#sbs e3
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the cutest boss in the whole wide world
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https://www.tumblr.com/chrissfawn/748793895413055488/%EA%A8%84-make-it-up-%F0%93%82%83-%E3%85%A4-%E3%85%A4
what happened to part two? 😣
i literally hate the first part sb 💔💔 if i were to write part two i would rewrite part one before that
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日本最大の遊びの祭典、フィールドスタイル 【FIELDSTYLE EXPO 2024】に出展
① 2024年11月16(土)~17(���)に中部国際展示場(愛知県)で開催される『FIELDSTYLE EXPO 2024』に出展します。
https://field-style.jp/
https://field-style.jp/news/10580.html
Muthos Homuraは、D会場ブース番号336にて、数量限定で先行発売の新作ナイフを含めまして、展示・販売を予定していますので皆様にお会いできること楽しみにしております。
チケット当選者様特典
当日弊社ブースにて、今回送付の封筒をお持ちいただいた当選者様に新商品グッズであるMuthos Homuraタオルホルダー(330円税込)を1個プレゼント致します。
② 【新商品追加】シェラカップケース(シリコンバンド付き)
オールチタン製のUltra Light Sierra Cupシリーズに待望のキャリーケースが追加となりました。
Xタイプの4点留めできるシリコンバンドも付属しております。
ケース単体販売に加えて、深型・浅型・リッドプレートのセット時に購入特典としての付属も選べるようになりました。
(これまではキーホルダーのみ選択可能)
発売日:2024.11.1(現在発売中)
シェラカップケース(シリコンバンド付き)SCS-SB 価格:1,100円税込・送料別
https://muthos-homura.jp/items/%e3%82%b7%e3%82%a7%e3%83%a9%e3%82%ab%e3%83%83%e3%83%97%e3%82%b1%e3%83%bc%e3%82%b9%ef%bc%88%e3%82%b7%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b3%e3%83%b3%e3%83%90%e3%83%b3%e3%83%89%e4%bb%98%e3%81%8d%ef%bc%89/?c=outdoor
Titanium Ultra Light Sierra Standard Set+シェラカップケース 価格:7,700円税込・送料別
https://muthos-homura.jp/items/titanium-ultra-light-sierra-standard-set/?c=outdoor
Titanium Ultra Light Sierra ColorCollection Set+シェラカップケース 価格:11,000円税込・送料別
https://muthos-homura.jp/items/ti-ul-sierra-blue-set/?c=sports
引き続き、ご友人お知り合いへ、この投稿をシェア、SNSでの拡散して御紹介いただけると幸いです。
https://muthos-homura.jp/
MuthosHomura #ナイフ #ミュートスホムラ #新商品 #アウトドア #新色 #キャンプ #ギア #焚き火 #小林工具製作所 #燕三条 #カスタム #限定 #AICHISKYEXPO #2024年 #展示会 #愛知県国際展示場 #FIELDSTYLE #フィールドスタイル #イベント
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youtube
A One Piece theory about Roronoa Arashi, Zoro's father. Since the first translations of the Volume 105 SBS came out, many said that maybe Mihawk was the mysterious pirate who Roronoa Arashi was fighting against. I’d like to propose another possibility where Mihawk still plays an important role.
Correction: 'Himatsu' does NOT mean free time! Please, consider that few seconds nonexistent!
Date of upload: March 29th, 2023
Credits:
Music:
'There Was A Time' by Scott Buckley - released under CC-BY 4.0. www.scottbuckley.com.au
'Affirmations' by Scott Buckley - released under CC-BY 4.0. www.scottbuckley.com.au
Video:
By Why Steve on Pexels.com https://www.pexels.com/video/footage-of-a-incoming-storm-in-time-lapse-3842236/
Photo:
By Pixabay on Pexels.com https://www.pexels.com/photo/white-lightning-heating-mountain-53459/
By freestocks.org on Pexels.com https://www.pexels.com/photo/silver-iphone-6-987585/
Translations:
Artur – Library of Ohara https://twitter.com/newworldartur/status/1635369561972445184?cxt=HHwWgMDUnff8_7EtAAAA
Wiktionary
暇つぶし- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9A%87%E3%81%A4%E3%81%B6%E3%81%97
暇 - https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9A%87
つぶし ->むねつぶしhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%80%E3%81%AD%E3%81%A4%E3%81%B6%E3%81%97
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Futura x Nike SB Dunk Lowが2024年発売。 https://sneakerscartel.com/futura-x-nike-sb-dunk-low%e3%81%8c2024%e5%b9%b4%e7%99%ba%e5%a3%b2%e3%80%82/
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A Comprehensive Guide on How to Get Visa for USA
Different Categories of U.S. Visas
There are two main types of U.S. visas. There's the non-immigrant visa which is used to travel to the United States on a temporary basis, and there's the immigrant visa that's used for those who want to migrate and live permanently in the country.
