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lupinepublishers · 3 years ago

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lupine publishers|Elemental Analysis of Vitexaltissimalinn. leaves by X-ray Fluorescence and its Biological Implications and Studies

Elemental Analysis of Vitexaltissimalinn. leaves by X-ray Fluorescence and its Biological Implications and Studies

Abstract Elemental analysis of V.altissima (L) leaf was carried out by using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and SEM-EDX. Fifteen of the detected elements are essential, which includes some heavy elements (Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr, Nb, Mo, Cd, Th and U) while 20 others (Mg, S, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, As, Se, Rb, Y, Zr, Ag, Sn, Sb, Ba, W, Hg, Pb and Bi) were found to be below detection limit in Hand held X-ray Fluorescence (HHXRF) analysis. From SEM-EDX results, non-transition elements such as C, O, Si, S, K, Ca and Br were found to be present in the dried leaf powder of V.altissima. The distribution of elements was found to be in the order: crude leaf powder> Hexane> Chloroform> Methanol. From the results it is clear that V. altissima contain many essential elements which are all required minerals for human Biological studies such as DPPH scavenging assay and reducing power was carried out on these plant extracts to evaluate their anti-oxidant capacity. It was seen that these plant extracts do have a good anti-oxidant levels.

Introduction Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive components which play important role in the prevention of variety of diseases. Vitexaltissima belonging to the family Verbenaceae, is a moderate to large sized tree [1]. Leaves of the plants are reported to use for the treatment of rheumatism [2]. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant leaves are also reported [3]. Phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites present in dry leaves and their percentage of yield was also calculated. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, and spooning in dry leaf extracts. Isolation is the main step in Photochemistry, where the biologically active compounds are separated in its purest single form. This process was carried out using repeated column chromatography, whereby a single biologically active compound was separated. This isolated compound was identified with the help of its spectral data, such as IR, 13CNMR, 1H NMR and mass spectra. Photochemical analysis of V.altissima leaf extracts reveals the presence of triterpenes, phenol acids, steroids, coumarone, flavonoids, fatty acids etc. These secondary metabolites were reported to play a major role in various biological activities, which explains its use as a traditional medicine. An increased scientific interest is noticed presently on modern medicine and herbal products. Medicinal plants have a prominent role in the pharmaceutical industry of 21st century [4, 5, 6]. Various essential and non-essential metals are also present in plants in addition to the secondary metabolites. The higher and lower concentrations of these trace metals may cause metabolic disturbances [7] These metals may include both essential micronutrients and toxic metals, the deficiency and excess of which may cause serious effects on human health [8, 9]. Hence, the safety of the herbal products and its use has recently been questioned due to the reports of illness and causalities [10]. The intake of heavy metal by human may cause disturbances of normal functions of brain, kidney, lungs, heart, liver etc. and leads to ulcers and different types of cancers [11]. Experimental Collection of plant material and its Extraction Vitexaltissima leaves were collected from Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala state, India. V. altissima leaves were

cut into small pieces, and shade dried and powdered using a cross beater mill. V. altissima leaf powder (520 g) was subjected to sequential extraction on Sox let apparatus with hexane, chloroform and methanol (2.5 L each) successively (24 hr, each). The extracts were filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. Percent yields of each extracts were noted. The methanol extract, obtained after sox let extraction is then subjected to liquid-liquid partition and again into two on the basis of the polarity of the solvents. The methanol extract was dissolved in minimum quantity of water, which was then made up to 200ml with rest of water. Equal amount of ethyl acetate was added to it and mixed in a separating funnel, allowing to separate into aqueous and organic layers. Water containing aqueous layer is the lower part of the separating funnel and the upper layer is ethyl acetate containing organic part. The upper organic part was collected and concentrated. The procedure was repeated several times each time with 200ml of ethyl acetate, until the organic layer has no color. After washing using ethyl acetate, same procedure as repeated with butanol. The collected ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous water fraction were concentrated and dried with rotary evaporator for further studies. Results and Discussion V. altissima leaf powder (520 g) was extracted with three solvents of increasing polarity namely hexane, chloroform and methanol. The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. The percentage of yield for each extract is that 2.82, 6.01 and 11.5 (weight of each extracts are 14.72, 31.333 and 60.05). The yield of methanol extract was found to be high compared to hexane and chloroform extracts. Phytochemical screening of extracts The extracts (hexane, chloroform and methanol) obtained after sox let extraction were subjected to photochemical screening using standard procedure. Results show that hexane extract is enriched with steroids while chloroform is carbohydrate rich extract. Because of higher polarity of flavonoids and spooning, methanol extract produces positive result for both of them. Elemental studies of various extracts of V.altissima leaves All these extracts were analyzed for trace elements using HHXRF and SEM-EDX using the crude samples. Hand held XRF (HHXRF) is the need of the hour to analyze metals, powders and alloys, as other conventional XRF techniques were found to be cumbersome and difficult to handle. The HHXRF was directed at the samples and irradiated using X-ray tube. Rhodium tube the spectrum was obtained in 60 seconds. A Typical spectrum of leaf extract is shown in (Figure1). The prominent peaks of K (3.3 keV) and Ca (3.6KeV) are seen. The beam lines were from 12 to 36 keV (Beam 1) and from 0 to 12 KeV (Beam 2) (Figure 2, Table 1)

