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scienceetfiction · 6 years ago

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2018 in Science

from Wikipedia

Some highlights:

1 January – Researchers at Harvard, writing in Nature Nanotechnology, report the first single lens that can focus all colours of the rainbow in the same spot and in high resolution, previously only achievable with multiple lenses.

2 January – Physicists at Cornell University report the creation of "muscle" for shape-changing, cell-sized robots.

3 January – Scientists in Rome unveil the first bionic hand with a sense of touch that can be worn outside a laboratory.

9 January – A pattern in exoplanets is discovered by a team of multinational researchers led by the Université de Montréal: Planets orbiting the same star tend to have similar sizes and regular spacings. This could imply that most planetary systems form differently from the Solar System.

10 January – Researchers at Imperial College London and King's College London publish a paper in the journal Scientific Reports about the development of a new 3D bioprinting technique, which allows the more accurate printing of soft tissue organs, such as lungs. 15 January – University of Washington scientists publish a report in the journal Nature Chemistry of the development of a new form of biomaterial based delivery system for therapeutic drugs, which only release their cargo under certain physiological conditions, thereby potentially reducing drug side-effects in patients.

17 January – Engineers at the University of Texas at Austin, in collaboration with Peking University scientists, announce the creation of a memory storage device only one atomic layer thick; a so-called 'atomristor'.

19 January – Researchers at the Technical University of Munich report a new propulsion method for molecular machines, which enables them to move 100,000 times faster than biochemical processes used to date.

22 January – Engineers at MIT develop a new computer chip, with "artificial synapses," which process information more like neurons in a brain.

24 January – Scientists in China report in the journal Cell the creation of two monkey clones, named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, using the complex DNA transfer method that produced Dolly the sheep, for the first time.

25 January – Researchers report evidence that modern humans migrated from Africa at least as early as 194,000 years ago, somewhat consistent with recent genetic studies, and much earlier than previously thought.

Scientists working for Calico, a company owned by Alphabet, publish a paper in the journal eLife which presents possible evidence that Heterocephalus glaber (naked mole-rat) do not face increased mortality risk due to aging.

29 January – Scientists report, for the first time, that 800 million viruses, mainly of marine origin, are deposited daily from the Earth's atmosphere onto every square meter of the planet's surface, as the result of a global atmospheric stream of viruses, circulating above the weather system, but below the altitude of usual airline travel, distributing viruses around the planet.

6 February – The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) reports that global sea ice extent has fallen to a new record low. 9 February – Human eggs are grown in the laboratory for the first time, by researchers at the University of Edinburgh.

14 February – Researchers found that blocking the enzyme beta-secretase (BACE1) in mice reduces formation of plaques responsible for Alzheimer's disease.

16 February – Scientists report, for the first time, the discovery of a new form of light, which may involve polaritons, that could be useful in the development of quantum computers.

19 February – Scientists identify traces of the genes of the indigenous Taíno people in modern-day Puerto Ricans, indicating that the ethnic group was not extinct as previously believed.

28 February – Astronomers report, for the first time, a signal of the reionization epoch, an indirect detection of light from the earliest stars formed – about 180 million years after the Big Bang.

9 March – NASA medical researchers report that human spaceflight may alter gene expression in astronauts, based on twin studies where one astronaut twin, Scott Kelly, spent nearly one year in space while the other, Mark Kelly, remained on Earth.

19 March – Uber suspends all of its self-driving cars worldwide after a woman is killed by one of the vehicles in Arizona. This is the first recorded fatality using a fully automated version of the technology.

18 April – Nanyang Technological University demonstrates a robot that can autonomously assemble an IKEA chair without interruption.

25 April – Scientists publish evidence that asteroids may have been primarily responsible for bringing water to Earth.

27 April – Stephen Hawking's final paper – A smooth exit from eternal inflation? – is published in the Journal of High Energy Physics.

30 April – Researchers report identifying 6,331 groups of genes that are common to all living animals, and which may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian.

10 May – NASA's Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) is cancelled by the Trump administration.

17 May – Scientists warn that banned CFC-11 gas emissions are originating from an unknown source somewhere in East Asia, with potential to damage the ozone layer.

22 May – Scientists from Purdue University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences report the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to develop a variety of rice producing 25-31% more grain than traditional breeding methods.

24 May – Researchers at the University of Leeds report that climate change could increase arable land in boreal regions by 44% by the year 2100, while having a negative impact everywhere else.

30 May – The first 3D printed human corneas are created at Newcastle University. The FDA approves the first artificial iris.

Physicists of the MiniBooNE experiment report a stronger neutrino oscillation signal than expected, a possible hint of sterile neutrinos, an elusive particle that may pass through matter without any interaction whatsoever.

4 June – Direct coupling of the Higgs boson with the top quark is observed for the first time by the ATLAS experiment and the CMS experiment at CERN.

6 June – Footprints in the Yangtze Gorges area of South China, dating back 546 million years, are reported to be the earliest known record of an animal with legs.

8 June – The U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory unveils Summit as the world’s most powerful supercomputer, with a peak performance of 200,000 trillion calculations per second, or 200 petaflops.

20 June – Gene-edited pigs are made resistant to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, one of the world's most costly animal diseases.

2 July – First confirmed image of a newborn planet, exoplanet PDS 70b, several times larger than the planet Jupiter.

11 July – Scientists report the discovery in China of the oldest stone tools outside of Africa, estimated at 2.12 million years old.

12 July – The IceCube Neutrino Observatory announces that they have traced a neutrino that hit their Antarctica-based research station in September 2017 back to its point of origin in a blazar 3.7 billion light-years away. This is the first time that a neutrino detector has been used to locate an object in space.

Using NASA's Hubble and ESA's Gaia, astronomers make the most precise measurements to date of the universe's expansion rate – a figure of 73.5 km (45.6 miles) per second per megaparsec – reducing the uncertainty to just 2.2 percent.

