#sinhalese new year
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hussyknee · 9 months ago
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ඔබ සැමට කිරියෙන් පැණියෙන් සෞභාග්‍යයෙන් ඉතිරුණු සුබ අළුත් අවුරුද්දක් වේවා!! 💥🔥💥
உங்கள் அனைவருக்கும் மகிழ்ச்சியான மற்றும் வளமான புத்தாண்டு வாழ்த்துக்கள்!!💥🔥 💥
Wishing you all a happy and prosperous Sinhala and Tamil New Year!! 💥🔥💥
🪷🌟🪷☀️🪷🌟🪷☀️🪷🌟🪷
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💠💙☸️💠🩵🕉️💠🔵☸️💠🔷🕉️💠💙☸️
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🇱🇰🔥🪷🇱🇰🔥🪷🇱🇰🔥🪷🇱🇰🔥🪷🇱🇰🔥🪷
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saintsarefake · 2 years ago
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සුභ නව වසරක්! හිනවෙන​!! 🥳🥳
සුභ දිනක්!​ 👁👁
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adropofhumanity · 1 year ago
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IMPORTANT CRISES THAT ARE BEING IGNORED BY THE WORLD
[ we already are aware about palestine, NOT just gaza so i will refrain from mentioning anything here regarding it ]
these crises will not follow any specific order but i will be numbering them for the sake of proper structure.
i also did my best to find reliable and accurate information. please do not start hating me or questioning my efforts if i have mentioned something wrong or incorrect. instead you can correct me politely. additionally, if there are any crisis that i have missed out on, bring it to my awareness.
i am not going to be including all details but some major highlights so as to be able to keep ourselves updated of atleast the surface level knowledge (so i will try)
reblog and include (or highlight what needs to be excluded) any details that would serve in the best interest of this post.
1. TAMIL EELAM
sri lanka is an island historically inhabited by tamils, sinhalese, muslims, and other communities. the tamil nation is concentrated in the northeast. the muslim community generally speaks tamil. the majority of the country's sinhalese population lives in the southern part of the island and are buddhist.
following independence from britain, the sinhalese ruling class began to build an ethnocratic nation-state that entrenched sinhala-buddhist supremacy. tamil workers' rights were denied in the new nation-state, while tamil students were refused equal access to education. tamil people protested peacefully, but sri lanka responded with arrests and massacres.
in july 1983, the worst anti-tamil pogroms swept the island: tamil people were hunted in the streets, pulled out of their homes, and killed while sri lankan police watched on. In six days, 4000 tamils were killed. government ministers led mobs and targeted tamil homes in areas where tamils and sinhalese both lived, amounting to what the international commission of jurists labelled an act of genocide.
sri lanka booted the UN and international press from the country before relaunching its war against the tamil people in 2006. the state used banned chemical weapons like white phosphorous on civilians. a UN report estimates that 75,000 tamil civilians perished from september 2008-May 2009 alone. ground sources place the number much higher and estimate that over 120,000 people were killed in the final stages of the war.
nothing was spared. hospitals and religious buildings, full of the sick and wounded, were routinely bombed. the armed forces shelled food distribution lines and near International red cross ships picking up wounded civilians from beaches. even the government's own "no-fire zones," packed with thousands of civilians, were indiscriminately attacked from the ground and sky.
for the tamils, the last stages of the war fit into a broader pattern of sri lanka's post-colonial state-building project: a protracted genocide involving massacres, economic embargoes, indiscriminate bombings, discriminatory policies, and the dispossession of tamil lands. tamils fear their political identity, as a distinct group of peoples, a nation, will be dismantled and reduced to a scattered minority across the island.
12 years after the genocide, the sri lankan armed forces maintain complete control through a military occupation of the tamil homeland. five of the seven regional headquarters of the army are entrenched in the tamil homeland, with over 100,000 soldiers maintaining an environment of harassment and surveillance over the tamil people. like kashmir and palestine, the tamil homeland remains one of the most militarized places in the world.
HOW TO HELP
2. ROHINGYA
 in august 2017, armed attacks, massive scale violence, and serious human rights violations forced thousands of rohingya to flee their homes in myanmar’s rakhine state. many walked for days through jungles and undertook dangerous sea journeys across the bay of bengal to reach safety in bangladesh. now, more than 960,000 people have found safety in bangladesh with a majority living in the cox bazar’s region - home to the world’s largest refugee camp. the united nations has described the rohingya as “the most persecuted minority in the world.”
the rohingya are a muslim ethnic minority group who have lived for centuries in predominantly buddhist myanmar - formerly known as burma. despite living in myanmar for many generations, the rohingya are not recognized as an official ethnic group and have been denied citizenship since 1982, making them the world’s largest stateless population.
as a stateless population, rohingya families are denied basic rights and protection and are extremely vulnerable to exploitation, sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and abuse.
the rohingya have suffered decades of violence, discrimination and persecution in myanmar. their largest exodus began in august 2017 after a massive wave of violence broke out in myanmar’s rakhine state, forcing more than 742,000 people - half of them children - to seek refuge in bangladesh. entire villages were burned to the ground, thousands of families were killed or separated and massive human rights violations were reported.
more than 1 million rohingya refugees have fled violence in myanmar in successive waves of displacement since the 1990s. now, more than 960,000 rohingya refugees are living in bangladesh with a majority settled in and around kutupalong and nayapara refugee camps in bangladesh’s cox’s bazar region — some of the largest and most densely populated camps in the world. 
more than half of all rohingya refugees in bangladesh (52 percent) are children, while 51 percent are comprised of women and girls. the current refugee population accounts for one-third of the total population in the cox’s bazar region, making support to host communities essential for peaceful coexistence. 
since 2021, to decongest the 33 camps in cox’s bazar, nearly 30,000 refugees have been relocated to bhasan char island by the government of bangladesh. while protection services and humanitarian assistance have been scaled up on the island, significant gaps remain in service delivery and the sustainability of critical assistance.
rohingya refugees have also sought refuge in other neighboring countries like thailand (92,000) and India (21,000), with smaller numbers settling in indonesia, nepal and other countries across the region.
armed clashes across myanmar have continued to trigger displacement, bringing the total number of internally displaced people (IDP) within the country to more than 1.8 million — including 1.5 million of whom have been internally displaced since february 2021.
as of december 2023, however, a new issue arose. the indonesian navy has pushed back a boat carrying rohingya refugees as it approached the coast of aceh amid resentment among some residents about a sudden increase in boat arrivals. the military said the coastguard first detected the wooden vessel entering indonesian waters on wednesday, before the navy ship KRI bontang-907 located the boat about 63 nautical miles (117km) off aceh on the northwestern tip of the archipelago and drove it out, “ensuring that the boat did not return to indonesian waters,” the navy said in a statement posted in its website.
military spokesperson nugraha gumilar said it was not known how many people were on board. they are suspected to be rohingya, a mostly muslim minority from myanmar who were forced into neighbouring bangladesh by a brutal military crackdown in 2017 that is now the subject of a genocide investigation.
more than 1,500 rohingya refugees have landed in indonesia on barely sea-worthy wooden boats since november, according to data from the united nations refugee agency (UNHCR), and the sudden jump in arrivals has aroused growing hostility among people in aceh.
indonesia has appealed to the international community for help and intensified patrols of its waters, promising to crack down on suspected human traffickers it says are involved in the latest wave of boat arrivals.
on wednesday, a mob of students stormed the basement of a local community hall in banda aceh, the acehnese capital, where about 137 rohingya were taking shelter and called for the group to be deported.
many of the refugees are in poor health after weeks at sea usually with insufficient supplies of food and water.
the UNHCR said it was “deeply disturbed to see a mob attack on a site sheltering vulnerable refugee families”.
indonesia, although not a signatory to the 1951 UN convention on refugees, was once known for providing a safe haven to the rohingya even as neighbouring malaysia and thailand pushed them away.
but the mood has soured this year, especially in aceh, where some residents claim the rohingya behave badly and create a burden on society.
muslims make up nearly 90 percent of indonesia’s 277 million people, and aceh is the only state in the archipelago to follow islamic law.
the growing hostility towards the rohingya has put pressure on president joko widodo’s government to take action.
“this is not an easy issue, this is an issue with enormous challenges,” foreign minister retno marsudi told reporters.
HOW TO HELP
3. MANIPUR
on may 3, members of the kuki and naga tribes, who inhabit manipur's hills and are regarded as scheduled tribes, or india's most disadvantaged groups, launched a protest against the possible extension of their benefits to the dominant meiteis.
meiteis account for half of manipur's population and extending limited affirmative action quotas to them would mean they would get a share in education and government jobs reserved for kukis and nagas.
meiteis have traditionally lived in manipur's more prosperous valley region that makes up 10% of the state's area. they have also had better access to employment and economic opportunities.
nagas and kukis live in the poorly developed hills.
the development imbalance favouring the valley over the hills has been a point of contention and rivalry between the ethnic groups.
the groups coexisted peacefully until unrelated events in recent months exposed old faultlines.
manipur shares a nearly 400-km (250-mile) border with myanmar and the coup there in 2021 pushed thousands of refugees into the indian state.
kukis share ethnic lineage with myanmar’s chin tribe and meiteis feared they would be outnumbered by the arrival of the refugees.
separately, the state government in february launched a drive to evict tribal communities from forests in the hills, saying they had encroached on government land, sparking anger among tribal people that they were being forced out of their homes.
"it has been building up for a long time, in some ways unseen and some ways quite openly, but the government was not paying attention," said pradip phanjoubam, editor of the imphal review of arts and politics.
although the first outburst of violence was put down by mid-may, sporadic reprisal attacks began within days.
both the meiteis and kukis are known to be flush with arms, including automatic weapons either stolen from the state police or sourced from across the border in myanmar.
new delhi has held talks with senior myanmar leaders to help control armed groups that operate from across the border but this is yet to produce results.
kuki and meitei groups also refused to join a peace panel formed by the federal government due to differences over names included in the panel.
the indian army and federal paramilitary forces in the state cannot act independently and are legally bound to work with state police and authorities, who analysts say are also divided along ethnic lines.
also, kukis accuse the bharatiya janata party-ruled state government's chief minister biren singh, a meitei, of complicity and inaction, and have sought his removal. singh denies the accusations.
HOW TO HELP
4. HAWA'II ( MAUI )
maui wildfires of 2023, a series of wildfires that burned parts of the island of maui in the U.S. state of hawaii in august 2023. the fires, which began on august 8, struck hardest the historic resort town of lahaina, on maui’s western peninsula, reducing most of the town to ash and ruins. 98 people were killed in lahaina by the smoke and flames or by drowning, making the wildfire one of the world’s deadliest on record. almost 3,000 structures were reported to have been either damaged or destroyed by the fire. in addition to the fires on maui, a series of less devastating wildfires burned parts of the island of hawaii starting on august 9.
while local and state government officials have hesitated to identify a specific cause of the wildfires (in general, uncontrolled fires in a forest, grassland, brushland, or cropland) as of august 17, some evidence suggests that sparks produced by a downed power line may have touched off at least one of the fires. meteorologists and climate researchers noted that the fires were likely to have been the product of several intersecting factors. the fires occurred at the height of hawaii’s dry season (which lasts from april to october). their severity was exacerbated by the presence of el nino—that is, the development of unusually warm ocean waters in the central and eastern tropical pacific ocean. el niño brings increased rainfall to south america’s west coast but brings drought conditions to the hawaiian islands. indeed, the interval of june to august 2023 was a period of worsening drought on maui and in other parts of hawaii. as the drought increased in severity, it dried vegetation, much of it made up of large tracts of fire-prone invasive shrubs  and grasses.
in addition, the pool of warm water in the tropical pacific kept fueling hurricane dora, a powerful tropical cyclone that had formed off the western coast of mexico on august 2. dora passed some 1,100 km (about 700 miles) south of the hawaiian islands during the week of august 8, the day the fires began, which created a substantial difference in atmospheric pressure between the storm and a high-pressure system located north of the islands. that pressure difference drew high winds southward and funneled them into the centre of the tropical cyclone, which helped intensify and spread the wildfires. wind speeds reached as high as 107.8 km (67 miles) per hour on maui and up to 132 km (82 miles) per hour on the island of hawaii.
some researchers have noted that climate change  may have played a part in worsening the wildfires’ severity. increases in global and regional surface temperatures due to ongoing global warming are thought to have caused grasses and other vegetation to dry out faster than usual. in addition, studies that considered trends in hawaii’s rainfall indicated that some 90 percent of the state had experienced at least some decline in overall rainfall between 1920 and 2012 and that rainfall amounts at higher elevations had fallen by more than 30 percent between 1990 and 2015 during the state’s wet season (november to march). in addition, the replacement of native vegetation with crops over the last century has affected local climate conditions, primarily in accessible areas in several parts of the state of hawaii, including near sections of coastline and in maui’s central valley—the sites of the island’s wildfires.
the fire near lahaina, a municipality of 12,702 people, began as a small brush fire just beyond the town’s eastern outskirts in the early morning hours of august 8. although local officials considered it to have been contained by mid-morning, the fire flared up during mid-afternoon, forcing officials to close lahaina’s bypass road. driven by the high winds, the fire then moved downslope into the town, and it spread quickly between the parched grassy landscape and the town’s predominantly wooden buildings, generating an immense  wall of black smoke. within 15 minutes, the fire had spread to the centre of the town, burning the area between the town’s two primary access roads, which prompted additional road closures that hindered evacuation. the process of alerting residents to the danger was severely hampered by the toppling of several telephone and electric power poles in the area by high winds earlier that day, which had cut power needed for wireless services and telephone lines used for 911 emergency communication. as the fire grew, it became so intense that it melted pipes delivering water to lahaina’s residences, which reduced the town’s overall water pressure and thus inhibited the fire department’s ability to contain the wildfire.
ny 5:30 PM large areas of lahaina, which included tracts of residences and the town’s central business district, were on fire as exploding gasoline tanks in vehicles and filling stations contributed to the conflagration. since emergency services had no way to alert people through their mobile devices, the fire caught many residents by surprise, forcing some to flee in haste while trapping others in their homes. many of those who fled became boxed in by fire, smoke, and road closures; some sheltered in place, whereas others sought refuge in the pacific ocean, clinging to docks, pilings, seawalls, and other infrastructure. by 7:00 PM the fire had reached the harbour, and boats caught fire from the mix of wind-whipped flames and flying embers, causing their fuel tanks to explode. although the fire continued to burn in lahaina throughout the night, U.S. coast guard boats arriving offshore were able to evacuate several people trapped along the coast.
during the morning of august 9 the winds abated enough to allow firefighting crews, helicopters, and other resources to begin to make their way into lahaina, where they found a grayed landscape of ruined buildings and burned-out vehicles. officials reported that the lahaina fire had been 80 percent contained by august 10 and that it had burned nearly 890 hectares (about 2,200 acres) by august 14. maui’s other wildfires, which included the pulehu/kihei fire in maui’s central valley and the upcountry/kula fire along the slopes of the island’s eastern peninsula, were less severe, resulting in far fewer damaged homes and other structures and no reports of serious injuries or deaths. similarly, on the island of hawaii, fires scorched some 600 hectares (about 1,500 acres) of ranchland in the north and south kohala sections of the island, but no injuries were reported.
even as the fires began to spread on maui, government officials started to issue disaster declarations to fund firefighting efforts, rescues, and recovery. hawaii’s lieutenant governor, sylvia luke, issued an emergency declaration during mid-afternoon of august 8, which was followed later that evening by the activation of hawaii’s national guard. the following day, as reports of the unfolding disaster in lahaina reached the outside world, the U.S. federal emergency management agency (FEMA) authorized payments to fire victims, and U.S. pres. joe biden promised that “all available federal assets on the Islands” would assist in relief efforts. such efforts had increased by august 16, aided by state and federal agencies (including the U.S. Army, which provided logistical support and assisted in road clearing) and private charter flights that delivered donations of food and other supplies. In the aftermath of the wildfires, thousands of displaced maui residents were taken to shelters and evacuation centres on the island, which included hotels abandoned by tourists who had been evacuated to other islands or to the U.S. mainland.
