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biomedgrid · 4 years ago

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Biomed Grid | Applied Transdérmic Photobiomodulator Therapy About the Primary Carotide Artery in Patients Under Hormonal Blockers and Dynude Disorders and Pathogenic Flora of Orofaringeo and Systemic Repercussions

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to categorize a transdermal anatomical location in the Primitive Carotid Artery (Common) for the use of modified Intrasvacular LASER Irradiation of Blood (ILIB). This study was conducted in twelve patients undergoing hormone blockers - Anastrozole / six and Tamoxifen / six and five patients without hormone therapy, all of which were performed in patients currently undergoing disease control therapy, where the site primary neoplastic were the mammary ducts (uni or bilateral). The noninvasive therapy of systemic LASER in the cervical region was motivated by the biological, technical and functional inactivity guided by the INCA (National Cancer Institute - Brazil) in order to avoid any manipulations on the same side of the operated breast, specifically the arm, due to to the possibilities of undesirable intercurrences that may cause clinical lowering and laboratory markers during the multidisciplinary treatment. Cancer patients treated with personalized protocols associated with the carotid region reduce the health-disease process related to morbidities as a consequence of the dysgeusias and imbalance of the oral microbiome. Adding to these benefits of photoenteral therapy (ILIB modified), systemic ones, promoted by the bifurcation of the primitive carotid artery in internal and external, triggering a homeostatic hormonal balance and vascularization of the anterior region of the face, correspondingly.

Keywords: Leadership; Teamwork; Scenario Awareness; Non-Technical Skills; Standards; Task Performance Analysis; Resurgence; Medical Emergency Team, Beside Author; Journal Searches

Introduction

The common carotid artery bifurcates to the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage. They are two (right and left) and have different origins: the right carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left carotid artery originates from the aortic artery. Each carotid artery divides into two, the internal and external ca rotid arteries (Figure 1) It is the carotids that palpate when we look for the wrists in the neck - and that the rescuers look for to evaluate the cardiac state of the unconscious patient. But what makes the cerebral circulatory system different is the famous Willis polygon. The internal / external arteries join in this circulatory structure at the base of the brain and it is from it that virtually all the arteries that irrigate the brain come out. Its main functions are to balance incoming blood pressures in the brain and to create alternative ways for the blood to keep circulating, even if one of the great arteries has a momentary interruption. However, if the pressure drops, the irrigation of the brain is compromised, or any of the great arteries fail, the unconsciousness is quickly generated. Unconsciousness is one of the mechanisms that the brain has to protect itself from poor blood supply, as it leads to imbalance; and being lying down ensures easier blood supply to the brain as well as reduced brain activity and thereby reduces the needs for blood and, of course, for glucose and oxygen. From the polygon of Willis, there are several arteries that penetrate deep into the brain, in both hemispheres, ensuring the formation of cerebrospinal fluid. It is the cerebrospinal fluid that delivers nutrients to the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, which means that the system that irrigates the brain is also responsible for nourishing the spinal cord. Another aspect to mention is that the cerebrospinal fluid is a filtrate of blood that reaches the brain, a kind of membrane, which creates the so-called blood-brain barrier, protecting the brain from toxic substances that may circulate in the blood.

Figure 1: Arterial Vascularization of Head and Neck. Source: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, USP Department of Anatomy Profa. Dr. Gabriela Placoná Diniz.

The internal carotid artery does not emit cervical branches and penetrates the skull through the carotid canal. The posterior part of the brain is irrigated by the vertebral artery (branch of the subclavian artery). The external carotid artery is related to muscles and nerves - sternocleidomastoid, digastric, hyoid-style, hypoglossal nerve, submandibular gland and angle of the mandible [1].

The main branches of the external carotid artery are:

Upper thyroid artery: thyroid gland and larynx;

Lingual artery: muscles of the tongue, floor of the mouth, sublingual gland;

Facial artery suprahyoid muscles, lower and upper lip;

Occipital artery: occipital region, posterior belly of the digastric;

Posterior auricular artery: external ear, parotid gland;

Ascending pharyngeal artery: pharynx;

Surface temporal artery: parotid gland, parotid duct, temporal region, frontal region;

Maxillary artery: dura mater, mastication muscles, teeth, palate.

The external carotid artery supplies most of the soft tissues of the head. It emits collateral branches during its ascending course and at the height of the neck of the jaw it emits its terminal branches.