crude- dried leaf powder; SE1-Hexane extract; SE2- Chloroform extract; SE3- Ethyl acetate extract; SE4-Butanol extract; SE5- Water extract. (**SE- Solvent extract) Al, Si, P, K, and Ca are seen to be present significantly which are useful elements. Al which cannot be detected by many conventional instruments in XRF due to low energy X-ray absorption of detector window could be detected by HHXRF. HHXRF has SDD (Silicon drift detector) which has a grapheme window and the Al X-rays do not get absorbed unlike in the Si (Li) (Lithium drifted). Silicon X-ray detector which has Be window, absorbs low energy X-rays below Z<19. Thus, HHXRF can be a useful tool for detecting Al in samples. There are no toxic elements in the sample except Cd, which is very below MPL. The role of each of these elements needs to be investigated and the study is underway for further conclusions. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay The radical scavenging activity of different extracts was determined by using DPPH assay according to Chang et al. [12]. The decrease in the absorption of the DPPH solution after the addition of an antioxidant was measured at 517 nm. Principle 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl is a stable free radical with pink color which turns yellow when scavenged. The DPPH assay uses this character to show free radical scavenging activity. The scavenging reaction between (DPPH) and an antioxidant (H-A) can be written as, DPPH + [H-A] →DPPH-H + (A)

Antioxidants react with DPPH and reduce it to DPPH-H and as consequence the absorbance decreases. The degree of discoloration indicates the scavenging potential of the antioxidant compounds or extracts in terms of hydrogen donating ability. Reagent Preparation 0.1mM DPPH solution was prepared by dissolving 4mg of DPPH in 100ml of methanol. Procedure Different concentrations of sample such as 12.5μg/mL- 200μg/ mL from stock solution were made up to a final volume of 20μl with DMSO and 1.48ml DPPH (0.1mM) solution was added. The reaction mixture incubated in dark condition at room temperature for 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, the absorbance of the mixture was read at 517nm. 3ml of DPPH was taken as control. Calculation Percentage of inhibition = Results (Tables 2,3)

Reducing Power Activity The reducing power of extract was determined by the method of YEN and DUH (1993). Procedure Different concentrations of sample such as 125μg/mL-2000μg/ mL from a stock concentration of 10mg/mL were mixed with 2.5ml of phosphate buffer (200mM) (pH 6.6) and 2.5ml of 1% potassium ferric cyanide was added and boiled for 20 minutes at 50°C. A control without the test compound, but an equivalent amount of distilled water was taken. After incubation, 2.5 ml of 10% TCA were added to the mixtures followed by centrifugation at 650g it for 10 minutes. The upper layer (5ml) was mixed with 5ml of distilled water and 1ml of 0.1% ferric chloride was added and absorbance was read at 700nm. Results

Conclusions A vast amount of research is on way to explore various herbal products. In addition to various primary and secondary metabolites, photochemical include a variety of essential and non-essential elements. Thus, the safety use of herbal products lies on its content of trace elements also. Photochemical analysis of V.altissima leaf extracts reveals the presence of triterpenes, phenol acids, steroids, coumarone, flavonoids, fatty acids etc. In the present study, the leaf extract was estimated to contain several essential elements. This knowledge about the elemental composition will be useful while formulating drugs for specific purposes. Acknowledgements We wish to acknowledge Dr. Celin Acharya, PallaviJoshi, MBD, BARC for their help in the SEM_EDX analysis. We are also thankful to the Director and HOD of Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Palode, Thiruvananthapuram for providing all facilities for the extraction procedure.