17 July – Scientists led by Scott S. Sheppard report the discovery of 12 new moons of Jupiter, taking its total number to 79. This includes an "oddball", Valetudo (originally known as S/2016 J 2; Roman-numeral designation Jupiter LXII), that is predicted to eventually collide with a neighbouring moon.

20 July – Scientists at the University of Alabama at Birmingham announce the reversal of aging-associated skin wrinkles and hair loss in a mouse model. 25 July – Scientists report the discovery, based on MARSIS radar studies, of a subglacial lake on Mars, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) below the southern polar ice cap (see image), and extending sideways about 20 km (12 mi), the first known stable body of water on the planet.

27 July – The longest total lunar eclipse of the 21st century occurs.

30 July – Using high-resolution satellite images, researchers from the Chizé Centre for Biological Studies report an 88% reduction in the world's biggest colony of king penguins, found on Île aux Cochons in the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago.

A study by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center concludes that terraforming of Mars is physically impossible with present-day technology.

1 August – Lab-grown lungs are successfully transplanted into pigs for the first time.

16 August – Scientists at Sandia National Laboratories reveal a platinum-gold alloy believed to be the most wear-resistant metal in the world, 100 times more durable than high-strength steel.

16 August – First complete map of the wheat genome.

18 August – Research presented at the Goldschmidt conference in Boston concludes that water is likely to be a common feature of exoplanets between two and four times the size of Earth, with implications for the search of life in our Galaxy.

20 August – Scientists report that life, based on genetic and fossil evidences, may have begun on Earth nearly 4.5 billion years ago, much earlier than thought before.

22 August – Scientists report evidence of a 13 year-old hominin female, nicknamed Denny, estimated to have lived 90,000 years ago, and who was determined to be half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, based on genetic analysis of a bone fragment discovered in Denisova Cave; the first time an ancient individual was discovered whose parents belonged to distinct human groups.

Researchers report evidence of rapid shifts (in geological-time terms), nearly 30 times faster than known previously, of geomagnetic reversals, where the north magnetic pole of Earth becomes the south magnetic pole and vice versa, including a chronozone that lasted only 200 years, much shorter than any other such reversal found earlier.

30 August – Researchers from the Chinese University of Hong Kong report a new way of controlling nanobots, using swarm behaviours to do complex tasks in minimally invasive surgeries.

6 September – A study by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign finds that large-scale solar panels and wind turbines in the Sahara desert would have a major impact on rainfall, vegetation and temperatures – potentially greening the region.

12 September – Scientists report the discovery of the earliest known drawing by Homo sapiens, which is estimated to be 73,000 years old, much earlier than the 43,000 years old artifacts understood to be the earliest known modern human drawings found previously.

20 September – Scientists discover molecules of fat in an ancient fossil to reveal the earliest confirmed animal in the geological record that lived on Earth 558 million years ago.

A paper in the Cryosphere journal, from the European Geosciences Union, suggests that building walls on the seafloor could halt the slide of undersea glaciers, which are melting due to warmer ocean temperatures.

Using data from the European Space Agency’s X-ray observatory XMM-Newton, astronomers report the first detection of matter falling into a black hole at 30% of the speed of light, located in the centre of the billion-light year distant galaxy PG211+143.

25 September – Scientists determine that Vorombe titan, an extinct elephant bird from the island of Madagascar which reached weights of 800 kg (1,800 lb) and heights of 3 m (9.8 ft) tall, is the largest bird known to have existed.

26 September – Researchers provide evidence that phosphorus compounds, key components for life, are made in interstellar space and distributed throughout outer space, including the early Earth.

27 September – A study in the journal Science concludes that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) could halve killer whale populations in the most heavily contaminated areas within 30–50 years. 1 October – NASA-funded researchers find that lengthy journeys into outer space, including travel to the planet Mars, may substantially damage the gastrointestinal tissues of astronauts. The studies support earlier work that found such journeys could significantly damage the brains of astronauts, and age them prematurely. However, unlike the conditions in space, the study admitted the full radiation doses over short periods.

Astronomers announce the discovery of 2015 TG387 (also known as "The Goblin"), a trans-Neptunian object and sednoid in the outermost part of the Solar System, which may help explain some apparent effects of a hypothetical planet named Planet Nine (or Planet X).

11 October – Physicists report that quantum behavior can be explained with classical physics for a single particle, but not for multiple particles as in quantum entanglement and related nonlocality phenomena ("spooky action at a distance" ["gruselige Action in einiger Entfernung" (german)], according to Albert Einstein).

Harvard astronomers present an analytical model that suggests matter—and potentially dormant spores—can be exchanged across the vast distances between galaxies, a process termed 'galactic panspermia', and not be restricted to the limited scale of solar systems.

The world's fastest camera, able to capture 10 trillion frames per second, is announced by the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) in Quebec, Canada.

15 October – A study by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute finds that insect populations in Puerto Rico have crashed since the 1970s, with some species witnessing a 60-fold decrease in numbers. The fall is attributed to a 2.0 °C rise in tropical forest temperatures.

16 October – A comprehensive analysis of demographic trends published in The Lancet predicts that all countries are likely to experience at least a slight increase in life expectancy by 2040. Spain is expected to overtake Japan as it rises from fourth to first place, with an average lifespan of 85.8 years.

Astronomers report that GRB 150101B, a gamma-ray burst event detected in 2015, may be directly related to the historic GW170817, a gravitational wave event detected in 2017, and associated with the merger of two neutron stars. The similarities between the two events, in terms of gamma ray, optical and x-ray emissions, as well as to the nature of the associated host galaxies, are "striking", suggesting the two separate events may both be the result of the merger of neutron stars, and both may be a kilonova (i.e., a luminous flash of radioactive light that produces elements like silver, gold, platinum and uranium), which may be more common in the universe than previously understood, according to the researchers.