Common Non-Immigrant Visas
There are different kinds of non-immigrant visas and each specifies a purpose to travel to the U.S. We will discuss in detail the common non-immigrant U.S. visas:
Business Visa (B-1): This visa is issued for foreign nationals traveling to the United States for business purposes, such as attending business meetings or consultations, conventions, and conferences, or negotiating contracts.
Tourist Visa (B-2): This visa is used for foreign nationals who want to travel to the United States for tourism purposes. This is also the same visa issued for foreign nationals seeking medical treatment in the U.S.
Student Visa (F, M): This visa is used for academic and vocational studies.
Media Visa (I): This visa is issued for foreign media, press, and radio.
Exchange Visitor Visa (J): This visa is for foreign nationals who are traveling to the U.S. to participate in a cultural exchange program. To be more specific, the different purposes of travel include categories of au pair, physician, professor, scholar, teacher, and exchange visitor.
Temporary Employment Visa (H, L, O, P, Q): The Temporary Employment Visa is issued for petition-based temporary employment in the U.S. The different visa categories under these are H-1B issued for people in a specialty occupation, H-1B1 for Free Trade Agreement professionals, H-2A for temporary agricultural workers, H-2B for temporary non-agricultural work, H-3 for trainee or special education visitors, L visas are issued for the purpose of intracompany transferee, O for individuals with extraordinary ability and achievement, P-1 for individuals, team athlete, or member of an entertainment group, P-2 and P-3 for artists and entertainers, and Q-1 visas are for participants in an international cultural exchange program.
Transit Visa (C): This visa is issued for travelers who have immediate and continuous transit that passes through the U.S. (a.k.a. layovers) en route to another country.
Common Immigrant U.S. Visas
The immigrant Visas are categorized into three, namely family-sponsored visas, employment-based visas, and diversity visa programs.
Immediate Relative & Family Sponsored (IR1, IR2, IR3, IR4, IR5, IH3, IH4, CRI, CR2, K-3, K-1, F1, F2A, F2B, F3, and F4): These visa categories are for applicants who are either a spouse of a U.S. citizen, fiancé/fiancée who will marry a U.S. citizen and live in the U.S., adoption of an orphan child by a U.S. citizen, or for certain family members of a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent residents.
Employer-Sponsored (E1, E2, E3, EW3, C5, T5, R5, I5, S, SD, SR, SI, and SQ): These visas are issued for employment-based immigrants such as religious workers, Iraqi and Afghan translators and interpreters, and Iraqis and Afghans who worked for/on behalf of the U.S. government.
Diversity Immigrant Visa (DV): This visa is issued for those who successfully registered for the Diversity Immigrant Visa (DV) Program.
Returning Resident (SB): This visa is for permanent U.S. residents or conditional residents who stayed outside of the U.S. for more than one year or beyond the validity period of a re-entry permit, that need a new immigrant visit to re-enter the country.
For those who do not see a visa category that fits their reason for traveling to the U.S., it is best to refer to the U.S. Embassy of the Philippines' list of visas.
How to Determine the Right Visa Category to Apply For?
The U.S. Embassy has what you call a "Visa Wizard" which guides you in identifying which visa category to apply for. It asks questions such as, "What country/authority or area issued your passport?" and "Why are you traveling to the U.S.?"
This does not determine if you are or aren't eligible to receive a U.S. visa. It is still up to the U.S. Embassy to decide your eligibility and the visa category suitable for your purpose of travel.
List of U.S. Visa Requirements
The specific requirements for a U.S. visa depend on the type of visa you're applying for. However, there are similar or general requirements that apply to most types of visa categories. Here is a list of those requirements:
Valid passport: The passport must be valid for at least six months beyond the period of stay in the U.S.