HOW TO HELP
5. KURDISTAN
kurds have never achieved nation-state status, making kurdistan a non-governmental region and one of the largest stateless nations in the world. portions of the region are recognized by two countries: iran, where the province of kordestan lies; and northern iraq, site of the autonomous region known as kurdistan regional government (KRG) or iraqi kurdistan.
the turkish government claims to be conducting operations against the kurdistan worker's party (PKK) - a kurdish rebel organization that is outlawed by the state. through the use of airstrikes, the turkish military is hitting targets across the region and pushing deeper into southern kurdistan, launching ground operations from the military bases that it controls in the area.
a consequence of this encroachment into southern kurdistan is that civilians are being hit by turkish drones. those who are being hit are not just fighters but also ordinary kurdish civilian. innocent lives are also being lost when those who are hit succumb to their injuries. turkey justifies such acts under the pretext of fighting the PKK a rationale that it has used repeatedly to justify other military incursions. is this conflict new? absolutely not. what is new is the response to these operations. In previous decades, the turkish state could get away with indiscriminate bombing and military incursions as long as its justification centered on fighting terrorism. this justification was, after all, what other state actors operating in the region would use to rationalize military incursions against those deemed state enemies. no longer are there just people from kurdish diasporas across the world calling out the turkish state for its disregard for international law, but also from non-kurds. even at the administrative level of the united states government, officials are no longer believing the rhetoric that the turkish state uses to justify its military incisions. there will be no peace in kurdistan until turkey withdraws. there will be no peace for victims until turkey is held accountable for its criminal actions now and in the past. and as long as these atrocities are left without a response by international state actors and multilateral organizations such as the united nations and NATO, turkey will continue to commit crimes against kurds, including kurdish civilians.
HOW TO HELP
6. YEMEN
yemen is in the middle of a complex humanitarian crisis driven by a brutal civil war. indiscriminate attacks and chronic shortages of medical staff and supplies have led to the closure of many of yemen's healthcare facilities. more than 4.5 million people have been displaced since the war started in 2014. qith an estimated 21 million currently in need of humanitarian assistance.
collapsed health system- warring factions have extensively damaged public infrastructure, notably health facilities. since the saudi-led coalition (SLC) imposed a blockade in 2015, import restrictions and soaring inflation have severely limited yemenis' access to healthcare and essential services. the blockade has led to the cessation of salaries for many of the 50,000 health workers within the country, compelling them to exit the public health system in search of alternative income sources.
disease- due to the ongoing war, obtaining clean water, waste disposal, and accessing medical care have become even more challenging for the people. coupled with limited access to vaccinations, this heightened vulnerability has left yemenis susceptible to preventable diseases and emerging epidemics. the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was particularly severe, with yemen having one of the lowest vaccination rates globally in 2021. in 2017, a cholera outbreak led to 101,475 patients being admitted to hospital. the same year, cases of diphtheria emerged, a disease largely eradicated in most countries due to systematic childhood vaccinations.
trauma- continual fighting and indiscriminate attacks have affected the ability to provide trauma care, which remains a vital responsibility of hospitals in the area. teams in hospitals near the frontlines routinely react to mass-casualty incidents and continually strive to enhance their capacity year-round to address the frequent arrival of war-wounded and other trauma patients.
malnutrition- yemen is grappling with alarming rates of malnutrition. widespread food insecurity and limited access to essential healthcare services leave many children vulnerable to infectious diseases. Inflation exacerbates the situation, making it progressively challenging for yemeni families to provide nourishment for their children and cover the expenses of transporting them to hospitals.
it has been troubled by civil wars for decades, but the current conflict intensified in march 2015 when a saudi-led coalition intervened on behalf of the internationally recognised government against houthi rebels aligned with the former president ali abdullah saleh. the war is widely regarded as having turned a poor country into a humanitarian catastrophe. riyadh expected its air power, backed by regional coalition including the united arab emirates, could defeat the houthi insurgency in a matter of months. instead some reports suggest nearly 100,000 people have died. others put the death toll much lower, but fighting this year alone has displaced 250,000 people. there are more than 30 active front lines. a total of 80% of the population - more than 24 million people - need assistance and protection, including 10 million who rely on food aid to survive. its roots lie in the arab spring. pro-democracy protesters took to the streets in a bid to force the president, ali abdullah saleh, to end his 33-year rule. he responded with economic concessions but refused to resign. by march 2011, tensions on the streets of the capital city, sana'a, resulted in protesters dying at the hands of the military. following an internationally brokered deal, there was a transfer of power in november to the vice-president, abd rabbu mansour hadi, paving the way for elections in february 2012 - in which he was the only candidate to lead a transitional government. hadi's attempts at constitutional and budget reforms were rejected by houthi rebels from the north. the houthis belong to a small branch of shia muslims known as zaydis. they captured the capital, forcing hadi to flee eventually to riyadh. there is also a strong secessionist movement in the south. arguably too many sides benefit financially from the status quo. united nations officials warned that without more donations, nearly 400 hospitals and health care centers it finances would have to reduce services just as the coronavirus pandemic has surged in yemen. already, food rations have been halved for 8.5 million hungry yemenis, and 10,000 health care workers have lost the united nations payments that for many are their only salary, ms. grande said. since the war began five years ago, pitting the houthis against a government backed by saudi arabia and the united arab emirates, yemenis have endured doomsday after doomsday: relentless airstrikes against hospitals and schools by the saudi-led military coalition using american-made weapons, a severe cholera outbreak, the ever-present threat of famine, a health care system in collapse and now the coronavirus. "yemenis themselves say things are worse today than at any time in their recent history," mr. lowcock said in his appeal to donors, asking "whether the world is prepared to watch yemen fall off the cliff."
HOW TO HELP
7. SYRIA
over 80% of the population in syria is living below the poverty line. that means they make less than $1 a day. more than 11 million people require humanitarian assistance, 5 million of which are children. 93 million people across syria are now food insecure lacking reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. 70% of the population is without regular access to safe drinking water. 6.1 million people have been internally displaced. up to 70% of healthcare professionals have left the country & 50% of hospitals are non-operational. 40% of school infrastructure has been destroyed or damaged.
government and allied forces continued to commit war crimes and other serious violations of international humanitarian law, including indiscriminate attacks and direct attacks on civilians and civilian objects. according to the UN, government forces did not approve around half of their requests to carry out humanitarian missions to:
monitor
assess and accompany aid deliveries,
provide security, logistics and
administrative support.
you may ask, how did the "war" start? even before the conflict began, many syrians were complaining about high unemployment, corruption and a lack of political freedom under president bashar al-assad, who succeeded his father, hafez, after he died in 2000. in march 2011, pro-democracy demonstrations erupted in the southern city of deraa, inspired by uprisings in neighbouring countries against repressive rulers. when the syrian government used deadly force to crush the dissent, protests demanding the president's resignation erupted nationwide.
the unrest spread and the crackdown intensified. opposition supporters took up arms, first to defend themselves and later to rid their areas of security forces. mr assad vowed to crush what he called "foreign-backed terrorism".
the violence rapidly escalated and the country descended into civil war. hundreds of rebel groups sprung up and it did not take long for the conflict to become more than a battle between syrians for or against mr assad. foreign powers began to take sides, sending money, weaponry and fighters, and as the chaos worsened extremist jihadist organisations with their own aims, such as the islamic state (IS) group and al-qaeda, became involved. that deepened concern among the international community who saw them as a major threat. syria's jurds, who want the right of self-government but have not fought mr assad's forces, have added another dimension to the conflict.
the united nations human rights office estimated last year that 306,887 civilians - 1.5% of the total pre-war population - were killed between march 2011 and march 2021 due to the conflict. it is said 143,350 civilian deaths were individually documented by various sources with detailed information, and that a further 163,537 deaths were estimated to have occurred using statistical techniques. at least 27,126 of those estimated to have been killed were children. the then-UN commissioner for human rights, michelle bachelet, stressed that the fatalities were the "direct result of war operations", adding: "this does not include the many, many more civilians who died due to the loss of access to healthcare, to food, to clean water and other essential human rights." the syrian observatory for human rights (SOHR), a UK-based monitoring group with a network of sources on the ground, had documented the deaths of 503,064 people by march 2023. it said at least 162,390 civilians had been killed, with the syrian government and its allies responsible for 139,609 of those deaths. the group estimated that the actual toll from the war was more than 613,400, with an additional 55,000 civilians believed to have died of torture in government-run prisons. another monitoring group, the violations documentation center, which relies on information from activists across the country, had documented 240,215 battle-related deaths, including 145,765 civilians, as of march 2023.
the government's key supporter has been russia while turkey, western powers and several gulf arab states have backed the opposition to varying degrees during the conflict.
russia - which had military bases in syria before the war - launched an air campaign in support of mr assad in 2015 that has been crucial in turning the tide of the war in the government's favour. the russian military says its strikes only target "terrorists" but activists say they regularly kill mainstream rebels and civilians.
the US, UK and France initially armed what they considered "moderate" rebel groups. but they have prioritised non-lethal assistance since jihadists became the dominant force in the armed opposition.
aUS-led global coalition has also carried out air strikes and deployed special forces in syria since 2014 to help an alliance of kurdish and arab militias called the syrian democratic forces (SDF) capture territory once held by IS militants in the north-east and stop the jihadist group rebuilding.
turkey is a major supporter of the opposition, but its focus has been on using rebel factions to contain the kurdish YPG militia that dominates the SDF, accusing it of being an extension of a banned kurdish rebel group in turkey.
turkish troops and allied rebels have seized stretches of territory along syria's northern border and intervened to stop an all-out assault by government forces on the last opposition stronghold of Idlib.
saudi arabia, which is keen to counter iranian influence, armed and financed the rebels at the start of the war. having refused to engage with president assad for more than a decade, it is now discussing how to facilitate syria's "return to the arab fold".
twelve years of war have inflicted immense suffering on the syrian people. in addition to the bloodshed, more than half of syria's pre-war population of 22 million have had to flee their homes. some 6.8 million are internally displaced, with more than two million living in tented camps with limited access to basic services. another 6 million are refugees or asylum-seekers abroad. neighbouring lebanon, jordan and turkey, which are hosting 5.3 million of them, have struggled to cope with one of the largest refugee exoduses in recent history. at the start of 2023, the UN said 15.3 million people inside syria were in need of some form of humanitarian assistance - an all-time high since the war began - and 12 million did not know where their next meal was coming from. the already dire humanitarian situation in north-western syria - the location of the last opposition stronghold - was made significantly worse by the huge earthquake that struck near the turkish city of gaziantep, about 80km (50 miles) from the syrian border, on 6 February 2023. more than 5,900 people were killed across Syria and another 8.8 million were affected, according to the UN. thousands of homes and critical infrastructure were destroyed, leaving many families without food, water and shelter. deliveries of life-saving aid to opposition-held areas were also delayed for days because of what a UN panel described as "shocking" failures by the warring parties as well as the international community. the disaster happened at a time when the prices of food and fuel in syria were already skyrocketing because of runaway inflation and the collapse of its currency, as well as the global crisis exacerbated by the war in ukraine. syria has also been one of the countries in the middle east worst affected by the covid-19 pandemic - although the true extent is not known because of limited testing - and is now also having to deal with a deadly cholera outbreak that was made worse by the earthquake. access to medical care is severely restricted for the sick and injured because only half of the country's hospitals are fully functional. despite their protected status, 601 attacks on at least 400 separate medical facilities had been documented by physicians for human rights as of february 2022, resulting in the deaths of 942 medical personnel. the vast majority of the attacks were blamed on government and russian forces. entire neighbourhoods and vital infrastructure across the country also remain in ruins. UN satellite analysis suggested that more than 35,000 structures were damaged or destroyed in aleppo city alone before it was recaptured by the government in late 2016. much of syria's rich cultural heritage has likewise been destroyed. all six of the country's unesco world heritage sites have been damaged significantly, with IS militants deliberately blowing up parts of the ancient city of palmyra. a UN commission of inquiry has concluded that the warring parties "have cumulatively committed almost every crime against humanity... and nearly every war crime applicable in a non-international armed conflict".
"syrians," a february 2021 report says, "have suffered vast aerial bombardments of densely populated areas; they have endured chemical weapons attacks and modern day sieges in which perpetrators deliberately starved the population along medieval scripts and indefensible and shameful restrictions on humanitarian aid".
HOW TO HELP
visit the websites [ save the children.org/ syria ] and [ islamic-relief.org /syria crises ]
8. LEBANON
lebanon is currently facing a deep economic crisis as a result of government corruption and financial debt. this is partly a repercussion of the lebanese civil war (1975-1990). during this time, the government piled up huge amounts of debt through corrupt and lavish spending. banks have now become unable to process transactions because the currency (lira) is crashing. this has left many unable to access funds, which are now worth only a fraction of their original value.
in recent years, the situation has only worsened with the pandemic completely shutting down tourism, previously an important source of income in lebanon's economy. this has left a large portion of the lebanese population impoverished and without access to basic necessities. for example, many people in lebanon now rely on private diesel generator operators to have sufficient electricity.
another event that worsened lebanon's current state is the explosion that happened in the port of Beirut in 2020, which killed over 200 people and left many without a home. over a year after the explosion, critics claim that the judicial investigation that should uncover what happened has been continuosly hindered by the country's political leaders. lebanon's current president, michael aoun, hasn't addressed these accusations, but he said no one will have political impunity if found guilty.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ savethechildren.org / lebanon ] and [ irusa.org /lebanon ]
9. AFGHANISTAN
even before the withdrawal of international forces and diplomatic missions and the takeover by the taliban in august 2021, afghanistan was one of the world's largest and most complex humanitarian emergencies (CHEs). more than two years after the withdrawal, and despite massive amounts of humanitarian assistance poured into the country, enormous humanitarian needs remain.
the 2023 afghanistan humanitarian needs Overview (HNO) says afghanistan is facing an unprecedented humanitarian crisis “with a very real risk of systemic collapse and human catastrophe.” while in past years humanitarian needs have been driven mainly by conflict, the key drivers of humanitarian need in 2023 include drought, climate change, protection threats (particularly for women and girls) and the economic crisis.
the UN 9ffice for the coordination of humanitarian affairs (UNOCHA) estimated at the beginning of 2023 that a record 28.3 million people will need humanitarian and protection assistance this year, up from 24.4 million in 2022 and 18.4 million in 2021. with 28.3 million people in need, afghanistan is the largest humanitarian crisis in the world. the 2023 afghanistan humanitarian response plan (HRP) requests $4.6 billion to reach 23.7 million people.
in addition to the political, social and economic shocks from conflict and the withdrawal of international forces, disaster risk is becoming an increasing driver of underlying need. a national drought was officially declared in june 2021 and is the worst in more than 30 years.
on oct. 7, 2023, two separate 6.3-magnitude earthquakes near herat in afghanistan’s northwest caused significant damage and killed thousands. another earthquake shook herat province on 9ct. 11, resulting in further damage. the herat earthquake response plan from UN and humanitarian partners asks for $93.6 million to support 114,000 earthquake-affected people in herat.
following the devastating June 2022 earthquake that hit eastern afghanistan, CDP hosted a webinar to provide funders with information about the intersection of a natural hazard disaster amid a humanitarian crisis. the insights and recommendations webinar panelists provided remain relevant.
in 2023, 28.3 million people will need life-saving assistance. humanitarian partners have prioritized 23.7 million people to receive multi-sectoral assistance in 2023.
according to WFP, nine out of 10 afghan families lacking adequate food and children and pregnant women are the hardest hit.
