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nursingscience · 1 year

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Medical Knowledge

500 MOST COMMONs...

1. Most common aortic branch involved in Takayasu arteritis : Left subclavian

2. Most common cause of respiratory distress in newborn : Transient tachypnea of the newborn

3. Most common location to see Asbestosis sequale : Posterior lower lobes.

4. Most common karyotype / chromosomal abnormality in USA : Down’s syndrome

5. Most common osseous lymphoma, primary and secondary : Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

6. Most common primary malignant orbital tumor in childhood : Rhabdomyosarcoma

7. Most common type of fluid collection in scrotum : Hydrocele

8. Most common type of liposarcoma to affect children : Myxoid liposarcoma

9. Most common abdominal emergency of early childhood : Intussusception.

10. Most common acetabular fracture : Posterior acetabulum.

11. Most common affected bowel segment in TB : Ileocecal area.

12. Most common affected joint in gout : First MTP.

13. Most common AIDS-related neoplasm : Kaposi Sarcoma

14. Most common allergic aspergillosis syndrome : Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

15. Most common anatomic variant of pancreas : Pancreas divisum

16. Most common anomalous course of RCA : Interarterial

17. Most common appearance of Legionella at the peak of the disease : Bilateral airspace consolidation.

18. Most common assoc. w/ Fx of great toe distal phalanx with physeal involvement :Osteomyelitis.

19. Most common associated anomaly with coarctation : Bicuspid valve.

20. Most common association of PAPVR : Sinus venosus type ASD.

21. Most common association with small left colon syndrome : Maternal DM

22. Most common bacterial cause of mesenteric adenitis : Yersinia enterocolitica.

23. Most common benign cardiac rhythm abnormality : PAC

24. Most common benign cartilage-containing tumor : Osteochondroma

25. Most common benign growth of the skeleton : Osteochondroma

26. Most common benign hepatic lesion : Hemangioma

27. Most common benign hepatic tumor during fist 6 mo. of life : Infantile Hemangioendothelioma

28. Most common benign intraconal tumor of the orbit in adults : Cavernous hemangiomas.

29. Most common benign masses caused by asbestos exposure : Atelectatic Asbestos Pseudotumor

30. Most common benign mesenchymal tumor of kidney : AML

31. Most common benign mucosal tumor of the esophagus : Papilloma

32. Most common benign nasopharyngeal tumor : Juvenile angiofibroma.

33. Most common benign orbital tumor in childhood : Dermoid Cyst of Orbit

34. Most common benign ovarian neoplasm in young and middle-aged women (<45 years) :Mature teratoma

35. Most common benign radiation-induced tumor of the musculoskeletal system : Osteochondroma

36. Most common benign rib lesion in an adult : Fibrous dysplasia.

37. Most common benign soft-tissue tumor of the foot : Plantar fibromatosis

38. Most common benign soft-tissue tumor of vascular origin : Hemangioma

39. Most common benign solid tumor in women of childbearing age : Fibroadenoma

40. Most common benign testicular mass : Simple cyst

41. Most common benign tumor of spleen : Hemangioma

42. Most common benign tumor of the larynx : Squamous papilloma

43. Most common benign tumor of the lung : Hamartoma

44. Most common benign tumor of the small bowel : GIST

45. Most common benign vascular gastric tumor : Glomus tumor of stomach.

46. Most common bilateral testicular tumor : Lymphoma

47. Most common biliary complication s/p lap. cholecystectomy : Bile duct leak from cystic duct stump.

48. Most common biliary complication s/p liver transplantation : Obstruction/stenosis at anastomosis.

49. Most common bladder neoplasm in children younger than 10 years : Rhabdomyosarcoma

50. Most common bone to develop an osteochondroma : Femur (tibia second most common)

51. Most common brain anomaly on prenatal sonograms : Isolated Mild Ventriculomegaly

52. Most common breast tumor under age 25 years : Fibroadenoma

53. Most common cardiac manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematous : Pericarditis

54. Most common cardiac tumor in children : Rhabdomyoma.

55. Most common cardiac valvular tumor : Papillary fibroelastoma

56. Most common carpal dislocation : Transscaphoid perilunate dislocation.

57. Most common causative organism of acute pyogenic meningitis in adults : Strep. pneumoniae

58. Most common causative organism of neonatal pyogenic meningitis : E. coli

59. Most common cause for failure of dialysis graft : Fibrointimal hyperplasia : venous outflow stenosis.

60. Most common cause for late failure in lung transplant patient : Bronchiolitis obliterans

61. Most common cause for pulmonary edema : Left-sided heart disease

62. Most common cause non iatrogenic cause of small bowel obstruction : Hernia

63. Most common cause of a large choroid plexus cyst : Trisomy 18.

64. Most common cause of a large pleural fluid collection in the newborn period : Chylothorax

65. Most common cause of acute renal failure in children requiring dialysis : HUS

66. Most common cause of acute testicular pain in postpubertal male : Acute epididymitis

67. Most common cause of acute testicular pain in prepubertal male : Torsion

68. Most common cause of AIDS cholangiopathy : Cryptosporidium

69. Most common cause of an echogenic renal mass in a 3-month-old : Mesoblastic nephroma.

70. Most common cause of an intraorbital mass lesion in adult : Pseudotumor of Orbit

71. Most common cause of AS in Western world : Degenerative disease

72. Most common cause of bilateral breast edema : CHF.

73. Most common cause of bilateral echogenic renal cortex : Chronic glomerulonephritis.

74. Most common cause of biliary obstruction : Choledocholithiasis

75. Most common cause of bleeding between menstrual cycles : Endometrial hyperplasia.

76. Most common cause of bronchopneumonia : Staphylococcal

77. Most common cause of cancer deaths in males and females : Bronchogenic Carcinoma

78. Most common cause of cause of infectious esophagitis : Candida Esophagitis

79. Most common cause of cavitary (necrotic) pneumonia in a child : Strep pneum.

80. Most common cause of Charcot joints : Diabetes mellitus

81. Most common cause of CHF in a child : ALCAPA / aberrant left coronary artery

82. Most common cause of CHF in a neonate : Hypoplastic Left Heart.

83. Most common cause of chronic hydronephrosis in renal transplant : UV anastomosis stricture.

84. Most common cause of colonic obstruction in adults : Malignancy

85. Most common cause of colonic obstruction in the infant : Meconium plug syndrome in CF patients

86. Most common cause of colovesical fistula : Diverticulitis

87. Most common cause of congenital CNS infection : CMV.

88. Most common cause of congenital duodenal obstruction : Duodenal atresia.

89. Most common cause of congenital sensorineural hearing loss : Giant vestibular aqueduct syndrome

90. Most common cause of cord ischemia : Thromboembolic disease

91. Most common cause of coronary artery aneurysm in USA : Atherosclerosis

92. Most common cause of coronary artery aneurysm Worldwide : Kawasaki

93. Most common cause of cyanosis in a child : Tetralogy of Fallot

94. Most common cause of cyanosis n newborn Transposition of great vessels

95. Most common cause of death in a severe pelvic fracture : Hemorrhage.

96. Most common cause of death in Ataxia –Telangiectasia : Respiratory failure.

97. Most common cause of death in Jeune syndrome : Respiratory failure

98. Most common cause of drop mets : Medulloblastoma

99. Most common cause of dwarfism : Achondroplasia

100. Most common cause of echogenic renal pyramids in children : Furosemide

101. Most common cause of ejaculatory duct obstruction : Mullerian duct cyst ?

102. Most common cause of endometriosis in girls <16 years of age : Obstructive müllerian duct anomalies

103. Most common cause of end-stage renal disease : Diabetic Nephropathy

104. Most common cause of epididymitis in males aged 15 to 35 years : Sexually transmitted diseases

105. Most common cause of esophageal rupture : Iatrogenic

106. Most common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in patients <30 years of age : CF

107. Most common cause of facial hemipalsy : Bell palsy

108. Most common cause of false-positive V/Q scan for acute PE : Previous pulmonary embolism

109. Most common cause of fungal infection in AIDS patients : Cryptococcosis

110. Most common cause of gastrocolic fistula : Gastric ulcer.

111. Most common cause of heart failure in patients with COPD : Atherosclerotic heart disease

112. Most common cause of hemifacial spasticity is vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia.

113. Most common cause of hepatic calcifications : Infection

114. Most common cause of hydronephrosis in the newborn male : Ureteropelvic junction

115. Most common cause of hyperreflexive bladder : Spinal cord trauma

116. Most common cause of increased nuchal thickness : Downs syndrome

117. Most common cause of interstitial and airspace edema : CHF

118. Most common cause of intradiaphragmatic cyst :Extralobar sequestration

