it is also frequently found concentrated in alluvial placer deposits, sometimes in large enough quantities to be commercially exploitable, as in Malaysia, for example.

May precipitate from volcanic gas, as shown by experiments of Africano et al. (2002), in which it deposits in the 550-240C range.

Info from https://www.mindat.org/min-917.html

[keyfpro]

تعرف على أسعار القصدير اليوم السبت 27- 07- 2024

تعرف على أسعار القصدير اليوم السبت 27- 07- 2024 , سعر القصديرسعر قياسي القصدير حوالي 25,806 دولاراً للطن، اليوم، في البورصات العالمية. أسعار القصدير اليوم السبت القصدير عنصر نادر نسبيًا، حيث يشكل 2 جزء فقط في المليون من قشرة الأرض، وفقًا لهيئة المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكية. يتم استخراج القصدير من خامات مختلفة، في المق��م الأول الكاسيتريت (SnO2)، والذي يتم إنتاجه عن طريق اختزال الخام المؤكسد عن طريق…

[tmr-blogs2]

Hydroelectric Cells Market to Reach US$ 3.0 Bn by 2031

Adoption of cost-effective, eco-friendly, and efficient methods for green energy generation is driving the hydroelectric cells industry. Governments are formulating policies to support clean energy goals. These efforts are likely to lead to significant renewable electricity capacity expansion in the near future. Hence, utilization of low-cost renewable energy resources is likely to increase, which is expected to broaden the hydroelectric cells market outlook. The global hydroelectric cells market stood at US$ 1.7 Bn in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ 3.0 Bn by 2031.

Utilization of SnO2-based hydroelectric cells in renewable electricity generation has increased. The SnO2 segment accounted for leading share of 50.2% in 2021. Long lifespan, low cost of maintenance, and eco-friendliness are the key advantages likely to spur the usage of these cells. Energy produced by hydroelectric cells are extensively utilized in residential applications.

Download a sample copy of the report https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=S&rep_id=85306

Key Findings of Study

Rise in Application of Hydroelectric Cells in Production of Green Electrical Energy: Governments in various countries are promoting policies that support renewable electricity capacity expansion in the next few years. Countries in Asia Pacific and North America are accelerating the clean energy transition, which has spurred demand for cost-effective and eco-friendly methods of harvesting energy. These initiatives are likely to augment the hydroelectric cells market. Rise in demand for electricity in rural areas in emerging economies is likely to propel investments in hydroelectric cell technology.

Strong Demand in Portable Applications to Create Lucrative Opportunities: Hydroelectric cells have emerged as cost-effective and eco-friendly alternatives for renewable electricity generation. These are likely to gain traction in various portable applications. The portable segment held major share of the global market in 2021. The segment is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period.

Key Drivers

Increase in usage of renewables in global electricity generation is a key driver of the global hydroelectric cells industry

Investment in rural electrification programs in emerging economies presents significant opportunities for companies in the market

Regional Growth Dynamics

Asia Pacific is estimated to account for leading share of the global market during the forecast period. The region held 73.1% share in 2021. China accounted for major share of the market in Asia Pacific in 2021. Rise in demand for electricity and substantial investment in power generation from renewable energy sources in the past few years have propelled the market in Asia Pacific. Ongoing R&D activities on new technologies in hydroelectric cells is expected to create new revenue streams for companies in the region. Transition from conventional sources of energy to clean & green energy sources is a key market trend in the region that is likely to create significant demand for products in the hydroelectric cells industry.

The market in North America is expected to grow at a rapid pace during the forecast period. This is ascribed to rise in demand for hydroelectric cells. Surge in usage of renewable energy sources for electricity generation is likely to drive the uptake of hydroelectric cells in the region.

Competition Dynamics

The market landscape is consolidated, with the presence of small number of large players. Numerous companies are investing significantly in R&D activities in order to consolidate their positions and market share.

Prominent vendors in the market include CSIR-National Physical Laboratory.

