#photobiology

[mimi-0007]

Emmett W. Chappelle (October 24, 1925 – October 14, 2019) was an American scientist who made valuable contributions in the fields of medicine, philanthropy, food science, and astrochemistry. His achievements led to his induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his work on bioluminescence, in 2007. Being honored as one of the 100 most distinguished African American scientists of the 20th Century, he was also one of the members of the American Chemical Society, the American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the American Society of Photobiology, the American Society of Microbiology, and the American Society of Black Chemists.

[wildpeachfarm]

hiya I'm a random follower [never asked before] but I read a post where you mentioned botany researched and I was wondering what kind? I'm certainly no botanist myself but I love plants with my whole soul so I'd love to hear more :D

omg hi welcome to the inbox!

I do photobiology with an emphasis on UV radiation! So what I am currently researching is tomato plant resistance to UV-C radiation and how phenotypic mutations could present themselves or if we can observe things like abnormal stomata behavior, etc. The end goal is to get enough data to make a claim about UV-C radiation's potential affect on plants being enough to influence plant growth in space!

I basically built a big lightbox and split it in half so that I can track plant development under normal white lights and special 100nm UV-C light bulbs and I give the tomato plants different amounts of "treatments" of each respective light type and compare leaf sizes which is more qualitative and then I look microscopically to see if stomata abnormalities are visible or any other identifiable cell mutations.

Currently it's in the heavy "workshop" stages to standardize everything but my mentor is a big plant genetics guy so I might be doing DNA analysis later down the line too :)

[rvenvs3000f24]

Unit 09 Blog Post

Imagine standing on a secluded beach at night, where each step you take causes the shoreline to shimmer with a ghostly blue light. The waves crash, leaving a trail of luminescent foam, and the stars above seem to have descended into the ocean itself. This isn't a scene from a fantasy novel, it's the mesmerizing phenomenon of bioluminescence, nature's own light show, and one of the most enchanting spectacles our planet has to offer.

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by living organisms. This incredible ability has evolved independently multiple times across different species, from the deepest parts of the ocean to the forests and caves on land. It's a form of cold light, meaning it generates light without heat, which is essential for organisms that can't afford to lose energy as heat in their environments.

In the ocean, bioluminescence is most famously displayed by dinoflagellates, microscopic plankton that can make the sea glow when they're agitated by waves or movement (Hanley & Widder, 2017). These tiny organisms use bioluminescence as a defense mechanism, startling predators or attracting larger predators that might eat their attackers. Witnessing a bloom of bioluminescent plankton is like stepping into a dreamscape where the boundaries between reality and magic blur.

Figure 1: Bioluminescent waves light up the shoreline as dinoflagellates emit a blue glow when disturbed, creating a breathtaking natural display along the coast.

Venturing deeper into the ocean, where sunlight cannot penetrate, bioluminescence becomes even more critical. Over 90% of deep-sea marine life produce light in some form). The anglerfish, for example, uses a bioluminescent lure protruding from its forehead to attract unsuspecting prey in the pitch-black depths (Pietsch, 2009). This adaptation is not just fascinating but vital for survival in an environment where food is scarce, and darkness is perpetual.

On land, the magic continues with creatures like fireflies and glow-worms. Fireflies use their bioluminescence for communication and mating. Each species has a unique pattern of flashes, a silent symphony of lights that dance across meadows and forests at dusk (Lewis & Cratsley, 2008).

But how does bioluminescence actually work? At its core, it's a chemical reaction involving a light-emitting molecule called luciferin and an enzyme called luciferase (Wilson & Hastings, 2013). When luciferin reacts with oxygen, catalyzed by luciferase, light is produced. The specifics of this reaction can vary among organisms, leading to different colors and intensities of light.

Bioluminescence reminds us of the hidden wonders of the natural world. It captivates our imagination, illuminating not just the physical darkness but also shedding light on the endless possibilities of nature's ingenuity. Whether it's the ethereal glow of plankton under your feet or the flickering dance of fireflies, bioluminescence offers a glimpse into a world where life doesn't just adapt to its environment, it shines. Remember that you're witnessing a phenomenon that has fascinated humans for centuries.

References:

Hanley, K. A., & Widder, E. A. (2017). Bioluminescence in dinoflagellates: Evidence that the adaptive value of bioluminescence in dinoflagellates is concentration dependent. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 93(2), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12713

Lewis, S. M., & Cratsley, C. K. (2008). Flash signal evolution, mate choice, and predation in Fireflies. Annual Review of Entomology, 53(1), 293–321. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093346

Pietsch, T. (2009). Oceanic anglerfishes: Extraordinary diversity in the Deep Sea. University of California Press.

Wilson, T., & Hastings, J. W. (2013). Bioluminescence: Living lights, lights for living. Harvard University Press.

[lboogie1906]

Emmett W. Chappelle (October 24, 1925 – October 14, 2019) was a scientist who made valuable contributions in the fields of medicine, philanthropy, food science, and astrochemistry. His achievements led to his induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his work on Bio-luminescence, in 2007. Being honored as one of the 100 most distinguished African American scientists of the 20th Century, he was one of the members of the American Chemical Society, the American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the American Society of Photobiology, the American Society of Microbiology, and the American Society of Black Chemists.

He was born in Phoenix to Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle, who grew cotton and raised cattle on their farm. Born into segregation, he was required to attend the segregated Phoenix Union Colored High School, where he was the top graduate of his senior class of 25 students. He enlisted in the army where he was able to take some engineering courses before being assigned to the 92nd Infantry Division that was stationed in Italy. He suffered two non-fatal wounds in action. After his return from Italy in 1946, he attended Phoenix College where he studied Electrical Engineering and received an AA before he redirected his focus and career toward the sciences.

He received a BS in Biochemistry from UC Berkeley and served as an instructor of biochemistry at Meharry Medical College. He then left Tennessee to continue his education at the University of Washington where he received his MS in Biochemistry. He worked as a research associate at Stanford University where he was appointed as a scientist and biochemist for the Research Institute of Advanced Studies. He went to work at Hazelton Laboratories, now known as Covance Inc., as a biochemist but joined NASA as an exobiologist and astrochemist. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence

[integrating-sphere]

The Crucial Role of Retinal Blue Light Hazard Testers in Everyday Life

With the rapid advancement of digital technology and information systems, computers have become an integral part of both our work and personal lives. While computers offer significant convenience, they have also led to an increase in eye strain and visual impairments. As a result, protecting eye health has become a major concern. The primary concern regarding computer-induced eye strain is blue light exposure. Therefore, blue Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester is essential for safeguarding eye health. What is Blue Light? Blue light refers to light waves with wavelengths primarily between 400nm and 500nm, within the visible light spectrum of 380nm to 760nm. For industry purposes, blue light is often defined as visible light in the range of 400nm to 500nm. To prevent blue light damage, blue light testers assess the light blocking performance at 400nm and 460nm wavelengths. Impact of Blue Light on the Eyes Prolonged exposure to blue light can cause chronic damage to the retina. Scientific studies have shown that mice exposed to blue light exhibited thinning of the retinal pigment epithelium and oxidative apoptosis of photoreceptors (cones and rods). This evidence suggests that long-term exposure to blue light can significantly affect human retinal health, particularly in infants and adolescents whose lenses are still developing and are more susceptible to blue light damage. Other Effects of Blue Light on the Body In addition to its impact on eye health, blue light can affect the secretion of melatonin, leading to what is known as the “dawn effect.” Research confirms that blue light, especially around 450nm, has the strongest suppressive effect on melatonin production during the night. Blue light’s shorter wavelength leads to increased scattering in the air, causing glare and further affecting visual health. Protective Measures: To effectively guard against blue light, various blue light blocking glasses and screen protectors are available on the market. These products filter specific blue light wavelengths to minimize eye damage. Moreover, using blue light testers to evaluate the performance of these products ensures their effectiveness. Additionally, reducing prolonged use of electronic devices and increasing break times can help protect vision. Introduction to Retinal Blue Light Hazard Testers With growing concern over blue light hazards in fields like ophthalmology, eyewear, and LED technology, there has been an increase in blue light protection products. However, some vendors exaggerate the effectiveness of blue light glasses, leading to a need for reliable blue light testers to verify the performance of such products. EN62471-P_Portable Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester The Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester is a portable device developed from laboratory photobiological safety testing systems. It is designed to be portable, user-friendly, and applicable across various scenarios. The tester complies with standards such as IEC/EN 62471:2008 and IEC 62471-7:2023 and can measure the following parameters: • Effective Radiant Intensity of Retinal Blue Light Hazard • Blue Light Hazard Level • Retinal Blue Light Hazard Coefficient (KB, V) • Spectral Radiant Intensity Distribution Curve • Blue Light Weighted Radiant Intensity Ratio (BR) • Effective Radiant Intensity of Retinal Thermal Hazard • Apparent Light Source Edge Parameters Key Features: • Simulated Human Eye Optics Design: Features a 7mm entrance pupil diameter for dual optical path testing, allowing for accurate measurement of radiant intensity distribution and spectral radiant intensity. • Wide Wavelength Range Spectral Measurement: Provides measurements from 300nm to 1050nm, covering retinal blue light hazard (300nm to 700nm) and partially covering retinal thermal hazard (380nm to 1400nm). • Ultra-Wide and Fast Spectral Measurement: High-speed USB communication with an integration time as short as 11.4 microseconds and the capability to measure over 1000k cd/m². • Built-in Electric Light Chopper: Facilitates zero calibration and improves measurement accuracy. • Program-Controlled Measurement Distance Adjustment: Enhances the convenience of measurement operations. Conclusion: In today’s digital age, the widespread use of computers and electronic devices inevitably increases the exposure to blue light. By employing blue light protection products and testing devices, along with managing screen time effectively, we can significantly reduce the risks associated with blue light exposure. Starting with blue light testing is essential for ensuring eye health and enjoying the benefits of technology. Read the full article

