#saterland

[yvanspijk]

Dear means 'valued; precious; beloved'. However, in certain expressions it also means 'expensive', such as in to cost dear. This meaning, inherited from Proto-Germanic, became dominant in cognates of dear, such as Dutch duur, German teuer, and Swedish dyr. The infographic tells you the whole story.

[gwendolynlerman]

Deutschribing Germany

Languages

Most languages native to Germany belong to the Germanic family, but some of them are Slavic languages. German is the official language, with over 95% of the country speaking Standard German or one of its dialects as their first language.

There are six recognized minority languages: Danish, Lower Sorbian, North Frisian, Romani, Saterland Frisian, and Upper Sorbian. The main immigrant languages spoken are Arabic, Dutch, Greek, Italian, Kurdish, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Tamil, Turkish, and Ukrainian.

German (Deutsch)

German belongs to the West Germanic group of languages and is the native language of 95 million people. It is the official language in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Switzerland, as well as South Tyrol in Italy, and is a recognized minority language in ten countries from four different continents.

German Standard German is the standardized variety of German spoken in Germany. Its pronunciation is similar to the German spoken in Hanover. Its alphabet has 30 letters: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ä ö ü ß. Most German vocabulary is of Germanic origin, but around one fifth was taken from French or Latin. German dialects and varieties are explained in detail in this post.

Romani (rromani ćhib)

Sinte Romani (sintitikes) is the variety of Romani spoken in Germany and neighboring countries. It belongs to the Northwestern Romani dialect group, which in turn is part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. It is spoken by around 195,000 people and is not mutually intelligible with other Romani varieties.

There is no standard pronunciation or grammar. The alphabet has 31 letters: a b c č čh d dž e f g h i j k kh l m n o p ph r s š t th u v x z ž.

Danish (dansk)

Danish is a North Germanic language with 6 million native speakers. It is the official language of Denmark and the Faroe Islands and a recognized minority language in Schleswig-Holstein and Greenland.

The Danish alphabet has 29 letters, including the 26 found in the English one and æ, ø, and å.

Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbšćina)

Upper Sorbian (Obersorbische Dialekte in the map) belongs to the West Slavic branch and is recognized as a minority language in Saxony, where its 13,000 native speakers live.

Its alphabet has 34 letters: a b c č ć d dź e ě f g h ch i j k ł l m n ń o ó p r ř s š t u w y z ž.

North Frisian (Nordfriisk)

North Frisian is part of the West Germanic branch and is spoken natively by 10,000 people in Schleswig-Holstein. It comprises 10 dialects, which are divided into two groups: insular and mainland.

Its phonology and orthography vary depending on the dialect, but there are 32 basic letters: a ä å b ch d dj đ/ð e f g h i j k l lj m n ng nj o ö p r s sch t tj u ü w.

Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbšćina)

Lower Sorbian (Niedersorbische Dialekte in the map of Sorbian dialects) is a West Slavic language spoken natively by 6,900 people in Brandenburg.

It uses the same letters as Upper Sorbian but adds ś and ź and uses ŕ instead of ř, bringing the total number of letters to 36.

Saterland Frisian (Seeltersk)

Saterland Frisian belongs to the West Germanic branch and is recognized as a minority language in Lower Saxony. It is spoken by 2,200 people and has three fully mutually intelligible dialects.

Its orthography has not been standardized yet, but there are 31 common letters: a ä b ch d e f g h i ie j k/kk ks kw l m n ng o oa ö p r s sch t u ü v w.

Here is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the native languages of Germany:

German: Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen.

Romani: Sa e manušikane strukture bijandžona tromane thaj jekhutne ko digniteti thaj capipa. Von si baxtarde em barvale gndaja thaj godžaja thaj trubun jekh avereja te kherjakeren ko vodži pralipaja.

Danish: Alle mennesker er født frie og lige i værdighed og rettigheder. De er udstyret med fornuft og samvittighed, og de bør handle mod hverandre i en broderskabets ånd.

Upper Sorbian: Wšitcy čłowjekojo su wot naroda swobodni a su jenacy po dostojnosći a prawach. Woni su z rozumom a swědomjom wobdarjeni a maja mjezsobu w duchu bratrowstwa wobchadźeć.