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arun1964-blog · 6 years ago

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Arthodhan Vati

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sofiaroy2019-blog · 5 years ago

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"Sample Preparation for analysis of trace elements in nutraceuticals in compliance with USP chapter <2232> Elemental Contaminants & Nutrients in Dietary Supplements "

Sample Preparation for analysis of trace elements in nutraceuticals

in compliance with USP chapter <2232>

Elemental Contaminants & Nutrients in Dietary Supplements

Nutraceuticals cover a range of products such as isolated nutrients, herbal products, functional food and dietary supplements, which promote health benefits beyond the basic nutritional function. The global regulation for monitoring these wide range of products is not yet in place. In the USA, nutraceuticals are monitored and regulated as dietary supplements under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA, 1994). USP general chapter <2232> Elemental Contaminants in Dietary Supplements has been created to limit the amounts of elemental contaminants in finished dietary supplements on the four major elements of toxicological concern: arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead. The permitted daily exposure limits (PDE; Table 1) are derived based on UN recommendation. The latest versions of the chapters were supposed to be implemented by January 1, 2018.

QLABPro with high pressure eVHP vessels satisfy all the requirements demanded by USP<2232> for microwave power and temperature control. In fact, QLABPro displays and stores temperature profiles for each vessel. The eVHP vessels are capable of handling adequate amounts of sample to provide the required concentration of analytes for analysis.

Though samples can be digested using HNO3 alone, HCl is used for the stabilization of certain analytes, such as Hg, Ag, Ba, and Sb and high concentrations of Fe and Al in solution.

Considering the variations in raw materials, efforts should be made to obtain homogeneous and representative samples. Transfer samples to each vessel liner. Inside a fume hood, add 4 ml HNO3 and 2 ml HCl along the sides of the vessel walls. If sample has components which can froth, make it a point to add small aliquots of acid with little swirling to avoid sample spill over. Let vessel out gas completely or for minimum 10 min. Add an additional 4 ml HNO3 liner from the side wall such that any sample clinging to wall is washed down and brought in contact with acid. Make sure liners are cleaned for any dirt or moisture on outside surface before transferring them to the vessels outer sleeve. Seal the vessels and load them in QLABPro carousel. Run the digestion program as below:

At the end of digestion program, let the samples cool down to 90°C while still in the system. Inside a fume hood, partly unscrew the OPGuard slowly to release the pressure. Once pressure is released, retighten the valve. Rinse the vessel cap bottom in the liner. After cooling, transfer the contents from the liner to 25 ml standard flask and dilute. Samples are then ready for analysis by the appropriate determinative method. Alternatively, samples can be diluted within the liners using the Vulcan automated reagent handling system. The Vulcan is designed to automate the initial acid addition as well.

Spike recoveries obtained in analysed samples indicate that no target elements are lost during the sample preparation process which demonstrates the microwave and Vulcan digestion method is an excellent choice for sample preparation.

QLABPro

Microwave Digestion System

USP<2232> Elemental Contaminants & Nutrients in Dietary Supplements

Notes: This recipe is a reference starting point for sample digestion using Microwave Digestion System and may need to be optimised for specific sample. To increase the sample handling capacity and to avoid excess absorption of NO2 in sample, at the end of step-1 of digestion samples can be cooled to 95 °C followed by release of pressure using OPGuard digestion can be performed in two stages. In first stage Though 12 samples can be processed at a time in QLABPro system it is even capable of handling minimum of 4 samples as well.

Table 2. Digestion Recipe for Nutraceuticals using QLABPro + eVHP vessel set

Table 1. Permitted daily exposures (PDE) in dietary supplements according to USP chapter <2232>

#Acid Digestion #Microwave Digestion #Microwave Digestion System #Metal Digestion System

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swissbeautyfans · 3 years ago

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Sindoor is considered as an important sign of marriage in India, hence, it becomes an important part of the routine of many people. Wearing a chemical based Sindoor can damage your skin and hair. Swiss Beauty has got you the solution to this problem, with its sindoor, which is made with herbal ingredients that won’t harm you in any case.

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sbherbals01 · 1 year ago

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Ayurvedic Pharma Franchise Company in India

Explore the healing power of Ayurveda with SB Herbals, a leading Ayurvedic Pharma Franchise Company in India. Partner with us for high-quality Ayurvedic products and a lucrative business opportunity. For more details contact us.