[goniophotometer]

The Crucial Role of Retinal Blue Light Hazard Testers in Everyday Life

With the rapid advancement of digital technology and information systems, computers have become an integral part of both our work and personal lives. While computers offer significant convenience, they have also led to an increase in eye strain and visual impairments. As a result, protecting eye health has become a major concern. The primary concern regarding computer-induced eye strain is blue light exposure. Therefore, blue Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester is essential for safeguarding eye health. What is Blue Light? Blue light refers to light waves with wavelengths primarily between 400nm and 500nm, within the visible light spectrum of 380nm to 760nm. For industry purposes, blue light is often defined as visible light in the range of 400nm to 500nm. To prevent blue light damage, blue light testers assess the light blocking performance at 400nm and 460nm wavelengths. Impact of Blue Light on the Eyes Prolonged exposure to blue light can cause chronic damage to the retina. Scientific studies have shown that mice exposed to blue light exhibited thinning of the retinal pigment epithelium and oxidative apoptosis of photoreceptors (cones and rods). This evidence suggests that long-term exposure to blue light can significantly affect human retinal health, particularly in infants and adolescents whose lenses are still developing and are more susceptible to blue light damage. Other Effects of Blue Light on the Body In addition to its impact on eye health, blue light can affect the secretion of melatonin, leading to what is known as the “dawn effect.” Research confirms that blue light, especially around 450nm, has the strongest suppressive effect on melatonin production during the night. Blue light’s shorter wavelength leads to increased scattering in the air, causing glare and further affecting visual health. Protective Measures: To effectively guard against blue light, various blue light blocking glasses and screen protectors are available on the market. These products filter specific blue light wavelengths to minimize eye damage. Moreover, using blue light testers to evaluate the performance of these products ensures their effectiveness. Additionally, reducing prolonged use of electronic devices and increasing break times can help protect vision. Introduction to Retinal Blue Light Hazard Testers With growing concern over blue light hazards in fields like ophthalmology, eyewear, and LED technology, there has been an increase in blue light protection products. However, some vendors exaggerate the effectiveness of blue light glasses, leading to a need for reliable blue light testers to verify the performance of such products. EN62471-P_Portable Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester The Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester is a portable device developed from laboratory photobiological safety testing systems. It is designed to be portable, user-friendly, and applicable across various scenarios. The tester complies with standards such as IEC/EN 62471:2008 and IEC 62471-7:2023 and can measure the following parameters: • Effective Radiant Intensity of Retinal Blue Light Hazard • Blue Light Hazard Level • Retinal Blue Light Hazard Coefficient (KB, V) • Spectral Radiant Intensity Distribution Curve • Blue Light Weighted Radiant Intensity Ratio (BR) • Effective Radiant Intensity of Retinal Thermal Hazard • Apparent Light Source Edge Parameters Key Features: • Simulated Human Eye Optics Design: Features a 7mm entrance pupil diameter for dual optical path testing, allowing for accurate measurement of radiant intensity distribution and spectral radiant intensity. • Wide Wavelength Range Spectral Measurement: Provides measurements from 300nm to 1050nm, covering retinal blue light hazard (300nm to 700nm) and partially covering retinal thermal hazard (380nm to 1400nm). • Ultra-Wide and Fast Spectral Measurement: High-speed USB communication with an integration time as short as 11.4 microseconds and the capability to measure over 1000k cd/m². • Built-in Electric Light Chopper: Facilitates zero calibration and improves measurement accuracy. • Program-Controlled Measurement Distance Adjustment: Enhances the convenience of measurement operations. Conclusion: In today’s digital age, the widespread use of computers and electronic devices inevitably increases the exposure to blue light. By employing blue light protection products and testing devices, along with managing screen time effectively, we can significantly reduce the risks associated with blue light exposure. Starting with blue light testing is essential for ensuring eye health and enjoying the benefits of technology. Read the full article

[ranthaven]

I didn’t go through all these, but you might find links to a video or two. Plenty of photographs, diagrams, and other illustrations from what I saw. Enjoy!

References

[1]

Cirrus Digit Firefly Photuris lucicrescens

[2]

Martin, Gavin J.; Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Branham, Marc A.; et al. (1 November 2019). Jordal, Bjarte (ed.). "Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)". Insect Systematics and Diversity. Oxford University Press ). 3 (6). doi:10.1093/isd/ixz024.

[3]

Ferreira, Vinicius S.; Keller, Oliver; Branham, Marc A.; Ivie, Michael A. (2019). "Molecular data support the placement of the enigmatic Cheguevaria as a subfamily of Lampyridae (Insecta: Coleoptera)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Oxford University Press. 187 (4): 1253–1258. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz073.

[4]

Ferreira, Vinicius S.; Keller, Oliver; Branham, Marc A (1 November 2020). Marvaldi, Adriana (ed.). "Multilocus Phylogeny Support the Nonbioluminescent Firefly Chespirito as a New Subfamily in the Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)". Insect Systematics and Diversity. Oxford University Press. 4 (6). doi:10.1093/isd/ixaa014.

[5]

Lewis, Sara (26 April 2016). Silent Sparks: The Wondrous World of Fireflies. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1400880317.

[6]

Marshall, Michael (22 February 2020). "Why the lights are going out for fireflies". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

[7]

Fu, Xinhua; Nobuyoshi, Ohba; Vencl, Fredric V.; Lei, Chaoliang (2006). "Life cycle and behaviour of the aquatic firefly Luciola leii (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Mainland China". The Canadian Entomologist. 138 (6): 860–870. doi:10.4039/n05-093. S2CID 84624340.

[8]

Armstrong, Charles. "Winter Firefly". The University of Maine Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

[9]

"About Fireflies". Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

[10]

McLean, Miriam; Buck, John; Hanson, Frank E. (1972). "Culture and Larval Behavior of Photurid Fireflies". The American Midland Naturalist. University of Notre Dame. 87 (1): 133–145. doi:10.2307/2423887. JSTOR 2423887.

[11]

Lau, T.F.; Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (2006). "Sexual dimorphism in the compound eye of Rhagophthalmus ohbai (Coleoptera: Rhagophthalmidae): Morphology and ultrastructure". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 9: 19–30. doi:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60271-X.

[12]

Eisner, Thomas; Wiemer, David; Haynes, Leroy; Meinwald, Jerrold (1978). "Lucibufagins: Defensive steroids from the fireflies Photinus ignitus and P. marginellus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". PNAS. 75 (2): 905–908. Bibcode:1978PNAS...75..905E. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.2.905. PMC 411366. PMID 16592501.

[13]

Lewis, Sara M.; Cratsley, Christopher K. (January 2008). "Flash Signal Evolution, Mate Choice, and Predation in Fireflies". Annual Review of Entomology. 53 (1): 293–321. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093346. PMID 17877452. S2CID 16360536.

[14]

Branham, Marc A.; Wenzel, John W. (December 2001). "The Evolution of Bioluminescence in Cantharoids (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)". The Florida Entomologist. 84 (4): 565. doi:10.2307/3496389. JSTOR 3496389.

[15]

Gullan & Cranston 2014, pp. 121–122.