each year, the international rescue committee (IRC) releases a list of the 20 humanitarian crises expected to deteriorate the most over the next year. IRC’s 2023 watchlist puts afghanistan in the third spot due to widespread poverty, harsh winter conditions, disaster impacts and violence and exploitation against women and girls.
on average, 200,000 afghans are affected by disasters each year. from jan. 1, 2023 to oct. 5, 2023, 26,014 people were affected by disasters throughout afghanistan. this figure was before the deadly earthquakes on oct. 7 and oct. 11 in herat province, which affected more than 275,000 people. as of nov. 22, humanitarian actors had reached 242,400 affected people with assistance.
in 2022, humanitarian partners reached 25 million people with at least one form of assistance. yet, millions who received one form of assistance will continue to require multiple rounds of support in 2023 to survive.
humanitarian access constraints continue to impact the operational environment. in 2023, there has been a 21% spike in incidents reported by partners compared to the previous year, as of ict. 31.
the taliban’s ban on women working for NGOs and UN agencies in the country means assistance will not reach all targeted women and girls. as UN women survey of humanitarian partners released on feb. 8, 2023 showed that 93% of organizations saw an increased impact on their access to affected women.
decades of conflict and severe drought contributed to afghanistan’s humanitarian crisis, but economic shocks are a primary driver of the deteriorating situation.
according to the 2023 afghanistan HNO, “afghanistan’s economic crisis is widespread, with more than half of households experiencing an economic shock in the last six months.”
a study by the United Nations Development Programme in April 2023 found that “afghanistan’s economic output collapsed by 20.7 percent following the taliban takeover in 2021.” the study also says, “the edicts restricting the rights of women and girls, including a directive banning afghan women from working for the UN, directly affect economic productivity and may also impact the level of aid inflows.”
when the taliban assumed power in august 2021, the country faced daunting economic and development challenges, and recent political developments have pushed the country into an economic crisis.
according to the world bank, “rapiid reduction in international grant support, loss of access to offshore assets, and disruption to financial linkages are expected to lead to a major contraction of the economy, increasing poverty, and macroeconomic instability.”
before august 2021, afghanistan’s economy was 75% dependent on foreign assistance. after the taliban assumed power, most international assistance was cut off, which caused a drop in purchasing power. the U.S. renewed the blocking of afghanistan’s central bank’s foreign assets amounting to over $7 billion (Executive Order no. 14064). in april 2022, United Nations (UN) experts called on the U.S. government to unblock foreign assets to ease the humanitarian impact.
in august 2022, 32 afghan and international NGOs called for a clear roadmap to restore the afghan central bank’s essential functions and release afghanistan’s assets frozen abroad. however, western countries have not been ready to lift sanctions until the taliban sets up a more diverse government, permits girls to return to secondary school and allows independent control of the afghan central bank.
a significant development occurred in september 2022 when the U.S. said it will transfer $3.5 billion in afghan central bank assets into a new swiss-based trust fund to be used “for the benefit of the people of afghanistan.” the new trust fund was created after months of talks between the U.S., switzerland, other parties and the taliban. no funds will go to the afghan central bank. the unfreezing of afghan assets has been called for by humanitarians.
however, the mandate of the afghan fund does not include support for humanitarian assistance. in their january 2023 snapshot report of the afghan economy, ACAPS said the key functions of the fund include price and exchange rate stability, payment of world bank arrears, representing the Afghan Central Bank (DAB) in court, payment for some critical imports, assessment of the capacity of the DAB, and support to the third-party monitoring of DAB’s anti-money laundering and counterterrorism financing systems.
more than one million people were estimated to be without work in august 2022. an FAO household survey released in may 2022 found that 26% of respondents lost employment. severe cash shortages continue to limit economic activity within banks and local markets. another alarming statistic is that people's debts have increased  both in terms of the number of people taking on debt (82% of all households) and the amount of debt (about 11% higher than the previous year).
in august 2022, dr. ramiz alakbarov, then the UN Deputy Special Representative in afghanistan, who is also the resident and humanitarian coordinator in the country, said, “without functional markets, without (an) operating banking sector, without investments in basic-level jobs, we will not be able to reverse the trends which we are observing now in afghanistan.”
HOW TO HELP
visit [ irusa.org ] and [ savethechildren.org /afghanistan ]
10. VENEZUELA
venezuela is engulfed in a political and economic crisis which has led to more than seven million people leaving the country since 2015. 
since 1999, venezuela has been run by two men from the same party. hugo chávez was president from 1999 to his death in 2013 and was succeeded by his right-hand man, nicolás maduro.
their socialist PSUV party has over the past two decades gained control of key institutions, including much of the judiciary, the electoral council and the supreme court.
as a result, the role of the president has become much more powerful and the system of checks and balances has been severely weakened.
not long after mr maduro was elected, global oil prices plummeted and venezuela - which relies almost entirely on oil revenue for its income - went into a seven-year recession.
inflation skyrocketed and shortages of basic goods became widespread.
waves of anti-government protests in 2014 and 2017 fizzled out after a police crackdown.
millions of venezuelans left the country to escape economic hardship and political repression. But despite growing discontent, mr maduro was re-elected in 2018 in a presidential election widely dismissed as neither free nor fair.
with the executive and the judiciary under the control of the PSUV, venezuela's divided opposition in january 2019 united behind the only major institution where they were still influential: the National Assembly and its speaker, juan guaidó.
arguing that mr maduro's re-election was not valid and the presidency was therefore vacant, mr guaidó, with the backing of the National Assembly, declared himself "interim president".
he predicted he would be governing from the presidential palace "within months".
and while more than 50 countries, including the US and the UK, recognised mr guaidó as venezuela's legitimate leader, venezuela's military stayed loyal to mr maduro.
mr maduro, with the continued support of china and russia, remained firmly in charge of the country.
but tightened US sanctions made it harder for the maduro government to sell oil and restricted its access to foreign currency.
wiith the economy in freefall, mr maduro in 2019 relaxed some of the strict foreign currency regulations brought in by chávez.
shortages eased as a result and in 2021, the economy started growing. But extreme poverty remains shockingly high and many of those without access to foreign currency continue to struggle.
disillusioned with the failure of juan guaidó to seize control of anything more than some venezuelan embassies and assets abroad, the majority of opposition parties withdrew their support from him in december 2022 and dissolved his "interim government".
they said that their aim remained to defeat mraduro, but argued that mr guaidó's rival government was no longer the way to go about it.
negotiations between opposition and government representatives - which have stalled on several occasions in the past - resumed in november 2022.
the opposition hopes they will lead to free and fair presidential elections being held in 2024, for which they plan to field a unity candidate to take on mr maduro.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ globalgiving.org / venezuela ] and [ donate.worldvision.org / venezuela relief fund ]
11. HAITI
the country has been in a state of electoral and constitutional turmoil since the assassination of the president, jovenel moïse, in 2021 at the hands of colombian mercenaries with unknown paymasters, but the immediate crisis can be traced back further.
haiti has not held functional elections since 2019 – and the country has been in a fragile state since the 2010 earthquake that killed up to 300,000 people. but moïse’s death in July 2021 – and a new earthquake the following month – sent the situation spiralling out of control.
moïse was replaced by an acting president, ariel henry, who is unelected and widely viewed as illegitimate. in september, the G9 gang coalition blockaded the main port and fuel terminal after henry caused fuel prices to double when he announced a cut to fuel subsidies – a development that brought the crisis to new heights. haiti is now experiencing its worst-ever famine, with 4.7 million people facing acute hunger.
at the same time it is impossible to understand the current situation without acknowledging the dark history of international interventions, including US occupation from 1915-1934, that have blighted haiti. “those interventions have shaped haiti,” smith said. “there’s a chain-link connection.”
long before the litany of recent disasters, he said, “the duvalier dictatorship [the rule of father and son françois, or “papa doc”, and jean-claude, or “baby doc”, duvalier from 1957-1986] destroyed the hopes of a functioning state that serves the nation."
gangs have a longstanding role in political life, and have operated in tandem with political actors since the 1950s to intimidate rivals and deliver votes. there are suggestions of oligarchic figures with ties to the drugs trade pulling the strings – but “many of them are not affiliated to anybody”, smith said.
“the international drug trade is a very important part of it, but that was only the beginning. now gangs have secured their power locally, it is very hard to see that any more powerful actor can control them. the situation has dissolved into the incomprehensible.”
there are almost 100 gangs in port-au-prince, many of them in loose alliances at war with rival groups. gangs control major roads and draw income from customs, water and electricity distribution, and even bus services. membership has become so desirable for some young men that some gangs now have waiting lists for new recruits (pdf).
the country’s army – disbanded in 1995 after years of military interference in politics – has been reestablished but stands at just 500 soldiers, while police also appear impotent.
the ongoing violence has forced the closure of hospitals and has been blamed in part for the re-emergence of cholera, as well as fuel shortages that only worsen the crisis. last month, the UN estimated 155,000 people had fled their homes – almost one in six of the city’s population.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ savethechildren.org/ haiti ]
12. ETHIOPIA
between 2020 and 2022, ethiopia fought a war with militants from its northernmost region of tigray, then under the control of the tigrayan people’s liberation front (TPLF). the conflict was one of the deadliest in recent world history and drew international attention for a preponderance of alleged war crimes, human rights abuses, and ethnic cleansing in tigray. the war formally ended in november 2022; tigray was left in ruins, and its capital was turned over to the federal government.
for decades before the war, the TPLF was a dominant political force in ethiopia. between 1991 and his death in 2012, tigrayan soldier-politician meles zenawi governed ethiopia as an autocracy with the backing of a TPLF-dominated coalition. the zenawi regime oversaw rapid development and increased the international prominence of ethiopia, but his government marginalized ethnic groups, including the oromo and amhara, to solidify government power. additionally, ethiopia was at war with eritrea [PDF] from 1998 to 2000. the war was followed by a nearly twenty-year-long frozen conflict, effectively paralyzing both countries politically and economically.
the TPLF continued to govern ethiopia after zenawi’s passing until 2018, when protests, especially among the oromo population, prompted the government to appoint abiy ahmed ali as the next prime minister. abiy, born in oromia, was heralded by international actors and ethiopians alike as the country’s new hope for peace and ethnic harmony. abiy promised early in his premiership to heal broken trust between the country’s ethnic groups and began to roll back restrictions on certain political freedoms. in 2019, he received the nobel peace prize for negotiating an end to ethiopia’s two-decade standoff with eritrea.
by 2020, ethnic relations within ethiopia once again began to deteriorate. multiple delays of long-promised national elections and the declaration of an extension on abiy ahmed’s first term as prime minister in june 2020 drew indignation from the TPLF. the tigray state council’s choice to hold local elections in defiance of federal orders further inflamed tensions. the elections ultimately solidified the TPLF’s control of the region. on november 4, 2020, abiy accused tigrayan troops of attacking a federal military camp in the tigrayan capital of mekelle and ordered ethiopian national defense Force (ENDF) troops north. this began a military operation known as the mekelle offensive, which escalated quickly as the ENDF pushed further into tigray, and the tigray defense force, or TDF, ramped up their response.
abiy first framed the offensive as a targeted operation against TPLF leadership. a communications blackout implemented at the outset of the conflict shuttered coverage of ground conditions, but media and UN officials began sounding the alarm about improper treatment of civilians, especially ethnic tigrayans, by december 2020. ethiopia’s neighbor and former adversary, eritrea, intervened in the conflict militarily on the side of the ethiopian government. after months of denying their presence, in spring 2021, prime minister abiy ahmed admitted that eritrean troops were fighting in tigray. 
in 2021, the United States characterized the war as an ethnic cleansing against tigrayans, and some NGOs raised concerns about the potential of genocide. in march 2021, the office of the UN high commissioner for human rights announced a joint probe with the ethiopian human rights commission (EHRC) to investigate alleged abuses and rights violations in tigray, although the impartiality and accuracy of the report [PDF] were called into question following its presentation at the United Nations.
tigrayan forces retook the regional capital of mekelle from the ENDF in june 2021. a month later, addis ababa announced the results of a national parliamentary election­—which prime minister abiy ahmed won in a landslide. the TPLF boycotted the election, and opposition leadership in parliament accused the abiy government of banning poll observers in some states. later in the summer of 2021, abiy called on all capable citizens to join the war against tigrayan forces as the conflict began to spill over into the afar and amhara regions, growing closer to addis ababa. in november 2021, tigrayan troops and allied oromo militants marched within eighty-five miles of the capital but were forced back north by ENDF forces.
after a series of failed efforts to negotiate a settlement, the TPLF and the Ethiopian central government signed a cessation of hostilities agreement��on november 2, 2022, in pretoria, south africa. followed by implementation negotiations in nairobi, the agreement promised to disarm tigrayan troops, hand control of tigray to the ethiopian government, end the mekelle offensive, and permit full humanitarian access to tigray.
notably, the pretoria agreement does not explicitly mention eritrea, nor were eritrean representatives present at the negotiations. this omission raised international concern that eritrean troops would continue operations within ethiopia in spite of the agreement between the ethiopian government and TPLF. as of january 2023, displaced tigrayans reported that amhara and eritrean soldiers continued to occupy western tigray. the amhara have contested ownership of the area; the displaced population was informed in late 2023 that they would be returned to their land, and the political fate of the territory would be decided in a referendum.
in 2021 alone, 5.1 million ethiopians became internally displaced, a record for the most people internally displaced in any country in any single year at the time. thousands also fled to sudan and other countries in the region. by the time the pretoria agreement took effect, the tigray war and its associated humanitarian disaster had killed approximately 600,000 people. in late 2022, humanitarian groups were permitted to meaningfully operate in tigray for the first time since november 2020.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ savethechildren.org/ethiopia ] and [ irusa.org/ethiopia ]
13. SUDAN
the dramatic evacuation of international residents from sudan has been a top media headline in recent days, as military conflict spreads across the country. violence in and around the capital of khartoum has forced Concern, along with other NGOs, to suspend activities and evacuate non-national staff.
“this conflict couldn’t have come at a worse time for the people of sudan, who were already suffering terribly,” explains dominic macsorley, humanitarian ambassador for concern US. “the country is just facing into the ‘lean’ season — that time when the remainder of last year’s harvest is gone and this year’s crops have not yet matured. the fact that most humanitarian supports have been suspended and conflict is restricting movement leaves many people in a truly horrific situation.”
violence in sudan has been a fact of life for years
many people last followed sudan in the headlines back in 2019, when months of civilian protest led to a transitional government. since then, however, slowed progress on this front has left room for uncertainty and violence. (similar circumstances have fuelled the crisis in neighboring south sudan for more than a decade.) according to UNOCHA, an estimated 300,000 people were displaced by conflict in 2022 — with nearly 33,000 displaced in november alone due to fighting in west kordofan and central darfur.
at the beginning of this year, concern listed sudan as one of the world’s “forgotten” humanitarian crises due to this fragile balance of security and instability. unfortunately, it is once again front-page news due to the crisis escalating out of the spotlight.
one out of every three sudanese requires humanitarian aid
the protracted nature of the situation in sudan has led to dramatic increases in humanitarian aid. as of december 2022, 15.8 million sudanese required humanitarian assistance, approximately one out of every three people in the country. this represents a 10% increase in humanitarian need compared to december 2021.
those numbers are expected to rise dramatically after the last two weeks. as of earlier this week, over 22,000 civilians have fled the country—many to neighboring chad, as well as nearly 3,000 to south sudan. as peter van der auweraert, the south sudan representative for the UN’s international organization for migration, told the new york times earlier this week: “The people that get out first are the people that have the means,” indicating that thousands more will likely be stuck in the country with increasing needs.
this new wave of violence will affect the global refugee crisis in more ways than one
sudan is both one of the largest host countries for refugees (1.11 million as of january 2023), and one of the largest countries of origin for refugees (844,000 as of january 2023). in the first two weeks of fighting, more than 20,000 sudanese have crossed the border into Clchad, with the UNHCR estimating an additional 100,000 could follow in the coming days.
the knock-on effects go beyond sudanese refugees. many of the foreign refugees (especially from ethiopia, syria, and eritrea) currently in sudan are also in areas affected by fighting. with fewer resources than locals, they will face additional challenges in moving around or outside of the country (much in the same way that refugees living in ukraine dealt with additional challenges in moving to safety). these large displacements will also create additional pressure on host communities in countries like chad and south sudan, where resources are already tight. psychological support will also be a key necessity for those who have been forced to flee.
