#session8

[learnandgrowcommunity]

Session 8 : Concept of Machine Learning | How Machines Learn: A Simple Explanation | For Beginners

🧠 Understanding the Basics: We break down the fundamental principles of machine learning, making it easy for beginners to grasp the essential concepts. Whether you're new to the field or looking to reinforce your understanding, this session is designed with simplicity in mind.

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[cosblogs]

"Visions of Destiny and Chaotic Mayhem"

Arriving at Tser Falls, our intrepid adventurers continued their interactions with the Vistani. Stories and food flowed, deepening their connection to this peculiar community. Madam Eva revealed another tale, adding layers to their unfolding destiny. The comical mishap involving a Wand of Polymorf left them covered in mayonnaise but also brought unexpected financial gains. As they prepared to depart, they set their sights on Vallaki, filled with anticipation and uncertainty.

[biboyang-animation-22096791]

Post8 Session8- The impact of racial discrimination

The cause of racial discrimination is quite complex and it is quite difficult to be resolved in a short time, Although there are some solutions to be offered by an expert or the government, racism still exists in anywhere human society.Racial discrimination caused serious harm to the victims and led to many large-scale protest marches, which not only hindered the normal operation of the society but also caused a lot of unnecessary losses. For example, the "Black Lives Matter" movement that took place in the United States in 2013 swept many places in the country. This movement triggered large-scale demonstrations and many arrests, which caused a lot of losses to the American society.

I began to think about whether there are some effective ways to avoid racial discrimination. Although many experts suggested that primary and secondary school education could fundamentally solve the problem of racial discrimination, but this method takes a very long time, which is unfair to those who are suffering from racial discrimination. I summarized some ways to help people cope with racial discrimination by referring to literature. I believe that tolerance is considered a practicable method, when people are subjected to racial discrimination, people should ignore these behaviors and racists, because this method can help people avoid more harm, and if people resolutely resist these discriminatory behaviors, things will not go to a good direction but may become worse, for example, some verbal conflicts may escalate into physical conflicts. However, tolerance also has some drawbacks, tolerance is considered a concession because it may make people adopt negative attitude towards racial discrimination, tolerance will lead some racists to further discriminate, which is not a good approach for society as a whole and is not conducive to the permanent elimination of racial discrimination.

In addition, some people consider that mutual respect seems to be a useful approach to eliminate racism and create a peaceful society 

because people will respect each other more and won't offend each other. However, some people consider that this method might be a mistake because it perhaps connives that some people who have racist tendencies have more activities of racial discrimination, so that tolerance should not be widely promoted. But, this situation is not realistic, because we can hardly expect everyone to respect others, and not everyone is worthy of respect. Generally speaking, whether a person can respect others depends on his education level, and human society can not guarantee that all people have the opportunity to receive higher education. All in all, I am more convinced that tolerance may be a better choice, tolerance can help people avoid some unnecessary troubles, people can tolerate some things they don't approve of, they can ignore it. In addition, tolerance may not be a perfect solution to racial discrimination, but in cases where racism cannot be completely solved in the short term, tolerance can limit many cases of discrimination and keep human society harmonious.

Reference:

Balint, P. (2016) ‘The importance of racial tolerance for anti-racism’, Ethnic and racial studies, 39(1), pp. 16–32.

Pager, D. and Shepherd, H. (2008). The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets. Annual Review of Sociology, [online] 34(1), pp.181–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740.

