#north west frontier province

[khaperai]

Female medical students, Peshawar, early 80s

[vugnasmineralblog]

Forsterite Var Peridot & Magnetite | Naran, Kaghan Valley, Mansehra District, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan

[linjunjian]

The Chariots Roll[1]

By Du Fu (712 - 770)

Chariots rumble, horses neigh,

Conscripts with bows and arrows at their waists stay.

Parents, wives, children, all run out to wave goodbye,

Xianyang Bridge[2] shrouded in dust, hides away.

Clothes gripped, feet stomp, they block the way,

Their wails ascend, piercing through the cloudy day.

A passerby[3] by the roadside queries a conscripted man,

The man responds, “Drafts continue without end.

From fifteen, we march north to guard the river's bend,[4]

Until forty, we till the fields of the western land.[5]

Our lizheng wrapped our heads as we departed,[6]

Returning with white hair, we guard the border still.

The border outposts bleed, an ocean charted,

Yet the Martial Emperor's thirst for expansion remains unfulfilled.[7]

Sir, have you not heard of Han’s provinces east of the mountains,[8] two hundred strong,

Where thousands of villages and hamlets, brambles and thorns belong.

Though strong women wield hoes and ploughs with might,

The fields' crops grow wild, chaos in sight.

And the soldiers of Qin, in battles they brave,

Driven like dogs and chickens, no difference in their fate.

Though you, elder, may inquire with care,

Can a conscript dare voice his despair?

In this winter, west of the Pass,[9]

Soldiers still await their rest.

County officials demand their share,

But whence do taxes and rents flare?

Know that bearing a son brings distress,

While having a daughter is a prize blessed.

A daughter, at least, can wed a neighbor,

But a son will be buried among the hundred grasses.

Sir, have you not seen Qinghai's edge so vast?

Through the ages, white bones untouched and cast.

New ghosts mourn, old spirits weep,

In the mist and rain, their cries seep, wailing, wailing.”

[1] The Chariots Roll, written by Du Fu (712-770) during the Tianbao period (742-756) of the Tang Dynasty, likely in 751, captures a turbulent era marked by the Tang Empire's frequent military campaigns against ethnic minorities in the southwestern regions. In 751, under the command of General Xianyu Zhongtong, an army of 80,000 suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of Nanzhao, resulting in the loss of 60,000 soldiers. To replenish the severely diminished forces, the principal chancellor, Yang Guozhong, initiated an impressment campaign, involving the coercive drafting of civilians, who were bound in chains and sent to military camps. This poem poignantly reflects the harsh realities and human suffering brought about by these historical events.

[2] The Xianyang Bridge was built by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It was located southwest of present-day Xianyang City in Shaanxi Province. It served as a vital route for travel from Chang'an to the northwestern regions.

[3] Refers to Du Fu himself.

[4] During the 750s, the Tang Dynasty frequently clashed with the Tibetan Empire. Tang troops from the Longyou, Guanzhong, and Shuofang regions were strategically stationed west of the Yellow River to defend against Tibetan incursions.

[5] Under the tuntian system, troops were sent to harsh frontier landscapes with the objective of transforming uncultivated land into self-sustaining agrarian settler colonies. This was also a measure to defend against Tibetan incursions.

[6] In the Tang Dynasty, for every one hundred households, an official called lizheng (里正) was appointed. The lizheng was responsible for managing household registrations, overseeing civil affairs, and urging the completion of tax and labor duties. Young recruits needed the assistance of a lizheng to wrap their heads with a three-chi-long black silk.

[7] In Tang poetry, it was common to use "Han" as a euphemism for the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the term "Martial Emperor" (or Emperor Wu of Han) is used to refer to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. "Han" in the following line also refers to the Tang Dynasty.

[8] Mount Xiao and Mount Hua.

[9] The Hangu Pass.