119. Most common cause of intraventricular hemorrhage :Disruption of the subependymal veins

120. Most common cause of intussusception in children >6 years : Lymphoma

121. Most common cause of large spherical pancreatic calcifications in children : Hereditary pancreatitis

122. Most common cause of left atrial dilatation : Mitral regurgitation.

123. Most common cause of leukokoria : Retinoblastoma.

124. Most common cause of liver metastasis : Colon.

125. Most common cause of lower extremity venous valve dysfunction : DVT.

126. Most common cause of lower GI bleeding : Diverticulosis.

127. Most common cause of malignancy of men in the world -- Bronchogenic Carcinoma

128. Most common cause of maternal peripartum death : Amniotic fluid embolism

129. Most common cause of membranous croup : Staph. Aureus.

130. Most common cause of microcolon: Meconium ileus.

131. Most common cause of mortality in ulcerative colitis : Toxic megacolon.

132. Most common cause of necrolytic migrating erythema : Glucagonoma

133. Most common cause of neonatal nasal obstruction : Choanal atresia.

134. Most common cause of Neonatal Pneumonia : Group B streptococcus.

135. Most common cause of neonatal respiratory distress in full term/postmature infants – Meconium aspiration

136. Most common cause of nephrocalcinosis in adults : Primary hyperparathyroidism

137. Most common cause of non-immune hydrops in USA : Cardiac anomaly

138. Most common cause of optic nerve enlargement : Optic nerve glioma

139. Most common cause of orbital calcifications : Retinoblastoma

140. Most common cause of orbital infection : Paranasal sinusitis

141. Most common cause of osteoblastic bone metastases in an adult female : Breast cancer

142. Most common cause of osteoblastic bone metastases in an adult male : Prostate cancer

143. Most common cause of osteolytic bone metastases in a child : Neuroblastoma

144. Most common cause of osteolytic bone metastases in an adult female : Breast cancer

145. Most common cause of osteolytic bone metastases in an adult male : Lung cancer

146. Most common cause of Osteomyelitis of spine : Penetrating direct trauma

147. Most common cause of pancreatic lipomatosis in children : CF

148. Most common cause of pleural eosinophilia : Air in the pleural space

149. Most common cause of pneumoperitoneum : Ruptured duodenal ulcer.

150. Most common cause of postpartum fever : Endometritis.

151. Most common cause of pseudomyxoma peritonei : Appendiceal mucinous adenocarcinoma

152. Most common cause of pseudoureterocele : Bladder tumor

153. Most common cause of pulmonary hypoplasia : Diaphragmatic hernia

154. Most common cause of pulmonary tumor embolus : Gastric carcinoma

155. Most common cause of recurrent hip disloc. s/p hip arthroplasty : Acetabular component malposition

156. Most common cause of reflux in child w/ non-duplicated collecting system: Short intramural ureter.

157. Most common cause of renal vein thrombosis in adults : Nephrotic syndrome

158. Most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy : Amyloid

159. Most common cause of round pneumonia in children : Streptococcus.

160. Most common cause of round pneumonia in children : Streptococcus

161. Most common cause of small bowel obstruction : Adhesions

162. Most common cause of squamous cell ca. in the renal pelvis : Chronic Infected stag horn calculus

163. Most common cause of stridor in neonate and young infant : Laryngomalacia

164. Most common cause of sudden cardiac death among young people Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

165. Most common cause of SVC syndrome : Bronchogenic carcinoma

166. Most common cause of testicular swelling : Hydrocele

167. Most common cause of the pulmonary-renal syndrome : Microscopic polyangitis.

168. Most common cause of the stripe sign on V/Q scan : COPD

169. Most common cause of thoracic outlet syndrome : Scalene anticus.

170. Most common cause of toxic mega colon : Pseudomembranous colitis.

171. Most common cause of tree in bud appearance on CT : Bronchiolitis

172. Most common cause of tricuspid stenosis : Rheumatic heart disease

173. Most common cause of unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis : Malignant invasion

174. Most common cause of unilateral nonperfused lung on V/Q scan : Bronchogenic carcinoma

175. Most common cause of unilateral pulmonary edema : Prolonged unilateral dependent positioning

176. Most common cause of urinary obstruction in boys : posterior urethral valves

177. Most common cause of valvular heart disease in the United States : Degenerative

178. Most common cause of vascular ring : Double arch.

179. Most common cause of vertebra plana in children : EG

180. Most common cause requiring bronchial artery embolization : CF

181. Most common cause worldwide for cholangiocarcinoma : Clonorchis sinensis infestation

182. Most common cerebellar neoplasm in children : Medulloblastoma

183. Most common cerebral mass lesion in AIDS : Toxoplasmosis

184. Most common chest radiograph finding seen in pts with an acute PE : Atelectasis

185. Most common chest x-ray abnormality in the ICU : Atelectasis

186. Most common child abuse facture : Diaphyseal fracture,

187. Most common collagen disorder for a pleural effusion : SLE

188. Most common colonic polyp : Hyperplastic polyp

189. Most common colonic site for lymphoma : Cecum

190. Most common complication of ERCP : Pancreatitis

191. Most common complication of popliteal artery aneurysm : Distal ischemia (thrombosis/embolism)

192. Most common complication with IVC filters : DVT.

193. Most common component of mixed germ cell tumors : Embryonal Cell Carcinoma

194. Most common congenital abnormality of GI tract : Meckel’s diverticulum

195. Most common congenital anomaly of CNS in live births : Myelomeningocele

196. Most common congenital defect of CNS : Anencephaly.

197. Most common congenital head and neck cyst in a child : Thornwaldt cyst

198. Most common congenital heart disease : Bicuspid aortic valve.

199. Most common congenital intracranial tumor : Epidermoid or inclusion cyst

200. Most common congenital lesion of bile ducts : Choledochal Cyst

201. Most common congenital skeletal dysplasia : Achondroplasia.

202. Most common congenital solid tumor in the newborn : Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (1:40K live births)

203. Most common cranial nerve affected by a pituitary macroadenoma : CN VI.

204. Most common cranial nerve to be affected with schwannoma : VIII

205. Most common craniofacial malformation : Facial Clefting

206. Most common crystalline arthropathy : CPPD

207. Most common CT finding in bowel ischemia : Bowel wall thickening.

208. Most common cyanotic congenital heart malformation beyond neonatal period : TOF

209. Most common cyst of the jaw : Radicular cyst = Periapical cyst

210. Most common cystic lesion of prostate : Cystic degeneration of BPH

211. Most common cystic tumor of pancreas : Mucinous cystic neoplasm

212. Most common diffuse breast disorder : Fibrocystic disease of breast.

213. Most common diffuse gray matter degenerative disease : Alzheimer’s

214. Most common dislocated auditory ossicle longitudinal temporal bone fracture : Incus

215. Most common dislocation in adult : Glenohumeral.

216. Most common dislocation in child : Elbow.

217. Most common epididymal neoplasm : Adenomatoid tumor

218. Most common estrogenic ovarian tumor : Granulosa Cell Tumor

219. Most common etiology for chronic temporal lobe epilepsy : Ganglioglioma

220. Most common etiology for multiple small gastric polyps : Hyperplastic polyps.

221. Most common etiology for osteomyelitis : Staphylococcus aureus.

222. Most common etiology of bilaterally enlarged, hyperechoic kidneys in newborn infant : ARPKD.

223. Most common etiology of mesenteric adenitis : Viral

224. Most common etiology of pneumomediastinum : Alveolar rupture.

225. Most common etiology of rickets : Vitamin D deficiency.

226. Most common extra-adrenal site of pheochromocytoma : Organ of Zuckerkandl.

227. Most common extraaxial neoplasm of CNS : Meningioma

228. Most common extragonadal site of primary germ cell tumors : Anterior mediastinum.

229. Most common extrapulmonary site of tuberculosis : Urinary tract

230. Most common fetal cardiac anomaly seen on 4 chamber view US : AV canal defect (aka ECD)

231. Most common fibromatosis in childhood : Infantile Myofibromatosis

232. Most common finding of a tubal pregnancy seen on US images Adnexal mass separate from ovary

233. Most common finding of contralateral kidney in MCKD : Reflux

234. Most common fluid collection seen in transplant patients : Lymphoceles.

235. Most common form of aortic stenosis : Valvular

236. Most common form of carpal instability : DISI

237. Most common form of emphysema in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency : Panlobular emphysema

238. Most common form of emphysema in nonsmokers : Panlobular emphysema

239. Most common form of emphysema in smokers : Centrilobular emphysema

240. Most common form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy : Asymmetric involvement of the interventricular septum