[ambarsariyarockstar]

#TuHiYaarMera Arijit Singh Neha Kakkar #Rochak #PatiPatniAurWoh #Bollywoodsong #2019 Of #SingingProLessons #Session8 Is Available On Youtube. #abhishekmalhotra #subscribe #Watch #Learn #Share #Comment #Like https://youtu.be/R3Ucn4xDKLE (at Mumbai, Maharashtra) https://www.instagram.com/p/B-xMgsVHWha/?igshid=1msbn0nfad0d

[abhirockstar333]

#TuHiYaarMera Arijit Singh Neha Kakkar #Rochak #PatiPatniAurWoh #Bollywoodsong #2019 Of #SingingProLessons #Session8 Is Available On Youtube. #abhishekmalhotra #subscribe #Watch #Learn #Share #Comment #Like https://youtu.be/R3Ucn4xDKLE (at Mumbai, Maharashtra) https://www.instagram.com/p/B-xLm3Fn-Ec/?igshid=18heo5orzthhp

[xmmmmd-blog]

Why It Is Hard to Control Cybercrime?

This week we had a topic about cybercrime. Since the Internet has now played a more and more essential role in almost every part of social life, having a safe cyberspace is prime for the public. Past several years have witnessed the intensive increase of cybercrime and governments have also tried many ways to control this kind of prevalence, however, it seems not an easy task. So, what makes it become harder to deal with crime in cyberspace than in real world? Parts of the reasons may be as follow:

First, cybercrime is much easier. Different from crimes in real life, the cost of cybercrime is comparably low. Everything can be done by simply inputting commands on the keyboard without the need for a certain place or time. In addition, some behaviors that comprise cybercrime are not illegal themselves, which results in a credible refuge for crimes. For example, Anonymous achieve their goals by gathering thousands of people “attacking” a website at the same time, resulting in its crash. [1]However, usually, visiting a website is a behavior invited rather than inhibited.

Second, cybercrime is more tempting. The profits from cybercrime are very attractive. The value of all kinds of data and information in the cyberspace generally far exceeds the value of the computer network system itself. With the tendency that banks, insurance companies, and other industries rely more on electronic systems, opportunities for cybercrime have increased accordingly.

Third, the lack of laws and regulations of cybercrime. In the UK, we know have Computer Misuse Act, which has been amended recently. Although it has been changed in an attempt to meet new challenges of cyberspace, it still has material and procedural problems. [2]The situation is pretty similar in other countries. For instance, in China, there is no specific law for cybercrime till now with all cybercrimes resolved under general law.

Forth, the territoriality of law and lag in international cooperation. The Internet has eliminated social boundaries and national boundaries. Since laws and regulations are territorial, the issue of jurisdiction has also been put in front of people. At present, there are still many problems in understanding and cooperating in the area of cybercrime at the international level. Since many cybercrimes are transnational, the lack of extradition and mutual assistance treaties finally leads to the connivance of crime. Moreover, the weak enforcement mechanisms in existent international cooperation also make it less effective.

[1] Mansfield-Devine S, 'Anonymous: Serious Threat or Mere Annoyance?' (2011) Network Security

[2] MacEwan, N. "The Computer Misuse Act 1990: lessons from its past and predictions for its future" Crim. L.R. 2008, 12, 955-967

[ilawyer2017-blog]

Should distributed denial of service attacks as a form of protest be legal?

Firstly, let us understand what a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is. According to the Tech Terms online dictionary, it is “an effort to make one or more computer systems unavailable” accordingly, the attack “tells all coordinated systems to send a stream of requests to a specific server at the same time”. The attack is fairly easy to execute as it does not require any authorisation of the targeted site and works equally well on each site regardless of its security level. It requires the use of multiple computers to perform the attack. Imagine lots of tiny arrows being fired into the feet of a giant. It may slow down or even stop the giant temporarily, but it is an annoyance, rather than a critical attack.

In 2013, the infamous hacking collective Anonymous put forward a petition on a White House webpage claiming that DDoS attacks are a legitimate means of protest and that they are merely the online equivalent of non-violent sit-ins. Anonymous themselves stated that “with the advance in internet technology, comes new grounds for protesting”.* The group describes attacks as a means of online disruption which aims to “slow or halt a service.. for a short time.”*

So, does this relatively new form of protest have groundings in law? Under UK law, the Computer Misuse Act 1990 s.3 explicitly prohibits any acts which impair, hinders or prevents access to any computer or and software held therein. Unfortunately for Anonymous, this is the sole purpose of DDoS attacks.