[16]

Day, John (2009). "Beetle bioluminescence: a genetic and enzymatic research review". In Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (ed.). Bioluminescence in Focus. Research Signpost: Kerala. pp. 325–355.

[17]

Frick-Ruppert, Jennifer E.; Rosen, Joshua J. (2008). "Morphology and Behavior of Phausis Reticulata (Blue Ghost Firefly)". Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science. 124 (4): 139–47.

[18]

Branchini, Bruce R.; Southworth, Tara L.; Salituro, Leah J.; Fontaine, Danielle M.; Oba, Yuichi (2017). "Cloning of the Blue Ghost (Phausis reticulata) Luciferase Reveals a Glowing Source of Green Light". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 93 (2): 473–478. doi:10.1111/php.12649. PMID 27696431.

[19]

Martin, Gavin J.; Branham, Marc A.; Whiting, Michael F.; Bybee, Seth M. (February 2017). "Total evidence phylogeny and the evolution of adult bioluminescence in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 564–575. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.017. PMID 27998815.

[20]

Stanger-Hall, K. F.; Lloyd, J. E.; Hillis, D. M. (2007). "Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): implications for the evolution of light signals". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013. PMID 17644427.

[21]

Branham, M. (February 2003). "The origin of photic behavior and the evolution of sexual communication in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Cladistics. 19 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00404.x. PMID 34905865. S2CID 46266960.

[22]

Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Lloyd, James E. (March 2015). "Flash signal evolution in Photinus fireflies: Character displacement and signal exploitation in a visual communication system". Evolution. 69 (3): 666–682. doi:10.1111/evo.12606. PMID 25627920. S2CID 26075485.

[23]

Murray, James D. (2002). Mathematical Biology. Vol. I. An Introduction (3rd ed.). Springer. pp. 295–299. ISBN 978-0-387-95223-9.

[24]

Synchronous Fireflies – Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Nps.gov (3 June 2013). Retrieved on 22 June 2013.

[25]

Cross, Robert (23 May 2004) "Tree huggin'". Chicago Tribune.

[26]

Gullan & Cranston 2014, p. 387.

[27]

De Cock, R.; Matthysen, E. (2005). "Sexual communication by pheromones in a firefly, Phosphaenus hemipterus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Animal Behaviour. 70 (4): 807–818. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.011. S2CID 53180940.

[28]

Kazantsev, S. V. (December 2015). "Protoluciola albertalleni gen.n., sp.n., a new Luciolinae firefly (Insecta: Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Burmite amber". Russian Entomological Journal. 24 (1): 281–283. doi:10.15298/rusentj.24.4.02.

[29]

Oba, Y.; Konishi, K.; Yano, D.; Shibata, H.; Kato, D.; Shirai, T. (December 2020). "Resurrecting the ancient glow of the fireflies". Science Advances. 6 (49): eabc5705. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.5705O. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5705. PMC 7710365. PMID 33268373.

[30]

Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2007). "Glowworms: a review of "Arachnocampa" spp and kin". Luminescence. 22 (3): 251–265. doi:10.1002/bio.955. PMID 17285566.

[31]

"UK Glow worm survey home page".

[32]

"Enter a glow-worm record". 11 June 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2018.

[33]

Atkins, Val; Bell, Dolly; Bowker, Ann; et al. (2016). "The status of the glow-worm Lampyris noctiluca L. (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in England". Lampyrid. 4: 20–35.

[34]

Gardiner, Tim; Didham, Raphael K. (2020). "Glowing, glowing, gone? Monitoring long-term trends in glow-worm numbers in south-east England". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 13 (2): 162–174. doi:10.1111/icad.12407. S2CID 216387774.

[35]

Khoo, Veronica; Nada, B.; Kirton, L.G.; et al. (2009). "Monitoring the population of the firefly Pteroptyx tener along the Selangor River, Malaysia for conservation and sustainable ecotourism". Lampyrid. 2: 162–173.

[36]

Wong, C.; Yeap, C.A. (2012). "Conservation of congregating firefly zones (CFZs) in peninsular Malaysia". Lampyrid. 2: 174–187.

[37]

"Latest Update to the IUCN Red List Includes First Global Assessments for Fireflies, with a Spotlight on North America | Xerces Society". xerces.org. Retrieved 12 October 2021.

[38]

Fallon, Candace E.; Walker, Anna C.; Lewis, Sara; et al. (17 November 2021). "Evaluating firefly extinction risk: Initial red list assessments for North America". PLOS One. 16 (11): e0259379. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1659379F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259379. PMC 8598072. PMID 34788329.

[39]

Lewis, Sara M; Wong, Choong Hay; Owens, Avalon C. S.; et al. (1 February 2020). "A Global Perspective on Firefly Extinction Threats". BioScience. 70 (2): 157–167. doi:10.1093/biosci/biz157.

[40]

Lewis, Sara M.; Thancharoen, Anchana; Wong, Choong Hay; et al. (2021). "Firefly tourism: Advancing a global phenomenon toward a brighter future". Conservation Science and Practice. 3 (5): e391. doi:10.1111/csp2.391.

[41]

Sala, Osvaldo E.; Chapin, F. Stuart; Iii; et al. (10 March 2000). "Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100". Science. 287 (5459): 1770–1774. doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1770. PMID 10710299.

[42]

See "How You Can Help", FireFly.org, citing (1) "Understanding Halofenozide (Mach 2) and Imidacloprid (Merit) Soil Insecticides," by Daniel A Potter. International SportsTurf Institute, Inc., Turfax, Vol. 6 No. 1 (Jan-Feb 1998) and (2) "Relative Toxicities of Chemicals to the Earthworm Eisenia foetida," by Brian L. Roberts and H. Wyman Dorough. Article first published online: 20 October 2009. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan. 1984), pp. 67–78.

[43]

Fallon, Candace; Hoyle, Sarah; Lewis, Sara; et al. (2019). "Conserving the Jewels of the Night: Guidelines for Protecting Fireflies in the United States and Canada" (PDF). The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved 23 June 2021.

[44]

Lloyd, James E.; Wing, Steven R.; Hongtrakul, Tawatchai (1989). "Ecology, Flashes, and Behavior of Congregating Thai Fireflies". Biotropica. 21 (4): 373. doi:10.2307/2388290. JSTOR 2388290.

[45]

Viviani, Vadim Ravara; Rocha, Mayra Yamazaki; Hagen, Oskar (June 2010). "Fauna de besouros bioluminescentes (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Lampyridae; Phengodidae, Elateridae) nos municípios de Campinas, Sorocaba-Votorantim e Rio Claro-Limeira (SP, Brasil): biodiversidade e influência da urbanização". Biota Neotropica. 10 (2): 103–116. doi:10.1590/s1676-06032010000200013.

[46]

Firebaugh, Ariel; Haynes, Kyle J. (1 December 2016). "Experimental tests of light-pollution impacts on nocturnal insect courtship and dispersal". Oecologia. 182 (4): 1203–1211. Bibcode:2016Oecol.182.1203F. doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3723-1. PMID 27646716. S2CID 36670391.

[47]

Owens, Avalon Celeste Stevahn; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno; Yang, En-Cheng (7 February 2018). "Short- and mid-wavelength artificial light influences the flash signals of Aquatica ficta fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". PLOS ONE. 13 (2): e0191576. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1391576O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191576. PMC 5802884. PMID 29415023.

[48]

Owens, Avalon C. S.; Lewis, Sara M. (2021). "Narrow‐spectrum artificial light silences female fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 14 (2): 199–210. doi:10.1111/icad.12487. S2CID 232246018.

[49]

Owens, Avalon C.S.; Lewis, Sara M. (2021). "Effects of artificial light on growth, development, and dispersal of two North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Journal of Insect Physiology. 130: 104200. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104200. PMID 33607160. S2CID 231969942.

[50]

"How You Can Help Prevent Fireflies from Disappearing". Firefly.org. Retrieved 12 October 2021.

[51]

"How You Can Help". Xerces Society. Retrieved 12 October 2021.

[52]

Krafsur, E. S.; Moon, R. D.; Albajes, R.; Alomar, O.; Chiappini, Elisabetta; Huber, John; Capinera, John L. (2008). "Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Encyclopedia of Entomology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1429–1452. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3811. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.

[53]

Takada, Kenta (2012). "Japanese Interest in "Hotaru" (Fireflies) and "Kabuto-Mushi" (Japanese Rhinoceros Beetles) Corresponds with Seasonality in Visible Abundance". Insects. 3 (4): 423–431. doi:10.3390/insects3020424. PMC 4553602. PMID 26466535.