兵车行 杜甫 车辚辚，马萧萧，行人弓箭各在腰。 耶娘妻子走相送，尘埃不见咸阳桥。 牵衣顿足拦道哭，哭声直上干云霄。 道旁过者问行人，行人但云点行频。 或从十五北防河，便至四十西营田。 去时里正与裹头，归来头白还戍边。 边庭流血成海水，武皇开边意未已。 君不闻汉家山东二百州，千村万落生荆杞。 纵有健妇把锄犁，禾生陇亩无东西。 况复秦兵耐苦战，被驱不异犬与鸡。 长者虽有问，役夫敢申恨？ 且如今年冬，未休关西卒。 县官急索租，租税从何出？ 信知生男恶，反是生女好。 生女犹得嫁比邻，生男埋没随百草。 君不见，青海头，古来白骨无人收。 新鬼烦冤旧鬼哭，天阴雨湿声啾啾！

[angelkarafilli]

Hadrian's Wall was built in c. AD 122 on the orders of Emperor Hadrian. Today, the Wall runs across northern England, but when it was built, it was the northern frontier of the Roman province of Britannia. With the exception of a couple of decades in the mid-2nd century AD, Hadrian's Wall was the north-west frontier of the Roman Empire for approximately 300 years. It was built to separate the Romans from the Barbarians¹ and may have been built in response to guerrilla warfare waged by the natives. It was certainly built to secure the border and control the movement of people in and out of the Empire.

The Wall is believed to have taken about six years to complete, although it would continue to change and evolve for decades after completion. Initially, some parts were built from timber and turf and others in stone. Eventually, the entire Wall, from Maia in the west to Segedunum in the east, was built in stone. In front of the Wall, where there were otherwise no natural features for protection such as rivers or cliffs, the Romans dug a deep ditch. Behind the Wall was the Vallum, which was an earthwork that comprised two banks of earth with a deep ditch in between. The Vallum stretched almost the entire length of the Wall, over 70 miles, and probably defined the rear of the Wall-zone.

The height of Hadrian's Wall is difficult to know because so little of it remains. It probably varied depending on the terrain. For example, the Wall as it crossed the high cliffs of the Whin Sill was possibly about 4-4.6 metres high (13-15 feet) and slightly higher—possibly 4.6-5.5 metres (15-18 feet) or more—when it crossed easily traversed terrain.

Hadrian's Wall has been used as a quarry since it was abandoned. Today, only about 10% of the Wall remains, and the sections of wall that have survived stand at a height of just 1-2 metres in most places. However, as recently as the 16th century there was a section of Wall standing 5 metres high (16 feet) near Bowness-on-Solway. Samson Erdeswick records in 1574:

"Begyning abowt a town called Bonus [Bowness-on-Solway] standing vppon the river Sulway now called Eden, and there yet standing of the heyth of 16 fote, for almost a quarter of a myle together, and so along the river syde estwards."

William Camden (16/17th century):

"Within two furlongs of Caervoran, on a pretty high hill the Wall is still standing, fifteen feet in height, and nine in breadth."

Bede (7/8th century):

"It is eight feet in breadth, and twelve in height, in a straight line from east to west, as is still visible to beholders."

These writers lived many centuries after the Roman military abandoned Britain. Even Bede, the earliest reference to the height I have used, was writing some 300 years after the Roman military had left Britain. Thus, the Wall might have lost a few feet in height in places by his day.

With regard to thickness, Hadrian's Wall was up to 3 metres (over 9 feet) thick, but again, it varied. Some sections were about 2.5 metres thick (8 feet), and other sections narrower.

In its day, Hadrian's Wall was an impressive 73-mile-long (80 Roman miles) stone structure with no fewer than 16 large forts, 80 milecastles, and about 160 turrets. It crossed over rivers, hills, and along cliffs, from the west coast to the banks of the River Tyne in the east.

An unbelievable structure that survives from the ancient world.

Location: above Sycamore Gap looking east.

Source:International Man of History/FB page

[bookofjin]

Account of Funan (LS54)

[And other lands even further away.

Funan was located at the southern coast of what is now Cambodia and Vietnam, the great river referred to must be the Mekong.

Dunxun is presumably southern parts of modern Myanmar.]

The state of Funan is located within the great bay west of the sea south of Rinan commandery. The distance to Rinan could be 7 000 li, it is located more than 3 000 li south-west of Linyi. The distance from the city to the sea is 500 li. They have a great river ten li broad which flows from the north-west and to the east enters the sea. Their state's length and breath is more than 3 000 li. The land is stagnant and lowly and yet level and broad. The air and climate, manners and customs, are in a general comparison similar to Linyi. They produce gold, silver, copper, tin, agarwood, ivory, peacock and kingfisher [feathers], and parrots of five colours.