How then do DDoSs stand up in relation to human rights, namely our right to protest? The European Convention on Human Rights, Article 11(1) describes some conditions of our freedom to assemble and associate. One of the foremost requirements is to act peacefully within this context. DDoS attacks appear to prima facie be peaceful and non-violent. They cause no direct harm and the intent is merely to momentarily disrupt. The simplicity, ease, and correlation with offline real-world protests make DDoS attacks somewhat appealing.

However, Article 11(2) lists the exceptions to the right. Here there exists a number of potential barriers to DDoS attacks. For instance, if the attacks were aimed at government organisations, the oh so fondly used (and sometimes abused) ’national security’ exception is likely to be wielded. Moreover, with the internet and technology becoming more and more enshrined in our daily lives, it would become easier to mould the exceptions to block the legality of DDoS attacks.

Should DDoS attacks be considered a legal form of protest? The difference with DDOSs is that when compared with the protests of the 20th century, rather than simply blocking a road, or a field, the protesters here are potentially halting a huge, overarching multinational system which is likely to cause a domino effect. This will therefore eventually undoubtedly run in line with many of the exceptions of Article 11(2) of the Convention. So the answer is no… not yet.

*Obtained from https://www.cnet.com/news/silicon-valleys-diversity-efforts-get-mired-in-scandal/

[katewhitaker98]

Goth subculture

This began in the early 1980s, this subculture has a specific taste in fashion (wearing mostly black) and music (mainly types of rock music).

[adams-amazing-text-adventure]

AATA SESSION 8 HIGHLIGHTS

I’m guessing Adam doesn’t have a taste for calamari...?

-We die a grand total of three times to the very same thing in the exact same manner. GJ, guys.   

-Adam makes a paper boat. It's a very brave, if pathetic paper boat.   

-Adam puts various disgusting things in his mouth. Nothing new here. 

-OWATA!  \(＾ｏ＾)/

-Tentaseth.

-Adam strips in the middle of the forest.   

-Adam deepthroats a strange limb and dies.

[itwatchfox-blog]

Facebook’s case provides other social websites and ISSPs as data controllers a lesson. The foremost damage may not be about money but reputation in doing business and reliability of customers, especially in the age of GDPR. 

So, be aware of every processing activity and be transparent to your users!

[muchotechnae-blog]

Cyber Security in the U.K. since the Introduction of the Serious Crime Act 2015

The third of May 2015 was when the Serious Crime Act 2015 first came into force. It was required to give effect to the UK’s obligations under article 12 of the Cyber-crime Directive 2013/40/EU on attacks against information systems. The fundamental goal of the act was to bring the legislature at the time, the Computer Misuse Act 1990, up to date with the recent technological advances. It also looked to give credence to the fact that cyber-crime had become an international crisis which knew no borders and that this spelled difficulties for the government, businesses and private individuals alike.

The pre-existing act contained offences such as unauthorised access to a computer or unauthorised acts intending to impair the operation of a computer. There were many shortcomings highlighted with these offences and as a result the Serious Crime Act 2015 amended the act creating the new offence under section 3ZA. This section set out the offence requirements - an act causing, or creating a significant risk of, serious damage to human welfare in any place, to the environment in any place, to the economy of any country or to the national security of any country. The maximum penalty is life imprisonment if a significant risk of serious damage to human welfare or national security exists.