The external carotid artery emits collateral branches, such as:

Lingual artery: has several ramifications to irrigate the tongue;

Deep artery of the tongue;

Dorsal branches of the tongue;

Sublingual artery;

Supra-hyoid branches;

Facial artery: It is covered only by the skin and the platysma muscle. It is accompanied by the facial vein and the vessels are crossed with the marginal branch of the facial nerve jaw. Because they are very superficial, they can be easily injured directly by trauma and also during incisions, such as those made to drain odontogenic abscesses in this region;

Submental artery;

Ascending palatine artery;

Lower labial artery;

Upper labial artery;

Angular artery;

Maxillary artery: supplies the irrigation of the deep regions of the face, including the upper and lower teeth;

Middle meningeal artery - irrigates the dura mater and trigeminal ganglion;

Lower alveolar artery - dental and peridental branches and milo- hyoid branch;

Mental artery;

Anterior deep temporal artery;

Posterior deep temporal artery;

Masseric artery;

Oral artery;

Posterior superior alveolar artery;

Infraorbital artery;

Sphenopalatine artery - terminal branch (pterygopalatine fossa);

Major, minor and descending palatine artery - irrigation of the posterior part of the palate;

Superficial Temporal Artery:

Transverse artery of the face;

Front branch;

Parietal branch;

Terminal branches of the external carotid artery involving ATM:

Maxillary artery;

Superficial temporal artery;

Lower alveolar artery.

Figure 2: SP (ECT images showing increased cerebral blood flow comparing post-ILIB images with basal, nonirradiated results. (a, b) SPECT transverse magi used to calculate the increase in blood flow in selected regions of interest (ROIs - see also Table 1) of the brain: ROI 1, right base nuclei; ROI 2, posterior lobe. (c,d) Sagittal image (upper left) and a complete series of cross sections showing increased post-ILIB blood flow.

The biomedical effects of low-power LASER irradiation are evolving in several health areas in a universal way. Some benefits such as immunosuppression-immunostimulation, autoimmune disease and nerve regeneration are evidencing new multidisciplinary nuances [2-3]. Basic physiological effects and mechanisms of low-intensity LASER are notorious and redundant in several randomized trials with excellent results in the areas of collagen metabolism, healing, inflammation and pain control (Figure 2). The clinical applications resulting from these studies at a cellular level are generalized and include several therapies that involve the treatment of ligament and tendinous lesions, bursitis, arthritic disease, wound healing, acupuncture, punctual therapy and pain control in general [4]. It should be noted that this functional action of carotid transdermal LASER (Figure 3) needs to be accompanied by individualized protocols, type of chemotherapy and / or stage of the chemotherapy cycle, associated medications, capillary glycemia (DM2) the use of a hormone blocker is monitored in the trans-operative by oximetry, since oxyhemoglobin loading allows the measurement of the level of perfusion and control of bradykin in the more peripheral regions of the body [5]. This process of Carotid Irradiation under the criteria of Individualized Medicine (personalized protocols) allowed this hospital unit (Cancer Hospital of Ribeirão Preto / SOBECcan) by photobiomodulation eradicated 641 days ago (as of this date) the cytotoxic injuries of the oropharyngeal region, among such as mucositis, and stabilization of the oral microbiome, which contribute to the reduction of morbidities, an improvement in the emotional state and the overall health of these patients.

Dysgeusia is variably defined as an abnormality harmful to taste sensations, which causes unpleasant alteration of the taste sensation, or a distortion or perversion of the sense of taste. It can be described as bitter, metallic, salty or unpleasant taste. Dysgeusia is closely linked to changes in taste. Flavors provide sensory information related to sensory pleasure and these sensory functions are directly affected by cancer therapies [6]. These changes in taste in patients with cancer are prevalent problems due to the malignancy itself or to the therapeutic interventions that affect the daily quality of life of these patients and may lead to malnutrition, weight loss and, in severe cases, significant morbidity [7-8].

Dysgeusia is clinically evaluated by measuring the detection or recognition threshold values for the five palates: sweet, bitter, acid, salty and umami (the taste of protein-rich foods), either by the application of filters paper impregnated with various concentrations of basic taste) or, in the laboratory environment, with the use of an instrument called elegerígio. These qualitative changes are reported through patient complaints, interviews, and clinical observations [9].

