#rare disease south africa

[iamyouknow-yours]

I don't know what they're like in other countries but Rare Diseases South Africa is a fantastic organisation.

If you have, or suspect you have, a rare condition, look up Rare Diseases International or Rare Diseases (your country name)

RDSA has given me access to a wonderful POTS support group chat, and they help you deal with medical aid for free, and offer free counselling. The support group has really changed my life though and I've made friends and gotten such good advice.

They also host webinars sometimes that have been so useful and interesting. There was one about medical aid when you have a rare disease, and one about dealing with fatigue. There's one coming up about exercise when you've got CFS/ME or fatigue is one of your symptoms.

There's also a registry of doctors for every province that know about POTS and people have had good experiences with.

[bovineblogger]

VIDEOGAMECOWS ULTIMATE COW BREED SHOWDOWN: ROUND 2 POLL 2

SHETLAND CATTLE

a small, rare cattle breed from scotland!! they grow long shaggy coats in the winter, and have beautiful horns that grow up and in!

NGUNI CATTLE

medium sized, disease resistant cattle from south africa! they're a beautiful and colorful breed that have been around for centuries!

[rebo-chan]

Hello, everyone. To today's episode of Tumblr user Rebo-chan loses her mind and assigns each and every Vongola guardian a flower that I have painstakingly searched high and low for (I wish I was being dramatic, I got too invested in this as I worked on it). Is this done in a state of mania? Perhaps, but I am diseased by COVID-19 as we speak and this is what I will do with the time I am meant to be resting with. Nonetheless we must get started. Content under the cut, because I can NEVER make a short post. It's against my core beliefs clearly.

Sawada Tsunayoshi:

The European Orange Lily (Lilium bulbiferum)

My reasoning for this starts with the fact that the "lily" itself has a lot of different meanings, but the important aspect of the lily is that its considered the spring flower and represents often meanings of renewal and rebirth. The very messaging for our sweet boy, a life restarted after he meets his mentor. An orange lily specifically has meanings dipped into warmth, joy, passion (In regards to his devotion to those he loves), 'welcoming' to new opportunities in your life (lol), and most importantly - confidence and pride. Something that he grows to be over the course of his renewal, pride in his friends. Confidence in his strength to protect them. KHR is a story about a nobody becoming somebody strong enough to protect them, even and especially when they falter themselves. It should also be noted that in Hanakotoba (Japanese flower language), orange lilies represent 'revenge and hatred'. Which I think is a factor of Tsuna we can't ignore, as sweet as he is, TYL Tsuna's actions become darker the more you think about them. Tsuna can and has killed when a villain has overstepped too far, and never forget that he just wanted to know "who" Yamamoto's attacker was. For no reason, just to look at him, maybe shake his hand lol. Fr though, that boy's made of fire, both to keep his loved ones warm and to burn their enemies. I think the orange lily fits him nicely.

Also yes, I'll do my best to color-code these flowers~

Gokudera Hayato:

A Red Fressia

So, its quite hard actually to find any sort of 'red' flowers that aren't about some sort of romantic-esque devotion. Just being a red flower inherently puts you in that category of 'passion, love, marriage' meanings when it comes to flowers. It's a real struggle, but luckily he's our only red character amongst the Vongola kids. Okay, so the Freesia is represented by the concept of friendship and ultimate trust. I think it was easier for me to find a flower that represents devotion or duty and tack it on to Gokudera, but I think that's just looking at him on the surface. The story behind the freesia is that the botanist who found them in South Africa decided to name it after his friend as a symbol of their friendship. Very lovely :)<3 For all of Gokudera's dutiful affection for Tsuna, a lot of it is based on the fact that Tsuna was his first friend and the person who he trusted first. His eventual character growth and bonding with the other guardians came as he allowed himself to trust them, when he realized that his 'duty' that he believed to be absolute was above his bonds. Rather, it's his bonds that strengthen his resolve to be the perfect right hand man. Due to the intense representation of friendship and trust, freesias are given to a loved one to represent commitment to them, not unlike Gokudera's commitment to Tsuna and therefore the Vongola family unit. It should also be noted that in Hanakotoba, freesias also have a negative meaning which is childishness and immaturity which I do feel is something that Gokudera has to work through in order to become the best version of himself and has done quite well at by the end of the series. He's our little friendship blossom :)<3 Yamamoto Takeshi: Himalayan Blue Poppy

Let me start this by complaining that 'blue' flowers are so fucking rare, it took me forever to find something matched and was also color-coded with Yamamoto, that didn't dip into too indigo, because of the rarity of a nicely blue flower. To start, blue as a color has all those lovely Yamamoto vibes of being calming, easy on the mind, tranquility, all that beautiful stuff we know Yamamoto to be. (It's almost like Amano color-coded her characters guys..) Poppies themselves got a bit of cultural significance in the West, being the flowers given to WW1 soldiers after they'd passed as a way of remembrance. They're also known for growing in desolate war-torn areas, just a patch of poppies as well as having many soldiers buried with a poppy with them in honor. With that the poppy itself has themes of death, honor, lessons, tradition and remembrance. With Yamamoto’s connection to the Poppy flower, Yamamoto himself is..pretty death-coded. HEAR ME OUT. HEAR !! ME OUT!!!! Varia arc, Squalo ‘dies’ against Yamamoto. Future arc, Tsuyoshi is killed for Yamamoto being involved with the Vongola, Shimon with Yamamoto himself getting nearly killed and then that big moment where he offers to kill Daemon in retaliation for what was done to Kaoru. While not canon as well, the primo fillers are about Yamamoto dealing with the fact he DIDNT kill daisy and how he felt he had to be less easy-natured and actually go for the kills from now on. And of course, his attempt during daily life when he could not do what he loved anymore. He’s VERY death-coded y’all. But the poppy itself isn’t just some omen of death, but the lessons one can gather from those who have passed. Yamamoto’s own battle style is about taking the lessons of those before him who carried Shigure Soen Ryu and then growing upon that to carve a new and improved future for himself and those he cares about. He adapts to their lessons, what Squalo and Tsuyoshi have to teach him. On the fly, continuing the Shigure legacy and creating more moves to eventually pass on to the one that succeeds him. In general, he carries any lessons he has up until the end of the series and tries to never make the same mistake again. Whether that’s his lessons against the Mists he’s battled, his loss against Squalo for not having a proper sword style, and though he doesn’t get a chance against Gamma again, he’s always understood the importance of teamwork. That being said, he’s not just a poppy. He’s a Himalayan Blue Poppy. You see the himalayan blue poppy has a different meaning outside that of the ones that the other poppies do. With its rarity, it also represents success, potential, pursuit of dreams, and possibility.  Yamamoto is the Vongola family’s prodigy, a natural born hitman, the star baseball player on his team. Stuck at a crossroads between his dream and being able to be in a position to protect the ones he loves. An impossibly difficult choice to make, yet Yamamoto handles it with ease. He just won’t choose! He’ll do both! Which fights very nicely with the Hanakatoba meaning of the poppy. “Fun-loving” “A reminder to remember happiness.” Along with general blue color meanings of tranquility, that is Yamamoto to his core, I believe. When things get their worst, he is there to remind everyone that it is never as bad as it feels. To wash away the blood spilled, that is the role of the Vongola Rain Guardian. His crossroad isn’t an issue to him, because that’s not what he fights for! He fights to make things easier for everyone, so they may remember happiness. That sort of thing doesn’t exactly need him to make a choice on his path. Now, does it? If he’s forced to choose, he will just carve out new possibilities for himself and the ones that he loves with the lessons he’s learnt. 

Lambo Bovino: Green Envy Zinnia

Contrary to the title, the green envy zinnia has nothing to do with envy. Quite the opposite, actually. The zinnia itself represents endurance (HEAR. ME. OUT LOL), lasting affection, joy, and various other things. So, the zinnia is super fucking tough, again hear me OUTTTT. They bloom all the way from springtime to autumn, something pretty unheard of from flowers which gave them their meaning. A green envy Zinnia specifically represents growth or a journey. Wishes of a healthy and successful growth. And I believe that is the hope for Lambo, as he progresses through the series. He is quite literally a child, both himself and TYL. But that’s just the thing for him, to the one that chose the guardians (Iemitsu, it’s very implied that it was Iemitsu), Lambo is an INVESTMENT. And a correct one if twenty years old Lambo was anything to go by. Not only that, the zinnia represents a joyous endurance. This doesn’t have to be painful for him, and it’s not as he’s allowed to both be a kid in Tsuna’s care while also holding on tight when told to stay out of the fight. (“You have to take the younger me wherever you go, he wants to go with you.”). And as a bit of an angsty little hehe on my part, the zinnia also represents missing those who have passed, that you remember someone and love them even now that they’re not with you. (“Seeing you all again, I thought the day would never happen. It’s making me emotional.”) Honestly, judging by how Lambo fights when he gets the opportunity to properly do it, he just isn’t weak. Destroying Kikyo’s box animal, fighting against Ooyama, and of course against Levi too. In Hanakotoba, the Zinnia represents loyalty. He is their youngest blossom, enjoying being around the one he considers a brother with hidden potentials to grow into someone with the ability to be Vongola’s shield. If the ones he loves ever make it to see that sight, of course. 