“day and night the fighting went on — to save their lives people moved and left everything behind,” says concern sudan country director, AKM musha, who like many of concern’s in-country staff was advised to leave khartoum for his own safety. “the journey to escape was very difficult…a very frightening and horrible experience.”
for those remaining in sudan, there is a catastrophic combination of challenges beyond violence
as ranked in the 2022 global hunger index, sudan is the 15th hungriest country in the world. food insecurity and malnutrition have run high in the country for decades due to the combined impacts of conflict, drought, locusts, and disease. the conflict in ukraine and COVID-19-related impacts have contributed to inflation rates in excess of 400%. “hospitals are not working, people cannot buy food, water is in short supply — everything has been eroded,” says musha.
carol morgan, concern’s director of international programs, adds that healthcare will be a key issue for the people of sudan. “THere are only enough health personnel to cover about 17% of the population,” she explains. With the added pressures of conflict, this could seriously affect ongoing health concerns in the country, such as diarrhea — an issue responsible for one out of every ten child mortalities.
humanitarian assistance is not guaranteed
while humanitarian organizations both international and local are designed to help in times of crisis, the safety of staff is the number-one priority. the focus of violence in khartoum has led to concern evacuating its 10 non-sudanese staff members from the country. over 150 local staff members are either internally displaced or sheltering at home with challenges like rolling blackouts the rule versus the exception.
this means that not everyone who requires humanitarian assistance at this time will be able to get the help they need. concern had been working with the ministry of health in 73 health facilities and last year treated over 200,000 children for malnutrition. in total, the sudan team had planned to reach over 500,000 people through a variety of humanitarian programs in 2023, vital work which has now been put on hold.
concern has called for an immediate end to hostilities in sudan, as well as for protections to be put in place to allow aid workers to provide essential community support. “we need the fighting to stop and humanitarian access to be restored or else sudan is facing a really disastrous situation,” says musha.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ savethechildren.org/sudan ] and [ irusa.org/sudan ]
14. SOMALIA
during a year that marked the 30th anniversary of the collapse of the somali state, domestic and international attention was focused on plans for the delayed parliamentary and presidential electoral process. political tensions stalled reform efforts key to advancing human rights in the country, while conflict-related abuses, insecurity, and humanitarian and health crises took a heavy toll on civilians. 
all parties to the conflict in somalia committed violations of international humanitarian law, some amounting to war crimes. the islamist armed group al-shabab conducted indiscriminate and targeted attacks on civilians and forcibly recruited children. Inter-clan and intra-security force violence killed, injured, and displaced civilians, as did sporadic military operations against al-shabab by somali government forces, troops from the african union mission in somalia (AMISOM), and other foreign forces. 
Federal and regional authorities continued to intimidate, attack, arbitrarily arrest, and at times prosecute journalists, including by using the country’s outdated penal code. Somalia continued to rely on military court proceedings that violated international fair trial standards; it did not hand over Al-Shabab cases from military to civilian courts.  
key legal and institutional reforms stagnated. the review of the country’s outdated penal code stopped; there was no movement on the passing of federal legislation on sexual offenses or on key child’s rights legislation. the government also failed to establish a national human rights commission; the appointment of commissioners has been pending since 2018.  
allegations that somali soldiers were trained in eritrea and deployed in ethiopia’s tigray conflict added to the political tensions. the disappearance of the former intelligence official, ikran Tahlil farah, reportedly missing since late june, led to a standoff between president mohammed abdullahi “farmajo” and prime minister mohamed hussein roble, including over the control of the country’s powerful national intelligence and security agency (NISA).  
attacks on civilians  
the united nations assistance mission in somalia (UNSOM) recorded at least 899 civilian casualties, including 441 killings, between late november 2020 and late july; a marked increase compared to the same reporting period the previous year. most were killed during targeted and indiscriminate al-shabab attacks using improvised explosive devices (IEDs), suicide bombings, and shelling, as well as assassinations.  
after the parliament extended the presidential term on april 25 by two years, armed confrontations between security forces linked to different political factions in various districts of mogadishu, the capital, resulted in the displacement of between 60,000 and 100,000 people, according to the United Nations.  
federal and regional military courts continued to sentence people to death and carry out executions despite serious due process concerns. puntland executed 21 men convicted by military courts of al-shabab membership and killings on june 27, in three separate locations.  
al-shabab fighters killed dozens of individuals it accused of working or spying for the government and foreign forces, often after unfair trials.  
the UN attributed six civilian casualties to AMISOM forces between late 2020 and late july. AMISOM established a board of inquiry into an August 10 incident involving ugandan soldiers who were ambushed by al-shabab fighters around golweyn, lower shabelle and responded by killing seven civilians. a ugandan court martial found five soldiers responsible for the killings, sentencing two to death. reports of civilian harm as a result of airstrikes in the gedo region increased.  
despite federal and regional investigations into the may 2020 massacre of seven health workers and a pharmacist in the village of gololey in balcad district, the outcome of these investigations remains unknown.   
sexual violence   
the UN reported an increase in incidents of sexual and gender-based violence, including of girls, which often resulted in the victims being killed.  
key legal reforms stalled, notably the passing of progressive sexual violence legislation at the federal level. the somali criminal code classifies sexual violence as an “offense against modesty and sexual honor” rather than a violation of bodily integrity; it also punishes same-sex relations. article 4(1) of the provisional constitution (2012), places sharia law above the constitution and it continues to be applied by courts in criminal cases. consequently, the death penalty for consensual same-sex conduct could be enforced. 
in puntland, the first region to pass a sexual offenses law, the UN reported on government interference and blocking of investigations into sexual violence incidents.  
abuses against Children  
children continue to bear a heavy burden of ongoing insecurity, conflict, and lack of key reforms in the country. all Somali parties to the conflict committed serious abuses against children, including killings, maiming, recruitment and use of child soldiers, and attacks on schools.  
somali federal and regional security forces unlawfully detained children, notably for alleged ties with armed groups, undermining government commitments to treat children primarily as victims. the government failed to put in place child rights compliant justice measures.  
the previous year, pending legal reforms sought to reduce the age of marriage, including a controversial draft law on sexual-intercourse related crimes—the status of which remained unknown—which would allow a child to marry at puberty regardless of their age.    
when the covid-19 pandemic started in early 2020, schools were closed or partially closed for 134 days, including several weeks in march and april 2021, affecting at least 1.2 million children. 
freedom of expression and association 
federal and regional authorities throughout somalia repeatedly harassed, arbitrarily arrested, and attacked journalists. moments of heightened tensions around the electoral process correlated with an uptick in incidents of harassment toward journalists.  
the UN and amnesty international reported an increase during the first quarter of the year in restrictions on journalist in puntland. in march, the military appeals court in puntland sentenced kilwe adan farah, a journalist, to three years in prison under the outdated penal code for his coverage of anti-government protests. earlier, a military court sentenced him to three months, despite the judge reportedly acknowledging a lack of evidence. the journalist received a presidential pardon.  
several journalists covering protests in mogadishu were temporarily detained and harassed. on september 5, bashiir mohamud, producer at goobjoog media, was filmed being dragged through the streets by somali police while he covered protests demanding justice for the killing of a former intelligence officer, ikran tahlil farah. he was then held for a few hours at the hodan police station.  
al-shabab claimed responsibility for the march 1 killing of journalist jamal farah adan in galkayo.  
displacement and access to humanitarian assistance 
over 2.6 million somalis are internally displaced, increasingly because of conflict. the UN said over 570,000 people were displaced between january and august 2021. droughts, flooding, and desert locust swarm—increasing in intensity and frequency due to climate change—exacerbated communities’ existing vulnerabilities and contributed to displacement. the UN and Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) reported that between january and august, droughts and floods displaced over 90,000 and 49,000 people respectively. tens of thousands of internally displaced people were forcibly evicted, notably in mogadishu.    
nearly 3.5 million people were expected to face acute food insecurity and need emergency food aid in the last quarter of the year.  
humanitarian agencies continued to face serious access challenges due to conflict, targeted attacks on aid workers, generalized violence, restrictions imposed by parties to the conflict, including arbitrary “taxation” and bureaucratic hurdles, and physical constraints due to extreme weather. al-shabab continued to impose blockades on  some government-controlled towns, notably the town of hudur, and occasionally attacked civilians who broke them. 
an Amnesty International report documented somalia’s inadequate response to the Covid-19 pandemic, and highlighted the chronic underfunding of the country’s health system.  
HOW TO HELP
visit [ rescue.org/ somalia ], [savethechildren.org/somalia ] and [ irusa.org/somalia ]
15. BURKINA FASO
the world’s fastest-growing humanitarian crisis is currently unfolding in burkina faso.
nearly 2 million people need shelter after being forced to flee their homes due to extremist violence.
burkina faso is under threat from extremist attack in the sahel, a belt of semi-arid land south of the sahara desert.
less than ten years ago, burkina faso seemed like a beacon of stability in west africa. in 2015 the country held its first democratic election ever, paving the way to what seemed like a bright future.
but since then burkina faso has seen an increase in violence from jihadist groups, spreading from mali. armed groups quickly started expanding, crossing borders and setting up local groups across the sahel region – including burkina faso, mali and niger.
since 2019, insecurity has reached devastating levels and the number of burkinabe people fleeing violence has skyrocketed.
right now, burkina faso is one of the fastest-growing displacement crises in the continent.
according to the UN, more than one in every 20 people are forced to flee the violence.
burkina faso is a landlocked country situated in west africa.
the country is surrounded by mali to the north and west, niger to the northeast, benin to the southeast, and côte d’Ivoire, ghana, and togo to the south.
its capital, ouagadougou, saw a horrific terrorist attack at the beginning of 2016 which left 28 people dead, and 56 people injured.
the central sahel region, which includes the countries of burkina faso, mali and niger, is facing one of the fastest-growing displacement crises in the world.
yet, it is one of the most forgotten.
it is estimated that over 3 million people have been forced to flee their homes and at least 29 million are in desperate need of humanitarian assistance.
the sahel region of africa is a 3,860-kilometre arc-like land mass lying to the immediate south of the sahara desert and stretching from east to west across the breadth of the african continent.
families started fleeing the central sahel region in 2011, after a violence outbreak in northern mali.
increased displacement was reinforced by poverty, food insecurity, unemployment and the presence of armed groups. climate change is also a challenge for families trying to flee.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ savethechildren.org/burkina faso ] or [ friendsofburkinafaso.org ]
16. JAMMU AND KASHMIR
as the sun rises over the picturesque landscape of kashmir, it’s easy to believe that all is well in the region. but beneath the scenic beauty is a harsh and unsettling reality — composed of a military occupation, oppression of the entire population and expression of fear, loathing and anger by the people of kashmir. the picture that the Indian government tries to paint — of normalcy and development in occupied jammu and kashmir — is a myth.
for the last seven decades, kashmir has been the epicenter of a bitter dispute between india and pakistan in which the people in jammu are an integral party. to resolve the conflict, the united nations security council adopted resolution 47 in 1948, and more than a dozen subsequent resolutions, stipulating that the final disposition of the state of jammu and kashmir would be decided by its people through a free and impartial plebiscite conducted under the auspices of the UN. this was accepted by india and pakistan and, in accordance with article 25 of the UN charter, both parties are obligated to implement these resolutions.
but this saturday, aug. 5, marks four years of india’s unilateral actions to consolidate its occupation of illegally indian occupied jammu and kashmir (IIOJK) and imposing what India’s leaders have ominously called a “final solution” for kashmir. to do so, india has resorted to a series of illegal actions, gross and consistent violations of human rights and other crimes that continue to this day.
india increased its military deployment in IIOJK to 900,000 troops right before aug. 5, 2019. this is the densest occupation in recent history — with one soldier for every eight kashmiri men, women and children. this massive force has perpetrated a vicious campaign of repressive actions, including extrajudicial killings of innocent kashmiris in fake encounters; custodial killings and “cordon-and-search” operations; use of pellet guns to kill, maim and blind peaceful protestors; abduction and enforced disappearances; and “collective punishments,” with the destruction and burning of entire villages and urban neighborhoods.
this brutal campaign is driven by the ideology of “hindutva,” which propagates the religious and ethnic supremacy of hindus and hate against muslims. noting this pattern, genocide watch has warned that “the indian government’s actions in kashmir have been an extreme case of persecution and could very well lead to genocide.”
to suppress the voice of the kashmiri people, indian authorities have used censorship and surveillance for decades in the occupied territory. since august 2019, information control has been fully institutionalized. journalists, lawyers, human rights defenders and the entire kashmiri political leadership are routinely incarcerated, beaten, humiliated, harassed and even accused of “terrorism” for reporting the human rights violations in IIOJK.
there is only one normality: the normalization of violence. generations have grown up witnessing violence, insecurity and trauma. numerous human rights organizations, international bodies and independent reports have documented use of rape, sexual assault and harassment perpetrated by Indian security forces against kashmiri civilians, particularly women as a weapon of war. emergency laws, such  as the 1990-armed forces (special powers), have  created an environment of  complete impunity for indian security forces.
to extinguish the ethno-religious identity of kashmiris, historical sites have been destroyed and damaged. one of the most troubling aspects of the destruction of cultural heritage is the demolition of religious sites, particularly mosques, which inflicts deep emotional wounds on the muslim population.
in a classic settler-colonial project, india has initiated illegal demographic changes in the occupied territory, grossly violating international law, including the fourth geneva convention. this is central to its plan to convert IIOJK’s muslim majority into a hindu majority territory, to drown out the demand for freedom and self-determination. new “domicile rules” have been introduced, and more than four million fake domicile certificates have been issued to hindus from across india to settle in occupied jammu and kashmir. the land and properties of kashmiris are also being confiscated for military and other official use.
all the measures taken by India in the last four years are blatant violations of international law, including the relevant security council resolutions, specifically resolution 122 (1957). therefore, all the actions taken by India on and after aug. 5, 2019 are not only illegal but, ipso facto, null and void.
to justify its occupation and oppression, india has sought for decades, and particularly since 9/11, to portray the kashmiri freedom struggle as “terrorism.” likewise, to delegitimize the indigenous kashmiri struggle for self-determination, india falsely alleges that it is instigated by pakistan. to expose india’s falsehood, pakistan has proposed expanded patrolling by the UN military observer group in india and pakistan (UNMOGIP) along the line of control in jammu and kashmir. however, india refuses to allow the UN mission to patrol the line of control and to expand it. despite numerous attempts, india continues to deny access to jammu and kashmir to the office of high commissioner for human rights and other UN agencies as well as other human rights and humanitarian organizations and international media.
pakistan desires peaceful relations with all its neighbors, including india. pakistan has responded with responsibility and restraint to india’s repeated provocations. on the other hand, india continues to resort to aggressive rhetoric and repeated threats of the use of force against pakistan, even under the nuclear overhang. the onus is on india to create conditions that are conducive for a meaningful dialogue to resolve the jammu and kashmir dispute. to this end, india must:
• stop all human rights violations in jammu and kashmir
• halt and reverse its illegal demographic changes there
• reverse the illegal and unilateral measures imposed on and after aug. 5, 2019
• grant access to international observers, including human rights mechanisms of the UN and international media, to observe worsening human rights situation on the ground
the international community must play a proactive role obliging india to respect the human rights of the people of kashmir and to work toward a peaceful, inclusive resolution of the conflict. peace in south asia will be possible only when the jammu and kashmir dispute is resolved. the security council and the UN secretary-general must make concerted efforts, as empowered by the UN charter, to promote a peaceful settlement of the jammu and kashmir dispute, according to the relevant UN security council resolutions and wishes of the kashmiri people.