This sensory system in cancer patients is orchestrated by numerous exogenous and endogenous factors that interact with one another. Faced with this, these factors are responsible for abnormalities of taste and odor due to this interconnection. However, such damage to sensory receptor cells is abnormal, but the etiology of these is related to the neuronal activities causing taste and odor abnormalities in these patients. And according to contemporary scientific research, these disorders are probably multifactorial. But it is conclusive by many authors that oncological therapies can cause taste disturbance with the destruction of taste receptors.

And this cellular damage may manifest in three ways:

a) a decrease in the number of normal recipient cells,

b) cell structure change or receptor surface changes, and

c) interruption in neural coding.

Oncoterapeutic agents kill cells with high rates of rotation. Cancer treatment can also affect neuronal activities as well as receptor cells. In addition, hormonal drugs help damage neuronal cells, thereby modifying the afferent pathways that trigger the taste. Recent research has indicated that lipid peroxidation of oral epithelial cells may contribute to the production of carbonyls that cause a metallic taste sensation. Many of these drugs have bitter-tasting compounds that can enter the mouth through the plasma crevicular fluid or may diffuse capillaries to the back of the palate. Finally, the importance of the subject and reflexive noxiousness is that the tamoxifen - anastrozole hormone blockers can compromise the pleasure produced by the taste through the formation of conditioned aversions, which makes this pleasure of feeding, a “nasty” and worrying action.

The Conference on Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies and the publication of the National Cancer Institute have guided the multidisciplinary class to clinical recommendations to minimize the formation of conditioned palatal aversions [10].

It is important to note that since the 1980s there has been a dramatic increase in the number of research involving infection and cancer. The results of such research have made cancer today eminently regarded as a host disease and environmental factors, which together are capable of altering various aspects of cellular metabolism by making the affected cells more competitive in terms of rate of replication, reduction of apoptosis, resistance to therapies, and with greater invasiveness and colonization. However, several articles have shown that infectious agents should play a central role in about 20% of neoplasias [2,4], which is based on types of cancer with known infectious etiology such as cervical, hepatic and gastric cancer [11]. There are sites in the human body, including the entire aerodigestive tract, where the contact with the external environment is greater, making the direct role that the microbiome has on these more prominent sites. Among these body regions, the intestine and the “oral cavity” have the highest and second highest microbial diversity, suggesting that the study of the relationship between these microorganisms and other regions of the body may contribute to the greater knowledge about their relationship causal or not) with the development of diseases caused by infectious agents, including cancer [13]. The installation of dysgeusia in the oral cavity allows the patient a physiological decrease in the immune system, which corrupts the rest of the stomatognathic system, through the potentiation of the microbioma that plays a key role in metabolism, inflammation and immunity. contribute to carcinogenesis. To date, there are some hypotheses for bacterial-mediated carcinogenesis mechanisms, such as the activation of Toll-like receptors, bacterially derived genotoxins, bacterial virulence factors, and carcinogenesis affected by microbial metabolism [14]. While the microorganisms present in the various mucous membranes of the body can become part of the tumor microenvironment, other microorganisms can invade the cells, becoming intratumoral, resulting in tumor growth through different pathways [15].

Alternatively, the “oral microbiome” initiates the breakdown of dietary elements and produces pro-carcinogenic agents [16]. In a recent analysis of microorganisms found in the mucosa oral healthy, a large number of microorganisms capable of producing high amounts of acetaldehyde from ethanol [16] have been demonstrated, a fact of concern regarding the carcinogenic properties of acetaldehyde, as well as the positive association between alcohol and certain types of cancer.

Thus, it is now recognized that the microbiota contributes to carcinogenesis in three broad ways:

a. Altering the balance between death and proliferation of host cells;

b. acting on the balance of the immune system; and

c. Influencing the metabolism of several substances, being able to generate pro - or anti - tumor substances [17].

Hence the importance of the balance of oral cavity functionalities for the stabilization or regression of carcinogenic conditions. According to the latest data from INCA (National Cancer Institute - Brazil), 40.5% of patients on oncological therapies present dysgeusia and the proposed conventional treatments refer to the nutritional orientation:

a. To make the patient aware of the need to eat, despite dysgeusia and dysosmia;

b. Encourage more pleasurable food intake;

c. Increase diet fractionation and reduce volume per meal, providing 6 to 8 meals a day;

d. Modify the consistency of food as acceptance, blending it when necessary;

e. When necessary, use nutritional supplements with flavorings and aromas;

Guide the patient to:

a) Prepare visually pleasing and colorful dishes;

b) Remember the taste of food before eating them;

c) Give preference to foods with stronger flavors;

d) Use herbs and condiments in the preparations, obtaining significant results in the medium and long term.