Ryohei Sasagawa: Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) 

Okay, so the yarrow is first of all a funky flower. If you’ve never seen OTHER colors of the yarrow flower, I implore you to google it. Especially the red ones? Why are you so pretty? Lucky enough for this flower (and me I’m starting to lose my mind here, this was a much bigger task than I thought it would be) the different colors don’t change the meaning of the flower here which is neat. It also unfortunately has no hanakotoba meaning either. So, anyway. The yarrow. It represents a warrior’s bravery, protection, and healing. The healing comes from the fact that its a commonly used herb for bruises, cuts, and sprains. There’s also huge folklore around it which affects its scientific name, as Achilles used yarrow to take care of the men he was in charge of. This flower was also used as a ward against evil, where people would hang this outside of their homes in order to protect them from evil getting inside. A superstition developed around this leading to Yarrow to be named the devil’s nettle to refer to the belief that the devil would come around and shake the yarrow that people hung up due to wanting to curse them. This flower also represents strong everlasting love, to the point where a little tradition propped up where people would shove this flower up their nostrils whenever they had a nosebleed so if they dreamt about their crush it meant that they liked them back lol. Yall there was so much rich lore on this flower, it’s super neat. More than I could fit in here. Anyway, I’m sure yall see the connection with Ryohei acting as the group older brother, being the motivating factor for them. He was the first to go up during Varia arc and set the tone for the rest of the battles, that the Vongola would win. Last to show up during future, representing that all of them had finally been reunited. A draw against Aoba, again the very first battle, almost symbolizing HOW shimon would end. He’s the strength in their arms, acting as the last person to leave in future arc until they were ready to go. Taught them and helped lead them to make decisions during that arc. It’s almost his duty to protect the younger ones, even getting up on Hibari’s case in the fillers for not helping out his younger classmen. We can’t even dismiss the way he would prefer to shield Kyoko from everything that they go through, and getting aggressive with Tsuna when Tsuna broke something he thought both of them saw eye to eye on.  Not much rattles him, honestly if you pay attention to his scenes, only getting the most nervous and agitated TRULY when he fears he won’t be able to protect someone (Asking Tsuna how Kyoko reacted to the news, Tozaru getting on his case about Lambo coming to the battle) Otherwise, he’s his happy loud confident self ready to tackle on anything for the sake of the family. Destroying the misfortune that attacks the family with their own body, the yarrow represents that duty well. For every bruise the younger one gets, Ryohei has the ability to heal it. For every fear, Ryohei tackles it first. Acting as a ward and protector for his family. Hibari Kyoya

Clematis (Etoile Violette)

Clematis is a climbing flower, to start with. One of those flowers that grow along walls and vines. It’s a very adaptable flower, able to work with various environments and thrive amongst them. They’re known as the traveler’s joy, meant to wish travelers good luck and act as protection to those who pass by them. While also having a more negative reputation, having “killed” other plants by outcompeting them considered having done the devil’s work. (The plant is actually considered invasive aha oops) The clematis though, itself represents mental fortitude, cleverness, and the ability to find hope in perilous situations. Hibari himself, I mean just that back and forth reputation is just him, no? Acting as Namimori’s protector, keeping a watchful eye on the town while also being utterly terrifying for Namimori students and almost overwhelming to those competing with him. (Dino will only find escape from Hibari in death, Mukuro is the same) But, he is also undoubtedly Vongola’s wall. Similar to Ryohei, not once throughout the series really and truly faltering. The clematis itself with its representation in mental fortitude can be given to someone when they need mental strength. I think the best way to represent this is directing you to that moment in Shimon arc when Tsuna, while not physical beaten, had been mentally tormented by everything that had happened and Hibari came to his battle to Adel. A simple, but strong “Little animal, your face right now is dull. Watch my fight.” It’s in that fight Tsuna gets his mental strength back, being given a hint to answer the question he’s been stressing and faltering over. Then there’s future arc, having been the only one TYL Tsuna trusted with the plan. Kokuyo Arc, Gokudera seeing an already defeated Hibari and taking him to the battle. Varia arc, the gang realizing that if Hibari is fighting next then they may have already won it and refusing to succumb to the poison in the sky battle. Rainbow arc, Tsuna considering them in that list of people he “just expects to help him.” He has the ability to be their hope, to be another factor of their strength. Where Ryohei is holding them up on the physical aspect, Hibari is absolutely their mental strength. (Isn’t it charming that the two eldest are the pillars of their group? I think it is). Also, in Hanakotoba, the clematis represents moral beauty and order. And that’s just the kinda man who could run something like the discipline committee, isn’t? The special thing, finally is that the etoile violette represents a sense of freedom from troubles. A free man, unchained himself and choosing to help those younger than him. Sometimes for the thrill of a battle, sometimes to actually help them with the reputation of a devil. Unpredictable, but still trusted.  It’s the sky that allows the clouds to roam freely, but even someday that sky will be beaten to death. 

Chrome Dokuro

Lupine (Blue Bonnet)

The Lupine flower is before anything else, a second chance at life. A recovery from one’s trauma and the admiration that comes from that. Its gratitude and kindness put into one. There’s a legend around the lupine flower about a land full of drought where Native Americans had believed would be saved by selflessness and yet no one had come forward to do anything, until a young girl came forward and offered the last of her possessions. The rain came to fall at her sacrifice, and hundreds of lupines had blossomed from the ground saving the tribe from drought and hunger as the seeds of the Lupine could be harvested to be eaten. The Lupine represents that the world will always give back if you are willing to help. Chrome, from her introduction, is told to be a girl who has nothing. With two parents who want nothing to do with her and no friends by her side. She runs forward to save a kitten and is gravely injured. With neither of her parents willing to help her, Chrome wonders if she is going to die here but is offered a deal by Mukuro. It’s here that Chrome is offered her second chance and she spends the whole series trying to return the favor to Mukuro. All while healing from her own trauma, the type of trauma that “no one could care about her”, as she is offered food and bonds from Tsuna, Kyoko, Haru, I-pin, Bianchi, Hibari, and so many others. It's in her second chance that she gets to experience what life truly had to offer her, as thank you for her continued selflessness. It’s that gratitude that she represents and the never-ending desire to give when she doesn’t accept Mukuro’s assistance anymore with her organs because she can no longer give him anything now that he’s out of Vindice Prison. She resolves that she will become someone who can protect the people she and Mukuro like. Her confidence isn’t perfect and she falters quite a bit, not believing that her powers are as great as those around her. But, that’s okay, because her goodness has brought her to people who have got her back until she can figure herself out. She has Mammon to correct her when her illusions are seen through that they are well made, but she’s just dealing with professionals and that’s why they’re seen through. There’s Tsuna who relies on her blindly, never doubting her strength to protect them as he asks her to act as defense during Shimon arc and protect Enma from his attack. Alongside with Fran, she is trusted to protect Yamamoto and Gokudera in the final battle against Vindice and taken with Tsuna against Jaegar. She has a lot of space to continue growing, but Lupin also represents voracity and happiness in Hanakotoba. She has her second chance to learn all about that, or as Mukuro put it to her, “An ending is merely the beginning of another cycle.”

Rokudo Mukuro

Aconitum (Wolfsbane)

Wolfsbane is also referred to as Monkshood. This is another one with pretty rich lore with its connection to werewolves. It’s referred to as “queens of the poisons” and has a pretty negative message to it on the outside. First of all, this thing’s poison? TOUGH AS HELL. Delirium, frothing at the mouth, vision impairment, and of course the classic coma<3 It’s got an uncanny resemblance to what rabies actually looks like. Fun, right? Okay, fr though onto its meaning. Wolfsbane is an omen that danger is nearby, not unlike the unnerving feeling Tsuna gets whenever he senses Mukuro nearby. Said to have come from Hell itself, the saliva that has dripped down from Cerberus himself. Not unlike our sweet boy. But, being an omen does not always represent something bad. Is he bringing the danger to you, or is he warning you of the true danger that lies past him? It’s a little bit of both. Aconitum represents concealed wisdom and caution in decision-making. But it also DOES represent protection, a proper and true warning of the dangers of the wild. That beauty does not always mean safe. For his twisted sense of vengeance and believing that taking over the world is the only way to destroy it for the sake of what was done to him, he isn’t necessarily wrong for being enraged about what happened to him. Yet, despite his hate, he doesn’t drag those who he cares about further down into it than he has to. He sends Ken and Chikusa away when they are going to get caught, he never uses Chrome for anything besides as a vessel to help her, and he says during Rainbow arc that if he forced Fran to continue past his limits he’d be no better than those nasty adults of his past. Aconitum balances sweetly between light and darkness, similar to Mukuro. He won’t admit it, but he cares for those amongst the Vongola. He infiltrates the Millefiore and sends the Vongola information after Tsuna’s death, he helps Chrome form a barrier around Enma so he could be safe from Tsuna’s X-Burner. And, of course he teams up with Vongola’s team during the rainbow arc. These are undoubtedly kind actions,  but when Tsuna gets angry at Mukuro during Rainbow claiming that he didn’t believe that Mukuro was the type to abandon his allies, Mukuro says that that was just his idea of him. Even though it was Chrome ultimately rejecting him, he instead pretended that he really was some big bad heartless person. Definitely, Mukuro is no angel, but also he’s no demon either. He’s.. just a human at the end. The aconitum’s dance with both light and dark, a flower that tries to warn, can be read both good and bad depending on how you look at it. His rejection of his ‘official’ position as part of the Mafia, yet acting as the Vongola Mist Guardian when their goals align. He’s as confusing as the duty he embodies, but he succeeds nonetheless in ensuring the family is untouchable in his deceptions. After all, the best way to fool your enemies is to fool your allies first.

[mindblowingscience]

Back in 2014, dermatologist Bridget McIlwee saw a 3-year-old patient in central Texas with unusual bumps on his ear. "They looked a little bit like almost kind of a benign mole that you would see in a child, except that you wouldn't expect something like that to come up quickly and then multiply," she says. McIlwee sent off a sample for laboratory testing, and the results came back pointing to a surprising culprit: The boy had tested positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease. The World Health Organization says between 600,000 and 1 million new infections happen worldwide every year, mostly in tropical regions of the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and Central Asia — not in Texas. These illnesses can be disfiguring, even if they are rarely fatal. "I was shocked, because in medical school, we're taught that this is a tropical disease, something that you see in immigrants, military returning from deployment, people who went on vacation to South America or Asia or Africa," McIlwee says.

Continue Reading.

[flyonthewallmedstudent]

Entamoeba Histolytica

Moving on from Disseminated infections.

and back to parasites, we have this amoeba.

Courtesy of wikipaedia.

One complication is liver abscess.

Image from NEJM

Ring enhancing cysts were seen on CT (requested after the authors noted deranged liver function tests) and on percutaneous drainage (which radiology can do), they had brown cloudy fluid. Under the microscope they noted the pseudopods (leg like extensions).