A completed visa application: Depending on the visa category you're applying for, the visa application can be accomplished online or in person at a U.S. consulate or embassy.
Receipt of payment of visa fees: Visa fees, which are non-refundable, vary depending on the type of visa being sought.
Photo: Most visa categories will require a colored 2x2 photo of you within the last six months. There are specific requirements for the photo, i.e. that the applicant's photo should be of in a full-face view and with a neutral facial expression, taken behind a plain white or off-white background, and wearing clothes normally worn on a daily basis. See the list of requirements.
Evidence of ties to home country: Especially for tourist visas, it is best to have evidence of your employment or family ties in the Philippines. This is to show that you, the applicant, have a purpose to return to your home country. This may include proof of employment, family ties, property ownership, or other evidence.
Health and character requirements: Some visa categories require applicants to undergo medical examinations and/or provide police clearance certificates. For example, immigrant visas require a medical exam in the Philippines prior to the visa interview, specifically at St. Luke's Medical Extension Clinic at 1177 Jorge Bocobo St, Ermita, Manila.
Supporting documents: Supporting documents vary depending on the visa category, such as bank statements and travel itineraries. For those applying for a student visa (F, M), a consular officer may require documents such as transcripts, diplomas, and degrees.
U.S. Visa Application Forms and Links
The U.S. Embassy has standardized visa application forms, both in print and online, depending on the visa category you want to apply for. These need to be fulfilled before the scheduled visa interview.
Non-Immigrant Visa Forms and Links
DS-160: Online Nonimmigrant Visa Application
DS-156E: Non-immigrant Treaty Trader or Investor Application
DS-158: Contact Information and Work History for Nonimmigrant Visa Applicant
DS-1648 Online: Application for A, G, or NATO Visa
DS-2019: Certificate of Eligibility for Exchange Visitor Status. : This does not have a downloadable form or link. It is advised that the applicant contact their exchange visitor program sponsor.
DS-3035: J-1 Visa Waiver Recommendation
Immigrant Visa Forms and Links
DS-117: Application to Determine Returning Resident Status
DS-157: Petition for Special Immigrant Classification for Afghan SIV Applicant
DS-230: Application for Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration (Cuban Family Reunification Parole applications only)
DS-260: Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration Application (Immigrant Visa and Diversity Visa Program applications only) (Sample)
DS-261: Choice of Address and Agent
DS-234: Special Immigrant Visa Biodata Form
DS-1981: Affidavit Concerning Exemption from Immigration Requirements for a Foreign Adopted Child
DS-1884: Petition to Classify Special Immigrant Under INA 203(b)(4) as an Employee or Former Employee of the U.S. Government Abroad
FAQs on the U.S. Visa Application Process
How Much Does It Cost to Apply for a U.S. Visa?
For non-immigrant visas, the fee starts at U.S. $160 or P8,929, while an immigrant visa application processing fee starts at U.S. $205 or P11,441. These visa fees are non-refundable. In some visa categories (i.e. E-1, E-2, H-1B, H4, L-1, L-2, R-1, and R-2) there is a need to pay for an additional visa issuance fee that ranges from U.S. $363 or P20,278 to U.S. $813 or P45,417.
*United States Dollar to Philippine Peso exchange rate used as of May 15, 2023.
How Can I Pay For My U.S. Visa Application Fee?
You can pay for the visa application fee online via PesoNet or RCBC, or through bank transfers via RCBC. Here's what you need to know:
Online payment: All payments made from midnight to 3 p.m. via RCBC, will receive the receipt purchase date on the same day. It is best to book the interview four to 24 hours after the payment.
Bank transfer: For online payments made through RCBC and PesoNet, the receipt purchase date will be given the next day. It is best to book the interview a day after the receipt purchase date and after 11 a.m.
How to Schedule a USA Visa Interview Appointment?
There are two ways to schedule the interview: online and live chat.
Online: First, you must register and create a profile on the U.S. Department of State's website. This will ask for your visa type, visa category, visa class, and personal data (passport details, contact information, mailing address), then you can proceed to the calendar which will tell what dates are available for the interview.
Live Chat: You may also opt to schedule an appointment through the U.S. Embassy's live chat by clicking the red LIVE CHAT button. This is available from Monday to Friday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (except during Philippine and U.S. holidays).