17 October – Researchers report possible transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (i.e., transmission of information from one generation of an organism to the next that affects the traits of offspring without alteration of the primary structure of DNA) in the form of paternal transmission of epigenetic memory via of sperm chromosomes in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a laboratory test organism.

24 October – Scientists report discovering the oldest weapons found in North America, ancient spear points, dated to 13,500 – 15,500 years ago, made of chert, predating the clovis culture (typically dated to 13,000 years ago), in the state of Texas.

1 November – The Earth BioGenome Project is launched, a 10-year global effort to sequence the genomes of all 1.5 million known animal, plant, protozoan and fungal species on Earth. Astronomers from Harvard University suggest that the interstellar object 'Oumuamua may be an extraterrestrial solar sail from an alien civilization, in an effort to help explain the object's "peculiar acceleration".

2 November – The world’s largest neuromorphic supercomputer, the million-core 'SpiNNaker' machine, is switched on by the University of Manchester, England.

5 November – Polar ozone holes are healing faster than previously thought, and are expected to completely heal by 2060.

5 November – Astronomers report the discovery of one of the oldest stars, named 2MASS J18082002-5104378 B, in the universe, about 13.5 billion-years-old, possibly one of the very first stars, a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the Big Bang. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than thought earlier.

Scientists report the discovery of the smallest known ape, Simiolus minutus, which weighed approximately eight pounds, and lived about 12.5 million years ago in Kenya in East Africa.

7 November – Scientists report the discovery of the oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo

12 November – China's Institute of Plasma Physics announces that plasma in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) has reached 100 million degrees Celsius.

Researchers at Japan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) reveal a humanoid robot prototype, HRP-5P, intended to autonomously perform heavy labor or work in hazardous environments.

20 November – The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) publishes its latest Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, showing record high concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, with levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) reaching 405.5 parts per million (ppm) in 2017, up from 403.3 ppm in 2016 and 400.1 ppm in 2015. The WMO reports that "there is no sign of a reversal in this trend, which is driving long-term climate change, sea level rise, ocean acidification and more extreme weather."

22 November – Research published in Environmental Research Letters concludes that stratospheric aerosol injection to curb global warming is "technically possible" and would be "remarkably inexpensive" at $2 to 2.5 billion per year over the first 15 years.

23 November – The Brazilian government reports that deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has reached its highest rate for a decade, with 7,900 sq km (3,050 sq miles) destroyed between August 2017 and July 2018, largely due to illegal logging.

24 November – Scientists report that nearly all extant populations of animals, including humans, may be a result of a population expansion that began between one and two hundred thousand years ago, based on genetic mitochondrial DNA studies.

25 November – Chinese scientists report the birth of twin human girls, Lulu and Nana, as the world's first genetically edited babies. The human genes were edited to resist the HIV virus.

27 November – Researchers at the University of Southern California publish details of a freeze-dried polio vaccine that does not require refrigeration.

30 November – Astronomers report that the extragalactic background light (EBL), the total amount of light that has ever been released by all the stars in the observable universe, amounts to 4 × 1084 photons.

10 December – Voyager 2, a space probe launched in 1977, is confirmed (image of onboard detections) to have left the Solar System for interstellar space on 5 November 2018, six years after its sister probe, Voyager 1.

Four glaciers in the Vincennes Bay region of Antarctica are found to be thinning at surprisingly fast rates, casting doubt on the idea that the eastern part of the icy continent is stable.

Researchers announce the discovery of considerable amounts of life forms, including 70% of bacteria and archea on Earth, comprising up to 23 billion tonnes of carbon, living up to at least 4.8 km (3.0 mi) deep underground, including 2.5 km (1.6 mi) below the seabed, according to a ten-year Deep Carbon Observatory project.

11 December – A report on the impact of climate change in the Arctic, published during the latest American Geophysical Union meeting, concludes that populations of wild reindeer, or caribou, have crashed from almost 5 million to just 2.1 million animals in the last two decades.

17 December – Astronomers led by Scott Sheppard announce the discovery of 2018 VG18, nicknamed "Farout", the most distant body ever observed in the Solar System at approximately 120 AU.

Scientists announce that the earliest feathers may have originated 250 million years ago, 70 million years earlier than previously thought

18 December – Scientists report that the earliest flowers began about 180 million years ago, 50 million years earlier than previously thought.

and more

#science #2018 #technology #astronomy #physics #biology

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compneuropapers · 6 years ago

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Interesting Papers for Week 7, 2019

Robust spatial memory maps encoded by networks with transient connections. Babichev, A., Morozov, D., & Dabaghian, Y. (2018). PLOS Computational Biology, 14(9), e1006433.

Learning deficits in rats overexpressing the dopamine transporter. Bernhardt, N., Lieser, M. K., Hlusicka, E.-B., Habelt, B., Wieske, F., Edemann-Callesen, H., … Winter, C. (2018). Scientific Reports, 8, 14173.

Space and Time: The Hippocampus as a Sequence Generator. Buzsáki, G., & Tingley, D. (2018). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(10), 853–869.

Abstract concept learning in a simple neural network inspired by the insect brain. Cope, A. J., Vasilaki, E., Minors, D., Sabo, C., Marshall, J. A. R., & Barron, A. B. (2018). PLOS Computational Biology, 14(9), e1006435.

Neural implementation of Bayesian inference in a sensorimotor behavior. Darlington, T. R., Beck, J. M., & Lisberger, S. G. (2018). Nature Neuroscience, 21(10), 1442–1451.

Measurement invariance explains the universal law of generalization for psychological perception. Frank, S. A. (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(39), 9803–9806.

Coordinated cerebellar climbing fiber activity signals learned sensorimotor predictions. Heffley, W., Song, E. Y., Xu, Z., Taylor, B. N., Hughes, M. A., McKinney, A., … Hull, C. (2018). Nature Neuroscience, 21(10), 1431–1441.