preventive measures to stop abuses in IIOJK and to promote global accountability is both a moral imperative and a collective human rights responsibility. millions of kashmiris have suffered for too long. to end their plight, they demand a peaceful resolution to the conflict. it is time to make peace a new normal.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ pennyappeal.org/ kashmir ] and [ standwithkashmir.org ]
17. UYGHUR CRISIS
the chinese government has reportedly arbitrarily detained more than a million muslims in reeducation camps since 2017. most of the people who have been detained are uyghur, a predominantly turkic-speaking ethnic group primarily in china’s northwestern region of xinjiang. beyond the detentions, yyghurs in the region have been subjected to intense surveillance, forced labor, and involuntary sterilizations, among other rights abuses. 
the united states and several other foreign governments have described china’s actions in xinjiang as genocide, while the UN human rights office said that the violations could constitute crimes against humanity. chinese officials have said that they have not infringed on uyghurs’ rights and claimed that they closed the reeducation camps in 2019. however, international journalists and researchers have documented an ongoing system of mass detention throughout the region using satellite images, individual testimonies, and leaked chinese government documents.
when did mass detentions of muslims start?
an estimated eight hundred thousand to two million uyghurs and other muslims, including ethnic kazakhs and uzbeks, have been detained since 2017, according to international researchers and U.S. government officials [PDF]. the chinese government calls the facilities “vocational education and training centers;” the most common terms used by international media organizations and researchers are reeducation camps, internment camps, and detention camps. some activists describe them as concentration camps. 
outside of the camps, the eleven million uyghurs living in xinjiang—officially called the xinjiang uyghur autonomous region—have continued to suffer from a decades-long crackdown by chinese authorities.
experts estimate that reeducation efforts started in xinjiang in 2014 and were drastically expanded in 2017. beginning that year, they documented the construction of new reeducation camps and expansion of existing facilities for mass detention. reuters journalists, observing satellite imagery, found that thirty-nine of the camps almost tripled in size between april 2017 and august 2018; they covered a total area roughly the size of 140 soccer fields. similarly, analyzing local and national budgets over the past few years, germany-based xinjiang expert adrian zenz found that construction spending on security-related facilities in xinjiang increased by 20 billion yuan (around $2.96 billion) in 2017. 
in late 2019, xinjiang’s governor said that people detained in the reeducation camps had “graduated.” journalists found that several camps were indeed closed. but the following year, researchers at the australian strategic policy institute (ASPI) identified [PDF] more than 380 suspected detention facilities using satellite images. they found that china refashioned some lower-security reeducation camps into formal detention centers or prisons; expanded existing detention centers; and constructed new, high-security detention centers throughout xinjiang. (chinese officials have said that ASPI is an anti-china tool funded by australia and the united states.) instead of detaining people in reeducation camps, authorities have increasingly used the formal justice system to imprison people for years. In 2022, human rights watch reported that half a million people had been prosecuted since 2017, according to xinjiang government figures. the associated press found that in one county, an estimated one in twenty-five people had been sentenced to prison on terrorism-related charges, all of them uyghurs.
what has happened in the reeducation camps?
most people detained in the reeducation camps were never charged with crimes and had no legal avenues to challenge their detentions. the detainees seem to have been targeted for a variety of reasons, according to media reports, including traveling to or contacting people from any of the twenty-six countries china considers sensitive, such as turkey and afghanistan; attending services at mosques; having more than three children; and sending texts containing Quranic verses. often, their only crime is being muslim, human rights groups say, adding that many uyghurs have been labeled as extremists simply for practicing their religion. 
information on what happened in the camps remains limited, but many detainees who have since fled china described harsh conditions. the UN human rights office released a report [PDF] in 2022 based on interviews with dozens of people, including twenty-six individuals who were detained, that found “patterns of torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment” in the camps between 2017 and 2019. 
the UN report affirmed previous findings by international journalists, researchers, and rights organizations. various exposés showed that detainees were forced to pledge loyalty to the CCP and renounce Islam, as well as sing praises for communism and learn mandarin. some people reported prison-like conditions, with cameras and microphones monitoring their every move and utterance. others said they were tortured and subjected to sleep deprivation during interrogations. Women have shared stories of sexual abuse, including rape.
some released detainees contemplated suicide or witnessed others kill themselves.
detention also disrupted families. children whose parents were sent to the camps were often forced to stay in state-run orphanages. many uyghur parents living outside of china faced a difficult choice: return home to be with their children and risk detention, or stay abroad, separated from their children and unable to contact them.
what do chinese officials say about the camps?
government officials first denied the camps’ existence. by late 2018, they started acknowledging that there were “vocational education and training centers” in xinjiang. they publicly stated that the camps had two purposes: to teach mandarin, chinese laws, and vocational skills, and to prevent citizens from becoming influenced by extremist ideas, to “nip terrorist activities in the bud,” according to a government report. pointing out that xinjiang has not experienced a terrorist attack since december 2016, officials claimed the camps have prevented violence.
as global condemnation of the abuses has grown, chinese officials and state media have worked to discredit reports on xinjiang using a range of tactics, including disseminating disinformation and harassing activists. they have repeated a narrative that “anti-china forces” in the united states and other western countries are spreading “vicious lies.” beijing tried to prevent the UN human rights office from releasing its report. after its release, chinese officials described it as false information and published a rebuttal describing how foreign governments and organizations “spread numerous rumors and lies” about xinjiang.
why is china targeting uyghurs in xinjiang?
chinese officials are concerned that uyghurs hold extremist and separatist ideas, and they viewed the camps as a way of eliminating threats to china’s territorial integrity, government, and population. 
xinjiang has been claimed by china since the chinese communist party (CCP) took power in 1949. some uyghurs living there refer to the region as east turkestan and argue that it ought to be independent from china. xinjiang takes up one-sixth of china’s landmass and borders eight countries, including afghanistan, pakistan, and kazakhstan.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ uhrp.org ] and [ saveuighur.org ]
18. THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO
the democratic republic of congo (DRC) is a country rich in resources, yet fraught with conflict and violence. the country is currently experiencing the largest displacement crisis in africa.
many of its people have not seen peace in more than 20 years.
the democratic republic of congo (DRC) is host to one of the world’s most complex and long-standing humanitarian crises, centered particularly in the east of the country. More than 2.1 million people were forced to flee their homes in 2017 alone — equivalent to an average of 50 families fleeing every hour, every day.
there are currently more than 100 different armed groups vying for territory and control in eastern DRC. this conflict is causing massive displacement and urgent humanitarian needs as families flee their homes for safety.
the armed conflict and insecurity has displaced 4.5 million people within the country. 13.1 million people need humanitarian assistance — 5.6 million more than in 2017. over the last year with intensified fighting, the humanitarian situation has dramatically worsened.
the rise of ebola has made the situation even more dire.
yes, ebola is endemic to DRC. the country is currently battling its tenth ebola outbreak, which has already killed more than 1,500 people. it is now the worst ebola outbreak in DRC’s history. over 50 percent of the total cases have occurred in the past three months.
on july 17, the world health organization declared the ebola outbreak in DRC a "public health emergency of international concern" (PHEIC). previous PHEICs include swine flu in 2009, polio in 2014, ebola in 2014 and the zika virus in 2016.
“We hope that [this] declaration by the WHO will translate into urgent and practical action, including more funding from international donors,” said laura miller, mercy corps’ acting country director in DR Congo. “every day, women, men and children are dying of the ebola virus and it is becoming too easy to forget that the ever-climbing case numbers are people.”
this particular outbreak is happening in the densely populated and conflict-affected provinces of north kivu and ituri, making it more difficult and dangerous to access affected people and areas.
a previous ebola outbreak in 2018 affected 54 people and resulted in 33 deaths.
what is the kivu conflict?
the conflict in north and south kivu began in 1996 in eastern congo in the aftermath of the rwandan genocide. the conflict involves numerous armed actors, including the DRC military, foreign rebel groups such as the democratic forces for the liberation of rwanda and allied defence forces of uganda and more than 100 local armed groups. due to this ongoing fighting, DRC is currently home to the largest UN peacekeeping force in the world, consisting of 21,000 people.
is there still war in DRC?
not technically. but there is still ongoing conflict, insecurity and a lack of effective governance. there are now more than 100 armed groups vying for territory and control in eastern DRC. the current president, joseph kabila, has been in position since 2001 following the assassination of his father, laurent kabila. the presidential election in december 2018 has thrown the country into further turmoil. in its 58 years of independence from belgium, the DRC has never had a peaceful political transition.
how densely populated is the democratic republic of congo?
DRC is the size of western durope and the second-largest country in africa. its population of 80 million people is spread throughout the country, with 40 percent of people living in urban areas. cities in eastern congo, like goma and bukavu, have been experiencing an influx of people fleeing violence from the more rural areas. people are seeking safety and security, and new opportunities to earn an income, as the conflict has forced many of them off their land.
this escalating displacement, coupled with resource mismanagement, is putting increasing pressure on the cities’ services. to respond to these needs, we’ve developed an integrated water initiative to improve access to water for the most vulnerable citizens of goma and bukavu. it also aims to provide equitable access to water for all.
how wealthy is the democratic republic of congo?
the DRC has vast human and natural resources, which could, arguably, make it one of the richest countries in the world. this central african country is home to the world’s largest reserves of coltan, used in mobile phones and electric cars, as well as significant quantities of the world’s cobalt and copper, as well and diamonds, gold and many other minerals.
yet, because of the ongoing conflict, poor governance and a lack of infrastructure, the congolese people are not benefiting from this immense wealth. in fact, in 2019, DRC will become the country with the second highest number of people living below the poverty line.
who is affected by the conflict in DRC?
in the conflict-ridden eastern part of the country, women and children are often most affected by the conflict, as is the case with many crises. more than 2 million children suffer from severe acute malnutrition. one in 10 women and girls experienced sexual violence in 2016. in some cases, women and their children have no choice but to flee the violence and hunger. women often leave their homes with very little but their children and the clothes they were wearing. men too are frightened of being killed or forced to join armed groups.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ savethechildren.org/ democratic republic of congo ] and [ ngocongo.org ]
19. WEST PAPUA
ever since the invasion of west papua over fifty years ago, the Indonesian security forces have committed a never ending catalogue of extreme human rights violations.
over 500,000 civilians have been killed in a genocide against the indigenous population. thousands more have been raped, tortured, imprisoned or ‘disappeared’ after being detained. basic human rights such as freedom of speech are denied and papuans live in a constant state of fear and intimidation.
genocide
almost all papuans will be able to tell you stories of friends or family who have been murdered. a paper prepared by the yale law school for the indonesian human rights campaign in 2004 found “in the available evidence a strong indication that the indonesian government has committed genocide against the west papuans”.
the use of torture by the Indonesian security forces against the indigenous papuan population is widespread.
there is much documented evidence of this endemic behaviour and in recent years video footage (captured as ‘trophy footage’ by indonesian soldiers) has been leaked and broadcast on international news channels such as al jazeera and channel 4 news.
rape
sexual assault and rape has been repeatedly used as a weapon by the indonesian military and police.
in a public report to the U.N. commission on human rights in 1999, the special rapporteur on violence against women concluded that the indonesian security forces used rape “as an instrument of torture and intimidation” in west papua, and “torture of women detained by the indonesian security forces was widespread”.
the robert f. Kennedy memorial centre for human rights prepared a full report on “rape and other human rights abuses by the indonesian military in iran jaya (west papua), indonesia”.
freedom of expression
the basic rights to freedom of expression are almost completely denied in west papua. anyone expressing any criticism of indonesian rule and in particular aspirations for west papuan independence can expect to be persecuted by the police and imprisoned.
recently, leading human rights organizations kontraS papua and the commission for the disappeared and the victims of violence, published a report on the increasing tendency of the indonesian state to charge people peacefully expressing their desire for political independence with treason. they state:
'in 2010, cases with a political dimension have characteristically become ensnared by the charge of makar, the indonesian word for treason or rebellion… altogether in 2010, 32 people were charged or investigated in connection with article 106 on makar.’
political prisoners
yusak pakage, sentenced to 10 years in prison for attending a west papua flag raising ceremony.
there are currently hundreds of west papuan political prisoners being held in west papua and across indonesia. many are serving long prison terms for peacefully protesting against indonesian rule or for being members of organisations calling for west papuan independence.
filep karma is a particular case in point, serving a 15 year jail sentence simply for raising the west papuan national flag. he is an amnesty international prisoner of conscience. conditions in the prisons are often very poor and maltreatment of prisoners is common with many being beaten and tortured while detained. prisoners have often developed severe health problems and been denied access to medical care.
lives lived in fear
papuans return to find their homes in burnt to the ground by the Indonesian army following a ‘sweeping operation’
papuans return to find their homes in burnt to the ground by the indonesian army
many papuans live in a constant state of fear and intimidation. people living in villages across west papua can at any time be subject to military sweeping operations.
under the pretence of looking for insurgents, the military have repeatedly swept through entire rural areas killing arbitrarily and burning whole villages to the ground, destroying subsistence food crops and livestock and forcing people to flee into the forests where they are prone to starvation and disease.
impunity
imdonesian special army force (KOPASSUS) have committed widespread human rights abuses in west papua
despite public statements that the Indonesian government is improving its human rights record, the situation on the ground seems very different. there are often limited or no investigations into human rights abuses and if any discipline is handed out it is normally of little significance to the perpetrators of the abuses. amnesty international states:
“impunity for human rights violations is commonplace. accountability mechanisms to deal with police abuse remain weak, and reports of torture by members of the security forces often go unchecked and unpunished. many victims of past human rights violations in papua are still awaiting justice.”
access to journalists and NGOs
west papua is currently off limits to international journalists. if discovered without permission they are arrested and deported by the Indonesian authorities. some have even been attacked and imprisoned.
it is clear that Indonesian authorities will stop at nothing to keep the ongoing genocide they are directing in west papua out of the international media agenda. west papua has also become impossible to operate in for many NGOs. in 2010 the international red cross were expelled, and in 2012 peace brigades international were forced to leave. International human rights organisations such as amnesty and human rights watch are also denied access to west papua.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ freewestpapua.org ] and [ freepapuamovement.org ]
20. ARMENIA
azerbaijan launched "anti-terrorist activities" in the nagorno-karabakh region on tuesday, saying it wanted to restore constitutional order and drive out what it said were armenian troops, a move that could foreshadow a new war.
armenia and azerbaijan have already fought two wars over karabakh in the three decades since the soviet union they were both members of collapsed.
here is a look at the history of the conflict and the latest developments.
WHAT IS NAGORNO-KARABAKH?
nagorno-karabakh, known as artsakh by armenians, is a mountainous region at the southern end of the karabakh mountain range, within azerbaijan. it is internationally recognised as part of azerbaijan, but its 120,000 inhabitants are predominantly ethnic armenians. they have their own government which is close to armenia but not officially recognised by armenia or any other country.
armenians, who are christian, claim a long presence in the area, dating back to several centuries before christ. azerbaijan, whose inhabitants are mostly turkic muslims, also claims deep historical ties to the region, which over the centuries has come under the sway of persians, turks and russians. bloody conflict between the two peoples goes back more than a century.
under the soviet union, nagorno-karabakh became an autonomous region within the republic of azerbaijan.