Classically though, entamoeba causes amoebic dysentery or bloody diarrhoea that develops over 1-4 weeks. However, 90% are asymptomatic. Given the complications/extra-GI manifestations, it can be fatal in a very small minority.

Severe disease/Complications - toxic megacolon (always makes me think of heavy metal bands, in sad actuality it's inflammation that affects more layers and causes the colon to wide. resembling balloon animals) - fulminant colitis + perforation (from inflammation, ulceration etc. that the trophozoites induce, high mortality) - liver abscess (more common, fevers/RUQ/hepatomegaly, transamnitis and jaundice, maybe months before this develops) - rarely: pericarditis + tamponade (from liver rupture, rare but high mortality), pleural effusion & brain abscess (exceedingly rare - but acute confusion + fevers, rapid deterioration) risk factors for severe diseases/complications: malignancy, pregnancy, immunosuppression in general.

Toxic megacolon: Can actually rupture eventually. Courtesy of wiki

Transmission: faecal oral routes (contaminated food/water sources) and it's widely distributed across the world. As with many infectious diseases, it has a higher prevalence in lower socioeconomic groups and regions of the world. Africa & South/Central AMerica have higher rates than other countries (poor sanitation areas, water sources like rivers have multiple purposes for households etc.). Generally, in western countries, it develops in returned travellers who went to endemic areas or immigrants.

Detection: EIA assay for entamoeba antigen in stool, serology (relies on antibodies, so undetectable the first week and last a life time, does not differentiate acute vs past infection), stool MCS for cysts and ova, PCR and colonoscopy (ulcer/erosions, biopsy will reveal cysts and trophozoites)

Treatment: metronidazole in active/acute disease, increased doses in severe/complicated disease or invasive. depending on where you are, also paromycin if asymptomatic or following active treatment to remove cysts.

Consider this in returned travellers with high fevers, abdo pain and bloody diarrhoea lasting > 2 weeks.

Avoids while travelling to endemic areas - uncooked foods, unbottled water/ice cubes, street vendors (what a shame), just anything raw. Practice good hand hygiene.

Sources: StatPearls ON PubMed Amoebiasis on CDC

[walks-the-ages]

It's january, which means it's seed-buying time for many gardeners! So, here is your reminder: Do not buy anything from Baker Creek / Rareseeds. com ; they are racist, anti-vaxxers; they steal varieties from Native communities, are friends with Clive Bundy, wanted to invite Robert F Kennedy Jr to one of their seed expos. They've fundraised for the homophobic and misogynistic Salvation Army

They have adopted young children from asian countries to use as free advertising for their "~exotic Asian seed varieties~" by having them pose with all of the (stolen + renamed) Asian varieties as young children-- might have to check the Wayback Machine to see this in action, or look at physical seed packets for this, as they've cut back on it after coming underfire for such a gross practice.

Anyways, would you like to know who you SHOULD support this year when purchasing seeds?

Experimental Farm Network, who has been nothing but vocally supportive of Palestinians and calling for everyone to do what they can to end the genocide Israel is committing.

[ID: A facebook post by Experimental Farm Network, which shows a hand holding three young, fuzzy Yakteen gourds, which are oblong, light green fruits with a visible fuzz on the outside, with dried blossoms visible on the ends. The post reads: "These are 'Palestine Yakteen' gourds at almost the perfect size for harvest. I normally would've waited to pick them about twice as large, when they're still tender and delicious. But the first big frost (a couple months ago) had killed the plant, so these were officially done. The plant was a volunteer in my backyard. I didn't even know it was there until about September, and in November I was enjoying these first — and last — fruit (with garlic, parsley, salt, and Palestinian olive oil). It was, no doubt, the most bittersweet meal of my life. Today is the 100th day of unimaginable violence against Palestinians in Gaza. South Africa is arguing in the International Court of Justice that Israel is committing genocide. Hundreds of Gazans are still dying every day, from bombings, yes, but now also from hunger, thirst, disease, and exposure. From the comfort of our heated homes, with our drinkable running water, working toilets, and well-stocked pantries, in communities with functioning clinics, hospitals, and pharmacies available to us should we need them, it's impossible to really understand what life is like in Gaza right now. It may seem incongruous — or even trite — to post a picture of some pretty vegetables in this context, but the Yakteen can serve as an important reminder of the humanity and beauty of Palestinian people and their ancient culture. They are not nameless, faceless nobodies. They tend gardens, smell flowers, celebrate with family and friends over steaming dishes of lovingly prepared food. They love deeply. They sing and dance and laugh. They are just like you or me. Please do not only remember them today. Take action to help them. Or resolve to take action. Or reach out and ask someone how you can take action. Do something. Please. Because you can. end ID]

This is just one of many posts they have shared on their social medias since the genocide began, and they have been partnered with Palestine Heirloom Seed Library to help raise funds; each packet of seeds from their Palestine collection has 50% of the proceeds going towards funding the Seed Library, and they

If you have friends or family who order from Baker Creek, please let them know exactly who they are supporting -- and reassure them that dozens of other seed companies with much better ethics are out there, offering those exact same "rare" varieties! Seedsavers.org is another great heirloom alternative, with the bonus that they regularly work on seed Rematriation- returning Native heirloom varieties to the indiginous communities who created them

[dailyanarchistposts]

A World Bank report released a few months ago, “Shock Waves: Managing the Impact of Climate Change on Poverty,” predicts that global warming will push 100 million more people into extreme poverty over the next decade and a half. This means that 100 million more people will see their incomes drop to under 1.90 dollars per day. This would add a hundred million to the roughly 700 million people earning 1.90 dollars a day or less, or what the World Bank defines as “extreme poverty.”

The people of the poorest countries are the most threatened, especially the people of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. According to the report, climate change will have terrible consequences for agriculture and health of the poor parts of the world. Crop yields will be reduced by five percent by 2030. This will cause food costs to rise for the poorest people. Natural disasters, like flooding, will become more frequent. And diseases will become more widespread among the poorest parts of the world.

It should also be emphasized that global warming is potentially catastrophic in some cases. For example, of major countries, Bangladesh is ranked the most vulnerable to global warming. By 2020, an estimated 500 to 750 million, mostly in the poorer countries, will be affected by water stress caused by climate change. Low-lying coastal countries such as Bangladesh are especially threatened.

Bangladesh, for example, will face increasing water levels and natural disasters like cyclones that it is unprepared to deal with. According to one estimate, by 2020, Bangladesh will face a 50 percent reduction in rain-fed agriculture. South Asia, by 2020, will face an estimated 10 percent drop in staple crops like rice and maize. Countries like Pakistan could face 50 percent reduction in these staples by 2020. The impact on food security in Bangladesh and other countries will be catastrophic if estimates hold.

Global climate change, especially global warming, is potentially so threatening that even the capitalists at the World Bank and other global institutions taken notice. So much is global warming a threat to the entire capitalist system that it cannot be ignored. However, the managers of Empire are unable to address the problem in a serious way because to do so would require a revolutionary change in the global class structure. The global economy is organized in such a way that the poorest countries suffer the worst effects of capitalist production. The populations of the poorest countries slave away for subsistence or sub subsistence wages producing commodities that they themselves rarely consume.

The populations of the poorest countries suffer the toxic environments and natural disasters that are a result of capitalist production. At the same time, it is the wealthy countries that reap the benefits of the modern consumer culture. The populations of the wealthy countries live in relative comfort and stability. Interestingly, a recent poll showed that concern about climate change reflects the global class structure. The poorer countries, with Africa and Latin America leading the pack, say climate change is of “grave concern.” By contrast, even though climate change is recognize as a real problem by international institutions of Empire, less than half of the people polled in the United States see climate change as a serious problem.

In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx famously stated:

“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.

Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.”

It is often forgotten that Marx did not see revolution as the only consequence of class struggle. There is another possibility: our common ruin. This is the reality that humanity faces. Global capitalism is pushing our planet, our common home, to its limits. The capitalist world’s culture of consumption and waste is pushing the environment to a breaking point. The majority of humanity, the global poor, the proletariat suffers. A minority, the global rich, the bourgeoisie consume more and more, waste more and more. If we are to avoid our common ruin, if there is to be a future for our children and their children, we must awaken. We are the vast majority. According to Bakunin the working class is not the central agent of revolution. He considered peasants and the urban unemployed, beggars, petty criminals, etc. to be much more potent revolutionary forces. His repeated declaration that the first step in any revolution should be to have "all legal papers consigned to the flames", and all public regulation of debts and taxes abolished, was designed to appeal to the peasant for whom "the state" is nothing but the unwelcome tax-collector.

We are the only ones who can stop this madness. Time is running out. Now is the time to organize people, educate people, and raise the banner of the Global movement of Anarcho-syndicalism and ‘stateless democratic confederation’, Ruin or revolution?

[warningsine]

If you didn’t have food allergies as a child, is it possible to develop them as an adult? The short answer is yes. But the reasons why are much more complicated.

Preschoolers are about four times more likely to have a food allergy than adults and are more likely to grow out of it as they get older.

It’s hard to get accurate figures on adult food allergy prevalence. The Australian National Allergy Council reports one in 50 adults have food allergies. But a US survey suggested as many as one in ten adults were allergic to at least one food, with some developing allergies in adulthood.

What is a food allergy

Food allergies are immune reactions involving immunoglobulin E (IgE) – an antibody that’s central to triggering allergic responses. These are known as “IgE-mediated food allergies”.

Food allergy symptoms that are not mediated by IgE are usually delayed reactions and called food intolerances or hypersensitivity.

Food allergy symptoms can include hives, swelling, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, throat or chest tightening, trouble breathing, chest pain, rapid heart rate, dizziness, low blood pressure or anaphylaxis.

IgE-mediated food allergies can be life threatening, so all adults need an action management plan developed in consultation with their medical team.

Here are four IgE-mediated food allergies that can occur in adults – from relatively common ones to rare allergies you’ve probably never heard of.