Sensation, movement and learning in the absence of barrel cortex. Hong, Y. K., Lacefield, C. O., Rodgers, C. C., & Bruno, R. M. (2018). Nature, 561(7724), 542–546.

Triple dissociation of attention and decision computations across prefrontal cortex. Hunt, L. T., Malalasekera, W. M. N., de Berker, A. O., Miranda, B., Farmer, S. F., Behrens, T. E. J., & Kennerley, S. W. (2018). Nature Neuroscience, 21(10), 1471–1481.

Inferring decoding strategies for multiple correlated neural populations. Lakshminarasimhan, K. J., Pouget, A., DeAngelis, G. C., Angelaki, D. E., & Pitkow, X. (2018). PLOS Computational Biology, 14(9), e1006371.

STDP Allows Close-to-Optimal Spatiotemporal Spike Pattern Detection by Single Coincidence Detector Neurons. Masquelier, T. (2018). Neuroscience, 389, 133–140.

Inhibitory connectivity defines the realm of excitatory plasticity. Mongillo, G., Rumpel, S., & Loewenstein, Y. (2018). Nature Neuroscience, 21(10), 1463–1470.

Social reward monitoring and valuation in the macaque brain. Noritake, A., Ninomiya, T., & Isoda, M. (2018). Nature Neuroscience, 21(10), 1452–1462.

Temporal Coding of Visual Space. Rucci, M., Ahissar, E., & Burr, D. (2018). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(10), 883–895.

Saccadic inhibition interrupts ongoing oculomotor activity to enable the rapid deployment of alternate movement plans. Salinas, E., & Stanford, T. R. (2018). Scientific Reports, 8, 14163.

Network mechanisms underlying the role of oscillations in cognitive tasks. Schmidt, H., Avitabile, D., Montbrió, E., & Roxin, A. (2018). PLOS Computational Biology, 14(9), e1006430.

Model-based spatial navigation in the hippocampus-ventral striatum circuit: A computational analysis. Stoianov, I. P., Pennartz, C. M. A., Lansink, C. S., & Pezzulo, G. (2018). PLOS Computational Biology, 14(9), e1006316.

Learning of spatiotemporal patterns in a spiking neural network with resistive switching synapses. Wang, W., Pedretti, G., Milo, V., Carboni, R., Calderoni, A., Ramaswamy, N., … Ielmini, D. (2018). Science Advances, 4(9), eaat4752.

Hexagonal Grid Fields Optimally Encode Transitions in Spatiotemporal Sequences. Waniek, N. (2018). Neural Computation, 30(10), 2691–2725.

Causal contribution and dynamical encoding in the striatum during evidence accumulation. Yartsev, M. M., Hanks, T. D., Yoon, A. M., & Brody, C. D. (2018). eLife, 7, e34929.

#science #Neuroscience #computational neuroscience #Brain science #research #scientific publications #cognition #neurobiology #neural networks #cognitive science #psychophysics #machine learning

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onepositivebongrip · 6 years ago

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rat-detector-the-21st · 5 days ago

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rat detector detector detector detector detector detector detector detector detector detector detector detector detector detector detected

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wickedone22-blog · 6 years ago

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horizontrust · 2 years ago

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520 85 57 99.99 (14 off) Add to Cart Dome Home Automation Leak Sensor Wireless Z-Wave Plus with Remote. Checkout the Z-Wave Guru's latest video on leak prevention with Dome Leak Sensors and the Water Main Shut-off Valve. ADJUSTABLE SENSITIVITYĬustomize the device for your room and application. Dome by Elexa Dome Home Automation Water Shut-Off Valve - for Pipes up to 1 1/2', White. BRIGHTEN UPĪutomatically turn on lights when you enter a room or hallway, and use the ambient light sensor to dim them to the perfect brightness level. Turn off lights when nobody is around! Install the Motion Detector in common living spaces and set up your Hub to turn off the lights if the room is empty for more than fifteen minutes. Place Motion Detectors in your living room and other spaces with windows, and configure your Hub to send a notification or automatically trigger a Siren when motion is detected at unusual times. Motion Sensors are the Elexa Dome Home Automation Door and Window Sensor with 14 reviews and the Lutron Caseta Motion Sensor - Occupancy/Multi-location.

#Elexa dome

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tomb-of-ash · 8 years ago

Text

The Fortress

One of the documents on the canned Kurtis Trent game. Read more documents here

Game Overview

A fortress. High detail environments. Ten hours game play time. Environments compact and exciting, interactive.

What do you do?

Platform arcade jumping.

Evasion of enemies.

Simple puzzle solving.

Escape.

Exploration.

Combat (Direct attack).

Long range - Gun and arrow.

Close range – Hand to hand and knife.

7. Combat (Sneak attack).

Close range - Break neck, choke, knife and hand to hand fighting.

8. Paranormal powers.

Sixth sense, control of rats and ravens, x-ray vision, telekinesis.

Environment.

Fully interactive. Glass smashes, walls marked by bomb blasts and bullet impacts.

Game world.

A fortress.

Possible game beginnings.

Idea 1.

Kurtis fights in a prize fight. Wins. Kidnapped and wakes up in cell alone with no weapons. Game starts.

Idea 2.

Kurtis and a fellow prisoner are in a cell.

They break out of the cell and have to get out of the prison.

This prisoner will instruct Kurtis during level 01 and introduce the player to the moves and features of the character. The prisoner dies at the end of the level and Kurtis must continue alone.

Idea 3.

Kurtis has to fight in the prison arena.

He wins/loses and is thrown back in his cell.

He must escape from the cell and get out of the prison.

How does the game start?

1. Kurtis and fellow prisoner in a cell. 2. Attract guards attention by the following means:

Set fire to bed with lantern.

Fight fellow prisoner.

Wait ten minutes for food to be delivered.

3. Guard enters the cell. Kill him. The prisoner tells you to put on the guards uniform. When you have put on the uniform the prisoner will follow you automatically out of the cell. He will be your guide/trainer.