North Frisian: Ali Mensken sen frii, likwērtig en me disalev Rochten bēren. Ja haa Forstant en Giweeten mefingen en skul arküđer üs Bröđern öntöögentreer. (Sylt/Sölring dialect)

Lower Sorbian: Wšykne lu��e su lichotne roźone a jadnake po dostojnosći a pšawach. Woni maju rozym a wědobnosć a maju ze sobu w duchu bratšojstwa wobchadaś.

Saterland Frisian: Aal do Moanskene sunt fräi un gliek in Wöide un Gjuchte gebooren. Joo hääbe Fernunft un Gewieten meekriegen un schällen sik eenuur as Bruure ferhoolde. (Ramsloh dialect)

Translation: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

[twyrrinren]

Fun fact: "Touden" is a "thorn" in Saterland Frisian

[fortressofserenity]

X-Men and Cultural Appropriation

I pretty much pointed out how the X-Men writers have indulged in cultural appropriation to varying degrees, in the sense that the mutants are stand-ins for ethnic minorities but most of them don’t speak minority languages. Mind you, minority languages are minority because they’re not commonly spoken due to being stigmatised and discouraged. People would get whacked if they spoke in such a language, whilst this never really happened in the X-Men stories as far as I remember. It doesn’t help when at least most X-Men writers either don’t speak any minority language or bother learning it, which would explain the ironically appropriative air X-Men stories give off.

Like they co-opt minority experiences but almost none of the writers are either into minority cultures nor are they minorities themselves, this is likely why both Sean and Theresa Cassidy fit Irish stereotypes but neither of them speak Irish. It wouldn’t hurt if Rahne Sinclair actually spoke Scots instead of weird butchered English she sometimes she’s slotted into, I don’t think there are any mutants who speak Venetian, Lombard/Milanese, Low German and Saterland Frisian either. Again this involves a greater admiration for something this marginalised as a minority language of any given country than is commonly shown and done in X-Men comics, honestly I got into Irish because of loving Irish foik music.

So there is a difference between cultural appreciation and cultural appropriation, the former involves actually loving and respecting the culture in question and the other makes a mockery out of it when borrowed though sometimes they are blurred together. (Trust me, it’s like that with me when it comes to China until recently.) The X-Men stories and their respective writers frequently fall into the latter, especially when it comes to non-American and/or nonwhite mutants. This is likely why as I said before, both Cassidys are Irish stereotypes who neither speak Irish to any degree.

It’s kind of tragic when you realise how there is a difference between reiterating ethnic stereotypes and having any real appreciation for/interest in certain cultures, this may not always be the case but it seems in my case my interest in Ireland stemmed from learning Irish from Irish folk music. I don’t think X-Men stories ever lead me to loving foreign cultures the way I did with Irish folk music, so it becomes really evident that X-Men writers have co-opted the experiences of minorities for their characters and stories but show no real interest in those people themselves.

It’s not just that Siryn and her father are Irish stereotypes (or at least started out as such), but how the other mutants don’t speak any minority language which would’ve furthered the minority comparison more. There aren’t any mutants who speak Lombard, Venetian, Breton, Welsh, Frisian, Low German, Sicilian, Sardinian, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Kurdish and Nahuatl, maybe until recently, despite X-Men writers’ tendency to harp on mutants as the ultimate minority, the minority of all minorities within Marvel stories. You might say that they’re obscure and irrelevant, but they are important markers of social identity to some people.

If I were to compare X-Men to any one of the Milestone stories (Icon and Blood Syndicate), the latter two are written by members of actual minorities so there’s going to be an authenticity that most X-Men stories lack. If X-Men writers and stories alike reveal an insincerity in showing the (ethnic) minority perspective, this could partly explain why not a lot of mutants speak minority languages. This may not always be the case, but it is telling how this aspect of social identity gets missed out. If X-Men stories are inadequate and untrustworthy when it comes to the minority language, perhaps something else does.