1. Single food allergies

The most common IgE-mediated food allergies in adults in a US survey were to:

shellfish (2.9%)

cow’s milk (1.9%)

peanut (1.8%)

tree nuts (1.2%)

fin fish (0.9%) like barramundi, snapper, salmon, cod and perch.

In these adults, about 45% reported reacting to multiple foods.

This compares to most common childhood food allergies: cow’s milk, egg, peanut and soy.

Overall, adult food allergy prevalence appears to be increasing. Compared to older surveys published in 2003 and 2004, peanut allergy prevalence has increased about three-fold (from 0.6%), while tree nuts and fin fish roughly doubled (from 0.5% each), with shellfish similar (2.5%).

While new adult-onset food allergies are increasing, childhood-onset food allergies are also more likely to be retained into adulthood. Possible reasons for both include low vitamin D status, lack of immune system challenges due to being overly “clean”, heightened sensitisation due to allergen avoidance, and more frequent antibiotic use.

2. Tick-meat allergy

Tick-meat allergy, also called α-Gal syndrome or mammalian meat allergy, is an allergic reaction to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, or α-Gal for short.

Australian immunologists first reported links between α-Gal syndrome and tick bites in 2009, with cases also reported in the United States, Japan, Europe and South Africa. The US Centers for Disease Control estimates about 450,000 Americans could be affected.

The α-Gal contains a carbohydrate molecule that is bound to a protein molecule in mammals.

The IgE-mediated allergy is triggered after repeated bites from ticks or chigger mites that have bitten those mammals. When tick saliva crosses into your body through the bite, antibodies to α-Gal are produced.

When you subsequently eat foods that contain α-Gal, the allergy is triggered. These triggering foods include meat (lamb, beef, pork, rabbit, kangaroo), dairy products (yoghurt, cheese, ice-cream, cream), animal-origin gelatin added to gummy foods (jelly, lollies, marshmallow), prescription medications and over-the counter supplements containing gelatin (some antibiotics, vitamins and other supplements).

Tick-meat allergy reactions can be hard to recognise because they’re usually delayed, and they can be severe and include anaphylaxis. Allergy organisations produce management guidelines, so always discuss management with your doctor.

3. Fruit-pollen allergy

Fruit-pollen allergy, called pollen food allergy syndrome, is an IgE-mediated allergic reaction.

In susceptible adults, pollen in the air provokes the production of IgE antibodies to antigens in the pollen, but these antigens are similar to ones found in some fruits, vegetables and herbs. The problem is that eating those plants triggers an allergic reaction.

The most allergenic tree pollens are from birch, cypress, Japanese cedar, latex, grass, and ragweed. Their pollen can cross-react with fruit and vegetables, including kiwi, banana, mango, avocado, grapes, celery, carrot and potato, and some herbs such as caraway, coriander, fennel, pepper and paprika.

Fruit-pollen allergy is not common. Prevalence estimates are between 0.03% and 8% depending on the country, but it can be life-threatening. Reactions range from itching or tingling of lips, mouth, tongue and throat, called oral allergy syndrome, to mild hives, to anaphylaxis.

4. Food-dependent, exercise-induced food allergy

During heavy exercise, the stomach produces less acid than usual and gut permeability increases, meaning that small molecules in your gut are more likely to escape across the membrane into your blood. These include food molecules that trigger an IgE reaction.

If the person already has IgE antibodies to the foods eaten before exercise, then the risk of triggering food allergy reactions is increased. This allergy is called food-dependent exercise-induced allergy, with symptoms ranging from hives and swelling, to difficulty breathing and anaphylaxis.

Common trigger foods include wheat, seafood, meat, poultry, egg, milk, nuts, grapes, celery and other foods, which could have been eaten many hours before exercising.

To complicate things even further, allergic reactions can occur at lower levels of trigger-food exposure, and be more severe if the person is simultaneously taking non-steroidal inflammatory medications like aspirin, drinking alcohol or is sleep-deprived.

Food-dependent exercise-induced allergy is extremely rare. Surveys have estimated prevalence as between one to 17 cases per 1,000 people worldwide with the highest prevalence between the teenage years to age 35. Those affected often have other allergic conditions such as hay fever, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis and dermatitis.

Allergies are a growing burden

The burden on physical health, psychological health and health costs due to food allergy is increasing. In the US, this financial burden was estimated as $24 billion per year.

Adult food allergy needs to be taken seriously and those with severe symptoms should wear a medical information bracelet or chain and carry an adrenaline auto-injector pen. Concerningly, surveys suggest only about one in four adults with food allergy have an adrenaline pen.

If you have an IgE-mediated food allergy, discuss your management plan with your doctor. You can also find more information at Allergy and Anaphylaxis Australia.

[mariacallous]

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is now forecasting a moderate-to-strong El Niño season to continue through February 2024. The forecast itself mostly piques the interests of meteorologists, oceanographers, fishers, and the global network of food commodity traders and crop insurers whose fortunes live and die in the technical arcana of the weather report.

But this forecast has vast implications: Even a typical El Niño can reduce harvests for important crops, increase the disease burden, hammer developing and middle-income countries’ economic prospects, increase armed conflict risk in the tropics, and fuel maritime conflict and territorial ambitions in the East and South China Seas.

Some of these challenges—such as civil wars and maritime conflict in the South China Sea—would manifest as immediate, hurricane-like clear and present dangers. But many would not. Like climate change, perhaps the greater danger lays in the accumulation of thousands of small cracks in the global food, public health, and other systems that are the bedrock of life.

Most of these hazards will hit hardest in countries that are ill-equipped for the economic and political fallout. They add urgency to easing developing and middle-income countries’ debt burdens and building more resilience into the global food system. For the United States, they highlight the need to adopt a more comprehensive strategy for defining national security threats and government responses to them.

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a cyclic pattern of warming and cooling in the waters of the east-central Pacific Ocean. ENSO oscillates between cool (La Niña) and warm (El Niño) phases at intervals averaging five to seven years. Climate change is giving ENSO a “push,” making the swings back and forth deeper and potentially longer lasting. The currently forming El Niño follows a rare “triple dip” La Niña that ended in June lasted nearly three years—the longest in over 50 years.

But what happens in the east-central Pacific doesn’t stay there. As Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist Josh Willis has said, “When the Pacific speaks, the whole world listens.” ENSO is the single most important driver of year-to-year variation in global climate. ENSO’s teleconnections—links between weather phenomena separated by vast distances—shape weather across the southern United States, Africa, Latin America, and closer to “home” in Southeast Asia and Oceania. They cause or strengthen droughts as well as extreme rainfall events and affect temperature and humidity levels over much of the world.

Both El Niños and La Niñas cause weather-related hazards. The crushing three-year drought that’s been devastating the Horn of Africa since October 2020? It’s partly a result of that triple-dip La Niña. South America’s severe drought, gripping many of the world’s most significant grain exporters? ENSO’s effect is there, too. Ditto for drought in the U.S. south and southwest. The transition to an El Niño will likely bring some relief to these areas, though that “relief” has come to the Horn in the form of torrential rains and flooding that burst the banks of the Juba and Shabelle rivers and forced 300,000 Ethiopians and Somalis from their homes. This whipsawing between extremes is the “push” climate change is providing.

But more broadly, the effects aren’t symmetrical. Shifting from La Niña to El Niño conditions doesn’t just redistribute good and bad weather around the globe. El Niños come with much more downside risks to global food supplies, public health, economic recovery in the global south, as well as to peace and stability – in the Global South where its impacts are most acute, but also in East Asia.

Let’s start with food. Though global food prices are down a bit from record highs following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, they are still among the highest prices seen in the last 60 years. And these prices don’t yet fully reflect the effect of Russia’s withdrawal from the Black Sea Grain Initiative and attacks on Ukrainian export infrastructure, both of which further weaponize Russia’s role in food markets and have led prices to begin creeping back up at a time when more than 250 million people are experiencing acute food insecurity.

Some qualified good news: In the past, El Niños haven’t caused global food prices to spike, with price effects being relatively modest. A multinational team of scientists found both El Niños and La Niñas suppress global yields for maize, rice, and wheat, with the effects of El Niño particularly strong for maize. On average, El Niños slightly reduce global food supply, though the effects are typically modest and can be offset by planting more acreage to offset lower productivity.

But at the country or regional level, as in western and southern Africa, the effects can be quite strong, sending local prices higher and increasing rural unemployment. El Niño effects for food production aren’t confined to land, either. The warming of the West-Central Pacific suppresses catches for important fisheries like the Peruvian anchoveta—the world’s most productive fishery—and in heavily fished areas like the East and South China Seas.

The effects of weather-related crop failures on food markets operate on two levels. First, they constrict actual supply in a market where demand is both constantly growing and price-inelastic: The prevailing price doesn’t change biological necessities. Second, they shape current expectations about future production and thus hedging behavior. Expecting a bad harvest, buyers with the means and the foresight—like China—may begin stockpiling grains in anticipation of failed harvests or potential market disruptions.

In the past, these activities have only had modest effects on prices. Yet this time may be different. These hedging strategies are now being implemented in the context of rising economic nationalism in which governments—especially authoritarian ones—are resorting to export bans to address concerns about domestic food shortages and explicitly weaponizing food trade; that is, they are occurring in markets that are more risky than in the recent past. This could be bad news for a global food security picture already hammered by the Ukraine war and the lingering effects of coronavirus-related supply chain disruptions.

Speaking of the coronavirus: A strong El Niño could increase the infectious disease burden. Analyzing the strong El Niño of 2014 to 2015, researchers found increases in cases of plague in Colorado and New Mexico, cholera in Tanzania, and dengue fever in Brazil and Southeast Asia. In the U.S. southwest and Tanzania, the culprit was wetter-than-normal conditions that increased the abundance of plague-carrying fleas and overwhelmed drainage and sanitation systems, causing drinking water to become contaminated with cholera. In Brazil and Southeast Asia, higher temperatures and droughts had a more complicated impact: Bereft of standing water in the natural environment, mosquitos penetrated further and in larger numbers into urban areas with open water sources, then matured more rapidly—and developed more voracious appetites, thus infecting more people.

