#rialles

[szallejh]

Ich werde die Tage wieder Exemplare meiner Gw2-Fanfiction bestellen. Hat jemand Interesse?

- - -

I'm going to order new prints of my Gw2 Fanfiction. Is anyone interested in getting one?

[ursas-arts]

Too cleric brained haven't drawn any of the others in a while

[baka-bun]

UPDATE: a kind soul had a copy so I am saved 🙏😭

So lately this year I'm learning that I should download fics I'm attached too because they keep disappearing 😭😭😭

It's happened twice this year and in the past as well. Currently, I'm hoping to find any Nie Mingjue/Lan Wangji shippers that may have saved chapters from a fic called Unbreak My Heart by Riall. It hadn't been updated in a while, but I randomly had an itch to look at it again. It's almost like I had a strange feeling that something may be amiss. Sure enough, the fic was nowhere to be found. Searching on ao3 and my old emails lead me to nothing.

I really adored their work although the chapters were not long, everything felt intentionally written. Their descriptions were beautiful and the au was fascinating.

See an example of my gushing here 👀✨️✨️✨️

I was hoping to make fanart as well 😞

I really really hope they didn't feel the need to remove it due to haters or ship wars because that'd be awful! If you don't like it, don't read it 😡

I don't know if they'll see this, but know that I loved your fic whether it was completed or not! I hope you consider reposting it one day even if it's anonymous or orphaned.

I'm sure there are others who miss it as well 🥺 It truly was one of the best NMJ/LWJ fics on there in my opinion!

[pazzoincasamatta]

Generale adorato, quando ahimè! Ieri mi avete lasciato, e il mio cuore era invaso dal dolore – andai al vostro letto – piena di emozione – rattristandomi che la vostra cara e riverita testa non potesse ancora lì riposarsi – a lungo. Rimasi là in piedi – così, triste – e lì, da sotto la coperta, vidi spuntare l’angolo del fazzoletto che avevate usato. Oh! Carissimo Garibaldi, era lì per confortarmi! Non posso spedirlo! Potrò senz’altro tenerlo, amarlo e trarne piacere – è quello grigio, che eravate solito portare attorno al collo […] e con esso vi ho aiutato a coprire la vostra cara testa […]. Avevo tanto anelato a possedere quel fazzoletto, ma non riuscii a esprimere quel mio desiderio – e ora è qui – vi prego, dite che può esser mio

lettera di Mary Seely a Garibaldi

[thetldrplace]

risorgimento- Lucy Riall

This is a recap of the first chapter of the book risorgimento By Lucy Riall. Risorgimento is the Italian word for resurrection, and it's the Italian term for the unification of the country. In case you didn't know, Italy was the name for the Italian peninsula, but it had not been a united country since the Romans took over each of the tribes under the name of Rome. But after the fall of the western Roman empire in 476 AD, the peninsula was open to whoever could assert control over an area. That happened to be a wide variety of players: Germany, France, Spain, the Byzantine empire, and Muslim armies were some of the bigger players- and in the north and center of Italy, a host of cities took the surrounding areas and became what we know as city states. In the 1800s, there was a push to unite the entire peninsula, with Sicily and Sardina, into a single country. The first chapter outlines the basic history of how this happened. The subsequent chapters of the book detail what this meant to historians and Italians in the years afterward.  

1 Risorgimento, Reform and Revolution 

Towards the end of the 18th century, many of Europe's most powerful monarchies had suffered setbacks. It is in this Europe-wide crisis of the eighteenth century that we must look for the origins of the changes in nineteenth century Italy. Italy had been ravaged by war and repeated foreign invasion during the 1600s. Alongside that were repeated famines, plagues and popular revolts. Governments throughout Italy attempted to introduce economic and social improvements, and construct more efficient government, but they encountered serious difficulties. Especially in Naples, implementing reform was opposed by the local power-holders, and the poor bore the brunt of the efforts. Outbreaks of violence became commonplace, and were even encouraged by the nobles and the Church in an effort to undermine proposed reforms. 

Many in the peninsula recognized the need for reforms, but successful or not, they unleashed instability throughout Italy. Reformers had weakened the entrenched political system, but had been unable to build new bases of support. There was widespread disillusionment and distrust of the political interests towards the end of the 1700s. 