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highbloodpressuremedicines01 · 1 year ago

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lupinepublishers · 3 years ago

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lupine publishers|Elemental Analysis of Vitexaltissimalinn. leaves by X-ray Fluorescence and its Biological Implications and Studies

Elemental Analysis of Vitexaltissimalinn. leaves by X-ray Fluorescence and its Biological Implications and Studies

for more information about Open Access Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Biosciences archive page click on below link

https://lupinepublishers.com/biomedical-sciences-journal/archive.php

for more information about lupine publishers page click on below link

https://lupinepublishers.com/index.php

#lupine publishers group #Open Access Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Biosciences #photochemical screening

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arun1964-blog · 6 years ago

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Amla Churan

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biomedgrid · 4 years ago

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Biomed Grid | Heavy Metals in Cosmetics: The Notorious Daredevils and Burning Health Issues

Abstract

Personal care products and facial cosmetics are commonly used by millions of consumers on a daily basis. Direct application of cosmetics on human skin makes it vulnerable to a wide variety of ingredients. Despite the protecting role of skin against exogenous contaminants, some of the ingredients in cosmetic products are able to penetrate the skin and to produce systemic exposure. Consumers’ knowledge of the potential risks of the frequent application of cosmetic products should be improved. While regulations exist in most of the high-income countries, in low income countries there is a lack of similar standards. In most countries for which these legal regulations have been identified, restrictions on the permissible level of heavy metals are strict. There is a need for enforcement of existing rules, and rigorous assessment of the effectiveness of these regulations. The occurrence of metals in cosmetic products is of concern for three principal reasons:

a) The use of cosmetic products could represent a possible source of population-wide exposure daily, and often long-term exposure to metals in cosmetic products

b) Metals can accumulate in the body over time, and

c) A number of them are known to exhibit different chronic health effects, such as cancer, contact dermatitis, developmental, neurological and reproductive disorders, brittle hair and hair loss. Some metals are potent endocrine disruptors and respiratory toxins. Moreover, some metals, such as Cd, As, Pb, Hg and Sb, are exceptionally toxic with a wide variety of chronic health effects, whereas Cr, Ni and Co are well known skin sensitizers. Since the issue of heavy metals as deliberate cosmetic ingredients has been addressed, attention is turned to the presence of these substances as impurities.

Keywords: Heavy Metal Toxicity; Personal care products; Endocrine disruptors; Cosmetics Safety; Heavy Metal Contamination; Kohl; Cosmetic Regulation; Cosmetic Impurities

Abbreviations: CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate; ACD: Allergic Contact Dermatitis; CIR: Cosmetic Ingredient Review; T2DM: Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus; EWG: Environmental Working Group

Introduction

Cosmetics and personal care products are ubiquitous [1-3]. The US researchers identified some 12500 industrial chemicals used as cosmetic ingredients, includes carcinogens, pesticides, reproductive toxics, endocrine disruptors, plasticizers, degreasers, and surfactants [4-6]. The US FDA estimated 12,500 chemicals used in cosmetics, 20% of them are safe according to Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) review, only 11 of them are banned in US but more than 1300 are banned or restricted in the EU [7-9]. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic and nickel, as well as aluminum, classified as a light metal, are detected in various types of cosmetics (color cosmetics, face and body care products, hair cosmetics, herbal cosmetics, etc.) [10]. The metals are from the contamination of raw materials and use of sub-standard raw materials, lack of compliance by small scale manufacturers, and lack of strict regulations [11]. Also, Alam et al. [12] says many cosmetic products contain heavy metals as ingredients or impurities [12]. Vella et al. [13] reported presence of lead in toothpastes were beyond limit of US and EU standards [13]. According to Panico et al. [14] PEGs (favorably used as penetration enhancers) may contain residual impurities like lead, iron, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, arsenic [14]. Łodyga-Chruścińska et al. [15] detailed nearness of lead and nickel in lipsticks and powders at level restricted by European guideline in Polish market [15] (Figure 1).