At the macro scale, the economic losses from El Niños can be significant. Failed crops are foregone income that drive up demand for imports. Burst riverbanks and dams must be repaired and often come with considerable damage to infrastructure such as roads and electricity grids, which are critical for the normal functioning of the economy.

But that’s just a fraction of the story. A recent article in Science by Christopher Callahan and Justin Mankin attributes massive economic losses to the persistent negative effects of El Niños on growth, estimating total global losses of $5.7 trillion from the 1997 to 1998 El Niño.

That’s an enormous number. But it’s not as if the world lost nearly a sixth of total economic output in 1998 (world GDP was roughly $31.5 trillion at the time). Many of those effects emerged in the years after the event due to the compounding effects of forgone growth investment—the same reason money saved now is worth more than money saved later—and the high costs of building back after associated natural disasters such as floods and mudslides. And because we never “see” foregone growth due to lack of investment or diversion of resources from building new schools to repairing roads, we don’t typically think of these losses when counting up the economic consequences of natural disasters. It’s an example of how many of the costs of climate-related events are almost imperceptible in the moment but add up to real (and large) numbers.

The estimates reported in the Science article are orders of magnitude above previous ones of El Niño–associated economic losses. While some economists have questioned the astounding size of these estimates, even losses in parts of Africa and countries where the historic relationship between El Niños and GDP growth is strongest—such as Peru, Ghana, and Indonesia—could still wind up being in the hundreds of billions of dollars.

El Niño’s effects for economic growth and food supplies help us understand one of its other consequences: elevated risk of civil conflict. Over a decade ago, Solomon Hsiang, Kyle Meng, and Mark Cane found that civil conflicts—armed conflicts between rebels and governments—were more than twice as likely to break out during El Niños relative to La Niñas in world regions whose local climate is affected by ENSO teleconnections, with conflict outbreaks clustering between July and November. In doing so, their study was the first to link climate at the global scale with armed conflict, a topic that is now the subject of exhaustive study and discussion.

When studying climate impacts on conflict, researchers almost never find a smoking gun. To date, no rebel leader has cited El Niño as their rallying cause. Rather, what researchers find is that climatic factors “load the dice,” making conflict marginally likelier to occur. Again, the impact is hard to detect in any given conflict but emerges from analyzing hundreds if not thousands of conflict events over time.

El Niño’s adverse consequences for fisheries also increase the risk of militarized conflict on the seas. Of particular concern are its effects in the East and South China Seas, where the impact on fish populations is strong, fishing pressure is high, and the regions’ major fishing nations—China, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan among them—have tense security relationships in the best of times. While it’s extremely unlikely a Taiwan invasion would begin over a fisheries dispute, these types of militarized conflicts are one of the few scenarios in international affairs where the coast guards and navies of rival countries may come into conflict over the actions of third parties—such as fishing vessels crossing disputed maritime boundaries—that they do not command or control.

Facing these potential outcomes, what can be done? Countries with strong ENSO teleconnections—which are mostly developing and middle-income—need resources and budgetary space to address problems such as rising food import bills, disaster preparedness and relief, and adequate provisioning for their security forces.

For this reason, creditor countries—especially China and those in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development—need to address the large debt overhangs many of these countries accumulated during the coronavirus pandemic. Ghana’s $3 billion loan from the International Monetary Fund is a signal that creditor countries, including China, can work together to address these challenges.

Consistent with the increasing role armed forces are playing in disaster response and relief, countries such as the United States may be called upon to provide more emergency services that leverage their considerable airlift capacity and ability to move medical supplies and emergency food aid in difficult circumstances.

Stepping back from immediate responses, a bigger picture take-home point emerges for the U.S. government. The evidence of strong, adverse health, economic, and security consequences has made clear that the conventional approaches to defining national security interests and threats are lacking. Climate impacts—El Niños among them—are security impacts, but identifying and responding to them shouldn’t be the exclusive domain of national security and intelligence agencies like the Department of Defense and National Security Council. The Biden administration has done more to mainstream climate security than any of its predecessors—but there is far more work to be done.

[odkrycia-nauce-i-foldery-online]

Whether scientific research is needed for canidae assemblage?

Importantly, most of the canids are poorly known. The priority species and sites are two endangered ones: wild dog of Africa (Lycaon pictus) and dholes (Cuon alpinus). As for the first one, there is a need to pioneer a small project for evaluating ethnozoological status and presence-absence study of this rare creature in West Africa. The most important area is northern Cote D'ivoire, namely Parc national de la Comoé, where the species was recorded historically. Another priority site is located somewhere in Ghana, in the east part of the country. The area of interest is Kyabobo National Park near the border with Togo. Hunters that have lived there for years reported that dog-like carnivores occured in the park. Another canid of interest is dhole, and the ecosystem of Central China. We are keen for pioneer studies or update distribution records in areas covered vast territories, from Daba Shan up to Luoxiao Range. Most interesting is the so-called Shennongjia Sanctuary, an area of mystery of biodiversity. Dhole is rare, pack-hunter recorded in various habitats of Central China. With various local names and a great role in human-wildlife conflict it is a pejorative species. This elusive carnivore has collapsed by decades, due to diseases, depletion of prey base, persecution and a bit by habitat loss. There are of course ideas of small jobs, which are so-called species hunting. Little is known of ecological requirements of Canidae guild in high, wild plateaus of Katanga (south Congo), where explorers have recorded quaint undescribed canid. There is a lack of data about basal data on canidae guild in West Africa in such wild places, as the woodland of Nasarawa (central Nigeria), Kwahu Plateau of Ghana, but there are some studies in Atakora Mountains of Benin near well-known W-Arly-Pendjari Transboundary Park. We would undertake a small camera trapping survey for searching two canids of these lands recorded historically, such as Lycaon pictus and side-striped jackal. Short carnivore survey can be done in Koro-Toro of central Tchad. There are needed for conservation efforts in wild Asia in such wild places as indochinese region called Tonkin Jungle (of Vietnam). In such two regions research and conservation of rare canids are kindly appreciated. Other project can be undertaken in mountains of Central China, where scientists have recorded dholes Cuon alpinus of Szechuan and another canid of the Vulpes genera with shaggy fur, being not yet described by science. It is now believed to be only domestic dog but with lack of proof. Ecological requirements of these canids can be studied in this vast land. Authors of pictures: Aelurodon/paleosleuths.org, atlas of the world/Louis Hansel and Africa part of project/Top Gear. Posted by Tomasz Pietrzak, popular-science author and bachelor biologist from Poland/EU. Contact with @echlleaguescientific. This Q&A abstract is written under Creative Commons Licence.

Redigerat 2022-11-05, 14:33 av league-scientifique

[wisdomfish]

Unnatural: ‘The Ugly Truth About Gay Male Sex’

According to the CDC:

“Anal sex is the riskiest type of sex for getting or transmitting HIV.”

Causes “immunosuppression…” …the immunosuppression in homosexual males that is reported even in apparently healthy or HTLV-III-antibody-negative groups may arise from seminal PGE2 received during anal intercourse. “Prostaglandin E2 administered via anus causes immunosuppression in male but not female rats: a possible pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in homosexual males.” S Kuno, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Apr; 83(8): 2682–2683.

Gay sex is always getting kinkier and more violent:

There is a rising trend in high risk sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM), with concomitant use of recreational drugs. Activities include fisting and unprotected anal intercourse with a partner who is HIV serodiscordant or of unknown status. “Sexual trauma associated with fisting and recreational drugs.” Cohen CE, Giles A, Nelson M. Sex Transm Infect. 2004 Dec;80(6):469-70.

Gay marriage is no safeguard against HIV:

Over 50% of HIV transmissions in US gay men are from main sexual partners. “Estimating the proportion of HIV transmissions from main sex partners among men who have sex with men in five US cities.” Sullivan PS et al. AIDS 23 (online edition), 2009.

Besides HIV, gay sex causes homosexual men to be at an increased susceptibility for a variety of sexually transmitted diseases:

Compared with other sexually active adults, men who have sex with men (MSM) are more frequently infected with several pathogens including cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus…MSM in a San Francisco population-based cohort were interviewed regarding use of saliva by the insertive partner as a lubricant in various anal sexual practices. Among 283 MSM, 87% used saliva as a lubricant in insertive or receptive penile-anal intercourse or fingering/fisting at some point during their lifetime; 31%-47% did so, depending upon the act, in the prior 6 months. “Use of Saliva as a Lubricant in Anal Sexual Practices Among Homosexual Men” Lisa M Butler, et al. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 50(2):162-7 • February 2009

The majority of gay men engage in anal sex; and there is no right way to do it:

In the United States alone, receptive anal intercourse is practiced in up to 90 percent of gay and other men who have sex with men, according to International Rectal Microbicides Advocates…In one study involving nearly 900 men and women in Baltimore and Los Angeles, the researchers found that those who used lubricants were three times more likely to have rectal sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Another study that subjected popular over-the-counter and mail-order lubricants to rigorous laboratory tests discovered that many of the products were toxic to cells and rectal tissue. “Use of lubricants with anal sex could increase risk of HIV.” Microbicides 2010 (International Conference on Microbicides) May 25, 2010

If you are a heterosexual male, your likelihood of contracting HIV is relatively small:

Over the 6 years there were 33,681 HIV tests performed on men, of which 17,958 tests were for heterosexual men. From these heterosexual men, nine tested positive for the first time…These nine cases included six men who had had sex with a female partner from the following countries: Thailand, Cambodia, China, East Timor, Botswana and South Africa. Two men had injected drugs and one had a HIV-positive female partner. “HIV is rare among low-risk heterosexual men and significant potential savings could occur through phone results.” Bush MR et al. Sex Health. 2010 Dec;7(4):495-7

Young gay men are more likely to contract HIV from their older male partners:

…the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has shown a resurgence of the HIV epidemic particularly in young MSM…MSM participants with recent HIV infection reported having sex with older partners. “A Major HIV Risk Factor for Young Men Who Have Sex With Men Is Sex With Older Partners” Brian J. Coburn, PhD and Sally Blower, PhD J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54:113–114

A majority of gay men do not regularly practice “safe-sex:”

Among men whose most recent sexual encounter was with a main partner, 83% reported having anal sex, and 49% reported having anal sex without a condom during that encounter. Among men whose most recent sexual encounter was with a casual partner, 68% reported having anal sex, and 24% reported having anal sex without a condom during that encounter. “HIV Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System Men Who Have Sex with Men” 20 U.S. Cities, 2011

Young gay men are more likely than heterosexuals to engage in sex with an older partner:

Over one-half (52.0%) of MSM aged 18–24 reported a recent male anal sex partner who was >5 years older…By contrast, only 7.9% of heterosexual men and 10.0% of heterosexual women in this age group reported a recent partner who was >5 years older. “A comparison of sexual behavior patterns among men who have sex with men and heterosexual men and women” Sara Nelson Glick, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012 May 1; 60(1): 83–90.