Note: If you do not steal his uniform the camera outside the cell warns more guards who will beat you up and throw you back in the cell.

Note : Key to the exit door is in the uniform. You cannot open the door without wearing the uniform.

4. Leave the cell with the prisoner and use the key found in the guards uniform to open the exit door leading out of the cell block and into the prison.

The first level of the game will teach the player what Kurtis can do in the game.

What rooms are in the prison?

Cells.

Eating area.

Guard room.

Armoury.

Wash room.

Surveillance room.

Guard room.

Lifts, stairways, balconies, light wells/vent shafts, corridors and gates.

High security cells.

Medical room.

In the cells are other prisoners. Why should Kurtis release them?

1. Prisoners will home in on the guards and attack them.

2. Prisoners will run into areas and set off alarms that attract guards.

3. Weight of prisoners bodies may be useful in some puzzles.

4. Cannon fodder. They sacrifice themselves in rooms with lethal traps allowing Kurtis to pass safely through the room afterwards.

Kurtis Trent – Weapons.

Chain hanging from wrist manacle. Use as a whip, bend steel bars, death slide move, choke guards.

Knife.

Iron bar.

4. Found objects – Eg: fire extinguisher.

Kurtis Trent - Paranormal powers.

1. Sixth sense

Icon turns red when guards are in the vicinity.

The game pad vibrates in time to the guards footsteps. This vibration lessens or increases with the guards proximity to Kurtis.

2. Control of rats and ravens.

Limited to small creatures. Use them as roving spy cameras or to chew/peck at a supporting rope or power cable.

3. X-ray vision.

See inside small objects like crates and locks. Look through to the other side of a door to see what is barring it.

4. Telekinesis.

Move small objects with mind control.

Guards.

Armed with electrified batons, net guns and tranquillizer dart guns.

One dart will make Kurtis move more slowly while two dart hits will knock him out.

Repeated blows from the electric baton will stun Kurtis and knock him out.

Being captured with a net results in Kurtis unable to move and the guards beat him into unconsciousness.

When Kurtis is knocked out he is taken to a room somewhere in the current level.

This room can be : Cells.

High security rooms.

Bedrooms.

Operating theatres.

Tower cells.

Guards will home in on kurtis using sound detection and line of sight.

After Kurtis has been recaptured.

When Kurtis is captured and locked up again, the room he finds himself in will have a set piece puzzle to be solved before Kurtis can escape again.

IDEA : In level 02 – Hospital, Kurtis has a tracker bug implanted in his body. The aim is to find the room where it can be removed.

Game map.

The player can call up a map of the fortress.

The unexplored areas are low-lighted while the explored areas are high-lighted.

Security devices and how to beat them.

Camera – Avoid line of sight.

Trip wires – Jump over.

Pressure pads – Step around/jump over.

Laser trip wire – Smash power box, jump over, rat chews power cable.

Sonic detectors – Move slowly (quietly). (A test set by the bad guys).

Temperature detectors – Avoid temperature camera line of sight or put on a thermal suit. Use a fire extinguisher to cool the room with chemical smoke. (A test set by the bad guys).

Nets drop from ceiling – Roll sideways. Escape uses energy to break net.

Tranquillizer auto gun – Run/jump/roll.

Gas filled room – Time based puzzle. Hold breath while working out the door lock

puzzle. Breath indicator appears and drops as time passes. (A test set by the bad guys).

Electric floor – Put on rubber boots. Smash power box. Rat chews power cable.

Why not just fight all the guards?

If the guard isn’t killed in two seconds, reinforcements appear and Kurtis is overwhelmed.

Door types.

1. Time release door.

If Kurtis tries to open this door a clock icon appears over it and starts counting down.

Kurtis must hang around until the time is up and the open light comes on.

He must avoid the guards while he is waiting.

The time doors lead to good things and are worth the wait.

Bonus rooms, pick ups and extended level maps are behind these doors.

2. Sliding bar door.

A metal bar slides into place and locks the door.

3. Wooden block.

A wooden block is dropped in place to jam the door.

4. Chair jammed behind door.

5. Key lock door.

Use the key to open the door.

NOTE : When Kurtis has passed through a door he can lock it to stop guards following.

Sneaking about.

Kurtis can hide in the shadows. The guards will not see him even if he is in their line of sight.

Power lines.

Using his x-ray vision Kurtis can ‘see’ power cables running through a room.

The cables are drawn as a superimposed line over the room.

The cables are colour coded.

Green is a communications cable. If Kurtis cuts this cable the guards can’t call for reinforcements.

Red is for power to an automated item. Ie: door, engine, winch, electronic device. If Kurtis cuts this cable the machine will stop working.

Weight of objects.

All objects in the world will have a weight assigned to them.

This will be used to determine whether Kurtis can smash through a door that is heavier than he is, whether he can lift an item unassisted and how an object reacts when it is thrown or dropped.

Some puzzles will be based around weight dispositions. Ie: Cantilevers, scales and pulleys where the result is dependant on a certain weight being applied.

Game walkthrough.

Level 01 – Dungeons.

START

01. Escape from cell with prisoner.

Attract guard in following ways.

Method 01 : Burn bed with lantern.

Method 02 : Start fight with prisoner.

Method 03 : Wait for food to be delivered.

Change into guards uniform. If you don’t do this the camera outside the cell will alert more guards.

02. A guard is in the control room.

Wait until guard is facing other way and sneak past.

03. Run around central walkway.

04. Ride lift down to middle floor.

05. Avoid guards patrolling cell cages.

06. Medical room. Explore. Find out here that there is a tracker implant in Kurtis’ head.

07. Run around central walkway.

08. Ride lift down to ground floor.

09. Discover that the lift platform needed to escape the dungeons is controlled from inside the guard barracks.

10. Release prisoners who will attack guard barracks.

11. Pick up lift platform key.

12. Ride lift platform to up to the surface.

13.Prisoner falls from lift platform. Kurtis is now on his own.

