#segedunum

[dknuth]

Hadrian's Wall - Wall's End

We started our first day of the Hadrian's Wall Tour at the eastern end in Newcastle. In the middle of a city, not much of the wall is left, but the foundations of the eastern fort, Segedunum, are visible.

A model showed more clearly the layout of the fort, which was standardized, except they all had variations from the standard. Since Segedunum has few differences from the standard, it was an excellent place to start.

Each of the forts we will see has differences, and the modern excavations and displays are different. Here they have reconstructed the bathhouse.

One thing you realize from a reconstruction is how big the buildings were. It's tough to get an impression of size from lines on the ground.

They also learned different things from each fort. Here, they found the ground floor of the cavalry barracks. Since the fort didn't have stables, researchers couldn't figure out where they kept the horses.

Here, they could see the impression of a sump in a space where two horses could stand. They could see that the soldiers' rooms were on one side of the building, and facing them was the room for the horses, which could easily be mucked out. Roman cavalrymen had to buy their own horses, so keeping such a big investment close would have been important.

The fort's location was later the Newcastle shipyards. In the early 20th century, half of the British ships were built in Newcastle, and Britain had half the world's ships. The presence of the shipyard was both a blessing and a curse for the ruins. They built on top of them, destroying a lot, but as the shipyards shrunk, the ruins became visible again and could be studied.

A small section of the wall remains nearby.

The ground was boggy, so the wall settled severely. The bogginess, though, preserved organic materials, including the ends of wooden posts outside the wall. They've determined the Romans stuck dead shrubbery in the ground at the outside base of the wall to make a thicket to keep people away from the wall. Outside the thicket, there was a substantial ditch. They really didn't want people near the wall..

We visited the municipal museum, which has an entire section on The Wall. One interesting area was on Roman religion. The troops based in Britain were from all over them empire, and many of them continued to worship their local god from home. But the local Celtic gods were worshipped too. And sometimes the gods seem to be a blend of a local god and one from far away. Interestingly the classic Roman gods like Jupiter and Juno don't seem to have shrines.

Mithras was popular here, as in the rest of the empire. I continue to find the Mithras religion interesting. It was of Persian origin but became very Roman over time. It was completely different than the classic polytheistic Roman religion. It had one god, Mithras, created by the supreme creator to bring organization to the world. It was a secretive religion, with rites taking place in private locations and membership by invitation only. You advanced through different levels of membership based in part on trials.

Christians really disliked it because they felt it stole their traditions, but really it was much older than Christianity and if anyone stole ideas it was Christians stealing from the Mithraic.

Many Roman sites had Mithraic temples, which often had images in addition to the altars. The one above shows Mithras killing the great bull that was wreaking havoc worldwide.

Some people have wanted to argue about whether Hadrian was really responsible for the wall's construction. This plaque seems to settle the issue.

It clearly names Hadrian as responsible for a section of construction and the Legion that did the work.

Our last stop for the day was Arbeia, on the south side of the Tyne. It was practically built over and lost before someone saved it. Then, the local council really got into protecting it and using it to develop an understanding of the wall. To do that, they build reconstructions of crucial parts of the site.

The first thing you notice is the reconstructed gatehouse.

It's huge—it looks so much larger in three dimensions! The reconstructions help educate the public and help historians and archeologists understand whether their ideas of what the buildings looked like really worked. They certainly helped me have a better idea of their size.

Arbeia is also a strange fort, modified to be very different from the standard. After a while, most of the barracks were demolished and replaced by granneries. It went from two to 24 granneries. At the same time many of the buildings in the fort were demolished. But the commander's house became larger and grander.

It became the central supply depot for all the soldiers on the wall. Ocean-going ships could unload here before the supplies were distributed. Obviously the commander of such a unit would be highly ranked and get a bigger than normal house.

My first reaction to the changes in fort layouts was to think the Romans couldn't decide. But then I remembered that this was over several hundred years of fort occupation. How many of our forts look like they did 50 years ago, let alone a couple hundred.

I was starting to realize that a large part of the program of this tour was to understand the design and use of the forts over centuries and try to understand how the changing conditions could lead to those changes.

[angelkarafilli]

Hadrian's Wall was built in c. AD 122 on the orders of Emperor Hadrian. Today, the Wall runs across northern England, but when it was built, it was the northern frontier of the Roman province of Britannia. With the exception of a couple of decades in the mid-2nd century AD, Hadrian's Wall was the north-west frontier of the Roman Empire for approximately 300 years. It was built to separate the Romans from the Barbarians¹ and may have been built in response to guerrilla warfare waged by the natives. It was certainly built to secure the border and control the movement of people in and out of the Empire.