In 1793, the French revolution invaded Piedmont. In 1796, Napoleon invaded northern Italy and in the treaty of Campoforno with Austria in 1797, gained control of the all Italy. The first of the French occupations led to three republics being established: the Cisalpine republic in the North, the Roman Republic in central Italy, and the Parthenopan or Neopolitan republic in the south. But a longer period of occupation from 1801-14 reflected a more conservative direction taken by Napoleon in France. 

This occupation turned out to be extremely important for future developments in Italy. The breakdown of the old states challenged the traditional authority of the old regime. The French rule also prepared the ground for a more uniform national identity in Italy. It helped spread revolutionary ideas and organizations. The idea of an independent Italian republic gained support as did democratic forms of government. Italian patriots began planning uprisings all over Italy. The French army and centralized government became models that reform minded Italians wanted to see in their country. The peasants however bitterly resented military conscription, and they, encouraged by the Church, fought back against such reforms. 

After Napoleon was defeated by the Austrians in 1815, the Habsburg Empire sought to restore the old order. But restoration in Italy meant different things to different people, from liberal reforms to the reaction. The carbonarist uprisings in 1820-21 were easily put down by the Austrians, but the revolutionaries themselves were at odds with each other. 

In 1831, Giovine italia, Young Italy, caused a series of disturbances, but again, the mass of people remained indifferent or even hostile to the idea of open revolt. But this group was led by Giuseppe Mazzini. The disastrous experiences of these years taught him that an entirely new kind of leadership was necessary to prepare the battle ahead. He was inspired by romanticism and an emotional engagement with the past. Italy's geography destined it to be united and free. It was time for a resurrection, a risorgimento. Mazzini managed to create a broad network of like-minded liberals across Europe to the notion of Italian unification. In the mid 1840's he attracted Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian exile in Uruguay, as the one who could unite and lead Italian forces. But he was at the same time losing ground in the bigger picture. 

In 1848-49, a major revolt broke out in Palermo. The government was easily overcome and the apparent ease of the revolt caused some real concern among conservatives. But the victory also masked some grave weaknesses. Many of the liberals who gained a foothold in the power, proceeded to halt the progress of the revolution in order to keep the masses marginalized. Their general refusal to address the causes of the mass unrest had grim consequences. At the same time, Italian monarchs didn’t want to give an inch to even the most moderate of reformers, and with the church, the piedmont government and other factions jealously guarding their own interests, things came to a near halt of progress. But here Mazzini seized the initiative back from the moderates. He arrived in Rome in 1849 and a republic was declared in Rome. Yet circumstances were no more favorable in 1849 than they had been 50 years earlier. While Garibaldi was a capable general, his forces were too weak and ill-equipped. Austrian domination was reaffirmed with the defeat of the Piedmontese army at Novara. After the defeat, Carlo Alberto, the monarch of Piemonte, abdicated in favor of his son Vittorio Emanuele II. 

The revolution frightened the Italian rulers though and this led to ten years of severe repression. Pope Pius IX and Leopoldo II in Tuscany turned their backs on liberalism. The Austrians in Lombardy-Venetia policed with heightened censorship and crackdowns on political dissent or discontent. Political dissent in the Two Sicilies was even worse, where even the most moderate liberals were arrested and condemned to long sentences. There were, nonetheless a series of failed insurrections: Milan in 1853, Massa in 1854, Palermo in 1856, and Sapri in 1857. Each of these was poorly prepared and under-armed. Mazzini's reputation suffered at home with an air of failure, though his network abroad, centered in London, survived intact. 

The Italian National Society was established in 1857, created by three ex-democrats: Daniele Manin (ex-leader of the Venetian republic), Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio, and Giuseppe La Farina. Their belief was that the only way forward for Italian nationalism was through an alliance with Piedmont. After 1849, Piedmont alone took a more liberal direction, confirming the power of the crown and Church, but guaranteeing freedom of the press and of association. From this, the moderate liberals were able to reform the economy and transform political life. This was a marked contrast to the political reaction in the rest of Italy. Much of the credit goes to one man, Camilo Benso di Cavour. Cavour wanted to steer a middle path between revolution and reaction. Economic progress, he saw, would result from free trade, liberal policies, and political stability. This model became the goal for Italian nationalism and eventual unification. Even king Vittorio Emanuele II was persuaded of an alliance with the nationalists.   