241. Most common form of skeletal dysplasia : Acquired skeletal dysplasia.

242. Most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults : Giant cell (temporal) arteritis

243. Most common fracture of forearm : Colles

244. Most common functional tumors of the ovary : Sex cord–stromal tumors

245. Most common fungal infection in AIDS : Cryptococcus.

246. Most common genitourinary organ affected by neurofibromas : Urinary bladder

247. Most common germ cell tumor associated with excessive hCG production :Choriocarcinoma.

248. Most common germ cell tumor associated with excessive hCG production after choriocarcinoma : Dysgerminoma.

249. Most common GI neoplasm : Adenoma

250. Most common GI tract location for primary extranodal lymphoma : Stomach, usually NHL type.

251. Most common glial tumor in adults : Ependymoma

252. Most common glial tumor in NF 1 : JPA.

253. Most common glial tumor with microcalcifications : Oligodendroglioma

254. Most common gynecologic neoplasm : Uterine Leiomyoma

255. Most common hereditary hypercoagulable condition : Factor V Leiden

256. Most common hereditary leukodystrophy : Metachromatic leukodystrophy

257. Most common histologic type of bronchogenic carcinoma associated with cavitation : Squamous

258. Most common histologic type of bronchogenic carcinoma associated with pancoast tumor : Squamous

259. Most common histologic type of bronchogenic carcinoma associated with pleural effusion : Adenocarcinoma

260. Most common histologic type of lung cancer associated with asbestosis exposure : BAC

261. Most common histologic type of primary cutaneous lymphoma :T-cell lymphoma

262. Most common ILD to be found in association with collagen vascular disease : NSIP

263. Most common indication for percutaneous vertebroplasty : Osteoporosis.

264. Most common infection to cause cerebellar hypoplasia & migration anomalies : CMV

265. Most common infratentorial neoplasm in an adult : Metastases

266. Most common inherited disease among Caucasian Americans : CF

267. Most common internal enhancement pattern in DCIS with non mass like enhancement : Clumped enhancement

268. Most common intracranial for site of teratomas : Pineal region.

269. Most common intracranial presentation of TB : Tuberculous meningitis.

270. Most common intramedullary spinal neoplasm in adults : Ependymoma of Spinal Cord

271. Most common intramedullary tumor in children : Astrocytoma

272. Most common intramedullary tumor of adults : Ependymoma.

273. Most common intraocular neoplasm in childhood : Retinoblastoma

274. Most common intraorbital tumors found in adults : Cavernous hemangiomas.

275. Most common intrathoracic fetal anomaly : Congenital diaphragmatic Hernia

276. Most common intrathoracic foregut cyst : Bronchogenic Cyst

277. Most common intrauterine CNS infection : CMV

278. Most common intravascular venous tumor : Leiomyosarcoma of IVC

279. Most common in-utero renal tumor : Mesoblastic nephroma.

280. Most common invasive gynecologic malignancy : Endometrial malignancy

281. Most common islet cell tumor in MEN 1 : Gastrinoma

282. Most common islet cell tumor of the pancreas : Insulinoma.

283. Most common joint involved in synovial osteochondromatosis : Knee

284. Most common lesion to cause expansion of paranasal sinus : Mucocele

285. Most common lethal bone dysplasia : Osteogenesis imperfecta type II ?

286. Most common liver tumor after metastases : Hemangioma

287. Most common lobe affected in bronchial atresia : Left upper lobe.

288. Most common location for a cephalhematoma : Parietal

289. Most common location for a gastric diverticulum : Posterior wall of the gastric fundus.

290. Most common location for a pilocytic astrocytoma : Cerebellum

291. Most common location for a solitary myeloma of the bone : Thoracolumbar spine

292. Most common location for a synovial sarcoma : Knee

293. Most common location for a Tarlov cyst : Posterior rootlets of S2 + S3

294. Most common location for abdominal sarcoid involvement : Stomach

295. Most common location for atelectatic asbestos pseudotumor : Posteromedial & -lateral basal region of lower lobes

296. Most common location for chordomas : Sacral spine.

297. Most common location for gallbladder perforation : Fundus

298. Most common location for Sclerosing Osteomyelitis of Garré (sterile Osteomyelitis) : Mandible

299. Most common location for typhlitis : Cecum.

300. Most common location for well-differentiated liposarcoma : Thigh

301. Most common location in biliary tree for cholangiocarcinoma : Upper third/perihilar region.

302. Most common location in the spine for an osteochondroma : Cervical (C2) followed by thoracic T8

303. Most common location of a meningioma in the spine : Thoracic spinal cord

304. Most common location of a periurethral diverticulum in a female : Posterolateral.

305. Most common location of an ectopic pregnancy : Ampullary region of the fallopian tube.

306. Most common location of benign and malignant masses in breast : Upper outer quadrant

307. Most common location of bronchogenic carcinoma : Right upper lobe

308. Most common location of coarctation : Postductal beyond the origin of the left subclavian artery.

309. Most common location of coronary calcifications : LAD.

310. Most common location of DAI : Frontotemporal gray–white matter junction.

311. Most common location of GIST : Stomach.

312. Most common location of GU obstruction in a neonatal male : Ureteropelvic junction.

313. Most common location of intracranial dissection : Vertebral arteries.

314. Most common location of intraorbital abscess : Subperiosteal space on medial wall.

315. Most common location of intraventricular meningioma : Atrium of the lateral ventricle.

316. Most common location of oligodendroglioma : Frontal lobe.

317. Most common location of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma : Temporal lobes.

318. Most common location of pulmonary sequestration : Posterior medial lower.

319. Most common location of PVNS : Knee.

320. Most common location of sarcoidosis in spinal cord : Cervical.

321. Most common location of the biliary embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma : CBD

322. Most common location of triquetral fracture is dorsal avulsion

323. Most common location to find a lithopedion : Adnexae

324. Most common location to see intravertebral vacuum phenomenon (Kümmell Disease) : Thoracolumbar junction

325. Most common lung infection in HIV: Bacterial pneumonia

326. Most common lung mass : Granuloma

327. Most common lysosomal storage disorder : Gaucher’s disease

328. Most common malformation associated with callosal agenesis : Dandy-Walker malformation.

329. Most common malignancy of childhood : Leukemia.

330. Most common malignancy of parotid gland in adult : Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

331. Most common malignant abdominal neoplasm in children 1–8 years old : Wilms Tumor.

332. Most common malignant bone tumor in children : Ewings

333. Most common malignant cause of bilateral global renal enlargement : Lymphoma.

334. Most common malignant neoplasm of diaphragm : Fibrosarcoma.

335. Most common malignant neoplasm of the spleen : Lymphoma.

336. Most common malignant ovarian neoplasm : Serous adenocarcinoma.

337. Most common malignant ovarian neoplasm : Serous cystadenocarcinoma.

338. Most common malignant primary bone tumor in young adults + children : Osteosarcoma

339. Most common malignant radiation-induced tumor of the musculoskeletal system : MFH

340. Most common malignant sex cord–stromal tumor : Granulosa cell tumor

341. Most common malignant testicular neoplasm : Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

342. Most common malignant tumor affecting ribs of children + adolescents : Ewings Sarcoma

343. Most common malignant tumor of the abdomen in patients with NF1 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

344. Most common malignant tumor of the duodenum : Adenocarcinoma.

345. Most common malignant tumor of the heart : Angiosarcoma

346. Most common malignant tumor of the small bowel : Carcinoid

347. Most common mammographic finding in DCIS : Microcalcifications

348. Most common mammographic finding in Infiltrating/Invasive Lobular Carcinoma : Architectural distortion.

349. Most common manifestation of asbestosis exposure : Pleural plaques

350. Most common manifestation of asbestos-related pleural disease : Pleural effusion

351. Most common manifestation of blunt chest trauma : Pulmonary contusion

352. Most common mass lesion of the cerebellopontine angle after acoustic schwannoma : Meningioma

353. Most common mediastinal germ cell tumor : Seminoma.

354. Most common mediastinal mass in a child between the ages of 6 & 12 years old : Lymphoma

355. Most common mediastinal neurogenic tumor : Schwannoma

356. Most common mesenchymal origin neoplasm of GI tract : GIST

357. Most common metabolic liver disease in children : Hepatic cirrhosis in homozygous alpha-1 Antitrypsin

Deficiency

358. Most common metastases to the spleen : Breast carcinoma

359. Most common metastasis to the heart : Melanoma

360. Most common metastatic cause of linitis plastica : Breast carcinoma

361. Most common metatarsal to have a stress fracture : Second metatarsal.

362. Most common missed type of breast cancer on mammography : Infiltrating/Invasive Lobular Carcinoma.

363. Most common mitral valve abnormality in the Western world : Non-rheumatic mitral valve disease.

364. Most common monodermal teratoma : Struma ovarii.

365. Most common motor neuron disease : ALS.

366. Most common MR imaging finding in DCIS : Non-masslike enhancement.

367. Most common mycotic pneumonia in an AIDS patient : Cryptococcus.

368. Most common natural outcome of the VSD : Spontaneous complete closure.

369. Most common neonatal cyanotic congenital heart malformation : TGV

370. Most common neonatal lesion of adrenal gland : Nontraumatic Adrenal Hemorrhage.

371. Most common neoplasm of conus medullaris : Myxopapillary Ependymoma of Spinal Cord.

372. Most common neoplasm of internal auditory canal / cerebellopontine angle : Vestibular Schwannoma.

373. Most common neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with NF1: Neurofibromas.

374. Most common nerve to be involved in tarsal tunnel syndrome : Posterior tibial nerve.

375. Most common nonepidemic meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent individuals in US : Herpes Encephalitis.