Sexually transmitted diseases among gay men are becoming antibiotic resistant:

Among 79 cases of Shigella sonnei, 56 occurred in HIV-infected MSM, while 23 were observed in HIV-negative MSM. High resistance rates (>90 %) were found for doxycycline, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, all cephalosporins of first and second generations tested, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. In total, 54 % of cases were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Compared to negative subjects, HIV-infected MSM had a significantly higher rate of quinolone resistance. “High rates of quinolone-resistant strains of Shigella sonnei in HIV-infected MSM” C. Hoffmann, et al. Infection. October 2013, Volume 41, Issue 5, pp 999–1003

More gay men are having unprotected anal intercourse:

Unprotected anal sex at least once in the past 12 months increased from 48% in 2005 to 57% in 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) HIV Testing and Risk Behaviors Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men — United States November 29, 2013 / 62(47);958-962

A majority of gay men report more than two recent sex partners:

In the last ninety days, 32.7% men reported no sexual partners, 25.8% reported one-to-two sexual partners, and 41.5% reported more than two sexual partners. Most men reported meeting their sexual partners both online and offline. Most MSM (69.4%) reported less than two unprotected anal sex male partners in the last 90 days, while 73.1% reported protected anal sex with one or more men. The products most commonly used for douching – water, soap, and saline — are those, which laboratory and clinical studies have identified as damaging the epithelium. Thus, douching appears a candidate behavior that may plausibly influence both HIV and other STI transmission among MSM. “Enema Use among Men who have Sex with Men: A behavioral epidemiologic study with implications for HIV/STI prevention” Syed W Noor and Simon Rosser Arch Sex Behav. 2014 May; 43(4): 755–769.

Gonorrhea and chlamydia are becoming antibiotic resistant in gay men:

Extragenital GC/CT was common among MSM attending STD clinics…Of MSM tested, 11.1% tested positive for urogenital GC, 7.9% for pharyngeal GC, 10.2% for rectal GC, 8.4% for urogenital CT, 2.9% for pharyngeal CT, and 14.1% for rectal CT. “Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men–STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010-2012.” Patton ME, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jun;58(11):1564-70.

Younger gay men are likely to have an older first-time lover:

The median age was 19 years. The median age at first insertive or receptive anal intercourse was 17 years. Half of men reported sex with mainly older men: these men were more likely to engage in receptive anal intercourse (48% vs. 25%) than other men. Most men had engaged in insertive (87%) and receptive (85%) anal intercourse in the prior 12 months with 60% and 53% reporting inconsistent condom use with insertive and receptive anal intercourse partners, respectively. “Sexual behaviors and risk for sexually transmitted infections among teenage men who have sex with men.” Zou H, et al. J Adolesc Health. 2014 Aug;55(2):247-53.

Condom use does not guarantee safety:

Among Ontario MSM in 2009, an estimated 92,963 HIV-negative men had 1,184,343 episodes of anal sex with a condom and 117,133 anal sex acts without a condom with an HIV-positive partner. Of the 693 new HIV infections, 51% were through anal sex with a condom, 33% anal sex without a condom and 16% oral sex. “HIV Transmission among Men Who Have Sex with Men due to Condom Failure” Robert S. Remis, et al. Published: September 11, 2014

Oral sex isn’t a “safer” alternative:

…oral sex has an important role in sustaining gonorrhea in a population of MSM by providing a pool of untreated asymptomatic infection. “Oral and Anal Sex Are Key to Sustaining Gonorrhoea at Endemic Levels in MSM Populations: A Mathematical Model” B Hui, et al. Sex Transm Infect 91 (5), 365-369. 2015 Jan 16.

Although the risks of receptive anal sex are well known, gay men continue to engage in such behaviors:

70% of MSM reported receptive anal intercourse at least once in the past 3 months… “Consistency of Condom Use During Receptive Anal Intercourse Among Women and Men Who Have Sex With Men: Findings From the Safe in the City Behavioral Study.” DʼAnna LH, et al. Sex Transm Dis. 2015 Jul;42(7):393-9.

Difficult to treat chronic diarrhea has been reported in gay men:

Shigella flexneri is an emerging pathogen in men who have sex with men; recent outbreaks related to sexual practices have been noted in this population in the UK and other developed countries. While majority of cases of Shigellosis present with gastroenteritis, some vulnerable patients with underlying immunosuppression can get complications like bacteraemia and may present atypically as an acute surgical emergency. “Invasive shigellosis in MSM.” Serafino Wani RL, et al. Int J STD AIDS. 2015 Oct 1.

Anal sex causes incontinence:

The findings support the assessment of anal intercourse as a factor contributing to fecal incontinence in adults, especially among men.” “Anal Intercourse and Fecal Incontinence: Evidence from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.” Markland AD, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 12.

HPV, a sexually transmitted disease typically found in women, is epidemic in the gay male community:

Anal HPV was highly prevalent in MSM (HIV positive, 88% and HIV negative, 78%). “A prospective study of anal cancer screening in HIV positive and negative men who have sex with men; results of Analogy.” Schofield AM, et al. AIDS. 2016 Feb 1.

A majority of HIV+ gay men have experienced some form of anal trauma:

75% of the men had abnormal anal cytological/histological results. 41% presented with low-grade, 24% with high-grade anal dysplasia… “The male ScreenING Study: prevalence of HPV-related genital and anal lesions in an urban cohort of HIV-positive men in Germany.” Fuchs W, et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016 Feb 1.

35% of gay men have a sexually transmitted infection:

One third (35%) were positive for STI. STI prevalence was significantly associated with using sex slings, felching, group sex, fisting, anonymous sex, and sex toys. HIV prevalence was 17% and was significantly associated with fisting, felching, enemas, and group sex. “Beyond Anal Sex: Sexual Practices of Men Who Have Sex With Men and Associations With HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections.” Rice CE, et al. J Sex Med. 2016 Feb 4.

Gay men have increased prevalence of antibiotic resistant gonorrhea:

A total of 5,093 isolates were collected in 2014. Of these, 25.3% were resistant to tetracycline, 19.2% to ciprofloxacin, and 16.2% to penicillin (plasmid-based, chromosomal, or both)… The percentage of isolates resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, or all three antimicrobials, was greater in isolates from MSM than from MSW. “Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance – The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 27 Sites, United States, 2014.” Kirkcaldy RD, et al. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016 Jul 15;65(7):1-19.

Younger gay men are less likely to practice “safe-sex;” but are more likely to use drugs:

When compared to MSM 50 years or older (HIV prevalence 2.5%), significantly higher rates of unprotected anal intercourse, bacterial STI and stimulant substance use were reported among young MSM, whereas total number of partners during the last 12 months did not differ. While higher rates of stimulant substance use may explain the higher rates of condomless anal sex among young MSM, the observation of a recent study that condom use errors and problems, such as breakage and slippage were very common among young MSM… “HIV Infection Rates and Risk Behavior among Young Men undergoing community-based Testing in San Diego” Martin Hoenigl et al. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 25927.

In the US, 60% of syphilis cases were in 2% of the general population – gay men:

In men, sores can occur on or around the penis, around the anus or in the rectum, or in or around the mouth. These sores can be painless, so it is possible to have them and not notice them. Correct use of condoms can reduce the risk of syphilis if the condom covers the sores. However, sometimes sores occur in areas not covered by a condom. It is still possible to get syphilis from contact with these sores Syphilis & MSM (Men Who Have Sex With Men) – CDC Fact Sheet (January 2017)

[gwydionmisha]

This is not me taking exception to OP's point. this is me pointing out that the OPs's point is way stronger than it looks even if you know the facts.

Who says the Black Plague aka yersina pestis disappeared? Hint: it's not anyone who knows anything at all about yersina pestis.

Plague is endemic in bunch of places, and there was a serious outbreak in the '90's that killed a bunch of people in India and two in Madagascar in the teens causing a couple hundred deaths. Most years a few people die in the United states of it, usually in the south West, though most cases are in Africa these days.

Lots of people are alive right now who have had friends and family die of yersina pestis. There are also right now survivors walking around.

The Great Pestilence of 1346-53? It kept coming in waves until 1665 in the West. The 1/3-2/3rds figure for Eurasia? That's just that first wave. It came again and again and again taking an estimated another third in the second wave (aka the Plague of children) most of them, you guessed it: children. Who then never reached adulthood to help rebuild the population. the wave after killed mostly the old and the very young. Guess what the next wave did and the next.

To give you an idea of how devastating this was the population of England reached it's medieval peak around 1300ish. By 1400 the population had dropped to 900 CE levels and a whole lot of farmland was in the process of going back to forest, etc. because there weren't enough people to work it. Similar things were happening all over Europe.

It took centuries for the population to climb back up to pre-Great Pestilence levels.

And then there is that whole late 19th century pandemic people tend to forget if you aren't interested in things like public infrastructure, history of medicine, yersina pestis, or the history of China or US West coast. (Hint: this is how plague became endemic in a lot of places it didn't used to be like North America).

Yersina Pestis is still with us. Yes, even with modern medicine.