Cavour learned from the defeats of 1849 that diplomacy would be the only way to gain allies and isolate Austria. In 1858, an ex-Mazzini operative had thrown a bomb at the French emperor Napoleon III's carriage, and Cavour saw his opportunity. He traveled to France and met with the emperor to expel Austria from northern Italy. They divided up the map of Italy into areas they would rule. This would free Italy of Austrian rule, but not unite Italy in the sense the nationalists had wanted. But Piedmont and France agreed and provoked Austria into a war. The French-Piedmontese won and Piedmont gained Lombardy and central Italy in the process, but failed to get control of Venice. But Piedmont was largely in control of Italy at this point. 

Austrian allies in Italy were greatly destabilized by the change. It had a particularly devastating impact on the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The power vacuum left opportunities and Garibaldi stepped in as the most popular leader of the risorgimento movement. His hometown of Nice had been surrendered to France in Cavour's deal. So he set sail from Genoa and landed in Sicily with a thousand volunteers to overthrow the Bourbon king and unite the south with the rest of Italy. His expedition exceeded all expectations and in less than six months, Garibaldi had defeated the Bourbon army in both Sicily and on the mainland. He assembled an army of 20,000 volunteers, proclaimed himself dictator and reorganized the government.  

His conquest in the south gave democrats a solid power base, and in September 1860, he entered Naples on a train to a triumphant welcome. In October, he defeated the Bourbon army on the Volturno river, which gave him an open road to Rome. 

Cavour decided to stop him from taking Rome and sent the Piedmontese army south to meet Garibaldi's volunteers. A plebiscite in Sicily and the south voted in favor of annexation by Piedmont, and in November, Garibaldi handed power over to Piedmont. In February 1861, Italy was formally united with Vittorio Emanuele II as king and Turin as the capital. 

Venice was still under Austrian control and the Pope in Rome was protected by a French garrison. It was in 1866 that Italy finally gained control over Venice. It wasn't until 1870 that Napoleon withdrew his troops and Rome became the capital of Italy. Pius IX remained implacable and proclaimed himself 'a prisoner of the Vatican'.  

[szallejh]

Riall!! (:

Thank you so much, my friend 🤗

Newest attack for Artfight!

Riall belongs to @szallejh!

[snototter]

A bay-backed shrike (Lanius vittatus) in India

by Steve Riall

[psalm22-6]

Victor Hugo's opinion on depictions of Jean Valjean in fanart

So, in April 1862, 21 year old Julien Girard de Rialle published a  “Critique of the Critiques” of Les Misérables his newspaper the Revue théâtrale, littéraire et artistique, along with the above image by up-and-coming artist (and former bookstore employee) Rodolphe Julian. Naturally, de Rialle sent the paper to Victor Hugo, who sent this letter in reply:

Your April edition is only arriving to me in June. Absence has its displeasures to which one must be resigned. Your article charmed me. Nothing but grace, wit, and verve! I thank those who have the goodness to be my enemies, their attacks are caresses because they bring me such defenses.   I shake your hand, Monsieur.  Victor Hugo P.S. Please congratulate on my behalf the author of the drawing, which is truly lovely and which couldn't be clearer. The bishop is sleeping soundly, the convict is hesitating profoundly. Perhaps the beard is too long. It's only a few days' growth. I make this observation because other painters have made the same small mistake.

So there you have it: temper your desire to give Valjean too long a beard.

Source: Un article prenant la defense des Miserables, une gravure pour leur illustration, et la lettre de remerciement de Victor Hugo, procurés et commentés par Gérard Pouchain (Pouchain is such a treasure trove of information of Les Mis related content. If he didn't already exist, I would have to become him. )

[naturallyadventured]

elbixu_albaruiz

Avui he fet 29 voltes al sol! Els meus últims vint. I per celebrar-ho vam anar diumenge passat al banyet glaçat anual que faig ja per tercer any consecutiu. Aquest cop amb la millor companyia 🌻 El primer bany va anar de la mà de tot aquest procés que he anat fent de creixement personal, entendrem i fer-ho en profunditat. Vaig despullar el meu interior, treient capa a capa fins a trobar que hi havia en el centre i a partir d'allà tornar a formar l'Alba que realment vull ser. En quan t'has sentit tan nua, amb la teva essència, i la pots abraçar sense por, sense expectatives, sense intencions, és quan pots créixer amb els peus ben arrelats a terra i les branques mirant ben amunt 🌿 L'aigua freda va relaxant cada múscul del cos, els peixos ens van donar la benvinguda a un món natural, per sorgir amb la pell sensible a la tramuntana que evaporava les gotes que reposaven sobre nostre, un camí del mar amb retorn cap a la terra 🌊 Entre vi, patates i rialles vam crear un record únic per iniciar aquest últim any de vint-i-molts 🥰

Mil gràcies ���@thelittlebuster_experience i 🌿@gbi_92 us estimo molt 🤍 Difereeeentes 😋

[szallejh]

Love this!! This brings out her demonic side so so well 💚💚

Art trade with @szallejh ! An experimental piece, doing my more halftone-y style on a character with a very pale palette.