376. Most common nonepithelial malignant bladder tumor : Leiomyosarcoma.

377. Most common nonepithelial tumor in the colon : Lipoma.

378. Most common nonepithelial tumor of the bladder : Leiomyoma.

379. Most common nonglial primary tumors of the central nervous system : Meningiomas.

380. Most common nonlymphoproliferative primary malignant tumor of the spine in adults : Chordoma.

381. Most common nonlymphoproliferative primary malignant tumor of the spine in children : PNET.

382. Most common nontraumatic cause of acute limp in a child : Toxic synovitis.

383. Most common non-traumatic cause of facial nerve paralysis & hearing loss : CPA tumor.

384. Most common odontogenic mass : Odontoma= odontogenic hamartomatous malformation.

385. Most common of all alimentary tract duplications : Small Bowel Duplication Cyst.

386. Most common of cerebral vascular malformation : DVA.

387. Most common opportunistic infection in AIDS : Toxoplasmosis.

388. Most common organism involved in pancreatic abscess : E. Coli.

389. Most common organism of acute pyogenic meningitis in infants & children : N. meningitides.

390. Most common origin of cystic artery : Right hepatic artery.

391. Most common osteochondrodysplasia : Hereditary Multiple Exostoses

392. Most common ovarian neoplasm : Dermoid aka dermoid cyst = Mature cystic teratoma

393. Most common ovarian tumor-related morbidity : Bowel obstruction

394. Most common pancreatic abnormality in adult pt's with CF : Complete fatty replacement

395. Most common paraneoplastic disease associated with thymoma : Myasthenia gravis

396. Most common parasitic infection involving CNS in developing countries : Cysticercosis

397. Most common parotid disease in children : Mumps parotitis.

398. Most common pattern of bronchial arteries : Two left & one right bronchial artery

399. Most common pattern of enhancement at DE MR cardiac imaging : Patchy midwall enhancement with multiple

foci

400. Most common pattern of hepatic involvement of secondary lymphoma : Diffuse infiltrative

401. Most common pattern of spread in Gallbladder Carcinoma : Direct spread.

402. Most common pediatric glioma : JPA

403. Most common pediatric tumor causing isosexual precocious puberty in a girl : Granulosa cell tumor

404. Most common phakomatoses : NF1

405. Most common pineal tumor : Pineal Germinoma

406. Most common predisposing cause to develop pneumothorax during percutaneous lung biopsy : COPD

407. Most common predisposing disorder of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax : COPD

408. Most common pregnancy-related mortality in the first trimester Ectopic pregnancy

409. Most common presentation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : Dyspnea

410. Most common presentation in stuck twin syndrome : Monochorionic diamniotic

411. Most common presentation of bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma (BAC) : Solitary pulmonary nodule.

412. Most common presentation of GIST on cross sectional imaging : Cystic areas of necrosis.

413. Most common presentation of mesoblastic nephroma : Palpable mass at birth.

414. Most common presentation of neurocysticercosis : Seizures.

415. Most common presenting symptom of Osler Weber Rendu : Hemoptysis.

416. Most common primary benign mesenteric tumor : Desmoid.

417. Most common primary brain tumor : GBM.

418. Most common primary cardiac tumors in adults : Myxomas.

419. Most common primary cerebellar mass in an adult : Hemangioblastoma

420. Most common primary demyelinating disease : MS

421. Most common primary female urethral malignancy : Squamous cell carcinoma

422. Most common primary hepatic neoplasm in infants & children <5 years old : Hepatoblastoma

423. Most common primary intraocular neoplasm in adult Caucasian : Uveal Melanoma

424. Most common primary lung tumor under age 16 : Bronchial Adenoma

425. Most common primary malignant rib tumor : Chondrosarcoma

426. Most common primary malignant sacral tumor : Sacrococcygeal Chordoma

427. Most common primary malignant soft-tissue tumor of late adult life : Soft-tissue MFH

428. Most common primary neoplasm of the spleen : Cavernous hemangioma

429. Most common primary neoplasms of the anterior superior mediastinum Thymomas.

430. Most common primary posterior mediastinal neoplasms :Neurogenic tumors

431. Most common primary tumor of the diaphragm : Lipoma

432. Most common radiation-induced CNS tumor : Meningioma

433. Most common reason for cardiac transplantation : Dilated cardiomyopathy

434. Most common recognized CNS manifestation of VHL disease : Hemangioblastoma of CNS

435. Most common relevant finding on cavogram for IVC filter placement : Circumaortic left renal vein.

436. Most common renal fusion anomaly : Horseshoe kidney

437. Most common renal mass in a 3 months old infant : Mesoblastic nephroma

438. Most common respiratory cause of cold agglutinin production : Mycoplasma pneumonia

439. Most common retinal infection in AIDS : Toxoplasmosis

440. Most common right cardiophrenic angle mass : Epicardial fat-pad/lipoma

441. Most common segment involved in tracheobronchial injury : Right lower lobe bronchus.

442. Most common sex cord-stromal cell tumor : Ovarian Fibroma

443. Most common sign of failing dialysis graft : Increased venous pressures

444. Most common sign of tuberous sclerosis : Myoclonic seizures

445. Most common single cause of breast lumps in females between 35 to 55 years of age : Breast cyst

446. Most common site for an intracardiac papillary fibroelastoma : Aortic valve.

447. Most common site for aneurysm in the chest : Descending thoracic aorta.

448. Most common site for cardiac myxoma : Left atrium

449. Most common site for intra cardiac thrombus formation : Atrial appendage.

450. Most common site for optic melanoma metastases : Liver.

451. Most common site for penetrating aortic ulcers : Descending thoracic aorta

452. Most common site of abdominal involvement in Hodgkins disease : Spleen

453. Most common site of aortic dissection : Prox. Desc. Thoracic aorta near ductus lig. attachment

454. Most common site of biliary tract injury caused by blunt abdominal trauma : Gallbladder

455. Most common site of monostotic fibrous dysplasia : Ribs

456. Most common site of rupture of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm : RV followed by RA.

457. Most common solid extracranial tumor of childhood : Neuroblastoma

458. Most common spermatic cord tumor : Lipoma

459. Most common spinal cord segment of lymphoma of spinal cord : Cervical

460. Most common spinal cord tumor : Ependymoma

461. Most common spinal location for cord astrocytoma : Thoracic

462. Most common spinal location for cord ependymoma : Cervical

463. Most common subcortical degenerative disease : Parkinson’s

464. Most common subglottic soft-tissue upper resp. tract obstructing mass in neonates : Subglottic Hemangioma

465. Most common submucosal tumor in colon : Lipoma

466. Most common subtype of NHL involving the esophagus : Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

467. Most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma : Clear cell adenocarcinomas

468. Most common suprasellar mass : Craniopharyngioma

469. Most common syndromic islet cell tumor : Insulinoma

470. Most common systemic allergic hypersensitivity-related acute small-vessel vasculitis in children : HSP

471. Most common systemic fungal infection in immunocompromised patients : Candidiasis Of Liver

472. Most common tarsal bone to get fractured : Calcaneus

473. Most common tarsal coalition : Talocalcaneal

474. Most common testicular tumor in a young boy : Yolk sac tumor

475. Most common tibial plateau fractures : Lateral tibial plateau (Schatzker classification type I–III)

476. Most common trigonal intraventricular mass in adulthood : Meningioma

477. Most common tumor of adenohypophysis : Pituitary Adenoma

478. Most common tumor of genitourinary tract : Metachronous TCC

479. Most common tumor of the appendix : Carcinoid

480. Most common tumor of the esophagus : Leiomyomas

481. Most common tumor of the minor salivary glands : Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

482. Most common type of abdominal wall hernia : Inguinal hernia

483. Most common type of ASD : Ostium secundum

484. Most common type of brain hernaition : anterior / uncal transtentorial

485. Most common type of brain herniation : Subfalcine herniation

486. Most common type of C2 fractures : Type 2

487. Most common type of cancer to arise from a thyroglossal duct cyst : Papillary carcinoma

488. Most common type of cardiomyopathy : Dilated cardiomyopathy

489. Most common type of choledochal cyst : fusiform dilatation of the extrahepatic duct Type 1c

490. Most common type of congenital internal hernia : Left paraduodenal hernia

491. Most common type of encephalocele in SE Asia: Sincipital Encephalocele

492. Most common type of encephalocele in US : Occipital Encephalocele

493. Most common type of endoleak in the abdominal aorta : Type II endoleak

494. Most common type of endoleak in the thoracic aorta : Type I endoleak

495. Most common type of fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal bone : Peroneus brevis avulsion fracture.

496. Most common type of gallbladder inflammation : Chronic cholecystitis

497. Most common type of internal hernia : Postoperative, transmesenteric hernias.

498. Most common type of intrapulmonary involvement of Hodgkins disease : Bronchovascular form.

499. Most common type of liver abscess : Pyogenic Liver Abscess

500. Most common type of lymphoma involving the head and neck region : Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

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biomedres · 1 year

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Chondroblastoma of the Medial Malleolus: A Very Rare Case with Radiopathological Correlation

Chondroblastoma of the Medial Malleolus: A Very Rare Case with Radiopathological Correlation in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.006057.php

Chondroblastoma is an uncommon osseous neoplasm. It accounts for less than 1% of all bone tumors. Tumors of the medial malleolus are rare, and even rarer is the chondrogenic tumors of the medial malleolus [1]. The most common anatomical site involved by this tumor is the proximal humerus, followed by the distal femur, proximal femur, proximal tibia, talus and innominate bone, in descending order. The typical radiological finding is an eccentric osteolytic lesion, frequently accompanied by a thin sclerotic rim [2,3]. The male to female ratio is greater than 2:1, with peak incidence at age of 16 years. The proximal tibia is the most common location; but there is near even distribution of cases between the proximal tibia, proximal humerus, proximal femur, and distal femur [4-6]. Malignant transformation in chondroblastoma has been described in only a few cases [7]. Patients usually present with pain and swelling, particularly if a pathological fracture is present [8]. Chondroblastoma is usually treated by simple curettage with bone grafting [4,9].