FIRST KARABAKH WAR
as the soviet union crumbled, the first karabakh war (1988-1994) erupted between armenians and their azeri neighbours. about 30,000 people were killed and more than a million displaced. most of those were azeris driven from their homes when the armenian side ended up in control of nagorno-karabakh itself and swathes of seven surrounding districts.
44-DAY WAR IN 2020
in 2020, after decades of intermittent skirmishes, azerbaijan began a military operation that became the second karabakh war, swiftly breaking through armenian defences. it won a resounding victory in 44 days, taking back the seven districts and about a third of nagorno-karabakh itself.
the use of drones bought from turkey and israel was cited by military analysts as one of the main reasons for azerbaijan's victory. at least 6,500 people were killed.
russia, which has a defence treaty with armenia but also has good relations with azerbaijan, negotiated a ceasefire.
the deal provided for 1,960 russian peacekeepers to guard the territory's lifeline to armenia: the road through the "lachin corridor", which armenian forces no longer controlled.
PEACE TALKS
analysts say successive rounds of talks, mediated variously by the european union, the united states and russia, have brought the two sides closer to a permanent peace treaty than they have been for years, but a final settlement remains elusive. the most sensitive issue is the status of the 120,000 ethnic armenians in karabakh, whose rights and security armenia says must be guaranteed. prime minister nikol pashinyan has said armenia recognises the sovereignty and territorial integrity of azerbaijan, but baku says it is not certain the assertion was made in good faith and accuses armenia of fuelling separatism.
HUMANITARIAN CRISIS
in december 2022 azerbaijani civilians identifying themselves as environmental activists began blocking the lachin corridor, and in april 2023 azerbaijan set up an official checkpoint, saying it was preventing weapons smuggling. the flow of people and goods between armenia and nagorno-karabakh was largely cut off. the united states bemoaned the "rapidly deteriorating humanitarian situation".
this week, the international committee of the red cross (ICRC) was able to make simultaneous aid deliveries via the lachin corridor and a separate road linking karabakh to the azerbaijani city of aghdam.
despite that, tensions have risen sharply this month, with armenia and azerbaijan accusing each other of building up troops.
HOW TO HELP
visit [ armeniafund.org ]
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amathslutsguidetofandom · 9 months ago
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Heya lovelies,
So ya gurl’s kinda an indecisive bitch.😅😅😅
Help me choose what to write next!!!
On a side note:
I will be writing some Simon “Ghost” Riley content, but this will purely be for my Sri Lankan (or from said background) girlies (gotta represent the girlies).
As it’s going to be Sinhalese new year in a couple of days, hahaha.
And I’m craving some fluffy Ghost content.
And maybe after that, some non-related smutty fic for Ghost 🤭🤭🤭
Okie, that’s it!!
Till’ then
Stay Coquette-y,
Anya 🫶🏽🕊️🎀
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khaleesiofalicante · 2 years ago
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In Sri Lanka, we celebrate the New Year (also known as the Harvest Festival) when the sun moves from Meena Rashiya (the house of Pisces) to Mesha Rashiya (the house of Aries). It also marks the end of the harvest season and of spring.
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Sinhalese and Hindus follow particular traditions for all their day to day activities like clothing, eating, bathing etc.  Government Issue a traditional timetable only for the New Year season (we bathe and eat and go out at particular times). There are colors specified to wear on that day and people mostly used to wear the traditional clothing in Sri Lanka. 
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There are traditional food items indigenous to the Sri Lankan society, like milk rice, which is made with milk and cooked rice, and oil cakes called Kawum. There are so many yummy things to eat during this time! We call this avurudu kawili (New Year sweets!). 
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My favorite part of Avurudu (New Year) other than the food of course is all the games. We play soooo many traditional games (as a community - school, workplace, neighbourhood, etc) and it’s so much fun. Let’s have a look at some of my favorite games!
Kana Mutti (like hitting a piñata, but there is coloured water inside). I am very bad at this lol.
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Tug of war (this is so fun ahhh)
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Playing Raban (drums) - this is usually done by the women and the tunes are such a bop 
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Bun eating with your hands tied (I’m a pro at this btw)
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Goni (sack) race my beloved 
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And of course kotta pora (you have one arm tied behind your back and you have to hit your opponent with a pillow (kotta) until they lose the balance and fall off the thingy. (I've never played this and never will either lol)
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Put the eye on the elephant (self-explanatory)
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Lime and spoon race (I am also a pro in this)
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Lisanaha gaha (climb the greasy pole)
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And of course the infamous Avurudu Kumari (a beauty pageant!!) where women (and men) dress up in our traditional clothes and walk around. I got invited to judge it once and I was gay panicking the entire time.
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Anyway! I just wanted to share it with you all because it’s such a fun time and even though Sri Lanka is going through a difficult time with the economic crisis, people are still celebrating because it’s nice to have something to celebrate and be happy about. 
Happy Sinhala and Tamil New Year to everyone who is celebrating ♥️
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beardedmrbean · 3 months ago
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Sri Lanka's new president Anura Kumara Dissanayake has been sworn into office, promising "clean" politics as the country recovers from its worst economic crisis.
The left-leaning Dissanayake has cast himself as a disruptor of the status quo, and analysts see his victory as a rejection of corruption and cronyism that has long plagued the country.
Saturday's election was the first since 2022, when discontent over the economy fuelled mass protests and chased former president Gotabaya Rajapaksa from power.
"We need to establish a new clean political culture," he said. "I commit to achieving this. We will do the utmost to win back the people’s respect and trust in the political system."
Who is Sri Lanka’s new president Anura Kumara Dissanayake?
In a political paradigm shift, Sri Lanka leans to the left
The 55-year-old, who is familiarly known as AKD, told Sri Lankans that "democracy doesn’t end with voting in a leader".
"We need to strengthen democracy. I pledge to do my utmost to safeguard democracy," he said.
"I have said before that I am not a magician – I am an ordinary citizen. There are things I know and don’t know. My aim is to gather those with the knowledge and skills to help lift this country."
Dissanayake received a Buddhist blessing at the end of his speech. Representatives of Sri Lanka's other main religions - Islam, Hinduism and Christianity - were also present during the oath-taking, highlighting the new president's emphasis on diversity.
In a statement on the eve of the ceremony, Dissanayake said the "unity of Sinhalese, Tamils, Muslims and all Sri Lankans is the bedrock of this new beginning".
During the campaign, Dissanayake promised voters good governance and tough anti-corruption measures.
He has promised to develop Sri Lanka's manufacturing, agriculture and IT sectors. He has also committed to continuing the deal struck with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to bail Sri Lanka out of the economic crisis while reducing the impact of its austerity measures on the country’s poorest.
Sri Lankan Prime Minister Dinesh Gunawardena resigned before Dissanayake was sworn in, paving the way for the dissolution of parliament.
In an earlier interview with BBC Sinhala, Dissanayake signalled that he would dissolve parliament soon after being elected.
"There is no point continuing with a parliament that is not in line with what the people want," he said at the time.
Dissanayake won after the counting stretched into a second round on Sunday, as no candidate was able to win more than 50% of the total votes in the first round.
Once the second and third-choice votes for president had been tallied, the Election Commission said Dissanayake had won with a total of 5,740,179 votes.
Opposition leader Sajith Premadasa came in second at 4,530,902. Outgoing President Ranil Wickremesinghe got 2,299,767 during the first round of counting and was excluded from the second round.
Wickremesinghe congratulated his successor, saying: "With much love and respect for this beloved nation, I hand over its future to the new president".
Until this weekend's vote, all of Sri Lanka's eight presidential elections since 1982 had seen the winner emerge during the first round of counting. This poll has been described as one of the closest in the country's history.
Dissanayake's anti-corruption platform resonated strongly with voters who have been clamouring for systemic change since the crisis.
This enabled him to overcome trepidation over the violent past of his political party, the Marxist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), which carried out two armed insurrections against the Sri Lankan state in the 1970s and 80s.
Dissanayake's alliance, the National People’s Power – of which the JVP is a part – rose to prominence during the 2022 protests, known as the Aragalaya – Sinhala for struggle.
Dissanayake has also sought to moderate the hard-left stance of his party in more recent years.
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stirringwinds · 2 years ago
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Hello! Long time fan of your account, and sorry for the long question.
About HWS Japan's relationship with China I would see him already having troubles with him before western intervention as I am currently reading about East Asian's relationships, Tang China and Silla (modern day South Korea) defeated Japan and Baekje (who had ties with the royal family in Japan) would that affect their relationship already? I hc Kiku feeling like Yao was not a very nice guy to be around but nevertheless a good teacher (fanboy of the Tang dynasty's culture but boi this guy is horrible type of relationship)
Since China historically favoured Korea (with benefits) it makes sense for South Korea to get along with China (considering that Silla's territories are South Korean and Goguryeo North Korea's and Silla played smarts by having Tang back them into fighting against Baekje and Goguryeo) but for most of the history it seems that Japanese and Chinese interactions were chaotic, with the Ningbo incident, the battle of baekgang and battle of imjin river where China helped Korea to defeat Japanese expansionism.
I am now seeing Japan as kinda of a Zuko to his family (no blood ties)
@thepianistblogsbasedonhumanities: hey, thanks for the very detailed (and interesting) question! this is my personal take on kiku and yao before the 20th century (from my POV as a diaspora Chinese/SEAsian):
- deep cultural influences, intimacy and enmity often go hand-in-hand, for nations that are neighbours—and so it is for Kiku and Yao. This is something I see even for nations I headcanon as siblings by blood—for example, with England and Scotland, Wales, Ireland, regarding the historical impact of English dominance and cultural imperialism on them, both before and after the British Empire became a world power. In the case of Kiku and Yao, I don’t see them as related or ever perceiving the other that way—at most, it was confined to how the Chinese tributary system sometimes deployed familial metaphors (such as how the academic literature describes Ming China and Joseon Korea being likened to a ‘older-younger brother dynamic’ in the Chinese imperial worldview. Likewise, I wouldn’t see Yao or Yong-soo as actually related either).
- for Yao and Kiku specifically, a somewhat regicidal mentor-protégé dynamic: as you point out, Sino-Japanese conflicts existed long before Japan was influenced by Western empires. How I see it: while Alfred and other circling Western powers did alter Kiku’s attitude towards Yao and Yong-soo from what it was during isolationism, Japanese imperial ambitions are not new in the larger sweep of 2000+ years of history. Kiku might have waged the 1894 Sino-Japanese War and annexation of Korea in western uniforms and with a westernized military—but it still mirrors the 16th century Imjin/Chongyu Wars and the 663 CE Battle of Baekgang in the pattern of Sino-Japanese conflicts involving Korea. If anything, imo, some of Kiku’s ambitious streak comes from Yao’s influence (rather than simply copying the Western powers). After all, even during those calm stretches where he and Yao were on friendly terms, he’s watching Yao doing what empires do—i.e the conquest of the “Baiyue” tribes who originally lived in Southern China, of Vietnam, or the Ming war against the Sinhalese kingdom of Kotte during Zheng He’s voyages.
- while by modern standards, this does seem like a tumultuous relationship, I see the helltalias being more accustomed to this, existing in eras where empire and warfare were treated as normalised byproducts of international relations. I feel like Kiku alternatingly admires, envies and resents Yao (sometimes all at once), but all the same, I don’t think he always found Yao uniquely horrible—if only because he never expected a man who is an empire to be nurturing or soft (even if Yao is capable of showing that side when he wants to). I’m a bit fuzzy re: when they first meet, but if I take the Han dynasty/ Yayoi period (based on the earliest found mention of Japan in Chinese records)? This is the era of the Roman, Persian and Gupta empires—and like them, Han dynasty Yao is also a conqueror. He's rather what Kiku expects of an empire: kind of great, terrible, intimidating and fascinating culturally all at once. From Kiku’s POV, Yao is a man comfortable with a sword as he is an inkbrush, a warlord occupied with political schemes—but also the sort who would halt his warhorse to admire the plum blossoms by the Yangtze river and compose a poem. During those Japanese embassies to the subsequent Tang dynasty, I see it similarly—for all the cosmopolitan artistic developments Kiku’s keen to learn about, he’s well aware of the Tang expansion into Central Asia, and of course the Battle of Baekgang in Korea where he’s actually at war with Yao.
- Imo, pre-20th century Kiku still tended to regard Yao as a sort of standard for what “power” and “civilization” looked like. In that vein, I headcanon the Opium Wars being more uniquely shocking to Kiku compared to the Manchu or Mongol conquests of China—while both had enormous repercussions, the Opium Wars represented a more drastic overturning of the Chinese worldview—including those tenets Kiku incorporated into his own culture centuries ago. Now, it seems as though all this is ossified, irrelevant and decadent—next to Western industrialisation and ways of thinking. We might think, but regimes come and go, don't they? However, Kiku’s accustomed to Yao being atop the hierarchy for centuries, or at least being regarded as culturally sophisticated, even by his enemies (the Manchu and Mongols both being open to adopting certain elements of Chinese culture, even if partly motivated by fostering a sense of legitimacy with the larger population). And so, even when Kiku was in a long-term and intensely romantic relationship with Jan/Johan (Ned) and was learning about Western culture from him before 1853, he still retained many of his Chinese-influenced customs (such as Confucian philosophy or the way the kimono was influenced by the Chinese hanfu).
-  so, overall—my personal take on Kiku and Yao before the 20th century is deep cultural influence, steeped in a complicated and contradictory relationship. Ultimately, I also feel this sort of Janus-faced dynamic isn’t unprecedented between neighbouring nations who have a long history together. And they clash because they’re similar in some ways; having a deep vein of artistry, but also sharp-edged pride and ambition. Yao regards him as an upstart: perhaps a good learner who is savvy at adapting and incorporating what he learns—but also a troublemaker who needs to be reminded his place (Imjin/Chongyu Wars, the Ningbo Incident etc). For his part, imo, Kiku doesn’t really try to deny that Yao is his mentor and during calmer eras, admiration might be stronger than envy or resentment for Yao—but personality-wise, imo Kiku has a strong streak of pride and ambition— and not enough reverence to always accept the Chinese imperial hierarchy.