Had a great time drawing Riall!!

[wangxianficfinder]

A good place to go for requests for deleted fanfiction is /r/deletedfanfiction on reddit. I know that they do have a copy of Riall's fic.

@baka-bun , why don't you try this reddit? Also, @gloriousclotpole said they have the first 9 chapters, you can message them too ^^

P.s Please be respectful of authors who don't like/want their deleted fics being shared. It's disappointing, I know, but if they don't want it being shared, please don't.

- Mod C

[gonzalo-obes]

IMAGENES Y DATOS INTERESANTES DEL DIA 25 DE JULIO DE 2024

Día Mundial para la Prevención de los Ahogamientos, Día Internacional de la Mujer Afrodescendiente, Año Internacional de los Camélidos.

Santa Valentina, Santa Glosinda, San Cristóbal y Santiago Apostol.

Tal día como hoy en el año 2018

Un grupo de científicos italianos anuncian que el radar instalado en la sonda espacial europea Mars Express ha detectado, después de muchos años de búsqueda, un gran lago de agua salada bajo la superficie del polo sur de Marte, reabriendo el debate sobre la posibilidad de existencia de vida bajo el subsuelo del planeta rojo. (Hace 6 años)

2000

El avión supersónico de pasajeros anglo-francés Concorde, de la compañía Air France, se estrella pocos minutos después de despegar del aeropuerto Roissy Charles de Gaulle de París (Francia), sobre el hotel Relais Bleu en la localidad de Gonesse, a 17 km al norte de París, poco antes de las 17:00 hora local (15:00 GMT), causando la muerte de las 109 personas que van bordo y de cuatro personas en tierra. La aeronave ha caído en picado al suelo después de que uno de los motores del ala izquierda se incendiara durante el despegue. Este accidente será el principio del fin de este polémico avión, que realizará su último vuelo el 23 de octubre de 2003. (Hace 24 años)

1992

Con la presencia de 169 países y 9.367 deportistas, se inauguran en Barcelona (España) las XXII Olimpiadas de la Era Moderna. Se clausurarán el 9 de agosto. (Hace 32 años)

1943

En Italia, el rey Víctor Manuel III declara ilegal el Gobierno fascista y Mussolini es arrestado por la policía tras 21 años de dictadura. Con la excusa de liberarlo, Alemania invadirá Italia. (Hace 81 años)

1909

Louis Bleriot, francés, gana las 1.000 libras que ofrece el diario británico Daily Mail al atravesar en aeroplano el Canal de la Mancha en un vuelo de 37 minutos de duración. (Hace 115 años)

1814

Cerca de las cataratas del Niágara (EE.UU.), tropas británicas comandadas por el general Phineas Riall frustran una invasión de Canadá por una fuerza de EE.UU., dirigida por el general Jacob Brown, en la Batalla de Lundy's Lane, durante la Guerra de 1812. (Hace 210 años)

1814

George Stephenson, ingeniero inglés, pone en marcha su primera locomotora a vapor, inventada para circular sobre carriles de hierro. (Hace 210 años)

1567

El español Diego de Losada funda la ciudad de Caracas (Venezuela). (Hace 457 años)

1537

Aunque en 1534 y 1535 Sebastián de Belalcázar, en su expedición hacia el norte, fundó la ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil, que será quemada y refundada en dos ocasiones, no es hasta el día de hoy con su refundación y cambio de emplazamiento cuando la ciudad, pensada como astillero y puerto comercial al servicio de la Corona española, comienza a tomar auge. (Hace 487 años)

1524

En la actual Guatemala, en un paraje cercano a Iximché, el español Don Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras, funda la bonita ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala. En 1979 será designada Patrimonio cultural de la Humanidad por la Unesco. (Hace 500 años)

1139

El condado de Portugal, hasta ahora dependiente del reino de Castilla y León regido por Alfonso VII, se convierte en reino al resultar proclamado por sus tropas rey de Portugal el conde Alfonso I, tras haber vencido a los árabes en Ourique. En 1143 se firmará el tratado de Zamora entre este reino y Castilla, reconociendo de hecho la independencia potuguesa y marcando el límite territorial entre ambos territorios. (Hace 885 años)