So after explaining what the change is the next question is does it meet the policy objectives outlined in the government’s national cyber security strategy. With a mild degree of uncertainty I believe it has. A positive point to acknowledge is the U.K. government’s commitment to spending  £1.9bn in its national cyber security strategy for the years 2016–21. The program looks to protect the U.K. government, businesses and individuals from cyber attacks as well as create a knowledge base for those less informed of the dangers. A new body called the National Cyber Security Centre was set up to deter and gather information on attacks as well as coordinate official responses to them. Although the act is not specifically mentioned in the strategy, there are strong defense and deterrence aspects of the strategy which are facilitated by having robustly defined criminal offences. The act also extended the bounds of the jurisdiction in relation to foreign nationals with regards to the new aggravated section 3ZA offence.

So the final question I pose is in the interim years are the authorities using the legislation and if so have they been successful? To be honest from my research it appears to early to assess definitively. There are few reported cases and the centre’s website doesn’t report any successful investigations or prosecutions of the new section 3ZA offence. However, this could be down to the fact that prosecutions like these take a significant investigate due to the difficulty of identification. A worrying trend seems to be the under-reporting for these cyber-crime incidents, in 2016 cyber-dependent crime reports totaled at 15246. However, the Office of National Statistics released in a statement that there were two million victims of computer misuse offences.  

[hakr-kat-blog]

DDoS as a form of free speech?

Free speech is viewed by many countries as absolutely fundamental though once it takes new forms and has different effects, the line between acceptable and not becomes complicated. The idea of protests shifting from physical streets to the virtual environment seems to have first been put forth by the Electronic Disturbance Theatre in a text published in 1994. Since then, the question of whether DDoS attacks should be a legal form of protest is being increasingly debated.

In the US, DDoS attacks are illegal under the Computer Fraud and Abuse act and in the UK under the Computer Misuse Act. Most significant legal action against a DDoS attack was in 2013 when 13 men where charged for targeting organisations such as law firms, major credit card companies, and websites as part of ‘Operation Payback’. 

First large scale push for legalising DDoS attacks as a form of protests was in the US in 2013 through a petition to the White House but it failed to receive the number of votes required to be debated. In January 2017, a software engineer by the name of Juan Soberanis proposed a virtual protest to Trump’s inauguration, urging others to refresh the official White House page as often as possible. They were not successful in taking down the site (which might have been due to the media coverage of the act as being illegal and the website operators having forewarning) but should DDoS attacks be seen as illegal?

While some DDoS attacks can be done for objectively bad reasons such as the ransomware Wannacry which affected over 230,000 computers including governments and the NHS, many can do good such as Operation Darknet which targeted child sexual abuse photography websites in 2011.

This puts governments in a dilemma – on the one hand people should have the right to free speech and to protest, but on the other hand the effects of these attacks are often much worse than a physical protest as there are many other effects. If it is a business’s website which is targeted, they could spend millions fighting the attack and protecting themselves from future attacks, all while they are losing money each minute that the site is down.

This question is not likely to be resolved easily. One proposal put forth is by Molly Sauter who published a framework for the ethical analysis of activist DDoS actions looking at intended versus actual effect. While an interesting idea, there are a host of other problems from enforcement and even the extent to which governments should interfere. It will be interesting to see how these attacks and the legal approach to them will evolve over time.

[marabc]

Se regresa a una historia cuando aún queda por desentrañar su raíz. Y así #theblacklist ha vuelto en su temporada 8 con más ramas en torno a este árbol que se sostiene magníficamente gracias a los productores y guionistas que resultan ser excelentes jardineros 😉 y gracias a insuperables actores, capaces de hacer magia en rodajes en tiempos de Covid 👏 Toda mi admiración @nbcblacklist Seguimos tras la pregunta raíz ¿quién es Raymond Reddington? En #España se emite en @movistarplus #JamesSpader #raymondreddington @msmeganboone #meganboone #diegoklattenhoff #donaldressler @amirarison @jonbokenkamp ##theblacklist #temporada8 #session8 https://www.instagram.com/p/CHnIR84lfPL/?igshid=elfxmzk4f04y

[adventurersguidetoavis]

Christmas?? Thats the holiday of our Enemies!!

Gildamore, 22 Tollonnim, 1273 VEK