[54]

Schultz, Ted R. (2011). "Fireflies, Honey, and Silk. By Gilbert Waldbauer; illustrated by, James Nardi. Berkeley (California): University of California Press. $25.95. xi + 233 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978‐0‐520‐25883‐9. 2009". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 86 (2): 147–149. doi:10.1086/659937.

[55]

Fukunaga, Yoiken (1993). "Hotarumaru" 蛍丸 [Firefly Maru]. Nihontō daihyakkajiten 日本刀大百科事典 [Japanese Sword Encyclopedia] (in Japanese). Vol. 5. Yuzankaku. p. 24. ISBN 4-639-01202-0.

[56]

Taketomi, 邦茂 (1943). "Hotarumaru Kunitoshi" 蛍丸国俊 [Kunitoshi Hotarumaru]. Nihontō to muteki tamashī 日本刀と無敵魂 [Japanese sword and invincible soul] (in Japanese). 彰文館. p. 162. JPNO 46023259. Retrieved 25 February 2023.

[57]

Alighieri, Dante (1320). Inferno. Canto XXVI, lines 25–32.

[58]

Ineichen, Stefan (2016). "Light into Darkness: The Significance of Glowworms and Fireflies in Western Culture". Advances in Zoology and Botany. 4 (4): 54–58. doi:10.13189/azb.2016.040402. ISSN 2331-5083.

It's really wild to me how little fireflies have been studied, with how charismatic they are. I can barely find photos online or any information at all on most species, and videos? Forget it.

They barely even get any attention from conservation public outreach.

Y'all don't like lightning bug?💡Blink blonk?

[unitedtesting]

Introduction of light biosafety level:

According to the international standard IEC62471, the optical radiation wavelength involving fine eyes and skin is 200~3000nm. According to the different degrees of harm, the photobiological radiation safety of LED and other non-laser products is divided into four levels.

Exemption class (no harm): under the limit conditions specified in this standard, it does not cause any photobiological radiation hazard.

Class 丨(low hazard): under normal use conditions, according to the normal light behavior of people will not cause photobiological radiation hazard.

Class Ⅱ(moderate hazard): according to the dazzling avoidance of human eyes to high brightness light source, or the uncomfortable reaction of thermal radiation, do not cause photobiological radiation harm.

Class Ⅲ(high hazard): even instantaneous light, can cause radiation damage.

At present, the photobiological radiation safety of LED products in lighting mainly focuses on the photochemical damage.

LED products for non-ordinary lighting will also involve ultraviolet and infrared radiation.

[h2lifetech]

Bathing in Hydrogen Water: The Secret to Youthful, Elastic, and Glowing Skin (2024) 77

What is Hydrogen Water?

Hydrogen water is simply water infused with molecular hydrogen (H2). Unlike regular water, which contains two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom (H2O), hydrogen water has additional free hydrogen molecules. These extra hydrogen molecules are believed to offer powerful antioxidative properties, which can neutralize harmful free radicals in the body.

The Science Behind Hydrogen Water and Skincare

Several studies have explored the potential benefits of hydrogen-rich water. One study published in the Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology found that hydrogen water can significantly reduce skin damage caused by UV radiation, owing to its potent antioxidative properties (Fukuda et al., 2011). Another study demonstrated that hydrogen water could improve skin conditions such as wrinkles and pigmentation by reducing oxidative stress (Matsumoto et al., 2012).

These findings suggest that hydrogen water’s antioxidative properties help combat the primary causes of skin aging: oxidative stress and inflammation. When applied topically through a bath, hydrogen water can penetrate deep into the skin layers, providing hydration and promoting cell repair and regeneration.

Benefits of Hydrogen Water Baths

1. Antioxidation and Anti-Aging

Hydrogen gas has strong permeability, allowing it to quickly penetrate the body through the skin during a hydrogen water bath. This direct contact with the skin enables hydrogen to act on human cells, neutralizing free radicals that cause oxidative stress. The result? Reduced wrinkles, improved skin elasticity, and enhanced skin lubricity.

2. Skin Tightening and Elasticity Enhancement

Regular hydrogen water baths can significantly tighten the skin and enhance its elasticity, helping maintain a youthful appearance. The hydrogen molecules promote collagen production, a vital protein for skin firmness and elasticity.

3. Acne and Pigmentation Reduction

Hydrogen water’s anti-inflammatory properties can help reduce acne and lighten pigmentation such as freckles and age spots. This makes hydrogen baths an effective solution for achieving an even skin tone and clearer complexion.

4. Improvement of Skin Conditions

Continuous use of hydrogen water baths has shown improvement in various skin conditions, including dermatitis, eczema, hives, and psoriasis. Users often notice significant relief within the first week of daily use.

5. Joint and Bone Health

Beyond skincare, hydrogen gas can penetrate human bone joints and bones, providing relief from arthritis, rheumatism, gout, and other joint-related ailments. This makes hydrogen baths beneficial for overall musculoskeletal health.

6. Enhanced Relaxation and Sleep Quality

Hydrogen water baths promote overall relaxation, effectively relieving fatigue and improving sleep quality. This can be particularly beneficial for those suffering from insomnia or stress-related sleep disorders.

7. Wound Healing and Circulation Improvement

8. Additional Health Benefits

Hydrogen water baths are also known to improve conditions such as kidney stones, hemorrhoids, diabetes, and hypertension, offering a holistic approach to health and wellness.

How to Incorporate Hydrogen Water Baths into Your Routine

Choosing the Right Hydrogen Water Machine

Investing in a high-quality hydrogen water machine is crucial for reaping the full benefits of hydrogen baths. Look for machines that provide a high concentration of molecular hydrogen and are easy to use. Brands like [Brand Name] offer some of the best water baths in the market, equipped with advanced technology to ensure maximum hydrogen infusion.

Preparing Your Hydrogen Water Bath

Fill Your Tub: Begin by filling your bathtub with warm water.

Activate the Machine: Use your hydrogen water machine to infuse hydrogen gas into the water. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for optimal results.

Soak and Relax: Immerse yourself in the hydrogen water bath for 20-30 minutes. Ensure that your entire body, including your face, is submerged to allow maximum penetration of hydrogen gas through your skin.

Frequency of Use

For the best results, incorporate hydrogen water baths into your routine at least 2-3 times a week. Daily use can yield even more significant improvements in skin condition and overall health.

Conclusion

Hydrogen water baths offer a revolutionary way to enhance skincare, promote anti-aging, and improve overall health. With scientific backing and numerous anecdotal reports, this innovative approach is worth exploring for anyone seeking youthful, elastic, and glowing skin.

Ready to experience the benefits of hydrogen water for yourself? Invest in a high-quality hydrogen water machine and start your journey toward better skin and health today.

For more information on the best water baths in the market and expert tips on hydrogen water, visit our website or contact our team.

By integrating hydrogen water baths into your skincare regimen, you can unlock a new level of skin health and vitality. Embrace the future of skincare and enjoy the transformative benefits of hydrogen water today! So, don’t wait any longer and start incorporating hydrogen water baths into your routine for glowing skin and improved overall health. Keep exploring the benefits of hydrogen water in other areas of your life as well, such as drinking it daily or using it for cooking. The possibilities are endless when it comes to harnessing the power of this amazing molecule.

Experience the wonders of hydrogen water for yourself and see the difference it can make in your skin and overall well-being. So, what are you waiting for? Start your journey towards healthier skin and a healthier you today! For more information on the best hydrogen water machines and expert tips on incorporating hydrogen water into your daily routine, visit our website or contact our team. Let’s unlock the full potential of hydrogen water and embrace a healthier, more radiant lifestyle together.

References:

Fukuda, K., Asoh, S., Ishikawa, M., Yamamoto, Y., Ohsawa, I., & Ohta, S. (2011). Inhalation of hydrogen gas suppresses hepatic injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion through reducing oxidative stress. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 407(1), 123-128.

Matsumoto, A., Yamafuji, M., Nakajima, M., Fukunaga, T., Kamimura, N., & Akagi, R. (2012). Protective effects of hydrogen gas against various diseases. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 13, 221-225.

Kawamura, T., Wakabayashi, N., Shigemura, N., Huang, C. P., Masutani, K., Tanaka, Y., Noda, K., Perry, G., Uchida, K. (2013). Hydrogen gas reduces hyperoxic lung injury via the Nrf2 pathway in vivo. American Journal of Physiology – Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 304(9), L646-L656.