Hydroelectric Cells Market Segmentation

Metal Oxide

SnO2

Al2O3

ZnO

TiO2

MgO

SiO2

Application

Portable

Stationary

Automotive

Others

Regions Covered

North America

Latin America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Middle East & Africa

Buy this Premium Research Report: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/checkout.php?rep_id=85306&ltype=S

About Transparency Market Research

Transparency Market Research, a global market research company registered at Wilmington, Delaware, United States, provides custom research and consulting services. Our exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trends analysis provides forward-looking insights for thousands of decision makers. Our experienced team of Analysts, Researchers, and Consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools & techniques to gather and analyses information.

Our data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts, so that it always reflects the latest trends and information. With a broad research and analysis capability, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques in developing distinctive data sets and research material for business reports.

Contact:

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[clearblazedaze]

SnO2

[kudosmyhero]

Batman: The Long Halloween #7: Chapter 7: April Fool's Day

Read Date: June 26, 2023 Cover Date: June 1997 ● Writer: Jeph Loeb ● Penciler: Tim Sale ● Inker: Tim Sale ● Colorist: Gregory Wright ● Letterer: Richard Starkings ● Editor: Archie Goodwin ◦ Chuck Kim ●

**HERE BE SPOILERS: Skip ahead to the fan art/podcast to avoid spoilers

Reactions As I Read:

● 👏👏👏

Synopsis: On April Fool's, Carmine Falcone hires The Riddler to solve the mystery of the Holiday killer. Riddler comes with many possible scenarios and explains that the gun used for the murders, a .22, is very light on the hand, proper for a woman, stating that his choices would be Catwoman and Carla Viti. He explains that Catwoman might be the killer because she had access to Falcone's safe and thus, she knew the places and names of the people to attack. Next, he explains that Carla Viti might be responsible because she somehow turned the whole "family business" into something personal and once she murdered her own son, she might as well keep the killing spree, knowing that she wouldn't be considered as a suspect.

Meanwhile in the Batcave, Batman investigates the evidence left at every crime scene and theorizes that the killer would be Sal Maroni, as he is the only one that benefits from the death of the Falcone empire. However, Alfred suggests that the killer might be someone who pursues justice a little too far. Batman analyzes the hypotesis that James Gordon or Harvey Dent might be the holiday killer. In the end, he comes to the conclusion that Gordon couldn't have done any of the murders, but Dent could.

At that moment, Dent and Gordon take the resolution to arrest Bruce Wayne for his involvement with Falcone and his dirty money, while the corrupt assistant Wells listened the conversation the whole time.

In the end, Falcone is tired of The Riddler's guesses and demands him an answer under the threat of Sofia Falcone killing him if he doesn't. The Riddler says that the holiday killer is Falcone himself. The answer is so ludicrous that Falcone and Sofia laugh at him. Falcone tells his daughter to take the man out of his building and to come back when she was done. Sofia pushes Riddler out to the streets and Riddler wanders alone in a dark alley, when Holiday appears and aims his gun at him. Holiday shoots his gun several times and then he leaves the scene, not before dropping his gun and the umbrella he was carrying. Riddler is paralyzed with fear and alone, he wonders why Holiday didn't murder him.

(https://dc.fandom.com/wiki/Batman:_The_Long_Halloween_Vol_1_7)

Fan Art: The Riddler by Sno2

Accompanying Podcast: ● Bat-Books for Beginners - episode 14

[ainews]

Cassiterite, an ore of tin, is a safe and important industrial mineral used in a variety of applications. Its natural composition makes it ideal for a variety of uses, including modern electronics and chemical production.

The primary source of tin is a mineral known as cassiterite, which typically occurs as tin oxide byproducts of copper and lead smelting. The metal content of cassiterite makes it extremely rare and one of the most expensive minerals available.

The chemical composition of cassiterite makes it a safe and stable material. It is composed of nearly pure tin dioxide, or SnO2, with very little impurities. Cassiterite is stable in both air and water, resistant to heat, and contains no other heavy metals that are typically found in other ore deposits.

Because it is one of the few sources of nearly pure tin, cassiterite is used in a variety of applications. It is used to make tin alloys, solder for electronics, tinplate for food packaging, and lead-tin fusion for automotive bearings, among other uses.