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mynewshq · 3 months ago
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Sri Lanka swears in new left-leaning president
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Sri Lanka's new president Anura Kumara Dissanayake has been sworn into office, promising "clean" politics as the country recovers from its worst economic crisis. The left-leaning Dissanayake has cast himself as a disruptor of the status quo, and analysts see his victory as a rejection of corruption and cronyism that has long plagued the country. Saturday's election was the first since 2022, when discontent over the economy fuelled mass protests and chased former president Gotabaya Rajapaksa from power. "We need to establish a new clean political culture," he said. "I commit to achieving this. We will do the utmost to win back the people’s respect and trust for the political system." The 55-year-old, also known as AKD, told Sri Lankans that "democracy doesn’t end with appointing a leader". "We need to strengthen democracy. I pledge to do my utmost to safeguard democracy," he said. "I have said before that I am not a magician – I am an ordinary citizen. There are things I know and don’t know. My utmost objective is to gather those with the knowledge and skills to help lift this country." Dissanayake received a Buddhist blessing at the end of his speech. Representatives of Sri Lanka's other religions - Islam, Hinduism and Christianity - were also present during the oath-taking, highlighting the new president's emphasis on diversity. In a statement on the eve of the ceremony, Dissanayake said the "unity of Sinhalese, Tamils, Muslims and all Sri Lankans is the bedrock of this new beginning". During the campaign, Dissanayake promised voters good governance and tough anti-corruption measures. He has promised to develop Sri Lanka's manufacturing, agriculture and IT sectors. He has also committed to continuing the deal struck with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to bail Sri Lanka out of the economic crisis while reducing the impact of its austerity measures on the country’s poorest. Sri Lankan Prime Minister Dinesh Gunawardena resigned before Dissanayake was sworn in, paving the way for the dissolution of parliament. In an earlier interview with BBC Sinhala, Dissanayake signalled that he would dissolve parliament soon after being elected. "There is no point continuing with a parliament that is not in line with what the people want," he said at the time. Dissanayake won after the counting stretched into a second round on Sunday, as no candidate was able to win more than 50% of the total votes in the first round. Once the second and third-choice votes for president had been tallied, the Election Commission said Dissanayake had won with a total of 5,740,179 votes. Opposition leader Sajith Premadasa came in second at 4,530,902. Outgoing President Ranil Wickremesinghe got 2,299,767 during the first round of counting and was excluded from the second round. Wickremesinghe congratulated his successor, saying: "With much love and respect for this beloved nation, I hand over its future to the new president". Until this weekend's vote, all of Sri Lanka's eight presidential elections since 1982 had seen the winner emerge during the first round of counting. This poll has been described as one of the closest in the country's history. Dissanayake's anti-corruption platform resonated strongly with voters who have been clamouring for systematic change since the crisis. This enabled him to overcome trepidation over the violent past of his political party, the Marxist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), which carried out two armed insurrections against the Sri Lankan state in the 1970s and 80s. Dissanayake's alliance, the National People’s Power – of which the JVP is a part – rose to prominence during the 2022 protests, known as the Aragalaya – Sinhala for struggle. Dissanayake has also sought to moderate the hard-left stance of his party in more recent years. The country's new president will be faced with the twin tasks of reviving the economy and lifting millions from crushing poverty. An economic meltdown fuelled the Aragalaya uprising that unseated Rajapaksa from the presidential palace in 2022. At that time, Sri Lanka's foreign currency reserves had dried up, leaving the country unable to import essentials such as fuel. Public debt ballooned to $83bn while inflation soared to 70%. This made basics such as food and medicine unaffordable to ordinary people. The country's economic misery has been blamed on major policy errors, weak exports and years of under-taxation. This was exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic, which choked tourism, a key economic driver. Many people have also blamed corruption and mismanagement, however, stoking anger against Rajapaksa and his family, who collectively ruled Sri Lanka for more than 10 years. "The most serious challenge is how to restore this economy," Dr Athulasiri Samarakoon, a political scientist at the Open University of Sri Lanka, told the BBC Sinhala Service. During his termWickremesinghe secured a $2.9bn lifeline from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which is crucial to opening additional funding channels but comes with strict economic and governance policy reforms. Sri Lanka is restructuring the terms of its debt payments with foreign and domestic lenders, as mandated by the IMF. The main focus has been the country's $36bn worth of foreign debt, of which $7bn is owed to China, its largest bilateral creditor. Like Dissanayake, Premadasa also pushed for IT development, as well as the establishment of 25 new industrial zones. He said tourism should be supported so that it becomes the country's top foreign currency earner. Wickremesinghe said during the campaign that he would double tourist arrivals and establish a national wealth fund, as well as new economic zones to increase growth. Read the full article
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brookstonalmanac · 6 months ago
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Events 7.6 (before 1900)
371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility. 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt). 1253 – Mindaugas is crowned King of Lithuania. 1348 – Pope Clement VI issues a papal bull protecting the Jews accused of having caused the Black Death. 1411 – Ming China's Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after the third treasure voyage and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor. 1415 – Jan Hus is condemned by the assembly of the council in the Konstanz Cathedral as a heretic and sentenced to be burned at the stake. 1438 – A temporary compromise between the rebellious Transylvanian peasants and the noblemen is signed in Kolozsmonostor Abbey. 1483 – Richard III and Anne Neville are crowned King and Queen of England. 1484 – Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of the Congo River. 1495 – First Italian War: Battle of Fornovo: Charles VIII defeats the Holy League. 1536 – The explorer Jacques Cartier lands at St. Malo at the end of his second expedition to North America. He returns with none of the gold he expected to find. 1557 – King Philip II of Spain, consort of Queen Mary I of England, sets out from Dover to war with France, which eventually resulted in the loss of the city of Calais, the last English possession on the continent, and Mary I never seeing her husband again. 1560 – The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed by Scotland and England. 1573 – Córdoba, Argentina, is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera. 1573 – French Wars of Religion: Siege of La Rochelle ends. 1614 – Raid on Żejtun: The south east of Malta, and the town of Żejtun, suffer a raid from Ottoman forces. This was the last unsuccessful attempt by the Ottomans to conquer the island of Malta. 1630 – Thirty Years' War: Four thousand Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus land in Pomerania, Germany. 1685 – Battle of Sedgemoor: Last battle of the Monmouth Rebellion. Troops of King James II defeat troops of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. 1751 – Pope Benedict XIV suppresses the Patriarchate of Aquileia and establishes from its territory the Archdiocese of Udine and Gorizia. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Siege of Fort Ticonderoga: After a bombardment by British artillery under General John Burgoyne, American forces retreat from Fort Ticonderoga, New York. 1779 – Battle of Grenada: The French defeat British naval forces in the Caribbean during the American Revolutionary War. 1791 – At Padua, the Emperor Leopold II calls on the monarchs of Europe to join him in demanding the king of France Louis XVI's freedom. 1801 – First Battle of Algeciras: Outnumbered French Navy ships defeat the Royal Navy in the fortified Spanish port of Algeciras. 1809 – The second day of the Battle of Wagram; France defeats the Austrian army in the largest battle to date of the Napoleonic Wars. 1854 – The Republican Party of the United States held its first convention in Jackson, Michigan. 1885 – Louis Pasteur successfully tests his vaccine against rabies on Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog. 1887 – David Kalākaua, monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, is forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution, which transfers much of the king's authority to the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii. 1892 – Three thousand eight hundred striking steelworkers engage in a day-long battle with Pinkerton agents during the Homestead Strike, leaving ten dead and dozens wounded.
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hussyknee · 9 months ago
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What the fuck kind of New Year starts at 9 in the fucking night on the 13th?? We're supposed to breakfast WHEN?? Disgraceful.
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What could possibly be more auspicious than starting the day at midnight? /s Clown world.
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brookston · 8 months ago
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Holidays 4.14
Holidays
Air Force Reserve Day
American Dictionary Day
Americas Day (Honduras, Mexico)
Anfal Genocide Memorial Day
Black Day (South Korea)
Blessing of the Salmon Nets (Northumbria)
Bon Jovi Day (New Jersey)
Cake and Cunnilingus Day
Children’s Day (Peru)
Children with Alopecia Day
Commemoration of Anfal Genocide Against the Kurds (Iraqi Kurdistan)
Cuckoo Day (Old England)
Day of Mologa (Russia)
Day of (No) Silence (GLSEN)
Day of the Georgian Language
Day of the Skater
Dhivehi Language Day (Maldives)
Dictionary Day
Donate Life Blue & Green Day
Draw MegaMan Day
Dreams of Reason Feast Day
Ex-Spouse's Day
414 Day
Global Roller Day
Grand National Ladies Day (UK)
Gujarat (Fire Service Day; India)
International Goalkeeper Day
International Moment of Laughter Day
International Silambam Day
Kids’ Yoga Day
Kinetoscope Day
Look Up at the Sky Day
Lundkommardagen (Puffin Arrival Day; Norway) 
Meme Appreciation Day
Milwaukee Day (414)
Moirang Day (a.k.a. Victory Day; India)
National Bracelet Day
National Dolphin Day
National Donate a Book Day
National Gardening Day
National Kick Balls Day
National Love Our Children Day
National Not Ashamed of Jesus Day
National Perfume Day
National Reach as High as You Can Day
N'Ko Alphabet Day (Mande)
Orange Day (Japan)
Pan American Day
Pathologists’ Assistant Day
Peregrine Falcon Appreciation Day
Peter Capaldi Day
Pigeon Day (French Republic)
Reach As High As You Can Day
Samjinnal (Arrival of Spring; Korea)
Secret Service Day
Spring Hula Hooping Day
Tempting Fate Day
Takayama Spring Festival (Japan)
Thingyan begins (Water Festival; Burma)
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Day of Service (South Africa)
World Chagas Day
World Quantum Day
Youth Day (Angola)
Food & Drink Celebrations
Espresso Italiano Day (Italy)
International Laverbread Day
Laverbread Day
National Grits Day
National Pecan Day
Oreo Cookie Cheesecake Day
Saison Day
Tannat Day (Uruguay)
2nd Sunday in April
Air Defense Forces Day (Belarus, Russia) [2nd Sunda
Global Day to End Sexual Abuse [2nd Sunday]
Weekly Holidays beginning April 14 (3rd Week)
Animal Control Appreciation Week [2nd Full Week in April]
Animal Cruelty/Human Violence Awareness Week Week [3rd Week in April]
Astronomy Week — Spring [thru 4.20]
Cleaning For A Reason Week [begins 2nd Sunday]
National Coin Week [3rd Week in April]
National Dog Bite Prevention Week [3rd Week in April]
National Public Safety Telecommunications Week [2nd Full Week in April]
National Student Employment Week [2nd Full Week in April]
National Volunteer Week Week [3rd Week in April]
Neurodiagnostic Week [3rd Week in April]
Organize Your Files Week Week [3rd Week in April]
Pan American Week [Week of 4.14]
Independence & Related Days
Jonja Island (Declared; 2022) [unrecognized]
Lawfords (a.k.a. Kingdom of Lawfords; Declared; 2021) [unrecognized]
New Year’s Days
Hindi New Year (a.k.a. …
Assamese New Year
Baisakhi (Parts of India)
Bisket Jatra (Nepali New Year)
Bohag Bihu (Assam Valley)
Cambodian New Year
Chetti Chand (Parts of India)
Guḍhī Pāḍavā [1st Day of Chaitra]
Hari Raya Yep Tahun Baru (Indonesia)
Malayali New Year (Kerala)
Nyepi Day (a.k.a. Day of Silence; Bali)
Ougadi (Mauritius)
Pi Mai (Laotian New Year)
Ramayana begins
Sajibu Nongmapanba (Cheiraoba, Manipur, India)
Telgu New Year
Thingyan begins (Burma)
Ugadi (Parts of India)
Vaisakhi (Parts of India)
Kerala New Yea (India)
New Year's Day (Assamese, Bengali, Burmese, Sikh, Khmer, Lao, Nepali, Oriya, Sinhalese, Tamil, Thai, Tuluva; Southeast Asia) [Sidereal Vernal Equinox]
Sidereal New Year (South and Southeast Asian) (a.k.a. …
Aluth Avurudda (Sri Lanka)
Biju Festival (Parts of India)
Bisu (Tulu Nadu region of Karnataka and Kerala, India)
Bizhu (Chakmas in Mizoram, Tripura and Bangladesh)
Bohag Bihu (Assam, India)
Buisu (Tripura, India)
Bwisagu (Bodoland region of Assam, India)
Cheiraoba (Parts of India)
Choul Chnam Thmey (Cambodia)
Jur Sital (Mithila region of Bihar, India and Nepal)
Khmer New Year (Cambodia)
Maha Vusubha Sankranti (Parts of India)
Oriya New Year (Parts of India)
Pahela Baishakh (Bangladesh and West Bengal, India)
Pana Sankranti (Odisha, India)
Pi Mai (Laos)
Puthandu (Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India and Northern and Eastern regions of Sri Lanka)
Rongali Bihu (Parts of India)
Samjinnal (Korea)
Sangken (Khamti, Singpho, Khamyang, Tangsa in Arunachal Pradesh and Tai Phake, Tai Aiton, and Turung in Assam, India)
Sinhala (Sri Lanka)
Songkran (Thailand)
Tamil New Year (Parts of India)
Thingyan (Myanmar)
Tuluva New Year (Parts of India)
Vaisakhi (Punjab, North and Central India, Nepalese New Year in Nepal)
Varusha Pirruppa (Tamil New Year; Mauritius)
Vishu (Kerala, India)
Water-Sprinkling Festival (Yunnan, China)
Festivals Beginning April 14, 2024
Alphretta Wine Festival (Alpharetta, Georgia)
The Chocolate Expo (Long Island, New York)
International Rose & Wine Festival (Shreveport, Louisiana)
New Haven Restaurant Week (New Haven, Connecticut) [thru 4.19]
Ocean City Restaurant Week (Ocean City, Maryland) [thru 4.19]
Seville Fair (Seville, Spain) [thru 4.20]
Vinitaly (Verona, Italy) [thru 4.17]
ZagreDox (Zagreb, Croatia) [thru 4.21]
Zilker Kite Festival (Austin, Texas)
Feast Days
Abushibarei (Ryukyuan)
Adolph Hitler Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)
Albategnius (Positivist; Saint)
Ambedkar Jayanti (India)
Ardalion (Christian; Martyrs)
Bénézet (Christian; Saint)
Bernard of iron (Christian; Saint)
Caradoc, Benezet, John, Antony and Eustace (Christian; Martyrs)
Carpus of Thyatira (Christian; Saint)
Domnina of Terni (Christian; Saint)
Elfin Choirs Congress (Shamanism)
The Extremes (Muppetism)
Gabriel Jacques de Saint-Aubin (Artology)
Galungan (Celebrating Victory of Dharma over Adharma; Bali)
Henry Beard Delany (Episcopal Church (USA))
Justin (Christian; Martyr)
Lambert of Lyons (Christian; Saint)
Lidwina (a.k.a. B. Lidwina of Schiedam or Lydwina; Christian; Saint)
Look Up at the Sky Day (Pastafarian)
Marianne’s Day (Pagan)
Maryamma (Goddess of the Sea; Hinduism; Everyday Wicca)
Peter González (Christian; Saint)
Sommarsblot (Norse)
Three Smiles Day (Celtic Book of Days)
Tiburtius, Valerian, and Maximus (Christian; Martyrs)
Victor Borisov-Musatov (Artology)
Islamic Moveable Calendar Holidays
Eid al-Fitr celebrations continue (Islam)
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Historically Bad Day (Lincoln shot, Titanic hit an iceberg & 9 other tragedies) [1 of 11]
Tomobiki (友引 Japan) [Good luck all day, except at noon.]