Ichihara, M., Sobue, S., Ito, M., Itoh, Y., Endo, J., Shenoy, B. N., Takahashi, M., & Ichihara, G. (2016). Beneficial biological effects and the underlying mechanisms of molecular hydrogen – comprehensive review of 321 original articles. Medical Gas Research, 10(1), 12-21.

Ohta, S. (2016). Molecular hydrogen as a novel antioxidant: overview of the advantages of hydrogen for medical applications. Methods in Enzymology, 555, 289-317.

Ostojic, S. M. (2016). Molecular hydrogen in sports medicine: new therapeutic perspectives. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(3), 194-202.

LeBaron, T. W., Laher, I., & Kura, B. (2019). Hydrogen gas: from clinical medicine to an emerging ergogenic molecule for sports athletes. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 97(10), 797-807.

Mikami, T., Tano, K., Lee, H., Lee, D. Y., Park, J. W., & Ohta, F. (2020). Hydrogen-rich water enhances exercise-induced growth in male Wistar rats. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(9), 1285-1293.

Fukuda, K., Asoh, S., Ishikawa, M., Yamamoto, Y., Ohsawa, I., & Ohta, S. (2011). Inhalation of hydrogen gas suppresses hepatic injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion through reducing oxidative stress. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 407(1), 123-128.

Matsumoto, A., Yamafuji, M., Nakajima, M., Fukunaga, T., Kamimura, N., & Akagi, R. (2012). Protective effects of hydrogen gas against various diseases. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 13, 221-225.

With the ever-growing research and evidence on the benefits of hydrogen water, it’s clear that incorporating this molecule into our daily lives can have numerous positive impacts on our health and well-being.

[babelvsai]

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[apacbusinesstimes]

Jason Wargent: Founder of ‘BioLumic’ – A Technology to increase crop productivity.

The using of technology and science in the field of agriculture is not new there are already several inventions done and are effectively been used by farmers to increase their yield and profitability. Agriculture contributes majorly to the global economy and for most of the countries in Asia, it provides large employment and a source of income. Agriculture has a vital role in promoting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and the food system. In New Zealand agriculture, fishery, and forestry are high in production and export. The farming sector includes dairy, meat products, and horticulture, in the year 2023 the GDP (gross domestic product) generated from this industry was around 13.9 billion New Zealand dollars.

The largest production of the country is Kiwi fruit which is exported highly and brings more value to the Horticulture sector. The main issue faced in raising crops is the changing climatic condition which reduces the proper growth of plants and hence leads to loss and less productivity. In this article, we are discussing an innovative technology that helps in crop production and a biotech company founded by Jason Wargent called BioLumic. This is used to program plants with light to improve their growth and reduce disease.

Dr. Jason Wargent: Founder & CSO

Jason Wargent is the founder and Chief Science Officer of an agri-tech startup company called BioLumic which was founded in the year 2012. He is the world-leading plant UV photobiologist and has done more than 15 research. He obtained a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the studies of Plant Physiology from Lancaster University. During his PhD course, Jason took part in a program that delivered fundamental scientific and tech-transfer insights for the application of UV photobiology for agronomic gains. He worked as an Associate professor at Massey University, for one of the world’s top 25 agri-science Universities. later he was an entrepreneur in Residence and Professor. As he was more into plants and the agriculture sector he started his experiments by applying the technique of programming plants with light.

About BioLumic

BioLumic is an agriculture company which is located at Palmerston North, that makes use of science and technology to increase the yield along with the profitability of the framer. BioLumic UV-based technology is used to deliver ultraviolet light rays to seeds to trigger the mechanism that is helpful in the growth of the plant this also improves the plant’s performance. The science behind it is to control the seed to gain sustainable grains, seeds have their known growth mechanism and a generic composition where these genes transduce UV signals and regulate the downstream technology. With the help of BioLumic technology, we can introduce the targeted application into a seed before growing it which benefits the crop productivity. 

Different combinations of the UV recipes are created and tested by sowing them, which gives the exact winning combination of the seed. In many cases, fruits and vegetables are initially grown at the nursery and are later transferred to the field or other farmland for harvesting but at BioLumic they apply UV light technology to seedlings that unlock the potential of the plant. Along with the nutritional value the major thigh is the sustainability of crops in different climatic conditions that might occur and also the resistance and tolerance to diseases. BioLumic helps strengthen the roots of crops by the alteration of root architecture and their manipulation of UV morphogenesis will result in an increase of biomass to roots. All these will help in increasing plant nutrients and hence the growth of crops.

They have effective results and growth with crops like cannabis, row crops, and strawberries. Seeds of the cannabis plant are full of untapped genetic potential with which the one-time application of UV light treatment will provide the optimized physical and chemical properties that result in the best growth and yield of these plants. This is also more effective in boosting the growth of strawberries with applied at the young stage. BioLumic with the use of the Light Signal Recipe Platform for different combination-making will provide the best treatment that does not need any chemical application which will also result in the growth and high yield of crops and hence, increase profitability.

Visit More : https://apacbusinesstimes.com/jason-wargent-founder-of-biolumic-a-technology-to-increase-crop-productivity/

[casyoo]

The effect of LED supplementary light on the growth of horticultural crops

The types of facilities in facility horticulture mainly include plastic greenhouses, sunlight greenhouses, multi story greenhouses, and plant factories. Due to the fact that facility buildings block natural light sources to a certain extent, indoor lighting is insufficient, resulting in reduced crop yield and quality. Therefore, fill lights play an indispensable role in the high-quality and high-yield of facility crops, but also become the main factor in increasing energy consumption and operating costs within the facility.

For a long time, artificial light sources used in the field of facility horticulture mainly include high-pressure sodium lamps, fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, incandescent lamps, etc. The prominent disadvantages are high heat production, high energy consumption, and high operating costs. The development of the new generation of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) has made it possible to apply low energy artificial light sources in the field of facility horticulture.

LED has advantages such as high photoelectric conversion efficiency, use of direct current, small size, long lifespan, low energy consumption, fixed wavelength, low thermal radiation, and environmental protection. Compared with commonly used high-pressure sodium lamps and fluorescent lamps, LED not only allows for precise adjustment of light quantity and quality (such as the proportion of light in various bands) according to the needs of plant growth, but also allows for close illumination of plants due to its cold light properties, thereby increasing the number of cultivation layers and space utilization, achieving energy-saving, environmental protection, and efficient space utilization functions that traditional light sources cannot replace.

Based on these advantages, LED has been successfully applied in facility horticultural lighting, basic research on controllable environments, plant tissue culture, factory seedling cultivation, and aerospace ecosystems. In recent years, the performance of LED grow lights has been continuously improving, their prices have gradually decreased, and various specific wavelength products have been gradually developed. Their application scope in agriculture and biology will be even broader.

This article reviews the current research status of LED in the field of facility horticulture, with a focus on the photobiological basis of LED supplementary lighting applications, the impact of LED supplementary lighting on plant photomorphogenesis, nutritional quality and anti-aging, the construction and application of light formulas, and other aspects. It also analyzes and looks forward to the current problems and prospects of LED supplementary lighting technology.

The effect of LED supplementary light on the growth of horticultural crops

The regulatory effects of light on plant growth and development include seed germination, stem elongation, leaf and root development, phototropism, chlorophyll synthesis and decomposition, and flower induction. The lighting environment elements inside the facility include light intensity, light cycle, and spectral distribution. By manually supplementing light, their elements can be adjusted without being limited by weather conditions.

Plants have the characteristic of selective absorption of light, and different light receptors perceive light signals. Currently, it has been found that there are at least three types of light receptors in plants: photosensitizers (absorbing red and far red light), cryptocyanins (absorbing blue and near ultraviolet light), and ultraviolet light receptors (UV-A and UV-B). Using a specific wavelength light source to illuminate crops can improve the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, accelerate their light morphogenesis, and promote their growth and development.

Plant photosynthesis mainly utilizes red orange light (610-720 nm) and blue purple light (400-510 nm). By utilizing LED technology, monochromatic light (such as red light with a peak of 660nm and blue light with a peak of 450nm) that conforms to the strongest absorption band of chlorophyll can be emitted, with a spectral domain width of only ± 20 nm.

At present, it is believed that red orange light can significantly accelerate plant development, promote the accumulation of dry matter, form bulbs, tubers, leaf bulbs, and other plant organs, cause plants to bloom and bear fruit earlier, and play a dominant role in plant coloration; Blue and purple light can control the phototropism of plant leaves, promote stomatal opening and chloroplast movement, inhibit stem elongation, prevent plant overgrowth, delay plant flowering, and promote the growth of nutrient organs; The combination of red and blue LED can compensate for the deficiency of monochromatic light in both, forming a spectral absorption peak that is basically consistent with crop photosynthesis and morphology. The light energy utilization rate can reach 80%~90%, and the energy-saving effect is significant.