One that even outdoes X-Men when it comes to portraying ethnic/linguistic minorities at all, especially when written by actual minorities and/or those who speak minority languages.

[transgenderer]

luck

From Middle English luk, lukke, related to Old Frisian luk (“luck”), West Frisian gelok (“luck”), Saterland Frisian Gluk (“luck”), Dutch geluk (“luck, happiness”), Low German luk (“luck”), German Glück (“luck, good fortune, happiness”), Danish lykke (“luck”), Swedish lycka (“luck”), Icelandic lukka (“luck”). According to the OED, it may be related to lock.

Loaned into English in the 15th century (probably as a gambling term) from Middle Dutch luc, a shortened form of gheluc (“good fortune”), whence Modern Dutch geluk. Middle Dutch luc, gheluc is paralleled by Middle High German lücke, gelücke (modern German Glück). The word occurs only from the 12th century, apparently first in Rhine Frankish. Perhaps from a Frankish *galukki. The word enters standard Middle High German during the 13th century, and spreads to English and Scandinavian in the Late Middle Ages. Its origin seems to have been regional or dialectal, and there were competing German words such as gevelle or schick, or the Latinate fortūne from Latin fortūna. Its etymology is unknown, although there are numerous proposals as to its derivations from a number of roots.

[seo-crashkurs]

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[annoyinglyoptimisticcompute-blog]

wilderness

From Middle English wildernes, wildernesse (“uninhabited, uncultivated, or wild territory; desolate land; desert; (figuratively) depopulated or devastated place; state of devastation or ruin; human experience and life”) [and other forms],[1] and then either:

from Middle English wilderne (“deserted or uninhabited place, wilderness; land not yet settled”) [and other forms] (from Old English wilddeōren (“savage, wild”); see below)[2] + -nes, -nesse (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting qualities or states);[3] or

from Old English *wildēornes, *wilddēornes, probably from wilddēor (“wild animal”) [and other forms] or more likely from wilddēoren (“savage, wild”) (from wilddēor + -en (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘consisting of; material made of’)) + -nes (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting qualities or states).[4]

Wilddēor is derived from wilde (“savage, wild”) (ultimately either from Proto-Indo-European *wel-, *welw- (“hair, wool; ear of corn, grass; forest”), or *gʷʰel- (“wild”)) + dēor (“beast, wild animal”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes- (“to breathe; breath; soul, spirit; creature”)).

The English word is cognate with Danish vildnis (“wilderness”),

 German Wildernis, Wildnis (“wilderness”), 

MiddleDutch wildernisse (“wilderness”) 

(modern Dutch wildernis (“wilderness”)), 

Middle Low German wildernisse (“wilderness”) 

(German Low German Wildernis (“wilderness”)), 

Saterland Frisian Wüüldernis (“wilderness”), 

West Frisian wyldernis (“wilderness”).

Sense 3.3 (“situation of disfavour or lack of recognition”) is a reference to Numbers 14:32–33 in the Bible (King James Version; spelling modernized): “But as for you, your carcasses, they shall fall in this wilderness. And your children shall wander in the wilderness forty years, and bear your whoredoms, until your carcasses be wasted in the wilderness.”

[jobfinde]

Servicetechniker Lüftungstechnik / Klimatechnik (m/w/d)

[schuhplus]

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[yvanspijk]

Bone & Bein

The word bone has the same origin as German Bein, Dutch been, and Swedish ben, which mean both 'bone' and 'leg'. These nouns are thought to stem from an adjective meaning 'straight'. It lives on in Icelandic beinn and Norwegian be(i)n 'straight; right'.

[the4906]

From Middle English newes, newys (“new things”), equivalent to new (noun) +‎ -s. Compare Saterland Frisian Näis (“news”), East Frisian näjs ("news"), West Frisian nijs (“news”), Dutch nieuws (“news”), German Low German Neeis (“new things; news”), though unlike the English word, these originated as genitives, not plurals. Sometimes erroneously claimed to be an acronym of "North, East, West, South" or "Noteworthy Events, Weather, Sports".

"i was today years old when I learned [the most blatantly untrue folk etymology you've ever heard]!!"