14. Operate lift platform by yourself through the middle floor area. Move fast to avoid detection.

15. Use control of ravens to distract guards and ride the lift platform to the surface.

FINISH.

Level 02 – Laboratory.

START.

01. Kurtis must negotiate a maze of corridors and rooms. Avoid the guards who are homing in on the tracker bug inside Kurtis’ head.

02. Search this next area. Rooms contain three pick ups that together will switch on the machine that removes the tracker bug from Kurtis head.

03. Find a helmet. This dampens the signal emitting from the tracker bug and the guards are less efficient at homing in on Kurtis.

04. Find the room with the bug removing machine. Drop the three pickups on it. It switches on.

05. Play the mini-game. Zap the moving bug inside Kurtis head with the cross hairs.

06. Jump down the waste disposal chute to escape guards.

FINISH.

Level 03 – Mine maze and artillery gun fortress.

START.

01. Kurtis slides down the chute and lands in an underground tunnel.

02. Explore the maze of mine shafts and tunnels.

Pick ups include: Dynamite, oil barrels, burning torches, axes.

Use them to slow down the guards or clear the path.

03. Avoid the speeding mine carts.

04. Avoid the patrolling guards.

05. Avoid the dangerous prisoners forced to work in the mines.

06. Cross the underground river and enter the artillery gun fortress.

07. Jump on the ammunition train and ride it to safety.

FINISH.

Level 04 – Power house.

START.

01. Jump off the ammunition train.

02. Climb the network of platforms, ladders, stairs and conveyor belts.

03. Avoid obstructions like: Blazing furnaces, fireballs, jets of hot steam, crushing hammers, rotating cogs and rollers.

04. Operate lifts and cranes to negotiate chasms and sheer drops.

05. Aim the vents on the blast furnaces and steam pipes at the patrolling guards.

Fireballs and clouds of vapour can be used to the players advantage.

06. Exit the level.

FINISH.

Level 05 – Castle ramparts.

START.

01. Enter a courtyard. Avoid the vents that belch fireballs and hot steam at intermittent intervals.

02. Run along the castle battlements. Avoid the guards, gun towers and search lights.

03. A helicopter patrols overhead with a searchlight. Avoid it. Detection alerts the guards on the ground.

04. Locate the main castle gate. It is locked. Find the key.

05. Explore the castle. Search the corridors, store rooms and cells for pick ups and the gate key.

06. Explore the great hall. Avoid detection.

07. Explore the ancient library. Locate the hidden door in the bookshelves with x-ray vision.

08. Walk down the ancient stone tunnel/staircase.

09. Enter the control room. Steal the gate key.

10. Return to the castle gate. Open it with the key. Escape.

FINISH.

Level 06 – Fishing village.

START.

01. Explore the maze of alleyways in the fishing village.

02. Avoid the patrolling guards.

03. Search for useful pick ups.

04. Locate the harbour. All the ships have been wrecked and are half submerged underwater.

05. Go to the light house. Climb the steps to the top.

06. Ride the winch platform that takes supplies up to the palace kitchens.

FINISH.

Level 07 – Palace.

START.

01. The winch platform arrives at the palace kitchens. Jump off.

02. Explore the cellars and kitchen.

03. Ride the dumb waiter up to the ball room.

04. Explore the ball room, great hall, throne room, map room.

05. Find the Princess locked in her chamber. Release her. She gives you the key to the Tower of Knowledge.

06. Kurtis swings off the balcony and lands on the palace ramparts.

07. Search for the Tower of Knowledge. It is one of a series of towers linked by high interconnecting walkways and narrow bridges. Avoid the guards by jumping from walkway to walkway.

08. Locate the Tower of Knowledge and enter. It is lined with ancient books and maps. A large brass globe is suspended in the center of the library.

09. Use x-ray vision to locate the Sun book and when it is picked up a secret passage way is revealed.

10. Enter the secret passage.

FINISH.

Level 08 – Command center.

START.

01. Enter the ground floor of the command center. It is the mechanical clockwork base on which the command center is rotated.

02. Negotiate the platforms and avoid the guards. Use the suspended chains to swing from platforms and ride the rotating cogs upwards.

03. Enter the control room. A large orchid is in the center of the room covered by a protective glass dome.

04. Drop the Sun book on the control desk and the co-ordinates will turn the command center to face the sun.

05. Run up to the next deck.

06. The command center turns and faces the sun.

07. Pull the lever to open the Cyclops visor. It retracts and sunlight fills the room.

08. Reverse the prism on the lens and the sunlight is bounced down onto the captive orchid below.

09. The orchid reacts to the intense beam of sunlight and grows, shattering the glass dome and flowering. The flowers turn to a fruit and Kurtis eats it. The fruit is the antidote to the medical treatment he has been subjected to.

Now he will not become enslaved like the other people on the island.

10. Go to the roof of the command center.

A hot air balloon is tethered to the roof.

11. Jump in the balloon and it lifts off. Kurtis escapes.

FINISH.

Let us know what you think about these documents in the comments below.

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cisrjmu · 7 years ago

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by Ian G. McLean, Ph.D. and Rebecca J. Sargisson, Ph.D. [ Issue 21.1 ]

Rats undergo training in the APOPO landmine-training field in Morogoro, Tanzania. The handlers (in blue) have a line attached to one leg, spanning the width of the box. The rat is wearing a harness that is attached to the line, allowing it to move back and forth along the line. The supervisor is in white. Photo courtesy of APOPO.

Although APOPO has trained mine detection rats for many years, no published data exist on how weather parameters relate to detection accuracy. Using data taken during routine training, we show that there was little relationship between the detection success of rats and rainfall but find that rates decreased, on average, with increasing temperatures and increased with higher humidities. Individual rats vary in terms of sensitivity to temperature in that

a small number of rats appear to work better at higher temperatures,

and most rats showed relatively low sensitivity to temperature at normal training temperatures. However,

there was a proportion of rats for which temperature sensitivity may be affecting detection reliability, and identifying these rats relatively early in training should aid decision making about operational deployment.