Equipping LED supplementary lights in facility horticulture can achieve significant yield increase effects. Studies have shown that 300 μ The number of fruits, total yield, and single fruit weight of cherry tomatoes under 12 hours (8:00-20:00) of supplementary lighting with mol/(m? · s) LED strips and LED tubes were significantly increased. The supplementary lighting with LED strips increased by 42.67%, 66.89%, and 16.97%, respectively, while the supplementary lighting with LED tubes increased by 48.91%, 94.86%, and 30.86%, respectively. Full growth period LED light replenishment [red blue light quality ratio of 3:2, light intensity of 300] μ The treatment of mol/(m? · s) significantly increased the single fruit weight and unit area yield of Jiegua and eggplant, with Jiegua increasing by 5.3% and 15.6%, and eggplant increasing by 7.6% and 7.8%. By adjusting the temporal and spatial distribution of LED light quality, intensity, and duration throughout the entire growth period, it is possible to shorten the plant growth cycle, improve the commercial yield, nutritional quality, and morphological value of agricultural products, and achieve efficient, energy-saving, and intelligent production of horticultural crops in facilities.

Application of LED supplementary light in vegetable seedling cultivation

LED light source regulation of plant morphogenesis and growth and development is an important technology in the field of greenhouse cultivation. Higher plants can sense and receive light signals through photoreceptor systems such as photosensitive pigments, cryptocyanins, and phototropins, and regulate morphological changes in plant tissues and organs through intracellular messenger transduction. Photomorphogenesis is the process in which plants rely on light to control cell differentiation, structural and functional changes, as well as tissue and organ development. This includes effects on partial seed germination, promotion of apical dominance to inhibit lateral bud growth, stem elongation, and induction of meridional movement.

Vegetable seedling cultivation is an important part of facility agriculture. Continuous cloudy and rainy weather can lead to insufficient lighting in the facilities, making seedlings prone to elongation, which in turn affects the growth, flower bud differentiation, and fruit development of vegetables, ultimately affecting their yield and quality. In production, some plant growth regulators such as gibberellin, auxin, paclobutrazol, and chloramphenicol are used to regulate the growth of seedlings. However, the unreasonable use of plant growth regulators can easily pollute vegetables and facility environments, which is detrimental to human health.

LED supplementary lighting has many unique advantages in supplementary lighting, and the application of LED supplementary lighting in seedling cultivation is a feasible approach.

In low light [0-35] μ LED replenishment under the condition of mol/(m? · s) [25 ± 5] μ In the mol/(m? · s) experiment, it was found that green light promoted the elongation and growth of cucumber seedlings, while red and blue light inhibited seedling elongation. Compared with natural weak light, the strong seedling index of seedlings supplemented with red and blue light increased by 151.26% and 237.98%, respectively. Moreover, compared with monochromatic light, the strong seedling index of cucumber seedlings treated with composite light containing red and blue components increased by 304.46%. Supplementing cucumber seedlings with red light can increase their true leaf number, leaf area, plant height, stem thickness, dry and fresh weight, seedling strength index, root vitality, SOD activity, and soluble protein content. Supplementing with UV-B can increase the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content in cucumber seedling leaves; Compared with natural light, supplementing LED red and blue light significantly increased the leaf area, dry matter quality, and seedling strength index of tomato seedlings. Supplementing LED red and green light significantly increased the height and stem thickness of tomato seedlings; LED green light supplementation treatment can significantly increase the biomass of cucumber and tomato seedlings, and the fresh and dry weight of young seedlings show an increasing trend with the increase of green light supplementation intensity. However, the stem diameter and strong seedling index of tomato seedlings increase with the increase of green light supplementation intensity; The combination of LED red and blue light can increase the stem thickness, leaf area, whole plant dry weight, root to shoot ratio, and seedling strength index of eggplants; Compared with white light, LED red light can increase the biomass of cabbage seedlings, promote the elongation growth and leaf expansion of cabbage seedlings; LED blue light promotes the thickening growth, dry matter accumulation, and seedling strength index of cabbage seedlings, leading to dwarfing of cabbage seedlings. The above results indicate that vegetable seedlings cultivated by combining light regulation technology have significant advantages.

The influence of LED supplementary light on the nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables

The protein, sugars, organic acids, and vitamins contained in fruits and vegetables are beneficial nutrients for human health. Light quality can affect the content of VC in plants by regulating the activity of VC synthesis and decomposition enzymes, and has a regulatory effect on protein metabolism and carbohydrate accumulation in horticultural plants. Red light promotes carbohydrate accumulation, while blue light treatment is beneficial for protein formation. The combination of red and blue light significantly improves the nutritional quality of plants compared to monochromatic light. Supplementing LED red or blue light can reduce the nitrate content in lettuce, supplementing blue or green light can promote the accumulation of soluble sugars in lettuce, and supplementing infrared light is beneficial for the accumulation of VC in lettuce. Supplementing with blue light can promote the increase of VC content and soluble protein content in tomatoes; The combination of red light and red blue light treatment promotes the sugar and acid content in tomato fruits, and the sugar to acid ratio is highest under the combination of red and blue light treatment; The combination of red and blue light can promote the increase of VC content in cucumber fruits.

The phenolic substances, flavonoids, anthocyanins and other substances contained in fruits and vegetables not only have a significant impact on the color, flavor, and commercial value of fruits and vegetables, but also have natural antioxidant activity, which can effectively inhibit or eliminate free radicals in the human body. The use of LED blue light supplementation can significantly increase the content of anthocyanins in eggplant peel by 73.6%, while the use of LED red light and red blue combination light can increase the content of flavonoids and total phenols; Blue light can promote the accumulation of lycopene, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in tomato fruits. The combination of red and blue light can promote the generation of anthocyanins to a certain extent, but inhibit the synthesis of flavonoids; Compared with white light treatment, red light treatment can significantly increase the anthocyanin content in lettuce aboveground parts, but blue light treatment has the lowest anthocyanin content in lettuce aboveground parts; The total phenolic content of green leaf, purple leaf, and red leaf lettuce was higher under white light, red blue combined light, and blue light treatments, but it was the lowest under red light treatment; Supplementing LED ultraviolet or orange light can increase the content of phenolic compounds in lettuce leaves, while supplementing green light can increase the content of anthocyanins. Therefore, using LED supplementary lighting is an effective way to regulate the nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables in facilities.

The effect of LED fill light on delaying plant aging

The degradation of chlorophyll, rapid loss of protein, and RNA hydrolysis during plant aging are mainly manifested as leaf aging. Chloroplasts are highly sensitive to changes in the external light environment, especially significantly influenced by light quality. Red light, blue light, and a combination of red and blue light are beneficial for the morphogenesis of chloroplasts. Blue light is beneficial for the accumulation of starch granules in chloroplasts, while red and far red light have negative effects on chloroplast development. Blue light and the combination of red and blue light can promote the synthesis of chlorophyll in cucumber seedling leaves, while the combination of red and blue light can also delay the decline of chlorophyll content in the later stage. This effect becomes more pronounced with the decrease of red light ratio and the increase of blue light ratio. The chlorophyll content of cucumber seedling leaves under LED red and blue combined light treatment was significantly higher than that under fluorescent light control and monochromatic red and blue light treatment; LED blue light can significantly increase the chlorophyll a/b values of Wutai vegetable and green garlic seedlings.

Changes in content of cytokinin (CTK), auxin (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and various enzyme activities occur during leaf senescence. The content of plant hormones is easily influenced by the light environment, and different light qualities have different regulatory effects on plant hormones. The initial steps of the light signal transduction pathway involve cytokinins. CTK promotes leaf cell expansion, enhances leaf photosynthesis, and inhibits the activities of ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and protease, delaying the degradation of nucleic acid, protein, and chlorophyll, thus significantly delaying leaf aging. There is an interaction between light and CTK mediated developmental regulation, where light can stimulate an increase in endogenous cytokinin levels. When plant tissues are in an aging state, their endogenous cytokinin content decreases. IAA is mainly concentrated in areas with vigorous growth, and its content is minimal in aging tissues or organs. Purple light can enhance the activity of indole-3-acetic acid oxidase, while low levels of IAA can inhibit plant elongation and growth. ABA is mainly formed in aging leaf tissue, mature fruits, seeds, stems, roots and other parts. Under red blue combined light, the ABA content in cucumber and cabbage is lower than that under white and blue light.

Peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) are important and light related protective enzymes in plants. If plants age, the activity of these enzymes will rapidly decrease. The effect of different light qualities on plant antioxidant enzyme activity is significant. After 9 days of red light treatment, the APX activity of rapeseed seedlings significantly increases, while the POD activity decreases; After 15 days of red and blue light irradiation, the POD activity of tomatoes was 20.9% and 11.7% higher than that of white light, respectively. After 20 days of green light treatment, the POD activity was the lowest, only 55.4% of that of white light; Supplementing with 4 hours of blue light can significantly increase the soluble protein content, POD, SOD, APX, and CAT enzyme activity in cucumber seedling leaves. In addition, the activities of SOD and APX gradually decrease with the prolongation of light exposure time. The activities of SOD and APX under blue and red light irradiation decreased slowly but remained higher than those under white light. Red light irradiation significantly reduced the peroxidase and IAA peroxidase activities in tomato leaves and eggplant leaves, but caused a significant increase in the peroxidase activity in eggplant leaves. Therefore, adopting a reasonable LED lighting strategy can effectively delay the aging of horticultural crops in facilities, improve yield and quality.

Construction and application of LED light formula

The growth and development of plants are significantly influenced by light quality and its different composition ratios. The light formula mainly includes several elements such as light quality ratio, light intensity, and light duration. Due to the differences in light requirements among different plants and their varying growth and development stages, it is necessary to optimize the combination of light quality, intensity, and replenishment time for the cultivated crops.

Light quality ratio

Compared with white light and single red and blue light, the combination of LED red and blue light shows a comprehensive advantage in the growth and development of cucumber and cabbage seedlings. When the ratio of red and blue light is 8:2, the stem diameter, plant height, plant trunk, fresh weight, and seedling strength index of the plant are significantly improved, while also promoting the formation of chloroplast matrix and basal grain layer and the output of assimilates. Under the red blue light ratio of 8:1, cucumber seedlings had the highest plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, seedling strength index, aboveground and whole plant fresh weight, and the seedling leaves had high POD and APX activities; Under the red blue light ratio of 6:3, the root activity, soluble protein and sugar content, and net photosynthetic rate of cucumber seedlings were the highest, and SOD activity was relatively high. The use of a combination of red, green, and blue light is beneficial for the accumulation of dry matter in red bean sprouts. Adding green light has a promoting effect on the accumulation of dry matter in red bean sprouts, with the most significant increase observed in the red green and blue light ratio of 6:2:1; The red and blue light ratio of 8:1 had the best effect on the elongation of the hypocotyl of red bean sprouts. The red and blue light ratio of 6:3 had a significant inhibitory effect on the elongation of the hypocotyl of red bean sprouts, but the soluble protein content was the highest. When using a red and blue light ratio of 8:1 for the treatment of luffa seedlings, the strongest seedling index and highest soluble sugar content were observed. When using a red and blue light ratio of 6:3, the highest chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll a/b ratio, and soluble protein content were observed in luffa seedlings. When using a red blue light ratio of 3:1 for celery, it can effectively promote the increase of celery plant height, petiole length, number of leaves, dry matter quality, VC content, soluble protein content, and soluble sugar content; In tomato cultivation, increasing the proportion of LED blue light promotes the formation of lycopene, free amino acids, and flavonoids, while increasing the proportion of red light promotes the formation of titratable acids; When using a red blue light ratio of 8:1 on lettuce leaves, it is beneficial for the accumulation of carotenoids, effectively reducing their nitrate content and increasing their VC content.

Light intensity

Plants are more susceptible to light inhibition when growing under weak light than under strong light. The net photosynthetic rate of tomato seedlings varies with light intensity [50, 150, 200, 300, 450, 550] μ The increase in mol/(m? · s) shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and reaches 300 μ Reached maximum at mol/(m? · s); The plant height, leaf area, water content, and VC content of lettuce are within 150 μ Significant increase in mol/(m? · s) light intensity treatment at 200 μ Under the treatment of mol/(m? · s) light intensity, the fresh weight, total weight, and free aromatic acid content of lettuce aboveground parts were significantly increased, while at 300 μ Under the treatment of mol/(m? · s) light intensity, the leaf area, water content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a+b, and carotenoids of lettuce all decreased; Compared to darkness, with the increase of LED supplementary light intensity [3, 9, 15 μ The increase of mol/(m? · s) significantly increased the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a+b in black bean sprouts and vegetables, with a light intensity of 3 μ At mol/(m? · s), the VC content is highest at 9 μ The content of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and sucrose is highest at mol/(m? · s); Under the same temperature conditions, with the increase of light intensity [(2-2.5) lx x x 103 lx, (4-4.5) lx x x 103 lx, (6-6.5) lx x 103 lx], the seedling growth time of chili seedlings is shortened, and the soluble sugar content increases, but the chlorophyll a and carotenoid content gradually decreases.

Illumination time

Extending the light exposure time appropriately can alleviate the weak light stress caused by insufficient light intensity to a certain extent, help accumulate photosynthetic products in horticultural crops, and achieve the effect of increasing yield and improving quality. The VC content of sprouted vegetables shows a gradually increasing trend with the extension of light time (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 hours/day), while the content of free amino acids, SOD, and CAT activity all show a decreasing trend; With the extension of lighting time (12, 15, 18 hours), the fresh weight of cabbage plants shows a significant increase trend; The VC content in the leaves and stems of Chinese cabbage was highest at 15 and 12 hours, respectively; The soluble protein content in the leaves of Chinese cabbage gradually decreased, but the highest was observed in the stems after 15 hours of treatment; The soluble sugar content in the leaves of cauliflower gradually increases, while the highest content is observed in the stems after 12 hours. In the case of a red and blue light ratio of 1:2, compared with a 12 hour light time, the 20 hour light treatment reduced the relative content of total phenols and flavonoids in green lettuce. However, in the case of a red and blue light ratio of 2:1, the 20 hour light treatment significantly increased the relative content of total phenols and flavonoids in green lettuce.

From the above, it can be seen that different light formulas have different effects on the photosynthesis, light morphogenesis, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of different crop types. How to obtain the optimal light formula, light source configuration, and formulate intelligent control strategies needs to take plant species as the starting point, and appropriate adjustments should be made according to the demand for horticultural crops, production goals, production factor conditions, etc., to achieve intelligent control of light environment under energy-saving conditions and the goal of high-quality and high-yield horticultural crops.

Existing problems and prospects

The significant advantage of LED fill lights is their ability to intelligently combine and adjust spectra based on the photosynthetic characteristics, morphological construction, quality, and yield requirements of different plants. Different types of crops and different growth stages of the same crop have different requirements for light quality, light intensity, and light cycle. This requires further development and improvement of light formula research, forming a huge light formula database, and combining with the research and development of professional lighting fixtures, in order to achieve the maximum value of LED fill lights in agricultural applications, thereby better saving energy consumption, improving production efficiency and economic benefits.

The application of LED fill lights in facility horticulture has shown strong vitality, but the price of LED fill lights is relatively high, and the one-time investment is large. The fill light requirements for various crops under different environmental conditions are not clear, and the fill light spectrum, intensity, and fill light time are not reasonable, which inevitably leads to various problems when using fill lights.

However, with the advancement and improvement of technology, the production cost of LED fill lights has decreased, and LED fill lights will be more widely used in facility horticulture. At the same time, the development and progress of LED supplementary lighting technology system combined with new energy will enable the rapid development of factory agriculture, household agriculture, urban agriculture, and space agriculture to meet the needs of people for horticultural crops in special environments.

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Hydrogen Market: Global Industry Analysis and Forecast 2023 – 2030

The Global Hydrogen Market Size Was Valued at USD 225.35 Billion In 2022 And Is Projected to Reach USD 407.93 Billion By 2030, Growing at A CAGR of 7.7% From 2023 To 2030.

Hydrogen plays a vital role in the chemicals and oil & and gas industry. Hydrogen extracted from various processes is classified into three types—blue hydrogen, grey hydrogen, and green hydrogen. Grey hydrogen is hydrogen produced from fossil fuel resources where the carbon capture and storage process are not implemented. Furthermore, this type of hydrogen releases carbon dioxide into the environment as a by-product.

The industry is seeing a lot of growth in the development of environmentally friendly industrial technologies including photobiological processes and photobioreactors, etc. The development of the current hydrogen manufacturing process in a carbon-free manner is also being pursued by several businesses, which is anticipated to accelerate the growth of the hydrogen industry shortly.