Applying kajal (otherwise called Kohl or Surma) to infants’ eyes is an old custom in numerous societies of the world including Asia, Middle East, European countries, North America and Africa. Kajal/ Surma has been reported to contain lead and to be a potential source of lead toxicity in children, which can lead to permanent damage to multiple organ systems [16-18]. A similar Nigerian cosmetic called ‘Tiro” applied to the infant’s eyelids contained 82.6% lead which was as high as 70% in Kajal or Surma [19,20]. Use of eye cosmetics imported from Pakistan was found to be strongly correlated with elevated blood lead levels [21]. Kohl, a type of customary cosmetic product used for eyeliner in the Middle East, contains more than 50% of lead [22]. A similar study with Malaysian eyeshadows shows the same, lead content exceeding limit of international standard [23]. It has been observed that the blood lead level of eye cosmetics consumers in Pakistan, India, and Saudi Arabia in comparison with non-consumers was threefold. Cd and Pb was profound among lipstick samples of Iran and were the most predominant in most Indian cosmetics, along with arsenic (As) [24-26]. Lip cosmetics to the digestive tract damages various vital organs once reaching into systemic circulation [1]. A similar study shows predominance of Hg and Pb among Indian herbal cosmetics exceeding WHO permissible limit. Very high level of trace metals was reported in locally produced facial makeup in Nigeria [1].

Figure 1:Several Untoward Effects Exerted by Heavy Metal Exposure from Cosmetics [1-3]. The global cosmetic products market was valued at USD 382.3 billion in 2010, 532.43 billion in 2017, and is expected to reach a market value of USD 805.61 billion by 2023, registering a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.14% during 2018-2023. Social media is key to the shift in consumer demand. Trends are shared more quickly and emotively, with celebrities and influencers-as well as everyday people-posting content which urges everyone to become a conscious consumer. The presence of heavy metals and xenobiotics are not normally considered as a primary concern in cosmetics. With many new products released into the market every season, it is hard to keep track of the safety of every product and some products may carry carcinogenic contaminants, while some others raise many more detrimental issues.

Cobalt is a skin allergen responsible for allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), found higher concentration in shampoo than relaxers and conditioners [28]. In individuals with tattoos containing red pigment of the starting point of mercuric sulfur (cinnabar-vermilion, Chinese red), they may encounter irritation that is restricted to this region inside a half year of tattooing [29]. Sindoor, a corrective powder utilized in Hindu religious and cultural ceremonies has hazardous degrees of lead [30]. The highest concentration of Pb was found in nettle, Cd in yarrow, and Hg in horsetail, plants most commonly used in herbal cosmetics of Poland [31]. Henna, a traditional plant product applied as temporary painton tattoos and hair dying, is reported to be very rich in heavy metals such as mercury and lead [32]. Saadatzadeh et al. [33] reported that arsenic contents of lipsticks, eye shadows, and eyebrow pencils was significantly higher than the BVL (Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety of Germany) standard [33]. Among the heavy metal impurities, mercury, arsenic, lead, cobalt, antimony, cadmium, nickel and chromium are exceptionally toxic and are prohibited in cosmetics to be included deliberately as ingredients in EU and US [34].

Pb were Cr are the most profound metals in talcum powder samples [35]. According to Health Canada, 100% of all cosmetics product tested positive for nickel and over 90% tested positive for both lead and beryllium and on the average contained at least 4 of the 8 metals of concern (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, beryllium, nickel, selenium, and thallium) [36]. Although titanium’s use in sunscreens is regulated, some formulations also include other heavy metals, which are not regulated [37,38]. Cosmetics use in pregnancy is not uncommon. Schwalfenberg et al. [39] reported that prenatal lead exposure is associated with a greater risk of premature delivery, reduced postnatal growth, lower mental growth in childhood, schizophrenia and dementia in adulthood [39]. Even low level of Cd exposure may avert neurodevelopment [40]. Prenatal As exposure has been associated with low growth in utero, low birth weight, head and chest circumference in infants, inflammation and atherosclerotic disease in adults [41]. Also, Li et al. [41]reported that heavy metal exposure during fetal period of pregnancy may lead to intrauterine growth retardation [42].

Iron oxides are common colorants in eye shadows, blushes and concealers [43]. Some aluminum compounds are colorants in lip glosses, lipsticks and nail polishes [44]. Aluminum is also used in antiperspirants, sun creams and toothpaste. Chronic disorders currently discussed in connection with aluminum exposure: Alzheimer’s disease and breast cancer [45]. The safety assessment by CIR does not include metallic or elemental aluminum as a cosmetic ingredient [46]. Arsenic was known to be poisonous during the Victorian era, but perhaps some women thought that a little bit wouldn’t hurt [47]. In addition, some color additives may be contaminated by heavy metals like arsenic, lead and mercury [48]. Heavy metals may be intentionally added to detergents as preservatives, pigments (Pb), skin lightening, as well as antimicrobial agents (Hg) [49]. Significant level of As and Hg was reported with Mohammad et.al, 2017 in skin bleaching agents of Caribbean region [50] As used in skin cream and make-up powder causes skin problems, lung cancer, circulatory and peripheral neuropathy, and increased risk of gastrointestinal and urinary tract malignancies [51,52]. Several recent and older studies reported nephrotic syndrome from repeated exposure of mercury and other heavy metals from skin lightening agent [53,58].