The safety of cassiterite is further enhanced by its very low risk of toxicity related to its use. Cassiterite does not contain heavy metals that can be toxic to the environment or to people handling it. So it can be safely handled even in industrial environments.

Due to its safety, stability, and relatively low price, cassiterite is an important and necessary industrial mineral that is found in many products today.

[juniperpublishersmaterialscience]

A Spin Coating of Thymol Blue Indicator on F-SnO2 Glass to fabricate a Novel Sensor Electrode in Potentiometric Acid-Base Titration

Authored by: Nasser M Abu Ghalwa

Abstract

This study deals with the investigation for preparation of conductive glass / thymol blue TB sensor electrode by spin coating of the thymol blue (TB) indicator on conductive glass formed from F-SnO2, and it’s using as indicator electrode in potentiometric acid-base titration in aqueous solution at 298K. The change of the open circuit potential with pH (E-pH) curve is linear with slope of 0.052V/dec at 298K. The standard potential of the above electrode E0, was determined with respect to the SCE as reference electrode. The recovery percentage for potentiometric acid-base titration using G/TB as indicator electrode was calculated.

Keywords: Potentiometry; Thymol blue; Sensor; Conducting glass; Titration; Indicator electrode

Introduction

Chemical sensors are devices that convert the concentration of target compounds into an analytical signal. The term analytical implies the concept of measurability. Then a chemical sensor converts the information about the presence of target compounds into a measurable quantity [1]. Chemical sensors play a big role in checking the environment we live in, contributing information on industrial production processes, quality management of food stuffs and beverages, detection and analysis of some ions and many other applications [2]. Transparent conducting oxides possess a unique combination of optical transparency and metallic conductivity in a single material. Their properties are widely exploited in a host of energy, optical, and electrical applications [3-5]. SnO2 is a wide band-gap semiconductor with a band gap of 3.6eV and was the first transparent conducting oxides to receive significant commercialization. It exhibits good transparency and can be easily n-type doped. Degenerate carrier densities can be achieved by doping with fluorine [6,7]. Potentiometric titrations are the basic chemistry laboratory technique for the quantitative analysis of substances with unknown concentrations using standard solutions of known concentration. The substance with unknown concentration and the standard solution are termed analyte and titrant respectively [8]. This method widely used in different fields such as the food industry, scientific research, and chemical, clinical and pharmaceutical laboratories. Titrimetric procedures based on a detection of the endpoint, i.e., the point at which volumetric titration is completed, are successfully employed over a wide range of concentrations and are popular because of their simplicity, speed, accuracy and good reproducibility [9]. Recently, many studies developed some types of electrodes in potentiometric acid base titration [10-13]. Thymol blue (thymolsulphonephthalein) is used as a pH indicator. A solution of thymol blue exhibits three form (red color), Neutral form (yellow color) and basic form (blue color) show Figure 1 [14].hone radiation can lead to adverse effects [10-16]. Thus, the public concern is that increasing the frequency of the radiation will also increase the effects of the radiation [14-16].

The aim of this study for preparing a spin coating of thymol blue indicator TB on conducting glass formed from F-SnO2 to prepare a new modified electrode sensor (glass / indicator electrode), for used in potentiometric acid base titration.

Experimental

Chemicals

The chemicals used in potentiometric titrations and preparation the electrode was tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), Thymol blue (TB), hydrochloric acid, ammonia, Acetic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, citric acid and disodium phosphate. The chemicals are of analytical pure grade (Merck) Where the F-SnO2 glass from (Sigma Aldrich).

Synthesis of Materials

Preparation of Hydrolyzed TEOS

A mixture of 2. ml of absolute ethanol, 0.86ml of 0.1M of HCl were added to 2.5ml of TEOS under stirring. The obtained solution was kept under stirring at room temperature until a homogeneous clear solution was obtained. The solution was aged at least for 24 hours before used in the coating process. The hydrolyzed TEOS solution was used as a host matrix for the indicators.

Preparation of Indicators

Indicators solution (1×10-2M) thymol blue indicator (TB) were prepared using absolute ethanol as solvent.