For more articles in Journals on Biomedical Sciences click here bjstr

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osseous-lesion · 5 months

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I redesigned Alastor again because I can't help myself lmao

I've gotten into historical fashion again since I took a class on it this last fall semester, so I worked that into the design a bit more. The coat is a little too fitted for the 20s or 30s, but I think a fitted look is nicer on him lol. I also stuck with giving him more dear features in his face because I think it's fun :) I've been seeing people make his antlers little radio tower-looking things and I'm literally in love with that idea, so that's thrown in there too. A lot of the microphones I was looking at that were used for radio shows in the 20s were circular, so that's why I changed Alastor's staff, but I didn't think a pentagram would make a ton of sense because that's Lucifer's symbol. I also wanted to stray away from Vodou or voodoo imagery because the way it shows up in the show isn't the most respectful. I think his powers make more sense as something Lovecraftian based, but I was kind of iffy about even doing that because Lovecraft was a racist shitbag and his works cannot be separated from that with how ingrained it was in his writing. Personally, I think the Lovecraftian mythos has kind of evolved past what H.P. Lovecraft wrote, and he's kind of forgotten in a lot of media that spawns from or takes inspiration from his work, which is great and that's how it should be. Anyway, Alastor's staff is the Necronomicon symbol, and the rest of the symbols are either radio symbols or Lovecraftian god symbols. I gave him a little spade on his tale because I think his staff in the show kind of looks like a spade, and that's a little asexual symbol, so I thought it was a fun thing to tack on there Last thing I thought would be fun was if the color literally drained from him as he got panicked or angry. I've seen a lot of black and white Alastor designs, and I'm in love with them all, so I wanted to incorporate that a little bit.

Anyway, this was just a conglomerate of a bunch of ideas and passing thoughts lol

#art #my art #my art 2024 #digital art #fanart #hazbin hotel #alastor #hazbin alastor #alastor hazbin hotel #hazbin hotel fanart #alastor fanart #alastor redesign #osseous-lesion #Oh! Another random thing about his staff #I feel like he 'd be able to change it's shape for show or whatever #like when he does a little dance number it might turn into a more typical cane for the aesthetic #or if he doesn't want it out he could make it turn into a lapel pin #idk #I also like a lot of headcanons that both his power and his voice either come from the staff or are kind of focused through it

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drmohsineazam · 2 years

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What Is Osteosarcoma? What Kinds of Symptoms Does It Cause?

Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that can occur in people of any age. But it is generally more commonly found in adolescents and young adults who are starting to go through puberty. It’s not usually diagnosed until after the patient has already developed symptoms.

What causes osteosarcoma?

Some rare types of cancers cause bone breaks, or osteosarcomas. This makes up about 2% of all cancer diagnoses each year.[1] The major risk factors for this type of cancer are being exposed to high levels of radiation, having a family history of osteosarcoma, and having endocrine-disrupting hormones (like some birth control pills) taken by patients with osteosarcoma. If you are at a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma than others, there may be several warning signs you should watch out for before the disease becomes worse. Treatment involves changing your lifestyle and getting regular checkups with a doctor.

How do I tell if my child has osteosarcoma? One of the first signs a child may have osteosarcoma is a broken arm, leg, or hip. Your child may also complain about pain in his or her jaw or bone in his legs. Children who have these symptoms often receive an “open surgery.

What is the average survival time for children with osteosarcoma?

The survival time for children with osteosarcoma is only 20 months, compared with around two years for those without disease, according to Jain Dhanalakshmi MD, author of 'Osteosarcoma in Young Adults'. For this reason, doctors sometimes call osteosarcomas "young adult disease." There is also little information available about how long children with osteosarcoma will live. However, when treatment is given, it usually lasts from 5 to 10 years, depending on the stage and type of treatment. A recent study found the median overall survival was 10 years in children treated successfully.[2]

What types does osteosarcoma affect?

Osteosarcomas affect bone and soft tissue. They include both primary (involving the whole bone) and secondary (involving one section of the bone) lesions. Secondary lesions are usually found later in life, and are most frequently observed in older adults. These include fractures caused by a fall or sports injury. Primary lesions, however, usually involve only one part of the bone (such as a femur), but they can occur anywhere in the body, including in your spine. Other examples of primary tumors that can form in the spine include rhabdomyosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osseous angiosarcoma, and chondroglioma.[citation needed] According to the National Cancer Institute, osteosarcoma occurs at five times more frequently in females than males, and it can appear in various forms, including primary or metastatic. The age group most likely to develop osteosarcoma includes teenagers and young adults and includes individuals who are overweight or obese. Most cases also occur during adolescence, and childhood is rarely associated with the development of osteosarcoma. Secondary bone cancers caused by osteosarcomas, such as osteoblastic sarcoma and osteoblastic hyperplasia, represent only 8% to 18% of the total number of new cancers in adults. [3] People with osteosarcoma are at increased risk of contracting certain types of leukemia, multiple myeloma, and other cancers. An increase in the incidence of osteosarcomas over the past decade has been attributed in part to the increasing age of menarche. In fact, women are now at increased risk of osteosarcoma than men. And because osteosarcoma tends to occur earlier in the growth spurt in girls compared with boys, early diagnosis becomes a key component to managing its impact on the overall health of these teenagers.

What symptoms does osteosarcoma cause?

There are three main features to look for in teenagers and young adults who have osteosarcoma. First, they often complain about pain. Second, if they have a fracture, pain is accompanied by bruising and swelling, often accompanied by fever. Third, this might not get better in a few weeks. Sometimes, the patients will start complaining about unusual weight loss. This can be followed by sudden death within days. Also, in older patients, bone metastases are observed. Osteosarcoma can progress over time to lead to massive destruction of bone or even to cause bone cancer. As a result, you should contact our medical team right away if you notice something out of the ordinary.

What kind of drugs can help with osteosarcoma?

Chemotherapy is still used to treat cancer-related bone disorders. While chemotherapy may not entirely cure osteosarcoma, it helps manage the progression and increases survival rates. Unfortunately, this is usually not possible for every patient. Therefore, while surgery may not completely solve your child's problem, proper medical care and good nutrition can help ensure your child remains healthy long enough for surgery. Since chemotherapy cannot target what causes the disease, it is important to consider the possibility that chemotherapy is contributing to the formation of more cancer cells. If so, you should stop taking this drug and discuss surgery with your insurance provider. Another option is hormone therapy, which improves the production of thyroid hormones. Hormones like estrogen help regulate the bones and muscles so they don't become brittle or calcified; hence, they're useful in preventing osteosarcoma. You might also want to try using a topical corticosteroid for painful and tender areas like the thighs and pelvis. Corticosteroids are relatively safe. Unlike chemotherapy, topical corticosteroids tend to be safer because they don't affect the immune system as much as chemotherapy does. If this doesn't work, you can use radioactive iodine for additional protection against bone damage.

What happens after surgery?

Surgery is one way to combat osteosarcoma. After surgery to remove the tumor, your baby will experience many healing processes that will leave him or her feeling normal again. Depending on the type of the tumor, the recovery period can range from a few days to approximately 6 months to a year. Recovery time may depend on the size of the tumor and the general health of the patient. To reduce postoperative pain, your partner can administer narcotic drugs to help relieve pain by blocking receptors that may be involved in inflammation. For some patients, pain relievers given in small doses may be helpful. In addition, depending on how severe your osteosarcoma symptoms are, you may need to take medications to control pain before returning home. Medications include aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and naproxen.

What does surgery mean?

Surgeries can treat various problems, including cancers of the heart and lungs. Any operation will require anesthesia, which can be provided by local or general anesthetic agents. Anesthesia can also be administered via intravenous (IV) lines with oxygen support. Because surgery involves removing part or all of the body, it's best to speak with your surgeon about all the potential consequences and talk to them in advance about whether you want to proceed with undergoing surgery. Before surgical procedures, it's advisable to check your blood pressure. Many patients report improved mental status and reduction of anxiety symptoms after an anesthesia procedure. However, if you experience vomiting or excessive bleeding after surgery, seek emergency medical attention immediately. Also, you should monitor your skin color and the amount of fluid in your body. The last thing you want to worry about when you get back home is sagging skin. Make sure to drink lots of fluids and eat a balanced diet. For most patients, minor surgery is typically able to be reversed after a couple of days, whereas complicated or advanced complications require a longer term of follow-up care. For example, surgery is often recommended for patients with conditions like diabetes. Doctors also perform surgeries regularly to stabilize joints or restore movement after injuries such as strokes. A large variety of options are available for treating osteosarcoma. Whether this process can successfully be reversed depends on how well you handle postoperative side effects. Pain management is another concern for patients with osteosarcoma. If your surgery involves incision, pain medication, or anti-inflammatory drugs, make sure you don't experience postoperative discomfort. When you return home following surgery, you'll want to keep yourself hydrated. Excessive thirst is usually the result of dehydration rather than decreased electrolytes in the body. Drinking plenty of fresh water can help replenish lost minerals after surgery, so be careful about drinking. Finally, it's important to remember that although your body will recover immediately following surgery, you may not feel as completely healed immediately. Some pain medication will take some time to pass into your bloodstream. Always continue to take pain relief medications, especially when you notice increased signs of joint pain.