What Do I Need to Bring to the U.S. Embassy on the Day of My Interview?
There are different requirements per visa category, but below are the common documents that need to be hand-carried and submitted to the U.S. Embassy by non-immigrant (B-1 and B-2) visa applicants on the day of the scheduled interview:
A valid passport and if applicable, old passport/s with a U.S. visa
A printed copy of DS-26
Visa application fee receipt
One 2x2 colored photo
Supporting documents: current proof of income, tax payments, travel itinerary, a letter from employer detailing your employment, criminal/court records pertaining to any arrest or conviction.
For students: latest school results, transcripts, and degrees/diplomas. Best to bring monthly bank statements, and fixed deposit slips to show financial support.
For working adults: employment letter from employer and payslips from the most recent three months.
For business visitors: evidence of your position in the company and remuneration.
For those visiting a relative: photocopies of your relative's proof of status (e.g. Green Card, naturalization certificate, valid visa, etc).
For previous visitors to the U.S.: any documents attesting to your immigration or visa status.
For those seeking medical treatment: medical diagnosis from a local physician, a letter from a physician or medical facility based in the U.S. that's willing to treat the medical condition, and a statement of financial responsibility from the individual/organization paying for your transportation, medical, and living expenses.
IMPORTANT: If you're not applying for a B-1 or a B-2 visa category, check this list of requirements needed for the visa category you're applying for.
For security reasons, visa applicants are not allowed to bring any battery-operated or electronic device (mobile phones, digital watches, cameras, laptops, et cetera) inside the U.S. Embassy.
The following items, but not limited to, are also not allowed inside the U.S. Embassy: large shoulder bags, backpacks, briefcases, food items, sealed envelopes or packages, cigarettes, cigars, lighters, sharp objects, weapons, and explosive materials. The embassy does not have a storage facility or lockers where you can store your phone and other prohibited items.
Where is the U.S. Embassy in the Philippines?
The interview is held at the U.S. Embassy in Manila, 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila, Philippines. For inquiries, the U.S. Embassy can be contacted at (632) 5301-2000.
The U.S. Consular Agency is at Waterfront Hotel, Lower Ground Floor, 6000 Salinas Dr, Lahug, Cebu City. You can contact them at 32 231-1261. The agency does not provide any visa services to Filipinos, they only assist U.S. citizens based in the area and U.S. citizens in nearby provinces who are in need of passport and citizenship services.
How Much Money Should I Have In My Bank?
There is no specific predetermined amount balance needed. In fact, in some cases, the consul officer doesn't ask for the bank records, while in some, even having more than a hundred thousand pesos doesn't guarantee an approved U.S. visa application. Remember that show money isn't the only factor the consul officer considers in approving or denying your application.
How Long Before My U.S. Visa Application Gets Approved?
Applicants will know during the interview itself if the application is approved or denied. The consul officer who will conduct the interview will notify you of your visa status by the end of the interview. If denied, a reason for the denial is provided.
How Long Is the Validity of My U.S. Visa?
Part of the admission process is that the consul officer decides right after the interview, on the spot, whether to grant the U.S. visa. However, in most cases, the consul officer won't specify the period of validity and whether the visa is single-entry or multiple-entry.
You, the applicant, will know of the period validity and the travel permit once you receive back your passport with the approved visa.
How to check the status of receiving the U.S. visa?
In the case that your U.S. visa application is approved, you will be notified of the specific time when you can pick up your passport at the U.S. Embassy. There is also an option to check the status online via the U.S. Department of State's Consular Electronic Application Center's Visa Status Check.
To claim the passport, bring the blue ticket stub that was given after the interview.
What Are the Common Reasons for U.S. Visa Denials?
The common reasons for U.S. visa denials are incomplete or inaccurate forms, insufficient financial proof that you can sustain the trip, and lack of ties to the home country. It is also important to answer the consul officer's answers honestly, as they are meticulous and will cross-examine your answers.
Source: spot.ph
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Went to the Bethesda E3 streaming party here in Sydney. It was at a bar that had arcade machines and a couple of bowling lanes, which was neat. (Also free beer, so that was great)
Too bad the freebie bags were just filled with Fallout 76 stuff. Possibly even from the collectors editions they couldn’t sell, given the maps and figures from them.