Stock solution of indicators

The sample solution was prepared by mixing 1ml of blank hydrolyzed TEOS solution and 1ml for each indicator.

Preparation of Silica-immobilized Thin Films

Substrate Cleaning

Glasses were activated by concentrated H2SO4 for 24 hours, then washed with distilled water and ethanol. The surface was finally rubbed with cleaning paper.

Preparation of glass/TB electrodes using Spin coating method

All thin films layers prepared in this work were made by spinning three drops of the solutions onto a clean glass slide. The coating process was performed using the spin coater machine at 900rpm spinning speed for 1 min. period time. To obtain multilayers of thin films a subsequent spin coating method was performed after gradually drying of the previous layer at room temperature for 24 hours, then dried at 80oC for another 48 hours. And repeat the spin coating two or three time. Where the conducting substrate is usually conducting glass, consisting of glass coated with a thin layer of F-doped SnO2.

Sensor design of potentiometric cell

The potential of the indicator electrode relative to that of the reference electrode was measured on a digital multimeter model YDM 302C (China). Potentials were measured to ±5mv. The potential of Thymol blue, sensor indicators electrodes was measured vs. a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The error in the measurement of the potential due to liquid- junction potentials in these electrolytes is estimated to be about 0.001V.

The solution in a beaker is stirred by means of a magnetic stirrer. The electrodes (indicator and reference) were dipped slowly into aqueous solution (acid or reductant). After the steady state potential was attained, the titration of the acid was carried out by addition of 1ml of the base to the acidic solution, waiting until the steady potential is established and then measured. The potential variation depends on the type of the base, the progress of neutralization process and on the initial concentration of the acid to be titrated. The results were reproducible to satisfactory value of ±5 mV for potential measurements. The process of addition of the titrant was repeated until the equivalence point was reached.

The E-pH relation of Thymol blue electrode:

The E-pH relation of Thymol blue electrode

According to Figure 2 the change of the open circuit potential (E) of the G/ TB indicator electrode with pH . The E-pH plot of the G/TB indicator electrode fits straight line with slope of 53.11mV at 298K. This value is close to the magnitude of the term 2.303RT/F at the corresponding temperature (59.1mV at 298 K). This value is close to the magnitude of the term 2.303RT/F (where: R gas constant, T absolute temperature and F Faraday constant) at the corresponding temperature (59.1mV at 288K). From Figure 2 the E0 value of the sensor electrode, i.e., the potential at [H+] = 1, is computed as 279.1mV relative to the saturated calomel electrode and can determination by:

This equation is applicable for the reversible behavior of working electrode. From the developed Nernst equation, we indicate that working electrodes can be used as pH-indicator. At high or low pH, the electrode indicates pH less than true value as pH glass electrode, it may be due to damage in electrode or existence of alkali metal ions in solution too.

The response time of the sensor

In general, the response time was defined as the time of sensor’s output reach to 90% of the equilibration after the measurement was started, especially to electrochemical sensors [15-17]. Figures 3a-3e show the response time of the G/TB sensor at different concentration of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, Hydrochloric acid, ammonia and NaOH respectively. Response time, in the range of (100-450) seconds was achieved, which rendered the sensor highly practical.

Effect of temperature on the response characteristics:

The importance of temperature measurement when performing pH measurements has already been mentioned in reference to slope correction. Temperature also has an effect of both pH buffers and solutions, as the hydrogen ion activity will increase with increasing pH [18].

The Thymol blue sensor response was evaluated at different temperatures, Figure 4. At lower temperatures, like 288K, the slope of the sensor was about 33.54mV/decade and the sensor would be used for pH measurements in the range from (2-11). However, when the temperature of the test solutions was adjusted to 298K, the slope significantly increased to 53.11mV/decade. By raising the temperature to 313K and 323 K the slope increased to 54.11mV/ decade and 59.75mV/decade respectively. Figure 4 shows the square of the correlation coefficient (r2) for pH measurements using the solid-state sensor, at different temperatures, as compared to pH values obtained by a conventional pH electrode (Hanna Instruments HI 1131 pH combination electrode) was found to change as the temperature increases where as r2 values for measurements at 283K, 298K, 308K, and 318K were 0.9655, 0.9386, 0.9482, 0.9876, respectively. This indicates that better results could be obtained at 298K due to easy and settable to use without heating.