The Wall is believed to have taken about six years to complete, although it would continue to change and evolve for decades after completion. Initially, some parts were built from timber and turf and others in stone. Eventually, the entire Wall, from Maia in the west to Segedunum in the east, was built in stone. In front of the Wall, where there were otherwise no natural features for protection such as rivers or cliffs, the Romans dug a deep ditch. Behind the Wall was the Vallum, which was an earthwork that comprised two banks of earth with a deep ditch in between. The Vallum stretched almost the entire length of the Wall, over 70 miles, and probably defined the rear of the Wall-zone.

The height of Hadrian's Wall is difficult to know because so little of it remains. It probably varied depending on the terrain. For example, the Wall as it crossed the high cliffs of the Whin Sill was possibly about 4-4.6 metres high (13-15 feet) and slightly higher—possibly 4.6-5.5 metres (15-18 feet) or more—when it crossed easily traversed terrain.

Hadrian's Wall has been used as a quarry since it was abandoned. Today, only about 10% of the Wall remains, and the sections of wall that have survived stand at a height of just 1-2 metres in most places. However, as recently as the 16th century there was a section of Wall standing 5 metres high (16 feet) near Bowness-on-Solway. Samson Erdeswick records in 1574:

"Begyning abowt a town called Bonus [Bowness-on-Solway] standing vppon the river Sulway now called Eden, and there yet standing of the heyth of 16 fote, for almost a quarter of a myle together, and so along the river syde estwards."

William Camden (16/17th century):

"Within two furlongs of Caervoran, on a pretty high hill the Wall is still standing, fifteen feet in height, and nine in breadth."

Bede (7/8th century):

"It is eight feet in breadth, and twelve in height, in a straight line from east to west, as is still visible to beholders."

These writers lived many centuries after the Roman military abandoned Britain. Even Bede, the earliest reference to the height I have used, was writing some 300 years after the Roman military had left Britain. Thus, the Wall might have lost a few feet in height in places by his day.

With regard to thickness, Hadrian's Wall was up to 3 metres (over 9 feet) thick, but again, it varied. Some sections were about 2.5 metres thick (8 feet), and other sections narrower.

In its day, Hadrian's Wall was an impressive 73-mile-long (80 Roman miles) stone structure with no fewer than 16 large forts, 80 milecastles, and about 160 turrets. It crossed over rivers, hills, and along cliffs, from the west coast to the banks of the River Tyne in the east.

An unbelievable structure that survives from the ancient world.

Location: above Sycamore Gap looking east.

Source:International Man of History/FB page

[naughtyweekends028]

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[armatofu]

El Muro de Adriano

El Muro de Adriano es la mayor construcción realizada por los romanos en toda Britannia. Se halla al norte de Inglaterra, entre los condados de Cumbria y Northumberland.

El Vallum Aelium, denominación originaria del Muro, fue levantado en el 122 d.C., siendo gobernador de Britannia, y supervisor de su construcción, Aulus Platorius Nepos. Aunque se ha especulado sobre su objetivo de dividir el mundo bárbaro del romano, la opinión más extendida es que su función sería la de proteger esta zona del Imperio de los saqueadores y establecer puntos aduaneros fortificados desde los que poder controlar el flujo de personas y poder cobrar tasas e impuestos. En su construcción participaron las tres legiones que se encontraban en Britannia (Legio II Augusta, Legio VI Victrix y Legio XX Valeria Victrix) junto con destacamentos de la classis Britannica, la flota naval de las islas.

Inicialmente la construcción del Muro fue diseñada para ser realizada en piedra desde Pons Aelius (Newcastle) hasta el río Irthing, y de ahí hasta Maia (Bowness-on-Solway) hacia el oeste con tierra y madera, alcanzando una extensión de 118 Km. El Muro contaba con una anchura de 3m. (posteriormente reducida a 2,4m.) y una altura de 4,5m. y se hallaba reforzado por un foso en V hacia el Sur. A cada milla romana (1.480m.) se hallaban establecidos puestos de guardia, que podían dar acomodo a una veintena de soldados, y entre éstos se situaban dos torres de vigilancia. A partir de los años 124-125 d.C. se reforzó el entramado defensivo con la construcción de fuertes de mayor tamaño, cada siete millas (once kilómetros), reemplazando las antiguas edificaciones de la era de Agrícola. Igualmente, se alargó por el Este, desde Pons Aelius (Newcastle) hasta Segedunum (Wallsend). Durante los años treinta se continuó reforzado el muro, restaurando en piedra aquellas zonas levantadas inicialmente con materiales más ligeros. También se construyeron carreteras que facilitaran la comunicación entre las diferentes fortificaciones. El Muro fue abandonado entre los años 138-139 debido a las exitosas campañas contra los pictos, que llevaron las fronteras imperiales más hacia el Norte. La fallida conquista de las tierras caledonias (Escocia) devolvió al Muro de Adriano su protagonismo como la frontera más septentrional del Imperio Romano, circunstancia que se mantuvo hasta el progresivo abandono de Britannia por parte de las legiones romanas. A principios del siglo III d.C. varios fuertes fueron objeto de restauración pero hacia finales del siglo IV d.C. la mayor parte del Muro y de sus fuertes se hallaban en mal estado.