Dental amalgam has been used as a restorative treatment in dentistry for well over 170 years. Even after the last mercury dental amalgam is placed, its toxic legacy will continue for decades, because of its pervasive bioaccumulation in the environment, as reported by Tibau et al. [9]. However, mercury is usually added to skin-lightening products due to its whitening effect. Mercury ions replace tyrosinase enzyme anions, which inhibit the formation of melanin and produce the whitening and anti-freckle effects [60]. Sun et al. [61] reported that chronic mercury poisoning is associated with irritability, tremor, gingivitis, memory loss, dizziness, insomnia, edema, proteinuria, abdominal pain, nausea, hyperthyroidism, and abortion [61]. Wang et al. [62] suggested that cumulative exposure to heavy metals as mixtures is associated with obesity and its related chronic conditions such as hypertension and T2DM [62]. Lead poisoning leads to anemia due to jeopardized heme synthesis and acts as a potent reversible and selective blocker of voltage-dependent calcium channels at low concentrations [63,64]. Severe damage to the brain and kidneys, both in adults and children, were found to be linked to exposure to heavy lead levels resulting in death [62-65]. In pregnant women, high exposure to lead may cause miscarriage [76-81]. Men exposed to lead mainly from hair colorants [82-85].

Chronic lead exposure was found to reduce fertility in males [86-89]. The 2017 US FDA safety recall to discontinue using Magellan Diagnostics’ Lead-Care Testing Systems for analyzing venous blood samples also highlighted the need for improved blood lead testing and surveillance [90]. Ettinger et al. [91] reported that economic benefit of lowering lead levels among children by preventing lead exposure has been estimated at $213 billion per year [91]. Childhood lead poisoning prevention programs can effectively utilize Medicaid data to increase testing and improve blood lead surveillance [92]. Various sources of acquaintance to chromium exist; including lipstick, eye pencil, eyeliner, eyeshadow, and makeup powder [93,94]. Cr exists in two valence states, and both oxidation states, i.e. Cr3+ and Cr6+ can act as potential haptens causing ACD and skin ulcers [95,99]. Chromium ACD can be a chronic debilitating disease, perhaps because chromium is difficult to avoid. Toxic metals (cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel and. lead) from body cream basically moisturizers and skin-lightening (toning/bleaching) creams [100]. An increase in level of cadmium has been reported to inhibit DNA repair including mismatch, base excision, and nucleotide excision [101]. Zinc oxide (ZnO), an inorganic compound that appears as a white powder, is used frequently as an ingredient in sunscreens [102].

Zinc has been reported to cause the same signs of illness as does lead, and can easily be mistakenly diagnosed as lead poisoning [103]. Excess zinc exposure may induce toxic effects on the hematopoietic system, biochemistry and endocrine system function [104]. Skin care experts in the US reckon copper will be this decade’s most prominent anti-aging ingredient [105]. Copper delivery through skin can provide beneficial effects but its potential to induce skin irritation reactions is often overlooked [106]. Cobalt and nickel metals commonly found in lipstick, eyeshadow, face paint and hair cream associated with contact dermatitis. Cobalt and its salts are widely used as coloring agents in makeup and light-brown hair dyes [31]. Nickel compound exposure can lead to nephrotoxicity, skin irritation and hypersensitivity [107]. Cobalt chloride has a hazard rank of 9 in the Environmental Working Group (EWG) Skin Deep Database and is banned for use in cosmetics by the EU. Since cobalt and nickel are almost always found together, it is wise to avoid both metals [108]. Literature data show that in commercially available cosmetics have potentially toxic metals that may cause danger to human health. This is coupled with prolonged duration of contact, which may occur due to repeated use of the products. There’s an old saying that “A thing of beauty is joy forever”. But it should be imparted through avoiding beasts inside the beautification.