306

Al morir en el día de hoy en Eboracum (actual York en Inglaterra) el emperador del Imperio Romano de Occidente Gayo Flavio Valerio Constancio durante una expedición contra los pictos y escotos, su hijo Constantino I es proclamado augusto (emperador) por sus tropas tal como su padre ha recomendado a su ejército en su lecho de muerte. El reinado de Constantino será transcendental para occidente por su conversión al cristianismo en 313. (Hace 1718 años)

[444names]

Names generated from Irish, Swedish forenames and The Song of Ice and Fire character names

Addlie Aegas Aegend Aellens Aemianán Aenne Agaitholm Aglew Ainéadridia Airyntena Alais Aldricht Alegonn Alenann Alfyrayto Alindor Aline Allanán Allyddamhóg Allynehal Almop Ambert Ambett Amphin Amyck Anárósar Aoibhak Aoilt Aoing Arghag Argonn Arklys Arlte Arraggland Arrogne Arros Aspaell Aundán Aurry...

Baemilifer Balegon Balictandon Bandremme Baoibhinn Baoilia Barboyn Barthop Basse Baswee Bearock Becks Beárd Bhacht Blarbaly Blortheam Bramory Briama Broimer Brong Brynd Bríomm Bríon Bumfryand Burrand Caiffreak Caither Caoibart Caoibeicken Caoibhla Carin's Casell Cates Catholmars Catsmurenya Ceforre Cer's Chaela Chton Chubhith Cimelind Clarma Cleadone Clinn Cohoth Coldra Colehoghe Colyvee Coláire Comal Comáired Congrackeve Connlan Connárt Corfe Corwal Corya Cresand Crodh Cróid Cuimer Cullaint Daego Dagornán Dalgonlarak Damar Damblattlie Dameigh Damhóg Dardrear Darna Darren Davere Deary Denth Derghtabell Deris Dessacht Devenn Diald Distryne Dobóirass Donglen Donla Dreigaslys Dreyjoynace Drundeigha Dubar Dubarys Durch Durnell Duseárd Duurn Dáincer Dúnaithna Earia Eddlyn Eddlys Edvid Eibhiell Eigness Elachton Elistéodya Ellichenjen Emoreabhis Empluwin Emund Endessonal Esabrend Estachalisa Eurra Evilín Fachaegett Falen Farrac Fateris Feilbett Fellia Fingsgus Flaingh Fleong Floncha Folfgarwyn Foreenmch Frykonn Féthall Gandryd Garless Garwyne Gered Gerose Goibhaira Gonne Gorach Gorand Goryn Grackarvyn Graghelm Grathchdín Graya Gredwing Grellia Grenna Griarach Gricerce Grich Gridghs Grion Groodónán Gustana Gwentoire Gwiloon Haced Hainneal Halght Haliven Hallymphna Halydenah Harian Haricaothar Haridhne Harisa Harthene Hiliss Hiquaras Hoghanfren Hogor Hortharlan Hosrich Howean Hummys Iamellie Ildrin Irren Iúdán Jaltán Jamaonain Jannarris Jarna Jasharkinne Jhiléid Johna Johon Jojenor Jonel Jormonna Jorna Josepheth Jurraseán Karyan Kezie Laegormen Laidhneon Lelach Lelmhnal Leock Leárd Licht Lield Lieldrykk Lielice Lonagagge Lorcha Lormalte Lormuirows Lubhenn Lucaifforn Luckfiande Lught Lumilín Luthed Lynala Lyrion Lysettedgar Lyverigne Maegne Mainers Malmuirely Malyn Malys Manfie Manfonn Manystín Manán Maodh Maoigne Maoir Marbearneld Marbhaelle Margyl Maribhen Marlabbán Marswelma Martant Materychall Meatríon Meddie Megabh Melmartark Melomáiles Menmch Merack Merane Merlad Merolchs Mindon Mioby Molmard Mondommaer Monearis Monny Morcht Muird Muiredwick Muiria Muirio Mundern Muntsman Murwoolm Myric Míder Niseadan Nisen Norche Noredbhie Norgusk Norrissaral Norter's Nosriell Noswald Novandra Nórane Nórfhlachar Obhla Odarys Offoot Offreawenm Oinéar Oreah Oreythy Oriansian Oseardywel Osebber Osmuibhiliv Osteoclex Othnesian Paley Pattle Peachos Peast Penace Permandás Pothfos Povinor Praswenaife Priamand Pyger Pygon Qarghe Qarrisoween Qotossaryck Queenly Quelia Quirghne Rachaelly Ranaganla Raodbris Reabhielly Rearivan Reennann Rethena Rhaegerr Rhers Rhoronis Riall Robben Rogar Roghund Roibhlang Rolewal Romyredwyna Ronall Roodon Roomhlatnow Rosen Roseán Ruaing Rusblonna Réadh Rósak Safrax Saoirn Sarick Selliah Sephiliv Sharys Sherboar Shilleirys Shilín Shmael Shman Siaribh Sigony Skarion Sloren Soune Stancelach Stighea Swaltenna Swyfos Syllymard Séallanne Séamund Tachdín Taffors Taibhán Talloth Temmallea Thobarrid Thodach Thrás Tilian Tilid Timer Tineyndalt Tinniferen Tistendena Tithe Tomán Tullelo Tyard Tyewyn Tyweny Téanstomma Uarbrake Uiléidh Ummater Umplughait Urrharne Urtogán Uttler Valiom Vallininn Varkwoodho Varsa Vilbaswyn Vilmatellin Vilín Watth Wayftorge Welken Wilys Wington Wisaken Wiseath Woodearlov Woollann Wulley Wullys Wyleasimell Yohardght's Éabhar Éiggellyriú Éighnaithe Órldalyn