However, as regards the alteration of the oral microbiome, the involvement may reach 76% of the patients submitted to oncoterapias, and the global literature proposes the use of chlorhexidine- based mouthwash at 0.12% to maintain the balance of the flora. I would add that according to data from the Brazilian Hospital Nutrition Evaluation Survey (Ibranutri), it was found that the malnutrition rate in cancer patients is almost three times higher than that of other hospitalized patients, reaching 66.3% against 42.9%, and the global incidence is estimated at 85%, and much of this lack of appetite is due to the alterations of the oral microbioma and dysgeusia leading patients to a decrease in general health that may lead to death. And, according to the epidemiological sense of the Ministry of Health (2015), 54.2% of patients abandon the conventional treatments proposed above, negatively impacting the cure rate of the disease. In contrast, the proposal to study this new protocol of photobiomodulation constitutes a topical, non-invasive, low-cost, non-side-effect, which may provide a short / medium term response to sensory responses of the taste buds and regularization of flora buccal, impacting the multidisciplinary therapies proposed in oncology.

Figure 4: Physiology of the palate. Source: Prof. Phd Maria Goretti, University Coimbra, PT.

The hormones used in this Hospital, as a reference to “Breast Cancer”, impact on changes in the taste of food and change in oral flora leading these patients to reduce interest in food, which leads to decreased intake, resulting in nutritional deficit and weight loss. I reiterate that countless studies report on the side effects of hormone therapy and that high index of patients presents complaints of changes in taste. This is because the cytostatic agents are secreted in the saliva or they can diffuse in the plasma into the oral cavity, besides the Central Nervous System (Figure 4) that promotes the maintenance of the stimuli of the palate by contacting directly with taste receptors. An important etiology seems to be the inhibitory effect of the agent’s cytostatic effects on receptor cell mitosis, since in many patients, changes in taste resolve late when cell turnover is restored. Studies suggest that these drugs initially mentioned are associated with sensory alterations of the palate, however, comparative studies between the different agents and their impact on the alterations are scarce. Dysgeusia may persist after elimination of the drug by injury to the taste buds. While some studies show that changes in taste can start right after the start of treatment others show that they can start within ten weeks. During the cycles of these drugs the duration of this dysfunction can be from hours to weeks. And post-term chemotherapy and hormone-onset alteration may last up to a year, but there are cases “in this hospital” detected by the oncology dentistry department of patients who were 4 years old under dysgeusia dysfunction.

It should be reiterated that the preponderant function in these target protocols is to minimize this cytotoxic effect caused by these drugs against the side effects caused in the oral cavity through the low-cost and non-invasive photobiomodulator system, avoiding the imbalance of the buccal flora and destabilization of the sensory function of the palate.

Discussion

The increase in carotid artery flow after a Low Intensity Lasertherapy session was detected after irradiation on one side of the neck in 12 human patients, with increased blood flow on the irradiated side (63%) and increased cross-sectional diameter of the external carotid artery (69%) as objectively evaluated with color Doppler flowmetry [18]. Interestingly, on the non-irradiated side, blood flow and transverse volume (71% and 52%, respectively) were also observed, so that the blood flow on the non-irradiated side actually increased to a greater extent than on the irradiated side. These changes persisted for more than an hour before they began to fall back to the basic readings. Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) is a diagnostic technique by which a tracer of radioactive isotopes, the radionuclide, is injected into the individual. A camera-based scanner captures three-dimensional real-time tracer images in the cerebral arteries, and a computer image is then able to describe changes in 3-D or 2-D cerebral blood flow in any airplane.

Shows SPECT images compared between the onset and after a Low Intensity LASER session in the same patient (Figure 2) Increased cerebral blood flow was clearly visible throughout the brain after ILIB, both in the transverse (Figure 2a & Figure 2b) and sagittal (Figure 2c & 2d) planes. Table 1 shows the computer-calculated rate of increase of blood flow in two regions of interest (ROIs) of the brain compared between baseline and post-ILIB images.