#sb stuff#e3 2019#also they put in steelbook covers for it#no game inside just the case#im assuming one or two were meant to have some ‘you won lucky door prize!’ thing#still kinda weird
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Favorite FFXIV OSTs Meme
What’s up boomers and non-boomers. I made a tag meme that I hope nobody has done before yet.
Rules are simple. List your top five FFXIV (and ONLY XIV) OSTs from each category and any honorable mentions if there are any! It’s not necessary to rank them if you aren’t able to. You’re also free to add any comments or list any additional soundtracks that may not fit any of the categories listed! Then tag as many friends as you wish!
Top Five Dungeon Soundtracks
A Long Fall (The Twinning)
Insatiable (Shadowbringers Final Bosses)
Locus - The Primals (The Twinning Final Boss)
Ink Long Dry (The Great Gubal Library)
A Light in the Storm (Pharos Sirius)
Honorable mentions: The Ancient City (Lost City of Amdapor HM), Unbreakable - Duality (Fractal Continuum HM), A Land Long Dead (The Burn), Earth Wind and Water (The Swallow’s Compass), To Fire and Sword (Holminster Switch)
Top Five Trial Soundtracks
What Angel Wakes Me (Titania)
Who Brings Shadow (ShB final boss / ShB main theme)
Wayward Daughter (Tsukuyomi)
Final Steps of Faith (Nidhogg, yes all three phases.)
From the Dragon’s Wake (Seiryu)
Honorable mentions: Sunrise (Suzaku), The Worm’s Tail (SB final boss), Equilibrium (Sophia), Woe that is Madness (Bismarck), Fiend (Sephirot)
Top Five Raid Soundtracks
Rise (A12 - Alexander Prime)
eScape (O11 - Omega)
Exponential Entropy (A11 - Cruise Chaser)
Song of the Ancients (The Copied Factory)
Weight of the World Prelude Ver (The Copied Factory final boss)
Honorable mentions: Locus (Alexander Boss), Metal (Alexander Boss), Landslide (E4 - Titan), Blinding Indigo (E3 - Leviathan)
Comments: Can you tell I really really like Alexander raid music? Also I know Song of the Ancients isn’t a ffxiv unique track but just shhhhh
Top Five Location / Area Soundtracks
Neath Dark Waters (The Tempest at that location)
Drowning in the Horizon (The Azim Steppe)
Fierce and Free (Il Mheg)
Civilizations (The Rak’tika Greatwood)
Sands of Amber (Amh Araeng)
Honorable mentions: Knowledge Never Sleeps (The Crystarium night), Serenity (The Black Shroud), Night in the Brume (Ishgard night), The Quick Way (Kholusia night), A Father’s Pride (Yanxia), Sultana Dreaming (Ul’dah night), Lost in the Clouds (Sea of Clouds)
Top Five Beast Tribe Soundtracks
The Garden’s Gates (Pixies)
Indomitable (Kojin of the Blue)
777 Whiskers (Namazu)
Piece of Mind (Vath)
Keepers of the Lock (Ananta)
Honorable mentions: Anything other than the moogle theme god please
Top Five “Other” Soundtracks
On Our Fates Alight (Amaro mount theme)
Culling Time Theme (The Feast)
Papaya (Easter theme. This song makes me happy, okay?)
A Fierce Air Forceth (Onsal Hakair (Danshing Nadaam))
Dreams Aloft (Cid’s theme)
Honorable mentions: Moonfire Faire, Decisions (Little Ladies’ Day), The Kiss (Valentione’s Day), Rencounter (Shadowbringers combat theme)
Tagged by: I created this meme!
Tagging: Everybody who sees this! If you did and wanna do the meme yourself, tag me!
#ffxiv#final fantasy xiv#final fantasy 14#ff14#illya skawi#lalafell#mine#tag meme#ffxiv ost meme#i really like the music in this game okay#close your eyes and listen#technically this isn't a playlist but it's all of my favorite ffxiv tracks in one place#so might as well for easy reference#also you can't tell very clearly but she's sitting on byakko in that pic!!!#and of course there's toy alexander#he deserves it for having the best themes#don't @ me about alexander. i will fite you
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Brothers
How is this giant of a man so fucking cute?!