[szallejh]

That's so interesting! Thank you

OH OH OH tell me more about the demon in Leyya's head please!! (Not Peitha, obviously; the other one :D)

Lucky for you I actually have a couple whole posts about it!

Its name is Cepir, and it wound up in there as a result of her search for some form of vengeance after Zojja's injuries in the jungle.

Here's the information about Cepir and living with him in her head!

Here's the information about the dagger and how she got possessed!

She's been having a really rough time of it since HoT, between guilt over what happened and generally missing Zojja, and I don't think it's gotten much better for her lmao.

[fugintdeltemps]

Quin diries que és el teu millor entreteniment per a fugir del temps? 😊

Una cerveseta a la platja, un bon llibre, un passeig per la muntanya, i sobretot, les rialles dels meus, que em fan oblidar l'existència del rellotge.

Gràcies per l'ask ☺️☺️

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.5 (before 1945)

328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius. 1316 – The Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea meet in the Battle of Manolada. 1594 – Portuguese forces under the command of Pedro Lopes de Sousa begin an unsuccessful invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy during the Campaign of Danture in Sri Lanka. 1610 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland. 1687 – Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. 1770 – The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins. 1775 – The Second Continental Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition. 1803 – The Convention of Artlenburg is signed, leading to the French occupation of the Electorate of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king). 1807 – In Buenos Aires the local militias repel the British soldiers within the Second English Invasion. 1809 – The Battle of Wagram between the French and Austrian Empires begins. 1811 – The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence is adopted by a congress of the provinces. 1813 – War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York commence. 1814 – War of 1812: Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario. 1833 – Lê Văn Khôi along with 27 soldiers stage a mutiny taking over the Phiên An citadel, developing into the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Emperor Minh Mạng. 1833 – Admiral Charles Napier vanquishes the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St. Vincent. 1841 – Thomas Cook organises the first package excursion, from Leicester to Loughborough. 1852 – Frederick Douglass delivers his "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" speech in Rochester, New York. 1859 – The United States discovers and claims Midway Atoll. 1865 – The United States Secret Service begins operation. 1884 – Germany takes possession of Cameroon. 1915 – The Liberty Bell leaves Philadelphia by special train on its way to the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. This is the last trip outside Philadelphia that the custodians of the bell intend to permit. 1934 – "Bloody Thursday": The police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco. 1935 – The National Labor Relations Act, which governs labor relations in the United States, is signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1937 – Spam, the luncheon meat, is introduced into the market by the Hormel Foods Corporation. 1940 – World War II: Foreign relations of Vichy France are severed with the United Kingdom. 1941 – World War II: Operation Barbarossa: German troops reach the Dnieper river. 1943 – World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails for Sicily (Operation Husky, July 10, 1943). 1943 – World War II: German forces begin a massive offensive against the Soviet Union at the Battle of Kursk, also known as Operation Citadel.