This radiation emitted by Low Power LASERS (LBP) has demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory and healing effects and is therefore widely used in the tissue repair process due to the low

energy densities used and wavelengths capable of penetrating in tissues [19]. Photobiomodulatory therapy performed at the Hospital of Cancer of Ribeirão Preto (16 female patients, resulting from Cancer, primary site of breast), the use of the cervical collar (anatomical positioner) in the primitive carotid artery was used for the application of transdermal phototherapy low-intensity (ILIB modified), red irradiance, EC device (DMC), net power emitting red LASER: 100 mW ± 20%, red LASER wavelength 660 nm ± 10 nm, continuous flow of 10 minutes which equals 60 JOULES total per session, periodicity of 1x per week, from October 2018 to April 2019, which produced significant data collections to the primary / biochemical (Table 2) and secondary / clinical effects (Table 3).

Table 1: Description of the Selection of Appropriate Articles for the Bibliographic Review by PRISMA Technique.

Table 2: Reference values of the markers in the range *TGO 5 to 40 u / l URÉIA 15 to 45 mg / dl PLATELETS 150,000 to 350,000 mmm³ *TGP 7 to 56 u / l NEUTROPHIL 1600 to 8000 mmm³ CA 15-3 The primary (biochemical) effects observed were better when applied to cervical ILIB therapy. ILIB MOD. Patients: Intravascular Laser Irradiation of Blood transdermic in the primitive carotid artery.

Currently, this Low Intensity LASER (LBI) is being used for the overall recovery of the patient in several specialties of the health area; and their responses are considered to be beneficial [20,21] in a variety of different modalities, due to their multifactorial effect [22]. Specifically, this mechanism when triggered in the craniofacial region is related to “neuronal repair and in neurogenesis, “not only in the formation of new brain cells but also in” synaptogenesis, “which is the formation of new connections between existing brain cells.

Therefore, the systemic and localized conditions during cancer treatment therapy contribute to the reduction of sensory capacity of the palate, causing transient or definitive dysgeusias, and in this niche of patients who use chemotherapeutic drugs and hormone- blockers these functions are altered often with a negative influence on organic and emotional well-being.

However, when it acts at the cellular level, low power LASER causes biochemical, bioelectric and bioenergetic modifications, influencing the increase of metabolism, cell proliferation and maturation, the amount of granulation tissue and the decrease of inflammatory mediators, stimulation of Neural checkpoints induce the production of hormones produced by neural endorphins - dopamine - serotonin - oxytocin, and the healing process [23,24]. And when the molecule is absorbed by light, it allows an increase in cellular metabolism, characterized by stimulation of photoreceptors in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, alterations in cellular ATP levels, release of growth factors and collagen synthesis [25].

Table 3: Systemic infections caused by oral microorganisms Lotufo RFM, Pannuti CM – 2004.

This ILIB adjuvant function triggers an antioxidant system composed of enzymes, the main metallo-enzyme superoxide dismutase, or SOD ZnCu, is the largest antioxidant [26] we have and fifth volume enzyme in the human body. However, according to a recent review, evidence suggests that the enzymes catalaseperoxidase and ceruloplasmin also absorb red LASER which potentiates other enzymes, which obviously further increases the antioxidant property of these enzymes when irradiated in the ILIB process. Therefore, these therapeutic effects of light elucidate elucidate the side effects caused by the chemotherapeutic and hormone therapy cycles.

In the last three years, the oncological dentistry department of the Ribeirão Preto Cancer Hospital has investigated issues related to the use of low intensity LASER (photobiomodulation) for the recovery of dysgeusia that cause a relevant impact on the control of the oral microbiome, reflecting the reductions in xerostomia, hyposalivation, viral-fungal-bacterial infections and gradual return of palatal function that contribute in a timely manner to the reduction of the development of diseases associated with oncological treatments. Note that the authors (Table 3) identified a number of path ogens related to systemic diseases [27], showing the diversity of the oral microbial, opening space for colonization by microorganisms in other organs that in an analogical way may have an impact on the effect of carcinogenesis by producing carcinogenic agents potent Studies have recently revealed that the oral microbiome in cancer patients have a bacterial sensitivity and specificity above 90% [28].

Adjuvant functions of the LASER trigger an antioxidant system composed of enzymes, the main metallo-enzyme superoxide dismutase, or SOD ZnCu is the largest antioxidant [26] we have and fifth volume enzyme in the human body. However, according to a recent review, evidence is enzymes catalase peroxidase and ceruloplasmin also absorb red LASER which potentiates other enzymes, which obviously further potentiates the antioxidant properties of these enzymes when irradiated in this process [29]. These therapeutic effects of light can minimize the side effects caused by oncoterapies and the importance of the topic related to dysgeusia and its systemic reflexes from the microbioma of the oral cavity, it is interesting to elucidate that the main attention of the patients is the healthy longevity, which treated preventively or at other stages of the disease establishment, will have a considerable quality of life, as well as promote carcinogenic reduction of the tumor (any organs), balance of the microbiota, reduction of free radicals and increase of the blood supply in the craniofacial region.