The relation between conventional glass PH electrode and G/ TB indicator electrode

All potential values were converted with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). During experiments, pH was also monitored with a commercial glass electrode that was calibrated daily using commercial standard buffer solutions (2-9) [19]. Figure 5 represents the correlation between the conventional glass PH electrode and G/Thymol blue indicator electrode, it can be easily recognized that excellent correlation between the results obtained by the solid-state pH sensor and the conventional glass pH electrode could be achieved. The slope of this relation was 0.947 and the r2 was 0.947. This indicate that G/TB indicator electrode potential values are closed to the values of conventional glass pH electrode.

Potentiometric of weak acids against NaOH

Figures 6a & 6b represent the potentiometric titration of 0.1M NaOH with different concentrations of acetic acids and phosphoric acid. The variation of G/TB electrode potential at 298K with the different volumes of standard 0.1M NaOH followed typical potentiometric titration curves. These curves show slight decrease in potential (to more negative values) with the addition of the titrant. Where Figure 6c show the potentiometric titration between the volume of 0.1M standard HCl against ammonia. The variation of the TB electrode potential at 298K with the different volumes of standard HCl followed typical potentiometric titration curves. These curves show slight increase in potential (to more positive values) with the addition of the titrant.

Location of endpoints

Figure 7a represent ΔE/ΔV against V plot for the potentiometric titrations of CH3COOH and H3PO4 with 0.1 M standard NaOH. From the plots the values of end points were determined. The obtained results and calculated values of (R%) are listed in Tables 1 & 2 for acetic acid and phosphoric acid respectively. The values of pKa for different concentration of acetic acid and phosphoric acid were calculated using the method of half neutralization as shown in Table 3. There are two jumps in the titration of phosphoric acid with NaOH using G/TB sensor. i.e two end points appear by using this electrode. The obtained values of pKa for the investigated bases are close to the previously reported values. Where Figure 7b represent ΔE/ΔV against V for the potentiometric titrations of ammonia and 0.1M standard HCl respectively. From the plots the values of end points are determined.

Finally, the values of pKb for different concentration of ammonia can be determined using the method of half neutralization. They are listed in Table 3 for the tested bases. The obtained values of pKb for the investigated bases are close to the previously reported values.

Conclusion

This study investigated the preparation of the modified electrodes of type glass/ thymol blue G/TB and their use as sensor indicator electrodes in the potentiometric acid-base titrations in aqueous solution at 298K. E-pH curve is linear with slope of 0.053.1V/decade for the G/BTB electrode at 298K. This value is close to the theoretical value 2.303RT/F (0.059V at 298K) and the recovery percentage for potentiometric acid-base titration using G/TB as indicator electrode was calculated.

i. On other hand the standard potential of the tested electrode, E0, is computed as 279mV with respect to SCE as reference electrode. Acetic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid and ammonia were successfully potentiometric titration with NaOH as titrant in aqueous medium at 298K. Finally, this study is applied in different temperatures like 283K, 298K, 308K, and 318K were the correlation coefficient (r2) 0.9655, 0.9383, 0.9482, 0.9876, respectively.

To Know More About Juniper Online Journal Material Science Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/jojms/index.php

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[materialsscienceandengineering]

A brightly (multi)colored future for electrochromic devices shines ahead

Vivid displays, enriched color variations and boosted stability are something everyone can look forward to encountering as advances are made in the electrochromic device (ECD) field Electrochromic devices (ECDs) are useful in controlling optical properties such as reflection and absorption and are particularly pertinent when it comes to use in smart windows, rearview mirrors and adaptive camouflage. Unfortunately, the widely used electrochromic materials show a lackluster display with minimal color changes and poor cycling stability, often only transforming between transparency and a single color with sluggish switching speeds. This study demonstrates the use of a more compatible component in the form of a highly porous tin oxide (SnO2) nanosheet scaffold, which provides better cycling, more color variations and a seamless performance than what the current technology has to offer. Researchers published their work in Nano Research.