The reason there are so few deaths in the United states (small clusters that don't generally spread) is because we have a robust tracking system via the CDC and public health infrastructure. The Republicans have promised to end all that next year and dismantle the whole federal infectious disease research, tracking, and response infrastructure because republicans don't believe in facts, science, public health infrastructure as a public good, etc..

Disease eradication is incredibly rare see smallpox and maybe the Plague of Athens you can read about in Thucydides (If it didn't mutate. We have no clear idea what it was, just theories. Either way extremely contagious and deadly). Small Pox took concerted, sustained effort on a global scale. *eyes COVID denial and anti-maskers*

Heard immunity attempts with Covid objectively killed a lot of people and disabled so many more. It is still killing and disabling people right now.

As OP says: wear your mask.

Can you tell I was a 14th century specialist and a life long plague watcher?

It took almost a decade to do that too. We're entering year 5 of covid. It's global and airborne. Mask up.

[global-research-report]

How Clinical Trial Supplies Are Changing the Landscape of Clinical Research

Clinical Trial Supplies Industry Overview

The global clinical trial supplies market size was estimated at USD 3.97 billion in 2030 and is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% from 2024 to 2030. Increasing volume of clinical trial studies coupled with the growing complexity in conduction of these trials are some of the major factors driving the market growth.

Globally, an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and the rapidly aging population are expected to drive the growth of R&D of biologics, which is expected to further propel the demand for efficient clinical supplies and contribute to the growth of the clinical trial supplies industry. Furthermore, an increase in the demand for orphan drugs and high investment in the R&D of rare diseases are also expected to contribute toward the development of biologic drugs. Thus, owing to these factors, this segment is likely to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Clinical Trial Supplies Market

For instance, in 2022, Novartis invested around USD 10 billion in research and development. It also secured 23 approvals in the European Union, Japan, China, and the U.S. for new drugs and rare diseases. The company is also conducting 44 ongoing phase III programs in India with 17 clinical programs running in rare diseases such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and Lupus Nephritis.

Direct-to-Patients (DTP) is an upcoming segment in the distribution of clinical trial supplies, which is expected to be the future model of distribution. DTP is one of the emerging models that involves delivering drugs to patients directly to create patient-centric trials. This would facilitate fewer visits to the site and reduce the burden on participants. The COVID-19 outbreak has led to the increased adoption of such a model, to continue clinical trial studies with minimum disruption. In addition, patient retention and a diverse pool of patients worldwide are some of the notable reasons that can be attributed to the high adoption of this model.

Browse through Grand View Research's Medical Devices Industry Research Reports.

The S. donor egg IVF services market size was estimated at USD 398.5 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.4% from 2025 to 2030

The global electro-medical and electrotherapeutic apparatus market size was estimated at USD 66.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.4% from 2025 to 2030.

Clinical Trial Supplies Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the global clinical trial supplies market based on clinical phase, product/service, end-use, therapeutic use, and region:

Clinical Trial Supplies Clinical Phase Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

Others

Clinical Trial Supplies Product/Service Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

Manufacturing

Storage & distribution

Cold chain based

Non-cold chain based

Supply chain management

Clinical Trial Supplies End-Use Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

Pharmaceuticals

Biologics

Medical device

Others

Clinical Trial Supplies Therapeutic Use Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

Oncology

CNS

Cardiovascular

Infectious disease

Metabolic disorders

Others

Clinical Trial Supplies Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

North America

US             

Canada

Europe

UK

Germany

France

Italy

Spain

Denmark

Sweden

Norway

Asia Pacific

Japan

China

India

Australia

South Korea

Thailand

Latin America

Brazil

Mexico

Argentina

Middle East & Africa

South Africa

Saudi Arabia

UAE

Kuwait

Key Companies profiled:

Almac Group

Biocair

Catalent Inc.

KLIFO

Movianto

PCI Pharma Services

Sharp Services, LLC

Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc.

Marken

PAREXEL International Corporation

Recent Developments

In February 2023,Catalent completed a USD 2.2 million expansion of its clinical supply facility in Singapore. This expansion has enlarged the site's footprint to 31,000 square feet, providing room for installing 35 new freezers dedicated to ultra-low temperature (ULT) storage.

In January 2023,ASLAN Pharmaceuticals and Thermo Fisher Scientific entered into a partnership to manufacture a high concentration formulation of Eblasakimab for upcoming studies. Thermo Fisher Scientific will contribute its expertise in biologic manufacturing and scale-up capacity to oversee a clinical supply of Eblasakimab for the anticipated Phase 3 studies.

In July 2023,Almac Sciences announced the opening of a custom-built GMP warehouse and dispatch hub at Almac Group’s global headquarters in Craigavon, UK. The facility will support all the manufacturing and lab activities of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients from development to their commercialization.

Order a free sample PDF of the Clinical Trial Supplies Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

[shubhampawrainfinium]

Living with Pompe: A Journey Through Diagnosis and Hope

The global Pompe disease market is anticipated to grow steadily over the forecast period from 2022 to 2028. According to the report, the market was valued at approximately USD 730 million in 2022 and is expected to reach nearly USD 950 million by 2028, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 4%.

What is Pompe Disease?

Pompe disease, also known as glycogen storage disease type II, is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene responsible for producing acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), an enzyme essential for breaking down glycogen. In individuals with Pompe disease, glycogen accumulates in the cells, particularly in muscle tissue, leading to progressive muscle weakness and respiratory issues. The disease has both infantile and late-onset forms, each with different severity and progression rates.

Get Sample pages of Report: https://www.infiniumglobalresearch.com/reports/sample-request/41141

Market Dynamics and Growth Drivers

Key factors contributing to the growth of the global Pompe disease market include:

Increased Awareness and Diagnosis: As awareness of rare genetic diseases increases, more patients are being diagnosed with Pompe disease. Early detection and intervention are critical for managing disease progression, driving demand for diagnostic and therapeutic solutions.

Advances in Gene Therapy and Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT): Significant progress in gene therapy and enzyme replacement therapy is enhancing the efficacy of Pompe disease treatment. ERT, which provides the missing enzyme, is a cornerstone of treatment, while new gene therapies hold potential for long-term benefits by addressing the disease at a genetic level.

Growing Research and Development Investments: Biopharmaceutical companies and research institutions are investing in R&D to develop innovative treatments for Pompe disease. This includes efforts to refine existing therapies, reduce side effects, and improve patient outcomes, ultimately driving market growth.

Expansion of Healthcare Infrastructure: Improving healthcare access, particularly in emerging regions, is facilitating the availability of specialized treatments, including those for rare diseases like Pompe disease. Expanding healthcare infrastructure enables more patients to access diagnostic and treatment services.

Regional Analysis

North America: North America, led by the U.S., is a major market for Pompe disease treatment due to a high prevalence of rare disease screening programs, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and substantial investment in research. Government initiatives to support rare disease patients further bolster the market in this region.

Europe: Europe is also a significant contributor to the Pompe disease market, driven by robust healthcare systems and growing patient support networks. Countries such as Germany, France, and the U.K. play a key role due to their emphasis on rare disease research and patient advocacy programs.

Asia-Pacific: Asia-Pacific is expected to experience the fastest growth in the Pompe disease market. The increasing availability of healthcare services, coupled with rising awareness and improving diagnostic capabilities, particularly in countries like Japan, China, and South Korea, contributes to market expansion.

Latin America, Middle East & Africa: These regions are experiencing gradual growth as awareness and access to specialized healthcare improve. Government and non-government organizations are working to enhance the diagnosis and treatment infrastructure for rare diseases, supporting market growth.

Competitive Landscape

The Pompe disease market is competitive, with a few key players focusing on novel therapeutic development, strategic collaborations, and clinical trials to maintain their market position. Major players include:

Sanofi Genzyme: Sanofi’s Lumizyme (alglucosidase alfa) is one of the most widely used treatments for Pompe disease. Sanofi Genzyme has a strong presence in the market, focusing on expanding access to its enzyme replacement therapies.

Amicus Therapeutics: Known for its product Galafold for Fabry disease, Amicus is actively developing therapies for Pompe disease, including investigational gene therapies, and is working to strengthen its position in the rare disease market.

Audentes Therapeutics: Audentes is exploring gene therapy for Pompe disease and other rare genetic conditions. The company aims to provide long-term solutions to patients by targeting the genetic root of the disease.

Spark Therapeutics: As part of Roche, Spark is advancing gene therapy solutions for a range of genetic disorders, including Pompe disease, with a focus on innovative approaches that provide potentially curative treatments.

Report Overview : https://www.infiniumglobalresearch.com/reports/global-pompe-disease-market

Challenges and Opportunities

The Pompe disease market faces challenges such as high treatment costs, limited awareness in developing regions, and the complexity of gene therapies. Enzyme replacement therapies can be prohibitively expensive, making access difficult for some patients, particularly in regions with limited healthcare funding.

However, the market also presents significant opportunities, including advancements in gene therapy, which offer the potential for more effective, long-term solutions. Research in enzyme replacement and gene therapies continues to uncover new treatment possibilities, fostering optimism for improved patient outcomes.

Conclusion

The global Pompe disease market is set for steady growth, increasing from USD 730 million in 2022 to nearly USD 950 million in 2028 at a CAGR of over 4%. With rising awareness, advancements in treatment options, and increased investment in rare disease research, the Pompe disease market holds promise for improved patient outcomes and a better quality of life for those affected by this rare condition.

Discover More of Our Reports

Heparin Market

Portable Power Station Market

[harshnews]

Ollier’s Disease Market Size, Share, Trends, Opportunities, Key Drivers and Growth Prospectus

"Ollier’s Disease Market - Industry Trends and Forecast to 2028

Global Ollier’s Disease Market By, Drug Classification (Dactinomycin, Denosumab, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Methotrexate Sodium, Trexall (Methotrexate Sodium), Xgeva (Denosumab), Others), Treatment (Medication, Surgery, Others), Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy and Online Pharmacy), End-Users (Hospitals, Homecare, Specialty Clinics and Others), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, Germany, Italy, U.K., France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Turkey, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, Austria, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Rest of Europe, Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Rest of Asia Pacific, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, Kuwait, Israel, Egypt, Rest of Middle East and Africa) Industry Trends and Forecast to 2028.