The researches of the Photobiomodulation and the microbioma of human cancer appear as areas of extremely relevant and current research, within a multiprofessional context and reduction of morbidities.

Conclusion

Both subjective evaluation of objective tests, there is clearly an increase in local cerebral and systemic blood flow after ILIB carotid procedures (cervical collar) with pain relief (Behavioral Scale pain Rancho Los Amigos), improvement of biomarkers (blood count complete with platelets, Ca15-3), balance of the oral microbiome, reduction of dysgeusia (universal palate scale), control of arthralgias in the first months (Graph 1) and sensation of well-being. Besides oropharyngeal balance this therapy enabled patients with lower liver risk control transaminase (SGOT / SGPT), and other systemic complications buoyed by urea, neutrophils and platelets that remained at a good level. CA15-3 remained at low levels reducing the possibility of cancer recurrence. The group that did not receive the hormonal medication had a good response, and the groups that underwent hormonal therapy (Table 2) obtained results that were lower but relevant for reducing morbidities. The increase of the parasympathetic control is one of the main reasons suggested and would tend to be verified by the objective thermography, the Doppler flow meter and the SPECT evaluation (Figure 2). In addition to the verification of imaging findings in world literature, it should be reaffirmed that efficacy is demonstrated in the clinical / laboratory responses, in the pre-trans-post stages of cervical LASER applications and control groups during the last 2 years of protocols transdermal arteries in the region of the primitive cervical carotid artery mentioned in the text, causing promising impacts in this universe and expressive suspension of many intercurrences. The biological restoring these individuals in laser therapy and consequently returning to social life is mediated by clinical and laboratory functions through continuous monitoring of biomarkers, primary and secondary effects triggering a collective welfare in the harvest cancers.

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tetraeeder · 6 years ago

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Finantsteekonna õppetunnid 2

Austasin postituste seeriaga oma elu kogemustest seoses finantsidega tulenevalt Edu Akadeemia videos toimunud arutelust Kristi Saare investeerimisteekonna algusest. Esimese osa leiate siit.

Esimses osas jõudsin põgusalt rääkida lapsepõlvest ja ülikooli ajast. Peale ülikooli kolisin oma elamisse, milleks oli betoonmaja korter koos naabrite ja nende eludega. Alguses hirmutav, kuid üsna pea harjusin kõigega. Esialgne mööbel korterisse tuli läbi tuttavate tasuta või vähese raha eest, mida ei olnud keeruline kinni maksta.

Mäletan, et tol ajal nühkisin käsitsi pesu pesta, mis oli tagantjärgi mõeldes üsna tülikas. Vann tuli vett täis lasta, kõigepealt pesu ära pesta, siis vesi ära lasta, loputamiseks uuesti vesi sisse lasta. Lisaks sellele ei kadunud pesuvahend riietest nii kiirelt ära, mistõttu raiskasin vett loputamiseks. Pliidiks ei olnud ma suuri oskusi ahjus küpsetamiseks lapsepõlvekodust kaasa saanud. Üks kergendus oli keskküttega korterisse kolides fakt, et puid ei pidanud tassima, sest kui töölt ikka koju tulid, siis olid nii väsinud ja kütmiseks ei oleks aega jäänud. Liiatigi olin mina ainus ekspluateeritav lapsepõlvekodus, et minu jaoks oli puude tassimisest juba piisav annus vastikustunnet tekkinud ja ma ei tahtnud ahiküttega elamisi näha ka. Olin uhke oma keskkütte ja veekloseti ning sooja veega pesemisvõimaluste üle.

Suraphat Nuea-on tegi sellise illustreeriva foto ja lubas Pexelsi kaudu näidata.