Read more.

[quartz-components]

MQ 8 Gas sensor is another one of Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) type Gas Sensor of MQ Gas Sensors family involving MQ 2, MQ 4, MQ 3, MQ 7, MQ 135, etc. It is mainly used as a Hydrogen detects. This sensor contains a sensing element, mainly aluminum-oxide based ceramic, coated with Tin dioxide (SnO2), enclosed in a stainless-steel mesh. Whenever H2 gas comes into contact with the sensing element, the resistivity of the element changes. The change is then measured to get the concentration of the gases present. This hydrogen sensor has a small heating element present, which is needed to preheat the sensor to get it in the working window. It can detect the H2 gas in the concentration range of 100 to 1000ppm. As H2 gas is extremely flammable, its leakage in the industry can be very hazardous with loss of property and life as it is used very commonly in cooling applications. So to detect any leakage and prevent loss of life and property, we can employ this sensor and prevent this condition.

[netdata]

MQ-9 Gas Sensor: Enhancing Air Quality Monitoring and Safety

Introduction: In the realm of gas sensing technology, the MQ-9 sensor stands as a versatile and reliable device used for detecting various gases, particularly carbon monoxide (CO) and flammable gases. With its compact size, ease of integration, and cost-effectiveness, the MQ-9 sensor has found widespread applications in industries, homes, and environmental monitoring systems. In this article, we will explore the features, working principle, and applications of the MQ-9 gas sensor.

Accurate Gas Detection: The MQ-9 sensor is specifically designed to detect the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) and a range of flammable gases, such as methane (CH4) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Its sensitive electrochemical gas sensing element allows for precise and selective gas detection, ensuring reliable results. By monitoring the concentration of these hazardous gases, the MQ-9 sensor helps enhance safety measures and prevent potential risks associated with gas leaks or air pollution.

Working Principle: The MQ-9 sensor operates on the principle of catalytic combustion, utilizing a small heating element and a tin dioxide (SnO2) sensing element. When the target gas, such as carbon monoxide or flammable gases, comes into contact with the sensing element, it undergoes a chemical reaction, causing a change in the sensor's resistance. This change is then measured and converted into an electrical signal that can be interpreted by a microcontroller or other monitoring systems.

Fast Response and Recovery Time: One of the notable features of the MQ-9 sensor is its rapid response and recovery time. It can quickly detect the presence of gases and provide real-time data, enabling swift actions to be taken in case of gas leaks or potential hazards. The sensor's fast response time makes it suitable for applications where timely detection is crucial, such as gas leakage alarms or air quality monitoring systems.

Applications: The MQ-9 gas sensor finds applications in various domains, including but not limited to:

Home and Industrial Safety: The MQ-9 sensor is commonly used in residential and industrial settings to monitor indoor air quality and detect the presence of harmful gases. It can be integrated into gas detectors, alarms, and safety systems to ensure early detection of gas leaks and minimize the risk of fire or poisoning.

Environmental Monitoring: With its ability to detect carbon monoxide, the MQ-9 sensor plays a vital role in environmental monitoring systems. It is employed in air quality monitoring stations, smart cities, and pollution control initiatives to assess and track pollution levels, enabling better decision-making and measures to improve air quality.

Automotive Applications: The MQ-9 sensor is utilized in automotive systems for monitoring exhaust gases and ensuring compliance with emission standards. It helps detect excessive carbon monoxide levels, providing valuable data for vehicle diagnostics and emission control.

Research and Development: Researchers and developers often employ the MQ-9 sensor as a reliable tool for gas sensing experiments and prototyping. Its ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and availability make it a popular choice for educational institutions and DIY projects.

Conclusion: The MQ-9 gas sensor offers a practical solution for gas detection, enhancing safety measures and air quality monitoring across various industries and environments. Its accurate detection capabilities, fast response time, and ease of integration make it a valuable component in gas detection systems. Whether it is ensuring residential safety, environmental monitoring, or automotive applications, the MQ-9 sensor proves to be a versatile and indispensable tool for gas sensing needs.