What are the treatment and prognosis for osteosarcoma?

Once your child is stable, you should discuss the treatment plan with your healthcare provider. Usually, surgery is a safe, effective, and reliable option for treating osteosarcoma. At least half of all patients in the United States have had their tumor successfully removed in the early stages, usually within 1 year. However, surgeons may recommend different treatments, depending on the location of the tumor and overall health of the patient. For example, some children are good candidates for radiotherapy or cry

Conclusion

Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that can occur in people of any age, but is most common in teenagers and young adults. It is a very aggressive form of cancer that can spread quickly to other parts of the body. Symptoms of osteosarcoma include pain in the affected bone, swelling, and fatigue. If you experience any of these symptoms, it's important to see a doctor right away so that you can begin treatment as soon as possible.

#Osteosarcoma

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paincauses · 3 years

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Back Pain Issues- Causes and Treatments

Back pain is one of the most common problems that have been faced in the present in the age group of 18 and above. The age group was previously considered to be above 40 years. It has been observed that the gravity of back pain fluctuates with respect to its various types.

Types of Back pain and their causes

Somatic Back Pain: under this particular category of somatic back pain, chronic back pain and Fibromyalgia has been taken under consideration. This kind of back pain is generally caused by day-to-day tension and stress. It has been observed in mothers mostly who struggle with young children every day. Moreover, high work pressure and working in shifts is also held responsible for somatic back pain. Sore muscles lead to this kind of back pain.

Osseous Back pain: under this kind of back pain, the most serious one is known as Sciatica or Lumbar Radiculopathy. It has been observed that it is a kind of pain that takes place from the section of the sciatic nerve from the lower back to the tail bone and to the legs. It causes swelling of calf muscles in many cases. It mostly occurs between the age group of 18-35 and seen more in males. It is caused by strain in the back muscle caused due to pregnancy, Spondylolisthesis, and Lumbar spinal stenosis.

Referral Back Pain: Referral pain is caused by various issues regarding organs placed in the back of the human body. It has been observed it Is caused mostly by pregnancy and kidney issues. It is most likely to remain for a longer period of time, and its severity depends on the severity of the organ issues

Back pain that is caused by nerve lesion: Under this kind of back pain, myofascial pain syndrome is observed. It is mostly caused by spinal lesions. Weakness and numbness are felt, along with difficulty in maintaining motor skills.

Treatment of Types of Back pain

Somatic Back Pain: Fibromyalgia and chronic back pain is treatable and are cured with anti-inflammatory drugs, which are non-steroidal. For example, Ibuprofen or Motrin, acetaminophen or Tylenol, and naproxen or Naprosyn. However, in most cases, somatic back pain is cured by itself with time and exercise. Only in case of excessive pain medication is prescribed.

Osseous Back pain: it has been observed that this kind of back pain is self-treated in most cases with the help of various exercises and yoga. The treatment of these kinds of back pain is done with nutrition in order to repair the strain. Medication is often prescribed in case of excessive pain. Neurologists and orthopedists are the medical professionals who take up the treatment for this kind of back pain.

Referral Back Pain: this type of back pain is mostly cured with the cure of the lower back issues. In case of excessive pain, non-surgical methods are taken under consideration, like axial low back pain.

Back pain that is caused by nerve lesion: for the treatment of this kind of pain, NSAIDs are the most frequent methods used. Moreover, staying active and proper rest can be added to its treatment.

#Pain #pain management #Back pain #pain free #manage pain

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orsanasxm · 5 years

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Stem Cell Therapy

Stem cells are the foundation for every organ and tissue in your body. They are the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. There are many different types of stem cells that come from different places in the body or are formed at different times in our lives. These include embryonic stem cells that exist only at the earliest stages of development and various types of tissue-specific (or adult) stem cells that appear during fetal development and remain in our bodies throughout life.

Cell therapy involves grafting cells to restore the function of a tissue or organ. The aim is to provide long-term care to the patient through a single injection of therapeutic cells. These cells are obtained from pluripotent (can give all types of cells) or multipotent (can give a limited number of cell types) from the patient himself or from a donor. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells. Researchers now know how to differentiate pluripotent cells into several cell types.

People who might benefit from stem cell therapies include those with spinal cord injuries, type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, burns, cancer and osteoarthritis.

The most used Multipotent stem cells, present throughout the body within the adipose, bone marrow, organ support tissues, but also from bones, cartilage, muscles ... These stem cells are particularly easy to take from adipose tissue or bone marrow. They can give rise to cartilaginous cells (chondrocytes), Osseous (ostheoblasts), fatty (adipocytes), muscle fibers (myocytes), cardiomyocytes ... They also secrete growth factors favorable to the surrounding cells and are sometimes used exclusively for this property. They also produce anti-inflammatory factors, which lead to local immunosuppression and promote the function of cells regulating immunity. These properties limit local inflammation and protect, a priori, against transplant rejection.

Other multipotent cells can be used in cell therapy, such as skin stem cells. The stem cells of the eye make it possible to repair lesions of the cornea. Hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow are the source of all blood cells: in the case of hematological cancer, they make it possible to rebuild a stock of healthy blood cells after chemotherapy. Umbilical cord blood contains immune-naive hematopoietic stem cells, and therefore very well tolerated in the event of a transplant. Cord blood is used to treat malignant hemopathies such as leukemia or lymphoma, or genetic diseases like Fanconi anemia. It offers a serious alternative to bone marrow transplantation in the absence of a compatible donor. However, the number of therapeutic cells recovered by cord is low. When therapeutic stem cells are taken from someone other than the patient, they are said to be allogeneic. Their use can pose problems of immune tolerance.

Stem cell therapy, also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. It is the next chapter in organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.

The indications for cell therapy are endless and the promise is real in many areas. Clinical fields such as that of neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases) or muscular degenerations (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) could be concerned if the researchers manage to produce different subtypes of neurons in large quantities and skeletal muscle cells. And how not to also imagine the possibility of producing blood cells, including platelet, in unlimited quantity, to cover the blood needs of hospitals? All assumptions are now allowed.

Stem cell researchers are making great advances in understanding normal development, figuring out what goes wrong in disease and developing and testing potential treatments to help patients. They still have much to learn, however, about how stem cells work in the body and their capacity for healing. Safe and effective treatments for most diseases, conditions and injuries are in the future.

There is certain information you should look into if you are considering a stem cell treatment, including a detailed description of the treatment and the science that supports it, the expected outcome and the risks. It is important to discuss any research or information you gather with your primary care physician and other trusted members of your healthcare team in deciding what is right for you.

CLINICS & DOCTORS LIST

Kristin Comella. PhD | Stem Cell | U.S. Stem Cell, Inc., 13794 NW4th Street, Suite 212 Sunrise, FL 33325

Regenerative Medicine Institute, Vincent Giampapa MD, F.A.C.S. Plastic Reconstructive Surgeon | Stem Cell | 89 Valley Rd, Montclair, NJ, 07042 USA

Advanced Orthopedic Specialists | Stem Cell | Genoa Business Park Drive 2305, Brighton, 48114 Michigan USA

Anatara Medicine & San Francisco Stem Cell | Stem Cell | 1700 California Street, Suite 520, San Francisco, CA 94109 USA

Beatriz Palma-Zevallos, SA-C Cosmetic Surgeon | Stem Cell | 118 S Pendleton St, Easley, SC, USA

Caring Medical & Rehabilitation Services – Chicagoland Office | Stem Cell | North Lake Street. Oak Park 715 Grayslake, 60030 Illinois USA

Darrow Stem Cell Institute | Stem Cell | Wilshere Boulevard 11645, Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA

Jonathan Landow, MD | Stem Cell | 420 Jericho Tpke, Jericho, NY 11753 USA

Manhattan Integrtive Medicine | Stem Cell | 330 West 58th Street, Suite 610, New York, NY 10019 USA

Pangenics Regenerative Center | Stem Cell | 3599 University Blvd, Suite 603, Jacksonville, FL 32218 USA

South Florida Bone Marrow / Stem Cell Transplant Institute, | Stem Cell | Ste 600 10301, Boynton Beach, FL 33437 USA

Stem Cell Carolina | Stem Cell | 7928 Counsel Place, #116 Matthews, NC 28105 USA

Charm – Center for Healing and Regenerative Medicine | Stem Cell | Ranch Road 2222 10815, Austin, TX &8730 USA

UCLA-UCI Alpha Stem Cell Clinic | Stem Cell | University of California Irvine, 845 Health Sciences Road, 1001 Gross Hall Irvine, CA 92697-1705 USA