Kusjuures hetked lapsepõlvest, mis ei ole kõige meeldivamad ununevad kiirelt. Praegu meenutan, et me pesime oma nõusid kausis Orto keemiaga ja tihti ujusid mu käed rasvases nõudepesuvees. Kodus olid suured rotid, kes mööda külmikut üles ronisid ja kraanikausi kapi alla kartulikoortest elamise ladusid, soojas seisnud liha üsna pea vakladega kattus ja muud taolist. Pesu pesi ema, samuti püüdis ta mind triikima õpetada, kuid minu jaoks ei ole see lisaliigutus siiani mõtestatud ja nii ma püüangi oma pesu lihtsalt sirgeks kuivatada. Kui enda initsiatiivil kodu koristamise tuhin peale tuli, sain riielda miks teisest kohast selgamini on või miks ma olin enda jaoks ebavajalikud asjad ära visanud, mis ema jaoks väga vajalikud tundusid. Meie kodus koristati reeglina siis, kui külalised tulid (sünnipäevadel). Pesemas käisime kas lähedalasuva katlamaja duši all (ei tea, mida siis ettekäändeks välja mõeldi) või vanemate sõprade juures. Kiiremad pesemistoimingud tegime koduköögis kausis. Pliidil keedeti eelnevalt vesi soojaks ja valati kaussi. Loputamiseks läks leige vesi kannu. Ometi oli meil vann koos köetava boileriga. Ülikooli ühika duširuumid olid hallitanud ja kohutavas seisus, kuid nendes oli mugavam käia, sest sinna ei tikkunud paljud pesema. Minu jaoks ei olnud see ebameeldiv, sest olin kõigega vist harjunud. Selle tõttu ilmselt tundusidki elus veidi mugavamad tingimused nii uhke ja vägevana, et proovisin püüelda mingit sorti vabama elu poole.

Esimene rahalise kaotuse mälestus päris alguses korterisse minekust oli vetsupott, mis jäi jooksma neljaks ööpäevaks, kui ma seal veel päris täiega sees ei elanud ja mis tekitas suure veearve. Pärast seda sai elukaasalase panusel tualetipott ära vahetatud, see on korteris püsinud juba 15 aastat.

Aegamööda ostsime järelmaksuga endale pesumasina ja külmiku. Ma ei mäletagi milline külmik meil oli, kuid ilmselt saime suurema ja parema. Pesumasina vahetasin välja ja väljavahetatud pesumasin rändas ka eraldi elamisse. Külmik püsib seal aga aastaid üle kümne kindlasti (Whirlpool ikkagi). Mäletan, et järelmaks tundus sel ajal ainsa võimalusena midagi suurt osta. Minu palk küll tõusis aegamööda, kuid mõistus tol ajal ei küündinud selleni, et koguda aegamööda raha ja endale asju võimaldada. Järelmaksuga sai vist väiksemaid kodumasinaid ka ostetud. Peaasi, et elu oleks elamist väärt ja mida rohkem asju, seda parem enesetunne. Üks asi, mida ma jätkuvalt palju ostsin olid maiustused, mille seost näen samuti lapsepõlves, kui mulle ei võimaldatud piisavalt. Tol ajal oli oluline ennast inimesena tunda vähemalt oma palga piireski, kuna lapsepõlvekodust saadud kitsikusetunne ahistas mind aastaid ja mulle tunduski, et mida rohkem asju, seda jõukam sa oled.

ÕPPETUND 4: Inimesele ei ole palju asju vaja. Soovitan sügavalt läbi mõelda, mida sul tegelikult vaja on ja mida mitte. Asjad, mida sa ei ole pikalt kasutanud ja mis seisavad (kingitused, emotsiooni ajel ostetud esemed) tolmu kogudes kapis soovitan maha müüa või annetada. Alguses tasub kätt proovida online veebikeskkondades ja kirbukatel. Kui ei viitsi, siis anna sõbrannadele, abivajajatele või küsi sotsiaalosakonnast, kas neil leidub keegi abivajaja, kellele asju tarvis läheks. Mõtle läbi milliseid tehnikavidinaid sa vajad ja mis on need, mis tekitavad head emotsiooni, kuid mida vaja ei lähe. Osta vaid need, milleta päriselt läbi ei saa. Mina elasin aastaid ilma küpsetamisahjuta ja ei tundnud puudust küpsetamisest (kui ahju sain, siis muutus elu kergemaks, kuid ei kasutanud seda ka igapäevaselt). Kui vähegi kannatab, kogu raha ja maksa ese kohe välja. Sellega säästad mõttetuid järelmakse ja esemele peale maksmist. Järelmaksude intressid on suured, seega püüa need kiirelt kinni maksta ja edaspidi pane siiani ära makstud summas raha kõrvale, et vajadusel uut suuremat osta. Eriti mõttetu on osta telefone või arvuteid suure raha eest, sest see tehnika vananeb väga kiiresti ja selleks ajaks, kui sina oled hakanud juba järelmaksuga poole peale jõudma, on juba paar uut ja paremat mudelit ilmunud. Mäletan, kui ostsin iPhone 6s-i oktoobris, ettekäändeks hea kaamera ja võrdväärse kaameraga alternatiivsete telefonide sama kõrge hind, siis möödus paar kuud, kui ilmus juba iPhone 7 ja mitte väga palju hiljem talle järgi mudel number 8. Minu telefon ei ole veel kolm aastat vanagi, kui iPhone on jõudnud kolossaalse “number” X-ini.