Acknowledgement

I’m thankful to Dr. Alessandra Panico, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy for her valuable time to audit my paper and for her thoughtful suggestions. I’m also grateful to seminar library of Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka and BANSDOC Library, Bangladesh for providing me books, journal and newsletters.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume4/heavy-metals-in-cosmetics-the-notorious-daredevils-and-burning-health-issues.000829.php

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jeremystrele · 4 years ago

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A Day In The Life Of Rae Johnston, Trailblazing TV Journalist And Organisation Super-Woman!

A Day In The Life

Sasha Gattermayr

SBS and NITV’s first science and tech editor, Rae Johnston. Photo – Alisha Gore.

‘I used to be a terrible morning person, but now I love it. It’s so peaceful,’ says Rae. Photo – Alisha Gore.

Rae has been working from home recently, and spends the first hour of the day clearing her inbox. At 9am the NITV team has an editorial meeting where everyone pitches their stories for the next 24 hours. Photo – Alisha Gore.

Once she’s gone on air or pre-recorded from the TV studio, Rae heads into the voice-over or radio booth to record a podcast episode or promo voice-overs. Photo – Alisha Gore.

Rae has just finished Uncanny Valley by Anna Wiener, an acclaimed memoir about the author’s experiences as a woman working in a tech startup in Silicon Valley. Photo – Alisha Gore.

Rae Johnston is an incessantly curious person. She has a system-minded brain and a constant thirst for knowledge, the perfect combo for a groundbreaking journalist at the top of her game. She is also a lifelong gamer and self-confessed geek, two passions that primed her for success in her first TV gig – a role as a video game TV presenter. This was the start of her windy, non-traditional route to journalism, one that involved no formal study and a LOT of on-the-spot learning.

‘I went through so much hate and harassment online during my early career, as one of the few female video game journalists in the country (and the world) that I’m pretty much indestructible at this point,’ she says. ‘There is very little about my own life that I keep private – I believe that by sharing the ups and downs in my life it helps break down the idea you have to be “perfect” on social media.’

Now, she’s at NITV and SBS, as the network’s first Science and Technology editor, a role which sees her producing content for television, podcasts and digital channels, as well as hosting tech and science-related panels and events around the country.

‘I love creating processes and efficient ways of working,’ says Rae, identifying herself as a ‘routine person’. ‘That’s always the biggest challenge of helping to create a new role – figuring out how it will work within the existing business – but it’s also my favourite part. Present me a problem, I’ll find five solutions and categorise them by effectiveness, resources required, and time needed to implement them.’

She’s not kidding. The big reveal during our interview (which is a surprise to no one once you’ve seen Rae’s credentials) is that she’s a fastidiously organised person. Between uninstalling social media desktop apps, scheduling her workdays down to 30-minute increments, and some pretty serious spreadsheets I would love to get my hands on for my own life admin purposes, Rae has some of the most impressive productivity hacks going around.

But when it comes down to it, for Rae everything rests on the four ‘wells’: well-rested, well-fed, well-caffeinated and well-organised. I’m obsessed with that mantra.

FIRST THING

I set my alarm for 5am every weekday. On Saturdays I let myself wake up naturally, but it’s usually no later than 7am whether I like it or not. On Sundays, I’m up early again to get ready for a hike.

On weekdays, the first thing I do is throw on my activewear and head to the gym. I like to do classes, whatever is happening, to mix it up. It’s usually a combination of yoga, boxing, and reformer pilates. On Saturdays, I grab a coffee with my husband and son and take our dog to the park. On Sundays I pack my hiking backpack with a thermos of tea and head off to a National Park for the day.

I used to be a terrible morning person, but now I love it. It’s so peaceful.

MORNING

Most days I work from home all day. If I’m hosting an event, or have a filming day in the studio I’ll drive. I bought a car for the first time this year, after 20 years of receiving not-worth-trading-in-hand-me-downs from family. I love driving.

I get back from the gym about 7am. I’ll pop my headphones in and catch up on news podcasts while I do some housework and have a coffee, then at 8am my workday begins.

I like to spend the first hour of the day clearing my inbox, then at 9am the NITV team has an editorial meeting where we all pitch our stories for the day. I could be writing an article for online, producing a TV news segment, scripting an explainer for our current affairs program, or preparing for a podcast episode. Working across all platforms means I have so much flexibility with where stories get to go.

For the rest of the morning, I’m usually making TV and radio appearances as well as chasing and conducting interviews on Zoom for my upcoming stories. It’s my peak research time.

I’ve been getting better at having breakfast every day. Working from home means I can cook something decent to eat while I’m doing my research.