[I'm not very good at making gifs. It's all fun and games for me and I don't know how to convert 1080p files into high quality gifs but I hope you like them.]
#step by step#step by step episode 3#episode 3#sbs e3#sbs ep 3#ep 3#jeng#jarb#jeng + jarb#jaab#forkaroundgifs#forkgifs#my gifs#do not repost
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They've announced a nintendo Direct for *drumroll*....... smash bros. I know its not that deep but it's hard not to feel like they're neglecting the AC fans >.
As someone who does not and has never played Smash Bros (and nothing against it. I’m sure it’s fun, but not my type of game), I find it rather annoying just how much coverage and info it gets. I know it’s REALLY popular, and has ongoing additions, so it makes sense. But it still sucks as someone who is always looking forward to different Nintendo game info (not just AC), and there’s always so much time dedicated to SB. It brings back terrible memories of E3 a few years ago that was like 40 minutes of SB. That was awful.
Also this one is showing the latest DLC character and is 35 minutes!? I cannot fathom what it will show for that long... but again, not knowledgeable about the game. 🤷🏼♀️
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Sleeping with the Fishes?: A Neurobiological Link between Sleep in Humans and Zebrafish
As a college student, it may not seem like we get much sleep; however, humans in general spend around 1/3 of their lives sleeping. Surprisingly enough, the reasons for why we sleep this long are still relatively unknown. While not completely understood, various studies have implicated sleep being involved in: energy conservation, restoration and repair, brain plasticity, as well as memory consolidation [1]. Regardless of the multiple theories as for why we sleep, sleep has been observed in all living animals with a brain. Even some of the most basic organisms, such as jellyfish, go into sleep like states [2]! Results like these seem to suggest that sleep may be required for all animals with a nervous system—even one as simple as a nerve net.
Whereas sleep may be present in all living animals, its characteristics vary between organisms. That being said, the complex sleep that we humans go through is thought to be very similar to other higher-level vertebrates, such as other mammals and birds. Human sleep can be classified into two categories: NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, and REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. NREM sleep is characterized by decreased physiological processes. Compared to being awake, NREM sleep is a period of rest with decreased respiratory rate, decreased heart rate, decreased body temperature, and a decrease in muscle tension compared to being awake. On the other hand, REM sleep closely resembles the physiology that one would expect to see in an awake brain. If you were to compare the brain waves generated in an awake individual to the brain waves in an individual going through REM sleep by using an EEG, you would notice that they share high frequency, low amplitude Beta and Gamma waves. This “alertness” found in the brain during REM sleep tells us that this is the period of sleep in which we dream. Furthermore, other physiological changes that are exclusive to REM sleep are decreased muscle tone, as well as a paralysis of muscles except for the rapid eye movement that is occurring. Like the very function of sleep itself, the reasons for why we dream in REM sleep is not fully understood; however, most of the research points towards dreaming being a way of memory consolidation. Additionally, while it may seem odd that the body is paralyzed during REM sleep due to the loss of muscle tone, it likely helps in preventing the sleeping individual from acting out their dreams/nightmares and accidentally harming themselves [3].