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The latest research on the Hydrogen market provides a comprehensive overview of the market for the years 2023 to 2030. It gives a comprehensive picture of the global Hydrogen industry, considering all significant industry trends, market dynamics, competitive landscape, and market analysis tools such as Porter's five forces analysis, Industry Value chain analysis, and PESTEL analysis of the Hydrogen market. Moreover, the report includes significant chapters such as Patent Analysis, Regulatory Framework, Technology Roadmap, BCG Matrix, Heat Map Analysis, Price Trend Analysis, and Investment Analysis which help to understand the market direction and movement in the current and upcoming years. The report is designed to help readers find information and make decisions that will help them grow their businesses. The study is written with a specific goal in mind: to give business insights and consultancy to help customers make smart business decisions and achieve long-term success in their particular market areas.

Leading players involved in the Hydrogen Market include:

Oxygen Service Company, Inc. (OSC) (US), Plug Power Inc (US), Quantum Fuel Systems LLC (US), Teledyne Technologies Incorporated (US), Weldship Corporation (US), Worthington Industries (US), Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (US), BayoTech (US), Chart Industries (US), Chevron Corporation (US), Air Liquide(France), AMS Composite Cylinders (UK) 

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Segmentation of Hydrogen Market:

By Type

Grey

Blue

Green

By Production Source

Natural gas

Coal

Other hydrocarbons

Electrolysis & other sources

By Application

Refineries

Ammonia

Methanol & Other Chemicals

Metals & Fabrication

Electronic Food & Beverage

Glass & Ceramics

Others

By Mode of Delivery

Merchant

Captive

Market Segment by Regions: -

North America (US, Canada, Mexico)

Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Rest of Eastern Europe)

Western Europe (Germany, UK, France, Netherlands, Italy, Russia, Spain, Rest of Western Europe)

Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, The Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Rest of APAC)

Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Israel, South Africa)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of SA)

What to Expect in Our Report?

(1) A complete section of the Hydrogen market report is dedicated for market dynamics, which include influence factors, market drivers, challenges, opportunities, and trends.

(2) Another broad section of the research study is reserved for regional analysis of the Hydrogen market where important regions and countries are assessed for their growth potential, consumption, market share, and other vital factors indicating their market growth.

(3) Players can use the competitive analysis provided in the report to build new strategies or fine-tune their existing ones to rise above market challenges and increase their share of the Hydrogen market.

(4) The report also discusses competitive situation and trends and sheds light on company expansions and merger and acquisition taking place in the Hydrogen market. Moreover, it brings to light the market concentration rate and market shares of top three and five players.

(5) Readers are provided with findings and conclusion of the research study provided in the Hydrogen Market report.

Our study encompasses major growth determinants and drivers, along with extensive segmentation areas. Through in-depth analysis of supply and sales channels, including upstream and downstream fundamentals, we present a complete market ecosystem.

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Light-Mediated Biological Effects and Blue Light Radiation Assessment: Research and Application of Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester

Light-mediated biological effects refer to the physiological changes in the human body caused by exposure to light radiation. The mechanism of light-mediated biological effects varies depending on different pathways. Firstly, light can directly act on the human eye, transmitting visual information and inducing visual effects. Secondly, light can regulate the body’s physiological rhythms by acting on the body’s physiological regulatory system, transmitting non-visual information and triggering non-visual effects. Lastly, light can directly impact the human skin, causing radiation damage and forming radiation effects. Based on light-mediated biological effects, attention has been drawn to photobiological safety, particularly the effects of visible light wavelengths used for illumination on human health. With the development and widespread use of LED light sources, traditional light sources have gradually lost market competitiveness. LED light sources offer many advantages, such as rich color, compact size, durability, environmental friendliness, and wide applicability, making them the preferred light source in the field of illumination. White LED light sources mainly generate high-brightness white light by exciting yellow phosphors with blue light chips, hence containing a significant amount of blue light. However, excessive blue light radiation can not only damage the eyes, retina, and skin but also adversely affect the body’s physiological rhythms, making blue light hazard one of the most concerning photobiological safety issues today. Blue light radiation, categorized as electromagnetic radiation, has a shorter wavelength, typically ranging between 400 to 500 nm, within the visible light spectrum. The phenomenon of shifting towards shorter wavelengths is known as “blue shift” in optics. Additionally, blue light is a crucial component in current LED white light illumination sources. The retina, located at the back of the eye, is at risk from light radiation within the wavelength range of 380 to 1400 nm. However, blue light radiation poses the highest risk to the retina, as the human retina is highly sensitive to blue light stimulation. Currently, the photobiological safety level of LED products is determined by evaluating their blue light hazard values. Blue light-weighted radiant exposure and blue light hazard efficiency are physical quantities used to quantify the degree of blue light hazard. • Radiant exposure: Represents the intensity of radiation passing through a unit area. Spectral radiant exposure can be divided based on wavelength distribution, reflecting exposure at different wavelengths. • Blue light-weighted radiant exposure: This value reflects the extent of blue light’s harm to the human body, calculated as the integral of spectral radiant exposure multiplied by the blue light hazard weighting function. • Blue light hazard level: The final blue light hazard level is determined based on blue light-weighted radiant exposure. By integrating spectral radiant exposure with the blue light hazard weighting function, LED product blue light hazard levels can be assessed. During light source measurements, general provisions are made based on the type of light source and measurement requirements: For ordinary lighting sources: • Measurement distance: Measurement should be conducted at a distance that produces 500 lx illuminance. • Minimum distance: Controlled within 200 mm. Other types of light sources: Measurement distance: Generally controlled within 200 mm. Blue light-weighted irradiance (Es): Used to characterize the potential damage of blue light radiation to the retina, reflecting blue light’s impact on eye health. The damage from blue light radiation to the eyes mainly affects eye structure, particularly influencing diseases like cataracts and macular degeneration. Human lenses are ineffective at blocking blue light radiation, allowing it to penetrate directly to the retina. Retinal pigment epithelial cells are highly sensitive to blue light radiation, leading to cell shrinkage and potential apoptosis under radiation stimulation. This cell shrinkage and apoptosis can cause vision impairment, with severe cases potentially resulting in irreversible macular degeneration and ultimately blindness. Therefore, reducing prolonged exposure to blue light radiation is crucial, especially when using light sources with high blue light radiation like LEDs, to protect the retina and eye structure from damage. Photobiological safety testers are devices used to evaluate the photobiological safety of lamps and lighting systems on human bodies (mainly eyes and skin). According to IEC TR62471-2 (2009) guidelines on non-laser optical radiation safety, these testing instruments aim to address potential harm caused by light sources, particularly focusing on non-laser light sources (e.g., LED products, UV radiation in general lighting products). The Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester developed by Shanghai Lisun is a portable photobiological safety assessment device based on laboratory photobiological safety testing systems, offering the following advantages: • Portability: The device is compact and lightweight, making it easy to carry and move for testing in various locations. • User-friendly: It features a simple and intuitive operation interface, facilitating easy testing and evaluation for users. • Wide application coverage: The tester is designed to meet the requirements of most current light source applications, providing comprehensive evaluations of light source biological safety for eyes and skin. EN62471-P_Portable Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester Key features of the Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester by Shanghai LISUN include: • Simulated human eye optical design: Utilizes a 7mm pupil diameter simulation, employing dual-path testing to ensure accurate measurement results of radiant exposure distribution and spectral radiant exposure. • Wide wavelength range spectrum measurement: Offers a wide range of 300nm to 1050nm spectrum measurements, fully covering the requirements for retinal blue light hazard (300nm-700nm) measurements and partially covering retinal thermal hazard (380nm-1400nm) band measurements. • Ultra-wide and ultra-fast spectral measurements: High-speed USB communication, with a minimum integration time of 11.4us, capable of measuring over 1000k cd/m^2. • Built-in electric light shutter: Facilitates zeroing operations to improve measurement accuracy. • Programmable measurement distance adjustment: Enhances measurement operation convenience. The main functions of the Retinal Blue Light Hazard Tester by Shanghai LISUN include measurements based on IEC/EN62471:2008 and IEC62471-7:2023 (replaces IEC62778), assessing parameters such as retinal blue light hazard effective radiant exposure, blue light hazard level, retinal blue light hazard coefficient KB, V, spectral radiant exposure distribution curve, blue light-weighted radiant exposure ratio BR, retinal thermal hazard effective radiant exposure, apparent source angles, evaluating light source safety levels, and featuring spectral analysis processing capabilities.   Read the full article