U.S. STEM CELL, Inc, | Stem Cell | 1560 Sawgrass Corporate Parkway, 4th Floor, FL 33323 USA

U.S. STEM-CELL CLINIC, Michelle Parlo, PA-C Physician Assistant, Beatriz Palma-Zevallos, SA-C Cosmetic Surgeon, Antonio E. Blanco, MD | Stem Cell | 1290 Weston Road, Suite 203A, Weston, FL 33326 USA

INTERNATIONAL CLINICS & DOCTORS LIST

COSTA RICA

REGENERATIVE MEDICINE INSTITUTE, Vincent Giampapa, MD, F.A.C.S. Victor Urzola MD, Estaban Urzola MDS, Richard D. Striano D.C., RMSK, | Stem Cell | Avenida Escazu, Torre Lexus 3rd Floor San Jose, Costa Rica 101017

STEM CELLS TRANSPLANT INSTITUTE, Leslie Mesen MD | Stem Cell | Hospital Cima,Medical Tower II, Office 618, San Rafael, Escazú, San José, Costa Rica

CROATIA

ST. CATHERINE SPECIALITY HOSPITAL - STEM CELL | Stem Cell | Bračak 8, Bračak, 49210 Krapinsko-Zagorska Zupanija, Croatia

INDIA

KOKILABEN DHIRUBHAI AMBANI HOSPITAL | Stem Cell | Swaminarayan Complex Surat, 395001 Gujarat India

JAPAN

OMOTESANDO HELENE CLINIC | Stem Cell | 5-9-15 Minami Aoyama Minato-Ku, Minato, 107-0052 Tokyo Japan

MEXICO

STEM CELL THERAPY TIJUANA MEXICO, Hospital Angeles Tijuana | Stem Cell | Paseo de los Heroes 10999 – 309, Zona Urbana Rio Tijuana, 22010 Tijuana, B.C. Mexico

PROGENCELL – STEM CELL THERAPIES | Stem Cell | Medical clinic, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico – In Plaza Comercial Pavillion

WORLD STEM CELL CLINIC | Stem Cell | Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico

PANAMA

STEM CELL INSTITUTE | Stem Cell | BICSA Financial Tower 63rd Floor, Calle Aquilino de la Guardia, Panama City, Panama

SOUTH AFRICA

THE MELROSE AESTHETIC CENTRE | Stem Cell | 3rd Floor, Medical Centre, Melrose Arch Johannesburg, 2196 Gauteng South Africa

THAILAND

STEMCELLS21| Stem Cell | Soi Ruam 3 Bangkok, 10330 Bangkok Thailand

UK STEM CELLFOUNDATION | Stem Cell | 21 Albermarle Street, London, W1S4BS UK

MEDICA STEM CELLS | Stem Cell | 27 George Street, Marylebone, London, W1U3QA UK

UKRAINE

ILAYA MEDICAL STEM CELL CLINIC, R. Sulik MD & Neurologist | Stem Cell | Ivana Kramskogo Street 9, 03115 Kiev, Ukraine

ABLOU SREM CELL CLINIC | Stem Cell | Voznesens’kyy uzviz 23B, Kyiv – 02000, Ukraine

#Orsana #Stem Cell Therapy

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lupine-publishers-rrhoaj · 5 years

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Lupine Publishers | Varied Presentation of Unusual Soft Tissue Lesions- A Case Series

For more Lupine Publishers Open Access Journals Please visit our website: http://lupinepublishers.us/ For more Research and Reviews on Healthcare articles Please Click Here: https://lupinepublishers.com/research-and-reviews-journal/ To Know More About Open Access Publishers Please Click on Lupine Publishers

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Abstract

Malignant chest wall tumors are broadly classified into eight main diagnostic categories: muscular, vascular, fibrous and fibrohistiocytic, peripheral nerve, osseous and cartilaginous, adipose, hematologic and cutaneous. Some other malignant chest wall tumors that do not fit well in any of such category are synovial sarcoma and ewing’s sarcoma. Sarcomas of soft tissues, particularly those from the deep sites of the extremities raise a problem of diagnosis and treatment. Hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a rare vascular tumor, and is most controversial, because earlier it was thought to represent a neoplasm of the pericytes of Zimmerman. Histiocytic sarcomas, including malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), represent a group of neoplasms with an unpredictable course and for which treatment varies widely. Pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) which is also known as undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma according to the latest World Health Organization classification is a diagnosis of exclusion. Myxoid liposarcoma (LS) is the most common subtype of liposarcoma and occurs predominantly in the extremities. Different cytogenetic features and their underlying molecular alterations define distinct entities among LS. Myxoid LS has a strong and specific association of the (12;16). Inflammatory fibrosarcoma, commonly referred to as inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) has become as part of a spectrum of inflammatory myofibroblastic proliferation. It is potentially locally aggressive tumor of the mesentery of children and young adults. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role to distinguish different types of soft tissue tumors with similar morphology.

Keywords: Hemangiopericytoma; Pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma; Myxoid liposarcoma; Inflammatory fibrosarcoma.

Introduction

Hemangiopericytoma behaves aggressively with a high rate of local recurrence and distant metastases [1]. Hemangiopericytomas also represent rare intracranial tumors that have a tendency to recur locally and have the unique characteristic of extracranial metastases [2]. It has two histologic forms: conventional HPC and lipomatous HPC. Both the forms show a sponge‐like sinusoidal vasculature and staghorn‐shaped blood vessels which are haphazardly bounded and surrounded by ovoid and short spindle shaped cells. Histologic identification of lipomatous HPC is readily achieved because of an HPC like appearance with the added finding of a lipomatous component. Clinical presentation of conventional HPC is nonspecific. Pain is a late symptom associated with an enlarging mass; though symptoms vary depending on the site of disease. Characteristically, HPC is a well‐circumscribed, brown, spongioform lesion, surrounded by a pseudo‐capsule, often with small satellite nodules separate from the main tumor mass, whereas synovial sarcoma is grossly cream‐colored on gross examination [3].

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma presents with a rapid tumorous growth as the major symptom. The lower extremities are the most frequent anatomic site (±50%). This tumor may occur at any age but has a predilection for the 6th and 7th decades in males. The most important clinical prognostic features include site, depth, volume and number of muscles involved and the integrity of the neurovascular structures. The inflammatory component, mitotic index, cellular polymorphism and paraneoplastic syndromes are some of the other prognostic factors. Liposarcoma (LPS) is considered as one of the most common histologic subtypes of adult soft tissue sarcoma. Myxoid liposarcoma is a painless, slowly growing mass present for several months to several years. These tumors are encapsulated, non-infiltrating, nodular masses of varying size and usually septated. Myxoid liposarcoma of the extremities and trunk wall rarely show distant metastasis [4]. Few cases present with a painful nodule [5]. Inflammatory fibrosarcoma which is commonly referred to as inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a potentially locally aggressive myofibroblastic tumor that occurs predominantly in the mesentery of children and young adults. They are characterized as solitary, well-demarcated fibrous tumors with numerous inflammatory cells, mainly lymphoid or plasma cells along and may have associated reactive lymphadenopathy.

Case Summary

Case 1: Hemangiopericytoma: A 26-year-old female patient presented to the Surgical Clinic with complaints of pain and mass in the right anterior chest wall for two months. On physical examination, pulmonary auscultation showed decreased respiratory sounds on right side. A hard mass of approximately 10x10cm was palpated in the midline of right chest wall. Other physical examination findings with medical and familial history was non-contributory. The complete blood count and routine biochemical analysis were normal. On PA chest radiography, a mass of approximately 10x10cm was seen in the right lung with right pleural effusion. On thoracic computerized tomography, a heterogeneous mass with lobular contour localized in right mid lobe with continuity to the anterior chest wall without forming a costal destruction was observed. The mass was seen pushing forward the pectoral muscle without invading the breast tissue. An incisional biopsy was obtained from the mass and the histopathologic examination showed a malignant mesenchymal tumor, rich in vessels. Thereafter, an operation was planned for the patient and the vascular tumor mass disseminating to extrapleural space and the bottom tip of the sternum and the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th costae was excised.

Figure 1: Hemangiopericytoma: Tissue section showed a high cellularity mass with uniform tumor cells with minimal pleomorphism, spindle to round to oval nuclei with vesicular to hyperchromatic chromatin and eosinophilic cytoplasm with indistinct cell borders and richly vascularized with staghorn-appearing vessels, with high mitotic activity. Hematoxylin and Eosin x 40X.

The histopathologic examination showed a high cellularity mass with uniform tumor cells with minimal pleomorphism, spindle to round to oval nuclei with vesicular to hyperchromatic chromatin and eosinophilic cytoplasm with indistinct cell borders. The tumor was richly vascularized with staghorn-appearing vessels, with high mitotic activity (Figure 1). There was no evidence of tumor tissue infiltrating the bone and the cartilaginous tissues. On immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for CD34 and MIC-2 whereas staining for actin and EMA was negative. Our patient is doing well after 12 months of follow up.

Figure 2: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: Microscopically, the lesion showed marked architectural and cytologic pleomorphism with haphazardly arranged malignant plump to spindle shaped cells admixed with giant cells. Hematoxylin and Eosin x 40X.