NREM and REM sleep also differ in the neurotransmitters that are present. In general, neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit a chemical synapse (or signal) from one neuron to another target neuron. For REM sleep, the primary neurotransmitter involved is Acetylcholine (ACh). In comparison to NREM sleep, ACh is increased in both REM sleep and an awake brain [4]. ACh plays a role as both an excitatory (meaning it increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential to send a signal) and inhibitory neurotransmitter (meaning that it decreases the likelihood that a neuron fires an action potential to send a signal). For example, ACh is responsible for the muscle paralysis and the vivid dreaming associated with REM sleep. For NREM sleep, there are two main neurotransmitters: GABA and Serotonin. In the brain, GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter. While GABA may also promote wakefulness in parts of the brain, for the most part it is involved in prolonging NREM sleep, and as such GABAmimetic (biological mimics of GABA) drugs are often used to promote sleep or sedation. [4]. Additionally, Serotonin is also prevalent in NREM sleep. During NREM sleep, Serotonin inhibits some of the ACh signaling, thus regulating REM sleep [4]
As previously discussed, it has been thought that human REM and NREM sleep can only be seen in higher vertebrates such as other mammals and birds. A recent study by Leung et al, Neural Signatures of Sleep in Zebrafish seems to challenge this notion, suggesting that this type of sleeping may be closer on the evolutionary ladder than what was previously thought [5]. For this discovery, the researchers investigated sleep signatures in zebrafish larvae. While zebrafish do not have a neocortex like humans (where sleep signatures are normally recorded), they do possess a dorsal pallium that is considered an evolutionary homologue of the neocortex. In order to study the zebrafishes’ brain activity, they first engineered fish larvae that expressed a florescent calcium indicator. They then sleep deprived some of the fish and inspected both the sleep deprived and the non-sleep deprived fish (as a control) under a microscope. In comparison to the control, the sleep deprived fish exhibited short frequency, high amplitude bursts of neural activation that would be analogous to NREM sleep in mammals. These results were then confirmed by inducing normal sleep via hypnotic compounds, and this sleep was deemed “Slow Bursting Sleep” (SBS). Upon further research into SBS, they measured eye movement activity, heart rate, muscle activity, and respiration rate in the zebrafish. On all accounts, they were decreased as with mammalian NREM sleep. When further tests confirmed the presence of cholinergic neurotransmission (NT involving ACh), the researchers were able to notice another pattern of waves they deemed “Propagating Wave Sleep” (PWS). With PWS there was a complete loss of muscle tone and an increased variability in heart rate compared to the SBS state. These facts along with the ability for PWS to be induced by cholinergic agonists (ACh like chemicals) seem to suggest that PWS may be analogous to REM sleep in mammals. The only difference they found is that there was an absence of rapid eye movements in zebrafish sleep. Because of the similarities between SBS and NREM sleep as well as between PWS and REM sleep, it can be concluded that humans share a common evolutionary ancestor with vertebrates for their complex sleep cycles. Perhaps our mammalian sleep cycle is shared with more vertebrates than what we have previously thought, and the old saying of “sleeping with the fishes” is more than just an old idiom.
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References:
[1] Brinkman JE, Sharma S. Physiology, Sleep. [Updated 2020 Mar 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482512/
[2] Nath RD, Bedbrook CN, Abrams MJ, et al. The Jellyfish Cassiopea Exhibits a Sleep-like State. Curr Biol. 2017;27(19):2984‐2990.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.014
[3] Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research; Colten HR, Altevogt BM, editors. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006. 2, Sleep Physiology. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19956/
[4] Watson CJ, Baghdoyan HA, Lydic R. Neuropharmacology of Sleep and Wakefulness. Sleep Med Clin. 2010;5(4):513‐528. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2010.08.003
[5] Leung LC, Wang GX, Madelaine R, et al. Neural signatures of sleep in zebrafish. Nature. 2019;571(7764):198‐204. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1336-7
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3,5,6 have fun, sweetie!
thank you!!
3) Do you have a favorite primal?
tsukuyomi and suzaku!! im probably more biased to yomi, though!! i just [clenches fist] love pretty girls who beat the stuffing out of me when they were current content
i could textwall about how much i love yotsuyu but all i will say right now is that shes the only ffxiv villain i sympathize with, and explaining why is a little personal sfndnsdnsd. i also got to do her fight at E3 2018 with bobacupcake! (we took a pic with yoshi-p too, which was really cool except the lighting was bad so I LOOKED BAD!! wait none of this is related to the question-)
5) Which storyline was your favorite from the game? (ARR, HVNS, STMB, SHBR)
ive never seen the three expansions acronymed like that before. huh. its shadowbringers by far and i sure dont know why that is!! i sure dont know!!!!!
also part of why shb did me in was... i wasnt very attached to thancred, urianger, and og minfilia before it. shb made me pay attention to them - though if it was by making them more interesting or by me going at my own pace through the story for once so i could actually properly soak it all in, im not sure! but my newfound fondness for them is why lunyas relationship development with urianger and thancred all takes place in shb nsfdnndfsndf
hw was my favourite before, but i think arr and sb are both good stories by their own right and they just get overshadowed by hw and shb sandwiching them
6) Do you have a favorite mount?
gently places this pic on the table
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Supreme×Nike SB×Jordanが発売か? https://sneakerscartel.com/supremexnike-sbxjordan%e3%81%8c%e7%99%ba%e5%a3%b2%e3%81%8b/
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