Tegelikult see ei olnudki õppetund sellest ajast, aga mõnus on nostalgitseda tähtsamate rahaliste hetkede üle. Oma esimeses korteris tundsin ennast vabalt, elasin täpselt nii nagu hing ihkas ja kuu lõpus veeretasin sente järgmise palgapäevani (mis oli kümne päeva kaugusel).

Vahepeal juhtus nii, et minu pere pidi välja kolima meie lapsepõlve pesast, et eluga edasi liikuda. Kuidagi suudeti mind veenda laenu võtma, et uus, väikeste kuludega elamine osta (sellest tuleb eraldi postitus), kusjuures perel oli juba üürilistega korter, mille laenumakseid mugavalt kinni maksti. Minu esimene teadmatu investeering oli puumajas 2-toalisse korterisse, millega kaasnesid joodikutest naabrid, kes ühiselt minu perega koridoris kuivkäimlat kasutasid. Õnneks mina jäin sellest eemale, kuid kuulsin korteris elavatelt inimestelt jutte selle kohta, milliseid rõvedusi seal toimus. Tollal oli buumi algus, mis kergitas ka minu palka ja võimalusi raha juurde teenida ning ei tekitanud raskusi laenu tagasi maksta. Korteri hind oli 250 000 krooni ja hüpoteegiks pandi 350 000 krooni. Kuumakseks kujunes 150 krooni, mis ei olnud minu tõusva palga juures (tolleks hetkeks tõusis minu palk 3000-lt kroonilt 5000 kroonile) märkimisväärne summa. Kõik järelmaksud kästi kinni maksta enne laenu saamist, seega ei olnud mul selleks ajaks enam järelmakse ka. Sain aru, et kõik on võimalik, kui ainult tahta. Laenu võtsin 20 aastaks ja see pidi olema makstud aastaks 2023.

Kuna olin juba lapsepõlves lükata-tõmmata, siis minu pehmo-omadused ei olnud kuskile kadunud. Minu lapseootuse algusajal ilmus ei-tea-kust välja üks tiineripõlve-aegne kahtlase taustaga sõbranna, kes soovis 100 krooni laenata. Tema puhul oli ette aimata, et raha tagasi ei saa, aga last hätta jätta ma ka ei tahtnud ja laenasin talle selle summa. Loomulikult, kui mul hiljem seda raha vaja läks, siis ei saanud ma seda tagasi. Aga peale seda lubasin endale, et enam kellelegi ei laena.

Moose Photos tegi selle tasuta foto Pexelsile

ÕPPETUND 5: Kui tahad sõbrast ilma jääda, laena talle raha.

Paar kuud peale seda intsidenti tuli mu parim sõbranna jutuga, et tal on vaja korterit osta ja vajab sissemaksuks raha. Minul oli dekreediraha olemas, kuid sellega oli vaja mõnda aega majandada. Laenasin enamuse sellest, kuna tagasi pidin selle saama üsna pea. Miks ma laenasin? Usaldasin oma parimat sõbrannat. Ta võttis raha, lõpuks loobus mu telefonikõnedele vastamast ja võtsin äärmuslikud meetmed ette, et raha tagasi saada. Tunne oli väga halb, et peab oma raha sellisel moel kerjama, kuid nurgas halades ei oleks oma raha edaspidi näinud ja see oli tolle aja kohta suur summa! Raha sain küll tagasi, sõimata ka, et küsisin, kuid sõbra olin kaotanud.

Õnneks ajaga mööduvad erinevad valud ja häired ning olen rõõmsalt edasi liikunud. Kuidas minu finantsajalugu edasi läks, loe järgmisel nädalal uuest postitusest. See postitus asub siin.

#lapsepõlv #laenamine #laen #järelmaks #asjad #sõbrakaotus laenarahakaotadsõbra

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