El área mejor conservada del Muro de Adriano es su tramo central, al noroeste de Hexham (Northumberland). En esta zona se encuentran los fuertes más interesantes, como Housesteads y Chesters, y el fuerte y vicus de Vindolanda, cuyo museo cuenta con una fascinante colección de objetos, entre los que destacan las famosas "Cartas de Vindolanda".

Fuente: Viator Imperi

[tigermike]

The end of Hadrian’s Wall National Trail at Segedunum Fort 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿

[thesilicontribesman]

Roman Helmet Decorated Cheek Plates and Additional Decorations Photoset 2, 'Saving Face' Exhibition, Segedunum, Newcastle upon Tyne

[by-ravens-eye]

The herb garden at Segedunum Roman Fort, Wallsend, Tyne and Wear, UK.

[obsesivcreativ]

Roman goddess Fortuna's 'diadem' , part of a commission for #segedunum. Also, almost finished her 'horn of plenty' ... #tyneandweararchivesandmuseums #slowmaking #slowcrafts #lockdowncrafts #diadem #fortuna #romangoddess #roman #romanfort #costume #interactivecostume #bernina #bernina440qe #textiles #textileart #textileartist #commission #museum #museums #museuminteractive #interactivemuseum #childrensinteractive #schools #schoollearning #museumlearning #museumcostume #museumandartgalleries #textilecommission https://www.instagram.com/p/B_h5QwlgkBF/?igshid=8j6wv12xjsni

[hexaflexageek]

One plan this year was to walk the 84 miles, in sections. The modified plan is to walk them next year. #walking #hadrianswall #wallsend #segedunum #longdistancewalking #signpost #plans #flexible (at Wallsend-On-Tyne, North Tyneside, United Kingdom) https://www.instagram.com/p/B_COZGlgQSj/?igshid=quugnkjx0dai

[delvingintohistory]

Walking Hadrian’s Wall

Republication from Following hadrian

Image credit: Carole Raddato

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By Carole Raddato

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Hadrian’s Wall has long attracted hikers and history fans and is now the heart of an 84-mile-long (135 km) National Trail through some of Britain’s most beautiful countryside. Hadrian’s Wall stretches coast to coast across northern England, from Wallsend in the east to Bowness-on-Solway on the west coast.

Thre…

[mathew-rooney-photography]

Day 10 of 365 photo challenge: #nikonphotos #nikonD5200 #wallsend #Newcastle #directions #365photochallenge #photooftheday #segedunum #blackandwhitephotography #handheldphotography (at Segedunum Roman Fort, Baths & Museum) https://www.instagram.com/p/BsdvKD0jLM0/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=b6u81def8shm

[bantarleton]

At the mouth of the River Tyne in England, about a mile downstream from Segedunum, the Romans built a fort to protect the harbor and docks where ocean-going ships could discharge their cargos. The fort was called Arbeia (today’s South Shields). It was originally founded in A.D. 160, but took on greater importance during the Caledonia campaigns of Septimius Severus. The remains of 22 large stone horrea (granaries) can be seen as well as an impressive principia (commander’s headquarters). The west gate was reconstructed in 1986 and converted into a museum.

[odinistpressservice]

Vallum Aulium – Hadrian’s Wall Hadrian’s Wall (Vallum Aulium) was a defensive fortification in Roman Britannia that ran 73 miles (116km) from Mais at the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea to the banks of the River Tyne at Segedunum at Wallsend in the North Sea.

[travelphilosopher]

Hadrian's Wall ~ Stage 1, Day 2; Newcastle to Wallsend

Hadrian’s Wall ~ Stage 1, Day 2; Newcastle to Wallsend

Overnight the knee was rested, but there was a slight tinge of pain. I did think my body could cope for six miles though, as long as I went slowly. Breakfast at the weekend was so different (as in noisy and busy) and I think Chelsea supporters were in the hotel too as there were quite a few groups of lads, plus lots of families. Most were considerate except for one mother who decided to teach her…

[imperium-romanum]

The archaeological report, hailed as the definitive full account of the excavations of Hadrian’s Wall at its eastern end, has just been published. 

Hadrian’s Wall at Wallsend, written by Paul Bidwell OBE, former head of archaeology at Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums (TWAM), encapsulates the knowledge gleaned from 28 years of intermittent excavations around Segedunum Roman Fort in Wallsend. 

Taking place between 1988 and 2015, the digs culminated in the Treasury-funded project that saw the rediscovery of the fort’s baths, as well as the public display of the full stretch of Wall remains.

Continue reading

[thesilicontribesman]

Roman Helmet Decorated Cheek Plates and Additional Decorations Photoset 1, 'Saving Face' Exhibition, Segedunum, Newcastle upon Tyne