LUNCHTIME

I break for lunch at 12pm every day, and try to eat in the sun as well. I’m following the CSIRO Total Wellbeing Diet at the moment – it makes me feel better, and gives me more energy.

AFTERNOON

If it’s a studio day, I’ll drive to the SBS/NITV studios after lunch. There I’ll usually head straight into hair and makeup, where I edit my scripts from my phone.

Once I’ve gone on air or pre-recorded from the TV studio, I’ll head into the voice-over or radio booth to record a podcast episode or promo voice-overs.

Then I like to clear my inbox again. Some days, I can get through all my emails.

My final task of the workday is to sort out my schedule for the following day. My life basically looks like a game of Tetris in a Google Calendar.

I usually have a big afternoon slump after recording – being on-air fills me with so much adrenaline, once it leaves my body I just want to nap. I usually have a piece of fruit and a cup of tea to give me a boost at around 4pm.

EVENING

I officially finish at 6pm, but sometimes I have radio or TV appearances in the evening. I find it hard to get any writing work done once the sun sets. I’m great in daylight hours, but as soon as it gets dark, my brain turns to mush.

Myself, my husband and my son take turns to cook – it’s great. If I’m cooking, I’m usually roasting a chicken or making a big pot of soup. My son is the burger specialist, and my husband loves to smoke meat, it’s amazing.

I love to knit while we watch a movie at nighttime. My nan taught me to knit when I was little, and I recently picked it back up again. It’s something to do with my hands that isn’t mindlessly scrolling through Instagram.

I do one of two things to switch off – I hike, and I play video games. Both force me to focus on one thing, don’t allow me to multitask, and show me new and wonderful places with friends and family.

LAST THING

I’m usually in bed by 9:30pm. I’ll start to wind down at 8:30pm with a hot shower, my skincare routine, some comfy PJs, a herbal tea and a book. I’ve started journaling recently, too.

I have clinical depression, and getting enough sleep every night helps me manage it. If I have a bad night, it can throw me off for a week. Sleep is very important to me, and I need a lot of it.

‘If it’s a studio day, I’ll drive to the SBS/NITV studios after lunch. There I’ll usually head straight into hair and makeup, where I edit my scripts from my phone,’ Rae explains. Photo – Alisha Gore.

Flooded with so much adrenaline after being on air, Rae usually experiences a classic 4pm slump. She usualy has a piece of fruit and a cup of tea to keep her going. Photo supplied courtesy of SBS.

Rae officially finishes at 6pm, but sometimes she slots in radio or TV appearances in the evening. Photo supplied courtesy of SBS.

Right now I’m listening to, watching, and reading…

I can never listen to, watch or read just one thing at a time.

So right now I’m listening to a few podcasts: Curtain by Amy McQuire and Martin Hodgson, the Wall Street Journal Tech Briefing and Shameless are my current regulars.

While in isolation I’ve been re-watching Parks and Recreation – I needed something comforting. I’ve also been watching Doom Patrol, an incredible comic series adaptation with Brendan Fraser.

I just finished reading Anna Weiner’s Uncanny Valley, a memoir of her experiences in the early days of Silicon Valley. I’m currently reading Growing Up Aboriginal In Australia, a collection of stories written by some of my NITV colleagues and edited by fellow Wiradjuri woman Anita Heiss. It really highlights the diversity of experience we have.

I get my best work done when…

I’m well-rested, well-fed, well-caffeinated and well-organised.

My productivity tool/tip is…

I’d be lost without my calendars. I have a year-to-a-view spreadsheet that I use to block out big event hosting days, and I use the weekly view on my digital calendar to schedule my workdays in 30-minute increments. It sounds like a lot, but it works for me, and keeps me on track.

I’ve uninstalled Twitter and Facebook from my phone, and only access them on desktop during work hours. I also set limits on Instagram so I don’t waste time scrolling.

A philosophy I live and work by is…

It used to be “never hope harder than you work”, and then I experienced burnout. Now it’s more along the lines of “do what you can, with what you have, where you are”. Everyone is “winging” it. Your best is always good enough.

Something I’ve learned the hard way is…

The importance of scheduling in down-time as well as work. I’m still learning where my limits are, and sometimes overextend myself, but I’m getting better.

Keep up with Rae’s fast-paced life on Instagram!

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herbs302 · 4 years ago

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Mardana Kamzori Ka Ilaj In Urdu.

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icustomboxeswholesale · 5 years ago

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