Figure 3: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: The neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin. IHC Vimentin x 40X.

Case 2: Pleomorphic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (Mfh): A 63-year-old man presented with a thigh mass for 10 months. On local examination, the mass was 12x 9cm, firm in consistency with ill-defined margins. The specimen of emergent debridement was submitted for pathologic and bacteriologic examination. Microscopically, the lesion showed marked architectural and cytologic pleomorphism with haphazardly arranged malignant plump to spindle shaped cells admixed with giant cells (Figure 2). The neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin (Figure 3), but negative for all lineage-specific markers. The diagnosis of pleomorphic MFH was made. Thoracic computed tomography scan showed bilateral multiple pulmonary nodules. The patient died 1 month later.

Case 3: Myxoid Liposarcoma: A 25-year-old man presented to the Surgical Clinic with complaints of soft tissue mass in the left thigh for the last 3 months. On local examination, the mass was soft to firm in consistency, well circumscribed of 12x10cm size. Blood parameters were normal and there was no functional abnormality. He was operated upon with wide local excision. The excised mass was 10x9.5cm, soft to gelatinous in consistency without necrosis or haemorrhage. Histopathological examination revealed a myxoid tumor comprising of small dark oval cells in a myxoid background. An extensive capillary network with typical lipoblasts were also seen with mitotic activity of 5 mitosis/ 10HPF (Figure 4). A diagnosis of myxoid liposarcoma was given. The initial surgery was accompanied with adjuvant chemotherapy and complementary radiotherapy. The patient was well after 12 months of follow up.

Figure 4: Myxoid liposarcoma: Histopathological examination showed a myxoid tumor comprising of small dark oval cells in a myxoid background. An extensive capillary network with typical lipoblasts were also seen with mitotic activity of 5 mitosis/ 10HPF. Hematoxylin and Eosin x 40X.

Case 4: Inflammatory Fibrosarcoma: A 42 years old male presented to the Surgery Out-patients Department with complaints of generalised severe pain in the abdomen, localized mainly in the right iliac fossa for 2 days. He was previously fit and healthy and started with generalised feeling of being unwell for four months with mild recurrent pain abdomen, bloating sensation, loss of weight over half a stone and loss of appetite. There was no history of bladder or bowel disturbance, fever, jaundice or vomiting. His pain was worse in the last 2 days associated with nausea. On clinical examination he appeared anxious and sweaty with mild dehydration. Abdominal examination showed tenderness and guarding in the right iliac fossa with the rest of the abdomen soft and there were no masses palpable. Rectal examination was unremarkable. A possible diagnosis of appendicitis was made. Haematological investigations showed a raised white cell count of 17.800/cc and biochemical investigations were within the normal limits. Chest X-Ray was normal with the abdomen plain film showing stones in the gall bladder and a few dilated small bowel loops. Urgent ultrasound scan of abdomen confirmed a small collection of fluid in the right iliac fossa and gallstones with no gas in the biliary tree. In view of the uncertain diagnosis a laparotomy was carried out. This revealed a large mass in the right iliac fossa at the Ileo-caecal junction. The distal ileum was adhered to caecum and adjacent mesentery with thick pus between the loops of small bowel. Right hemicolectomy and an end to side ileo-transverse anastomosis was performed. The postoperative recovery of the patient was uneventful. The histopathology was initially reported as highly cellular spindle cell tumour, with frequent mitotic activity with the most likely site of origin of tumour being bowel wall and spreading in to the surrounding areas including the mesentery. Tumour markers SMA, desmin and vimentin were positive there by indicating leiomyosarcoma. In view of the positive cytokeratin immunostaining, a second opinion was sought by pathologists. On further review, an “Inflammatory fibrosarcoma of the colon” was given due to the marked pleomophism and associated inflammatory cell infiltrate (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Inflammatory Fibrosarcoma: The histopathology revealed a cellular spindle cell tumour, with frequent mitotic activity with marked pleomophism and associated inflammatory cell infiltrate. Hematoxylin and Eosin x 40X.

Discussion

Hemangiopericytoma is a rare tumor of adult, found mainly in the fifth decade of life. It is most frequently mimicked by synovial sarcoma which occasionally presents as a pure hemangiopericytoma like lesion. These tumors can originate anywhere in the body where there are capillaries. The most common locations reported are the brain, lower extremities, pelvis and head & neck. It originates in the pericytes, the cells normally arranged along specific types of blood vessels. It can be broadly classified as intracranial and extracranial. Extracranially, it can occur at any site throughout the body in soft tissues and bone. They have a grade 2 or 3 behavior and needs to be distinguished from benign meningiomas because of their high rate of recurrence (41%) and metastases (12-20%) [6]. They are highly cellular and mitotically active neoplasm that is rich in pericellular reticulin and stains with anti-type IV collagen. They can be distinguished from benign meningiomas by their hypercellularity, higher mitotic index and microscopically bulge into vascular lumens without bursting through the endothelium, exhibiting a characteristic well-developed “staghorn” branching vascular pattern [7]. They are painless masses and may not have any associated symptoms. They can remain undetected for long periods of time due to the fact that they originate in soft tissue except when intracranial it can cause neurological disturbances. Exhibiting a characteristic well-developed “staghorn” branching vascular pattern. Differential diagnosis includes synovial sarcoma (similar vascular pattern, characteristic translocation), mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (islands of mature cartilage; malignant chondrocytes present), fibrous histiocytoma (storiform pattern, fibrohistiocytic lesion) and solitary fibrous tumor (more prominent collagen, less prominent vessels). Hemangiopericytoma on immunohistochemistry stain positive for CD99, vimentin, CD 34 and negative for Factor VIII and CD31. In adults, complete surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma has more recently been classified as pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma (PUS). It is considered as the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma in adults and has an aggressive biological behaviour with poor prognosis [8,9]. Typically occurs in adults with a slight male predilection. The presentation is usually with a painless, enlarging and well circumscribed palpable mass. They are usually confined to the soft tissues having predilection for extremities but occasionally may arise in or from bone also (1-5%). Some of its histological subtypes includes storiformpleomorphic, myxoid, myxofibrosarcoma, inflammatory, giant cell and angiomatoid. Pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma which is the most common subtype is considered a diagnosis of exclusion for sarcomas that cannot be more precisely categorized [10]. Imaging typically shows a well-circumscribed mass that is dark on T1-weighted images and bright on T2-weighted images. Histomorphology is characterized by high cellularity, marked nuclear pleomorphism accompanied by abundant mitotic activity including atypical mitoses and a spindle cell morphology. Necrosis is commonly present. Treatment consists of surgical excision and in almost all cases radiation eliminates the need for limb amputation.

Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises from deep soft tissue fat and not from common lipomas. It accounts for up to 20% of all soft tissue sarcomas and commonly affects adult [11]. It can occur in almost any part of the body, commonly involving thigh and retroperitoneum. There are four subtypes, each having its unique characteristics: well-differentiated liposarcoma (most common subtype), myxoid/round cell liposarcoma, pleomorphic liposarcoma(rarest subtype) and dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Dedifferentiated liposarcoma and pleomorphic liposarcoma are considered as highly malignant [12]. Myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) is considered as a low grade tumor but the presence of areas of round cells more than 5% is associated with a worse prognosis [4]. MLS presents as a slow-growing, deep-seated tumor in the lower extremity of a relatively young adult. Specific chromosomal translocations have been discovered in MLS which consists of the fusion of the FUS and CHOP genes [(t12;16)(q13;p11)] in 90% of tumor [13]. Extremity myxoid liposarcomas have an unusually high predilection for extra-pulmonary metastases often deep soft tissue locations such as retroperitoneum or extrimities without any pulmonary metastases [14,15]. Imaging of the abdomen, retroperitoneum, and extrapleural chest should be performed for accurate staging and post-treatment follow-up of patients with myxoid liposarcoma. In all patients surgical management of the tumor is curative. It is radiosensitive as compared with other soft tissue sarcomas [16]. After treatment of the primary tumor, such patients should be followed with regular chest X-ray and abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans.

Fibrosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin in which histologically the predominant cells are fibroblasts that divide excessively without cellular control. Inflammatory fibrosarcoma is rare and was originally described in the lung by names such as pseudotumor, inflammatory pseudotumor and plasma cell granuloma. It is typically considered as a benign tumor with aggressive behavior (low-grade tumor) that can occur anywhere in the body. They are solitary, well-demarcated fibrous tumors and are characterized by storiform pattern of fibrous tissue along with of mixture of inflammatory cells such as plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils as well as spindle cells without nuclear atypia [17]. These tumors may also have necrosis, hemorrhage, focal calcification and mitotic activity. Some of the histologic differential diagnosis includes: calcifying fibrous pseudotumor, inflammatory fibroid tumor and nodular fasciitis. Immunohistochemically, the tumor shows intense immunoreactivity for vimentin, muscle actin, and α-smooth muscle actin but are negative for desmin and highmolecular- weight caldesmon. In addition, tumor cells are not labeled by antibodies against AE1/3 and CAM5.2. The prognosis is generally good on tumor removal, but rarely some tumors are known to metastasize.

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