Access Full 350 Pages PDF Report @

**Segments**

- **Diagnosis**: This segment encompasses the various methods and tools used to diagnose Ollier's Disease, including imaging techniques such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, as well as histological analysis of tissue samples. - **Treatment**: The treatment segment includes surgical options like curettage or limb amputation, as well as non-surgical approaches such as medication to manage pain and physical therapy to improve mobility. - **Patient Type**: This segment looks at different patient demographics affected by Ollier's Disease, including age, gender, and geographical location. Understanding these factors can help tailor treatment approaches for better outcomes.

**Market Players**

- **Pfizer Inc.**: Pfizer is a multinational pharmaceutical company known for its extensive portfolio of medications across various therapeutic areas, including rare diseases like Ollier's Disease. They invest heavily in research and development to bring innovative treatments to market. - **Novartis AG**: Novartis is a leading global healthcare company with a focus on innovative pharmaceuticals. They have a presence in rare diseases and may have ongoing research or products related to Ollier's Disease. - **Amgen Inc.**: Amgen is a biotechnology company that develops cutting-edge therapies in oncology and other disease areas. Their expertise in biologics may have implications for potential treatments for Ollier's Disease.

The Ollier's Disease market is a niche segment within the broader rare disease landscape, characterized by its unique pathology and treatment challenges. Diagnosis of Ollier's Disease requires a combination of imaging techniques and histological analysis to confirm the presence of multiple enchondromas in bones. Once diagnosed, treatment options vary from surgical interventions like curettage to pharmacological management of pain and physical therapy for functional improvement. The patient type affected by Ollier's Disease may vary in terms of demographics such as age, gender, and geographic location, influencing both the prevalence of the disease and its management strategies.

In this marketThe Ollier's Disease market presents unique opportunities and challenges for pharmaceutical companies operating in the rare disease space. One of the key factors influencing the market is the relatively low prevalence of Ollier's Disease compared to more common conditions, which in turn affects the market size and commercial potential for drug developers. Due to the rare nature of the disease, there is a limited pool of patients available for clinical trials and commercialization efforts, which can impact the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of developing treatments specifically for Ollier's Disease.

Moreover, the complex pathology of Ollier's Disease, characterized by the presence of multiple enchondromas in bones, poses both diagnostic and treatment challenges for healthcare providers and pharmaceutical companies. The need for specialized imaging techniques and histological analysis adds an extra layer of complexity to the diagnostic process, potentially leading to delays in appropriate management and care for patients. Additionally, the heterogeneous nature of patient demographics affected by Ollier's Disease, including variations in age, gender, and geographical location, underscores the importance of personalized medicine approaches in addressing the needs of diverse patient populations.

In terms of market players, pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer Inc., Novartis AG, and Amgen Inc. have the expertise and resources to drive innovation in rare disease research and drug development. These industry leaders may leverage their capabilities in research and development to explore novel therapeutic options for Ollier's Disease, potentially leading to breakthrough treatments that address unmet medical needs in this niche market segment. Collaborations between pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, and patient advocacy groups could further accelerate progress in understanding and managing Ollier's Disease.

Furthermore, the growing trend towards precision medicine and targeted therapies in the pharmaceutical industry offers promising opportunities for the development of personalized treatment approaches for rare diseases like Ollier's Disease. By leveraging advanced technologies such as genomics, proteomics, and data analytics, pharmaceutical companies can gain deeper insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms driving disease progression and tailor interventions to individual patient profiles. This shift**Global Ollier’s Disease Market**

- **Drug Classification**: Dactinomycin, Denosumab, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Methotrexate Sodium, Trexall (Methotrexate Sodium), Xgeva (Denosumab), Others - **Treatment**: Medication, Surgery, Others - **Distribution Channel**: Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy and Online Pharmacy - **End-Users**: Hospitals, Homecare, Specialty Clinics and Others

The global Ollier's Disease market is characterized by a niche focus within the rare disease sector, presenting both opportunities and challenges for pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers. The disease's low prevalence compared to more common conditions impacts market dynamics, driving the need for personalized medicine approaches. The complex pathology of Ollier's Disease, involving multiple enchondromas, poses diagnostic and treatment challenges, highlighting the importance of specialized approaches. Industry leaders like Pfizer, Novartis, and Amgen are well-positioned to drive innovation in rare disease research and drug development, potentially leading to breakthrough treatments for Ollier's Disease.

Market analysis for the Ollier's Disease market reveals a unique landscape with key players focusing on research and development to address unmet medical needs. The market size is influenced by the condition's rarity, impacting the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of drug development specifically tailored to Ollier's Disease. Patient demographics, including age, gender, and geographical location, play a

Table of Content:

Part 01: Executive Summary

Part 02: Scope of the Report

Part 03: Global Ollier’s Disease Market Landscape

Part 04: Global Ollier’s Disease Market Sizing

Part 05: Global Ollier’s Disease Market Segmentation by Product

Part 06: Five Forces Analysis

Part 07: Customer Landscape

Part 08: Geographic Landscape

Part 09: Decision Framework

Part 10: Drivers and Challenges

Part 11: Market Trends

Part 12: Vendor Landscape

Part 13: Vendor Analysis

Ollier’s Disease Key Benefits over Global Competitors:

The report provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the Ollier’s Disease Market trends, forecasts, and market size to determine new opportunities.

Porter’s Five Forces analysis highlights the potency of buyers and suppliers to enable stakeholders to make strategic business decisions and determine the level of competition in the industry.

Top impacting factors & major investment pockets are highlighted in the research.

The major countries in each region are analyzed and their revenue contribution is mentioned.

The market player positioning segment provides an understanding of the current position of the market players active in the Personal Care Ingredients

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[omcmedicalblogs]

Mpox: Origin, Global Impact, Testing, and Solutions - OMC Medical Limited

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a viral zoonotic disease that has rapidly emerged as a global health concern. The mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, was first identified in humans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 1970. For decades, the disease was mostly confined to Central and West Africa, where it remained endemic.

However, beginning in the spring of 2022, mpox began spreading to countries outside of Africa, regions that had rarely seen cases in the past.

Since 2022, the mpox virus has infected nearly 100,000 people worldwide, highlighting its ability to spread across borders. Although the virus has caused serious symptoms, the death rate in non-endemic regions has been relatively low, with approximately 200 deaths reported globally over the two years.

This contrasts sharply with the situation in Central Africa, where mpox has historically been more lethal, with mortality rates reaching up to 10 percent in some outbreaks.

The current global concern centers around the emergence of a novel strain of mpox, known as Clade Ib, which has recently been spreading in the DRC and other African countries. This strain has demonstrated increased human-to-human transmission capabilities and has even been detected outside Africa, with a reported case in Sweden involving an infected traveler returning from the DRC.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared an emergency due to the rise in Clade I cases in Africa, particularly with the appearance of this new, more transmissible subtype.

The Evolution of Mpox in Central Africa

Traditionally, mpox was considered a rural zoonotic disease, primarily spreading through animal-to-human transmission with limited human-to-human spread. However, the natural history of the virus in Central Africa has changed. The virus has now established itself in urban centers, spreading more easily between people and positioning itself to potentially reach other regions and countries.

A significant outbreak began in the fall of 2023 in Kamituga, a town in South Kivu province of the DRC. The outbreak primarily affected sex workers in the mining epicenter and quickly spread to nearby cities like Bukavu, located near Rwanda and Burundi. This outbreak has raised concerns about the virus’s potential to cascade globally once again.

The Differences Between Mpox Clades

Mpox viruses are categorized into two main strains, or clades: Clade I and Clade II. Clade I, which is more virulent, has been responsible for significant outbreaks in Central Africa, particularly in the DRC. Historically, this clade has caused severe illness and death, especially in children, with mortality rates as high as 10 percent.

On the other hand, Clade II, found mainly in West Africa, has been considered less severe. Within Clade II, a subtype known as Clade IIb was responsible for the 2022-2023 global outbreak, which, while widespread, resulted in few fatalities.

Clade Ib, the newly identified subtype within Clade I, has genetic and epidemiologic characteristics that favor human-to-human transmission. This subtype has shown a mortality rate of 3.2 percent, lower than the historical average for Clade I but still concerning. The potential for Clade Ib to spread globally is a significant concern, particularly given its higher transmission rate compared to other strains.

Mpox Testing: IgG/IgM Antibody vs. Antigen Test Kits

Accurate and timely diagnosis of mpox is essential for controlling its spread. Two primary types of test kits are available for detecting mpox: IgG/IgM antibody test kits and antigen test kits.

IgG/IgM Antibody Test Kits

These kits detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the mpox virus. IgM antibodies typically appear soon after infection, indicating recent exposure, while IgG antibodies develop later, indicating past infection or immunity.

These tests are valuable for understanding the stage of infection and for conducting seroprevalence studies, which help track the spread of the virus within populations.

Antigen Test Kits

These kits detect the presence of viral antigens, which are proteins or molecules from the virus itself, typically during the active phase of infection. Antigen tests can provide rapid results, making them useful for early detection and diagnosis of active infections.

They are crucial for prompt isolation and treatment of infected individuals, helping to prevent further spread of the virus.

Conclusion

As the world continues to grapple with the challenges posed by mpox, having reliable and accurate test kits is critical for effective disease management. At OMC Medical, we offer the distribution of both IgG/IgM antibody test kits and antigen test kits, providing essential tools for detecting and controlling mpox.

Our products are designed to meet the highest standards of accuracy and reliability, ensuring that healthcare providers can make informed decisions in managing the disease. If you are interested in distributing our mpox test kits, please contact us at OMC Medical.

We are committed to supporting global health efforts and ensuring that the necessary tools are available to combat the spread of mpox.

Originally Published at: https://omcmedical.com/mpox-global-impact-testing-solutions/