Dogs and other animals function as odor-detection tools for an increasing array of detection applications outside the laboratory. Examples include the scat of endangered species, humans in collapsed buildings, cadavers, accelerants at fire scenes, contaminated land, weeds, landmines, and there are many more.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 It is broadly assumed that biological odor detectors working outdoors will be affected by environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and wind.,7,8,9,10 However, as also noted by Reed et al., we found surprisingly little empirical exploration of odor-detection success for animal detectors in relation to varying environmental conditions.11

Little or no effect of local weather conditions was found for dogs locating scats of mustelids or bears in a temperate forest environment in the Eastern United States.12 However, detection success improved with increasing number of days since precipitation, and increasing relative humidity for dogs searching for carnivore scat.11 For dogs searching for tortoises in a desert environment, significant effects on detection success were found for temperature (higher temperatures = better success), humidity (lower relative humidity = better success), and wind speed (increasing wind speed = better success).13 In a study in a cool temperate forest environment, detection success improved with increasing temperatures, but humidity had no effect.14 The temperature and humidity ranges experienced in these last two studies were quite different, being relatively hot and dry in Long et al. study, while relatively cool and moist in Sargisson et al’s study, possibly explaining some of the differences.13,14

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sherristockman · 7 years ago

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A Breathalyzer for Disease? Dr. Mercola By Dr. Mercola Humans have been given five interesting “super powers” — hearing, sight, taste, touch and smell, without which life may arguably be less rich and perhaps even dangerous. Today, however, recently developed breath-analysis technology can use “smell” to analyze and accurately diagnose 17 different diseases with 86 percent accuracy. For example, the Na-Nose technology can identify multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, several types of cancer, kidney failure and Crohn’s disease through the use of nanorays. According to CNN: “The theory behind the technology is that each of us has a unique chemical ‘fingerprint.’ Each disease also has a particular chemical signature, which can be detected on our breath. The Na-Nose technology, which consists of a sensor chamber with a breathing tube and software, is able to detect this precise chemistry of disease by interpreting the impact on our usual chemical fingerprint.”1 Researchers used nanorays (aka nanoarrays) for breath analyzation, which the journal ACS Nano noted was “validated by an independent analytical technique, i.e., gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry [GC-MS].”2 Around 1,400 participants from different countries were tested using the Na-Nose technology, which accurately diagnosed disease approximately nine out of 10 times, Medical Daily reports, adding that if other diseases (besides the 17 specifically mentioned in the study) happen to be present in an individual’s “breathprint,” the device may detect those, as well.3 Those 17 detectable diseases include: Lung cancer Colorectal cancer Head and neck cancer Ovarian cancer Bladder cancer Prostate cancer Kidney cancer Gastric cancer Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Irritable bowel syndrome Idiopathic Parkinson’s Atypical Parkinsonism Multiple sclerosis (MS) Pulmonary arterial hypertension Pre-eclampsia Chronic kidney disease The study stated, “One breath sample obtained from each subject was analyzed with the artificially intelligent nanoarray for disease diagnosis and classification, and a second was analyzed with GC-MS for exploring its chemical composition.”4 Na-Nose Technology: ‘Inexpensive, Noninvasive and Easy to Use’ It turns out that the study, conducted by colleagues from Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and led by Hossam Haick, from the department of experimental technology development, revealed 13 exhaled chemical species known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are each associated with certain diseases, the composition of which differs from one disease to another, according to ACS Nano.5 Quartz cited research conducted over the last decade showing that with cystic fibrosis, for instance, patients’ bodies produce nearly quadruple the acetic acid — the base chemical in vinegar — compared to healthy people.6 Haick noted that besides boasting an equivalent accuracy to what’s currently available in the way of tools and expertise, Na-Nose breath analysis is not invasive, which can’t even be said about standard blood tests. Further, the developers described the technology as easy to use, affordable and a “miniaturized tool” that could be used for personalized screening, diagnosis and follow-up. Na-Nose technology imitates a human’s or dog’s sense of smell to evaluate a patient’s breath, Medical Daily7 explains, and can assess whether someone is healthy and predict who among healthy people have the highest risk for disease in the future. Haick stresses that one of the most important benefits of the device is to intercept diseases earlier, which may increase the chances of survival, especially for illnesses like cancer. In fact, Haick says the Na-Nose’s ability to detect lung cancer can increase survival rates from 10 percent to 70 percent.8 The scientists also noted that while detecting disease from breath samples has been used for infections, respiratory ailments and oncology (the study and treatment of cancer), the next step of sophistication in the process would be to not just diagnose an illness but classify its condition to determine the cause and appropriate therapy. Seven different companies have obtained licensing from Technion to develop commercially viable products for unique applications. Haick said he hopes they’re able to take what was developed in a lab and bring it to mass production. One idea is to create a smartphone that could essentially be called a “sniffphone” for monitoring health. However, he doesn’t expect any such technology to be available — either to the medical establishment or to the public — for several years due to the necessary testing and regulation involved. Ancient to Modern Technology and Potential Obstacles Ancient Greek medical practitioners used the five senses to identify their patients’ physical maladies. Until more sophisticated methods came along, all they had at their disposal were these senses and medieval instrumentation such as probes and speculums, Brought to Life9 says. Ancient doctors used observations such as skin color, touching patients to analyze body temperature and pulse, listening to heart rates and stomach rumblings, and smelling their patients’ breath, body odor and even their urine and feces to diagnose illnesses. Haick said the study expounded on the theme, noting that doctors circa 400 B.C. learned to evaluate their patients' possible link to disease by the VOCs their patients exhaled (although they didn’t call them VOCs then). “For example, the stools and urine of infant noblemen were smelt daily by their physicians.”10 Mangilal