Umu Limnu (Evil Day; Babylonian Calendar; 17 of 60)
Premieres
About Damn Time, by Lizzo (Song; 2022)
American Psycho (Film; 2000)
Batman vs. Robin (WB Animated Film; 2015)
Beach Blanket Bingo (Film; 1965)
Beauty and the Beast (WB MM Cartoon; 1934)
The Big Bad Wolf (Disney Silly Symphonies Cartoon; 1934)
British Steel, by Judas Priest (Album; 1980)
Buddy’s Garage (WB LT Cartoon; 1934)
Bye Bye Birdie (Broadway Musical; 1960)
The Candle in the Wind, by T.H. White (Novel; 1958) [Once and Future King #4]
Cannery Roden (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 1967)
Diver Down, by Van Halen (Album; 1982)
Execution Dock, by Anne Perry (Novel; 2009)
The Fair-Haired Hare (WB LT Cartoon; 1951)
Farewell Waltz, by Milan Kundera (Novel; 1972)
The Fate of the Furious [F&F #8]
Girl Happy (Film; 1965)
Grape Nutty (Color Rhapsody Cartoon; 1949)
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (Novel; 1939)
The Hash Shop (Oswald he Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1930)
The History of Sexuality, by Michel Foucault (Philosophy Book; 1976)
Iceland's Bell, by Halldór Laxness (Novel; 1943)
Insulin’ the Sultan (Ub Iwerks Cartoon; 1934)
The Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison (Novel; 1952)
Iron Maiden, by Iron Maiden (Album; 1980)
It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, by Public Enemy (Album; 1988)
Keeping the Faith (Film; 2000)
The King of Torts, by John Grisham (Novel; 2003)
Kinky Boots (Film; 2006)
The Legend of Korea (Animated TV Series; 2012)
Let’s Dance, by David Bowie (Album; 1983)
The Missing Piece Shel Silverstein (Children’s Book; 1976)
Mixed Master (WB LT Cartoon; 1956)
Much Ado About Mousing (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 1964)
The Notorious Bettie Page (Film; 2006)
Off the Deep End, by Weird Al Yankovic (Album; 1992)
The Pebble and the Penguin (Animated Film; 1995)
Put Me in the Zoo, by Robert Lopshire (Children’s Book; 1960)
Put-Put, Pink (Pink Panther Cartoon; 1968)
Renfield (Film; 2023)
Ripley’s Believe It or Not! (Radio Series; 1930)
Rocket Man, by Elton John (Song; 1972)
Say Anything (Film; 1989)
Shift: First Shift — Legacy, by Hugh Howey (Novel; 2012)
Spark (Animated Film; 2017)
Thank You For Smoking (Film; 2006)
Ultra, by Depeche Mode (Album; 1997)
Webster’s American Dictionary (Book; 1818)
The Wild (Animated Film; 2006)
Today’s Name Days
Elmo, Erna, Ernestine (Austria)
Maksim, Valerijan, Zdravko (Croatia)
Vincenc (Czech Republic)
Tiburtius (Denmark)
Lehe, Lehte, Lehti (Estonia)
Taito (Finland)
Ludivine, Maxime (France)
Elmo, Erna, Ernestine (Germany)
Aristarhos, Thomais (Greece)
Tibor (Hungary)
Abbondio, Ignazio, Lamberto (Italy)
Agape, Gudrite, Strauja (Latvia)
Justinas, Vaišvydė, Vaiva, Valerijonas, Visvaldas (Lithuania)
Ellinor, Nora (Norway)
Berenike, Julianna, Justyn, Maria, Myślimir, Tyburcjusz, Walerian, Waleriana (Poland)
Pahomie (Romania)
Maria (Russia)
Justína (Slovakia)
Lidia, Tiburcio, Valeriano (Spain)
Tiburtius (Sweden)
Martin (Ukraine)
Caradoc, Carey, Cary, Hudson (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 105 of 2024; 261 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 7 of week 15 of 2024
Celtic Tree Calendar: Saille (Willow) [Day 1 of 28]
Chinese: Month 3 (Wu-Chen), Day 6 (Wu-Shen)
Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]
Hebrew: 6 Nisan 5784
Islamic: 5 Shawwal 1445
J Cal: 15 Cyan; Oneday [15 of 30]
Julian: 1 April 2024
Moon: 38%: Waxing Crescent
Positivist: 21 Archimedes (4th Month) [Hippachus]
Runic Half Month: Man (Human Being) [Day 5 of 15]
Season: Spring (Day 27 of 92)
Week: 3rd Week of April
Zodiac: Aries (Day 25 of 31)
Calendar Changes
April (a.k.a. Aprilis; Julian Calendar) [Month 4 of 12]
Saille (Willow) [Celtic Tree Calendar; Month 4 of 13]
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ryan-perera · 9 months ago
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The Sinhala and Tamil New Year, celebrated in Sri Lanka, marks the end of the harvest season and the beginning of a new year, aligning with the sun's movement from Pisces to Aries. It's a time rich in tradition and cultural rituals, celebrated by both the Sinhalese and Tamil communities. The Kapruka is a significant aspect of this celebration.
Kapruka, in the context of the Sinhala and Tamil New Year, refers to a traditional "tree of wishes" or a "bo tree" under which various goods and symbolic items are placed. This is not just a simple tree but a representation constructed for the New Year celebrations, often adorned with fruits, vegetables, money, and other symbols of prosperity and abundance. The concept behind the Kapruka is deeply rooted in wishing for prosperity, health, and happiness in the coming year. It embodies the hopes and aspirations of the people for their families and themselves.
The placement of different items on or under the Kapruka is symbolic, each representing different facets of life such as prosperity, fertility, health, and success. For instance, fruits may symbolize abundance and health, coins for wealth, and traditional sweets for a life filled with sweetness. In some celebrations, the Kapruka is a more metaphorical concept, with the arrangement of these items in a specific area designated for the New Year rituals.
This practice emphasizes the communal and familial aspects of the celebration, with the preparation and sharing of the Kapruka reinforcing bonds and expressing mutual wishes for prosperity. It's a beautiful example of how the New Year's celebration intertwines cultural rituals with the natural cycles, highlighting the importance of harmony with nature, gratitude for its bounties, and optimism for the future.
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amathslutsguidetofandom · 9 months ago
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SUBA ALUTH AVURUDAK WEVA!
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Happy Sinhala and Tamil New Year to my Sinhalese and Tamil girlies!! 🌞🌞🌞
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mafrah-mga2022mi6021 · 10 months ago
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Dascon and Pramila - A forbidden love story
In Sri Lanka, romantic stories are quite common. Above all, I was fascinated by the era of the Kandyan Kingdom. In Sri Lankan history, it was one of the most significant periods. During my research and article reading, I came across Dascon and Pramila's story. A tragically ended romantic relationship.
The story goes back to the 18th century when the coastal belt of Sri Lanka was under the sway of the Dutch colonialists. In 1672 a fleet of French warships landed at the eastern port of Trincomalee. On its way the French had fought several battles at sea with the Dutch and conquered them. At the time King Rajasinghe II, ruler of the independent kingdom of Kandy and the Dutch were sworn enemies. On hearing of the good news of the defeat of the Dutch, the king accorded a warm welcome to the French. Later the fleet left the country but the second commanding officer named Gascogne stayed back and married a Portuguese woman, taking up residence in Kandy. 
In 1686 the son of King Rajasinghe II ascended the throne as Vimaladharmasuriya II. The son born to Gascogne was named Pedro Gascon (To facilitate pronunciation, Gascon was changed to Dascon). Though his parents were Christians, a temple (Piriven) education was preferred for the child under the guidance of Buddhist monks. It was at the temple school that Dascon met the son of King Vimaladharmasuriya II and they became fast friends. Dascon won a special affection of the king and the two children often played together at the palace. As the Kandyan nobility plotted to prevent the now young crown prince from being the next heir to the throne, he fled the palace stealthily and later managed to quell the rebellion, thwarting the attempts of the conspirators. In 1707 he was enthroned as King Vira Parakrama Narendrasinghe at the age of 17 and to show his gratitude to his childhood friend who gave wholehearted support to the prince to crush the insurrection, Dascon was appointed to the post of Maha Adhikaram (Chief Minister) after two years, thus earning the wrath of the noblemen.
In 1708 the king brought a pretty princess from South India from the Nayakkar royal clan to be his queen consort, named Pramila Devi. She was the daughter of Lord Pitti Nayakkar and Lady Abhirami Devi. King Narendrasinghe is generally described as a playful, quarrelsome and wicked king addicted to alcohol and gambling, and fond of women. This earned for him the nickname “Sellam Nirindu” (meaning in Sinhalese “Playboy King”).
Nevertheless, it so happened that while the king was enjoying himself with his concubines at the harem in the palaces of Senkadagala and Kundasale, Pramila was doomed to be left alone at Hanguranketha, the other palace of the king. It was then that a forbidden love developed between the handsome minister and the forlorn queen consort. Pramila is said to have studied the Sinhalese language from Buddhist monks and she later became versed in poetry. Dascon too had an inborn talent to be a poet. Both of them exchanged poems of love and were inflamed with passion for each other. This romance became an open secret in the palace.
Then Pramila contracted a disease which the royal physicians could not diagnose. Prior to conducting a ritual, a life-seized image in clay resembling the queen, had to be made. A sculptor was commissioned in this task under the supervision of Dascon. When, on completion of the work, the minister noted the absence of a birth mark on one thigh of the queen and asked the sculptor to correct it, king’s suspicions grew, wondering how his faithful friend could have known this. Incensed at the assumption of a possible sexual relationship between the two in his absence, the king promptly incarcerated him. While in prison, Dascon wrote poems, asking for pardon, to be handed over to the king. Yet, the nobleman named Levke Rala, the protagonist of the conspiracy, who had always been burning with jealousy of Dascon, accusing him of alleged missionary activities, saw to it that the poems never reached the king. With no explanation coming from the friend for his breach of trust, the king ordered to behead Dascon in 1710. Only after his death, King Narendrasinghe came to know the truth. Levke Rala, who had by then replaced Dascon as Chief Minister, was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Pramila, who saw her lover being taken to the executioner, was distraught with grief. A legend says that she committed suicide by eating a poisonous tuber of a wild plant, thus drawing an illicit love-affair to a tragic end
Continuation of the story :
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mibeau · 1 year ago
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[PEOPLE] I'm Ceylonese, Not Indian.
Disclaimer: This is the personal story of Keshika as a Malaysian-Ceylonese. Each family may have differences in their traditional practices.
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Keshika Ganendra, who touched my heart with phone calls and flower bouquets sent to my home the night my dear mother passed away, all while she was far away in India. I’ll always remember that. She is currently still in India, but we would always meet up at least once a year. I first met her in Basic Pharmacology class, and we instantly clicked. Her laugh is contagious. At first, I thought she was a Punjabi. Then, I found out, she is a Tamil. But, she is not Indian. How? Let’s get to know her heritage better in this article. *smiley emoji*
A Ceylonese is a person who is a native, inhabitant of Sri Lanka and their descendants.
There are two major ethnic groups which are the Sinhalese and the Tamils. Keshika is a third-generation Malaysian of Sri Lankan Tamil/Ceylon-Tamil descent. She was born in Subang Jaya. Her family of five lived in Petaling Jaya and Puchong, then moved back to Subang Jaya during her adolescent years, till this date. Both of her parents and grandparents were born and bred Malaysian-Ceylonese. Except for her paternal grandfather, who was born in Sri Lanka, and migrated to Malaya when he was young. When asked what languages she is fluent in, she answered,
“I speak English at home and some Malay. Not as fluent, but I can also speak a little bit of Tamil and Hindi. Though Tamil is a common language between the Indians and the Ceylonese, certain words, pronunciation and accents are different.”
Digging deeper into the family history, Keshika’s maternal great-grandfather was one of the first Ceylonese in Malaysia to obtain an ACCA title and he then proceeded to have his accounting firm in Brickfields. He was also the co-founder of the Sri Kandaswamy temple, located at Jalan Scott, Brickfields. He was a prominent figure in the Ceylonese society, loved by all and known for his charity work. Her paternal great-grandfather was a Financial Assistant (FA) under the government of Malaya. Adding to that, her paternal granduncle who was a doctor, served as a private GP for the Sultan of Kelantan back then.
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Talking about the Ceylonese Communities in Malaysia, generally, they are concentrated mainly in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. According to Keshika,
“Initially most Ceylonese settled down in Taman Yarl, Taman Kanagapuram, Brickfields, Petaling Jaya, Bangsar and Seremban. The majority of them settled in the KL region as they were mostly brought over from Sri Lanka to work as government office servants. Fun fact, Taman Yarl is named after a place in Sri Lanka, Yarlpanam.”
Her favourite Ceylonese dishes are Sweet Appam, Uthappam, and string hoppers(putu mayam or idiyappam) with Sothi and Kool(broth made with seafood, mainly crabs). However, being a true Malaysian, her favourite dish will always be Nasi Lemak! When it comes to festivities, the Ceylonese Tamils celebrated the same festivals as The Indian Tamils, such as Deepavali, Ponggal, Tamil New Year, Thaipusam and more. Yet, the traditions practised are different.
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How different or similar is the Ceylonese Culture from Indian Culture? We will focus on three aspects to compare.
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First, in terms of wedding rituals, most festivities take place in the bride's house.
Whereas in Indian households, the celebrations mostly take place in the groom's house. Sri Lankan brides usually wear a saree with a veil that covers the face, whereas Indian brides do not as the veil is not part of their culture. The sacred thread ’thaali’ which the groom ties around the neck of the bride is an actual yellow thread in Indian culture where three knots are tied, whereas for Ceylonese the thaali is a gold chain with a screw that is screwed around the neck. Also, there is a pre-wedding Ceylonese ceremony called ‘ponurukku’ which loosely translates to ‘melting of gold’ ceremony which is not part of the Indian culture. In addition, back when the concept of dowry was practised, in the Indian culture the bride's father/family presented the groom/groom's family with whatever dowry is agreed upon, differing from Ceylonese culture whereby the dowry given by the bride's father/family goes to the bride itself. For example, if the dowry is a house, the house would be under the bride's name not the groom's.
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Second, pregnancy rituals whereby first-time Indian mothers have a bangle ceremony which is done on the 8th month of pregnancy.
This is meant to be a blessing for the mother and child, in opposition to Ceylonese culture where we do not hold the said ceremony.
Third, the food.
Although the Tamils have similar food they do not always eat it the same way. For example string hoppers, Ceylonese people usually pair it with a yellow curry called Sothi. Whereby Indians usually like to have it with brown sugar, the way most Malaysians are familiar with it. Remember when we were young, uncle on a bike would go around the neighbourhood, honk a few times and yell “Putu Mayaaaam..” *laughing emoji*
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I’m going to be side-tracked and stereotypical a bit here.
To be honest, often in Malaysia, the Javanese, Bugis, Minangese, and Melayu Pattani would just label themselves as Malay as a race, then when people ask further only they introduce their designated ethnicity, if they are aware of it. Unless, they are proud of their ethnicity and grew up in a specific area concentrated with that particular ethnicity, like Bugis in Pontian or Javanese in Muar. In the cities, even among us Malays, we cannot differentiate them at a glance. But for sure, other races would just perceive us as the Malays.
And we usually grouped Tamils, Telegus, and Punjabis as Indians. Although, we do know Punjabi are different. And Indian Muslims, no matter where their ancestors were from, we call them mamak. Many older generations might get offended when we say that, cos they were Pakistani or not from southern regions of India.
Back to Keshika.
Growing up as a Ceylonese Tamil in Malaysia, having to tick the ‘lain-lain’ box on every form starting from the mere age of 7 did make Keshika feel like a bit of an outsider, especially without fully being able to grasp the concept of race and why am I ‘lain’ from my friends at that age. However, it did get better and less confusing over the years.
From the public perspective, the non-Indians usually will assume her to be an Indian and the majority of Indians think I'm Punjabi based on looks or features. In terms of speech, when conversing in Tamil, most Indians can differentiate almost immediately because of the difference in accent.
Today, as an adult, Keshika does see the importance of heritage and history and understands the insistence from her ancestors not to give in to pressure and be assimilated as Indians. Because her ancestors were never from India, they are from an island in South Asia called, Sri Lanka. The more she explores her culture and background the more connected she feels to her ancestors, realising the sacrifices they made and how much they contributed to building this country and nation. She commented, “I feel proud, despite still being ‘lain-lain’ I am truly Malaysian and a single checked box on a piece of form is not going to make me feel otherwise.”
My dear homies, Keshika Ganendra has a few words to share with our fellow Malaysians.
“Dear Malaysians, we are all of different races, ethnicities, religious backgrounds and ultimately from different places but our ancestors came together to build this nation and we are here together presently on this beautiful land called Malaysia. Our differences ARE our uniqueness and strength in this big wide world. There can never be another Malaysia. So cherish one another and always stick together, we are ONE as a nation.”
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tearged · 1 year ago
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2024
Goals for this year in Sha Allah:
1. Start implementing more Sunnah in my life by memorising more dua and increase in knowledge.
2. Start doing exercises on communication.
3. Simplify routine. Remove time wasting activities. Especially less reliance on phone.
4. Memorise 20 Juz from beginning and implement revision schedule.
5. Start to implement Nahu and Sarf to understand Quran.
6. Learn new skills by doing practical works.
7. Research and start business by looking at importing opportunities.
8. Learn Sinhalese and Urdu.
9. Work on interpersonal skill.
10. Get married!!!!
May Allah continue to use me for His path and help me become better Muslim. Most importantly may Allah keep me, my family and whole Muslim ummah on the straight path and give guidance to those who are misguided.
Ameen ya rabbil a'lameen.
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