Agarwal, director of the Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute and an associate professor at Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center in Indianapolis, while not involved in Haick's study, is working on similar scent analysis technologies for disease diagnoses, specifically hypoglycemia, breast cancer and prostate cancer. While Agarwal commends Haick's work and the Na-Nose technology’s noninvasive capabilities (especially in light of the “sufficiently unpleasant experience” involving a prostate biopsy) he and other scientists raise concerns regarding whether environmental fluctuations and different regions could conceivably produce air signals and other factors that might throw off the sensor’s readings.11 Then there’s the call for smell technology requirements to first establish a profile of breath molecules for normal health, taking such variables as body mass index (BMI), gender, age and ethnicity into account. What subjects ate for dinner or mouth rinse usage might throw off breath analysis results, as would the failure to immediately test breath collections, as storing it for any length of time would doubtless skew results. Dogs and Fruit Flies as Disease Detectors Agarwal noted the canine connection to disease detection, which has fascinated the medical world for many years, CNN observed: “Breath has the scents or volatile biomarkers necessary to identify many diseases. We know this from canines who can detect hypoglycemia and epileptic seizures, fruit flies (and canines) that can detect cancer, and from giant rats that detect tuberculosis in Africa.”12 ChemoSense reported the work of Alja Lüdke and Giovanni Galizia, from the department of biology (and) neurobiology at University of Konstanz in Germany. The two noted in their paper "Sniffing Cancer: Will the Fruit Fly Beat the Dog?" that animals found to be highly sensitive to the smell of cancer may have sparked the first experimentation in electronic noses for cancer detection. “Cancer cells have a fundamentally different metabolism compared to normal cells, not least due to their tendency to grow fast and in an uncontrolled manner … Cancer cells may produce cancer-specific metabolites, and/or shift the relative concentration of common metabolites. These changes are then reflected in the emitted odour profile of cancer cells.”13 Cancer doesn’t even have to be visible, Lüdke and Galizia wrote, relating the case of a dog who detected a cancerous lesion on a woman’s leg through her trousers, which turned out to be malignant melanoma. However, fruit flies, when tested, were found to have olfactory receptors (50 different types) that are nearly as sensitive, compared to a dog’s 1,000 receptor types, and also with surprisingly accurate instances of disease detection.14 Smell Receptors: Humans Versus Animals Versus Breath Technology Canines have been shown to have 300 million smell receptor cells, and the part of their brain that analyzes different odors is 40 times larger than that of humans, most of whom possess around 6 million. The ability of trained dogs to detect disease in humans has been used all over the world. One study used hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetes patients as a means to develop an alternative to diabetes alert dogs: “Canines trained as diabetes alert dogs (DADs) have demonstrated the ability to detect hypoglycemia from breath, which led us to hypothesize that hypoglycemia, a metabolic dysregulation leading to low blood glucose levels, could be identified through analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained within breath.”15 Studies that demonstrate how quickly and accurately dogs can detect serious diseases like cancer are numerous. One in Britain found them to pinpoint bladder and prostate cancers 90 percent of the time, and sometimes even more frequently.16 In another, a trained Labrador retriever was able to detect colorectal cancer from breath and stool samples with similar accuracy.17 Dogs have even been able to identify people with abnormal blood sugar levels and predict seizures before they happen, even before the individuals realize anything’s wrong. But dogs have also been known to have “flawed technology,” so to speak, as they don’t perform the same way every time. Technologies like the Na-Nose could exist independently from needing a dog or some other animal’s ability to “sniff out” sickness. Coconut Oil and Peanut Butter: Detection and Potential Improvement Your ability to smell may be a marker for your odds of developing Alzheimer’s disease or a related disorder. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, it’s a progressive brain disorder that destroys brain cells and is ultimately fatal.18 A 2014 study reported that in 2010, while death certificates cited only 84,000 people as dying from Alzheimer’s, in reality, more like 503,400 people in the U.S. aged 75 years and older died from it,19 and Alzheimer’s death rates have risen even further since then.20 Scientists emphasize that early diagnosis and prevention strategies are crucial in slowing down this most common type of dementia. One of the most exciting breakthroughs, though, is also related to smell, in this instance being linked to diagnosing cognitive impairment early, which is crucial. Jennifer Stamps, who in 2013 was a graduate student at the University of Florida, devised the plan to test patients’ ability to smell peanut butter, a “pure odorant,” only detectable by the olfactory nerve. Patients blocked one nostril at a time for the test, while clinicians held the peanut butter and a ruler closer to each nostril at 1-centimeter (0.39-inch) increments until the patients said they could detect the fragrance — or not.21 Per Medical News Today: “The scientists found that patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease had a dramatic difference in detecting odor between the left and right nostril — the left nostril … did not detect the smell until it was an average of 10 cm closer to the nose than the right nostril had made the detection in patients with Alzheimer's disease.”22 One day, the peanut butter method of dementia detection may become a standard for early Alzheimer’s intervention. As Stamps explains, “If we can catch it at that early stage, we can start treatment more aggressively, and you can possibly prevent a lot of the progression.”23 Clinical studies show that coconut oil may be another substance with profound potential against Alzheimer’s disease. It started with the theory that ketone bodies, an alternative fuel for your brain that your body makes when digesting coconut oil, might have brain benefits. As the study ensued, Dr. Mary Newport, whose husband, Steve, began experiencing cognitive decline at age 51, found that giving him 4 teaspoons of coconut oil per day resulted in dramatic improvements. If you find you’re unable to smell peanut butter, it’s possible that you may benefit from using coconut oil. Until a treatment is found that will turn the symptoms of cognitive decline around or cure it outright, I recommend dosing yourself with coconut oil as described above (as well as making specific dietary changes); there are dozens of other benefits to gain as well. As for the “breathalyzer” that may one day become the go-to tool for detecting early-stage diseases, perhaps Alzheimer’s will be among those conditions that it will ultimately detect.

#VitalityPath

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