More than 3 000 li from their southern area is the state of Dunxun. It is located at a bend of the sea. The land is a thousand li square and the distance from city to the sea is ten li. They have five kings, all are controlled by and belong to Funan. Dunxun's eastern border communicates with Jiao province. Their western area borders the various states outside the frontiers of Tianzhu and Anxi, they come and go to exchange on the market. It is so since Dunxun turns around the centre of the sea for more than a thousand li, the Swelling Sea has no cliffs and banks, and boats and ships never manage to pass straight pass. At their market east and west exchange and gather, and daily there are more than ten thousand people. Of precious things and, treasured goods, there are none which they do not have. Also they have a wine tree which resembles pomegranate. They collect their flowers [and?] sap, and halt [?] them within earthen jars, after several it becomes wine.

Outside Dunxun on an island in the great sea, there also is the state of Piqian, the distance to Funan is 8 000 li. It is told that their king's body is two zhang long, and his head is three chi long. Since ancient times he has not died, and it is unknown what is his age. The king is divine and sagely. People within the state good or bad who are about to come to serve, the king always knows about them. As such, there are none who dare to deceive. In the southern regions, he is titled the Long Neck King. In the state's customs, they have houses and clothes, and they eat rice. The people's language is a little different from Funan. There are mountains which produces gold, gold dew form on rocks without limit. The state's law when they punish a criminal, they also eat his flesh in front of the king. Within the state, they do not accept traders as guest. If someone goes there, they also kill and eat him Thus merchants and travellers do not dare to arrive. The king has a regular lofty residence, he is not a blood eater and does not serve ghosts or gods. His sons and grandsons are born and die like regular people, only the king does not die.

The King of Funan several times dispatched envoys with letters to reply and answer each other. He often conveys to the King of Funan entirely golden eating utensils for fifty people, shaped like round trays, and also like earthen ou塸 [?], named as duoluo, accommodating five sheng, also those like bowls, accommodating one sheng. The king is likewise able to write Tianzhu [i.e. Indian] books. The book is possibly three thousand words, and explains the causes for his predetermined fate. It and the Buddhist classics resemble each other, both discuss good affairs.

It is also told that the area east of Funan is precisely the Great Swelling Sea. Within the sea there is a great island, on the island is the state of Zhubo. East of the state are the Five Islands of Horse. Then travelling east on the Swelling Sea for more than 1 000 li, [you] arrive at the Great Island of What Is As It Is. On it are trees growing with fires within them. People from nearby islands peel off and take their bark, spin threads to make cloth, at most they obtain several chi which they use for handkerchiefs. It has no differences from abaca, but the colour is a faint blue-green or black. If it is a little filthy, they throw it in the fire, and then it is once more pure and clean. Sometimes they make lamp wicks, when using them they are not, presumably, consumed.

In the state of Funan the custom was originally for naked bodies. They patterned their bodies and cloaked their hair, and had no system for upper and lower garments. They used a woman as king, titling her Liuye [lit. “Willow Leaf”]. She was young in years, big and strong, and resembled a man. South of them was a peripheral state where there was someone who served the ghosts and gods called Huntian. He dreamt the gods bestowed on him a bow, and that he steered a traders' ship into the sea. Liuye's people and multitudes saw the ship arriving, and wanted to take it. Huntian promptly drew the bow and shot the ship. It pierced through one side, and the arrow reached an attendant. Liuye was greatly afraid, and lifted up the multitudes to surrender to Huntian. Huntian then taught Liuye to make a hole in the cloth to pass through the head, and her shape was not then exposed. Thereupon he governed their state, accepted Liuye as wife, and bore sons that separately were kings in seven towns.

After that, King Hunpankuang used tricks and force to set apart the various towns, causing them to suspect and hinder each other. Following that, he raised troops, attacked, and annexed them. Then he selected among the sons and grandsons to separately reside in the various towns, titling them lesser kings.

Pankuang was aged more than ninety when he died, and they installed his middle son Panpan, with the affairs of the state entrusted to their great general Fan Man. Panpan had been installed for three years when he died, and the people of the state together raised up Man to be King. Man was fierce and strong, and had plans for dominance. He then used troops to overawe, assail and attack nearby states. Everyone submitted and belonged to him, and he titled himself Great King of Funan. Then he arranged to construct great ships to go to the ends of the Swelling Sea. They attacked Qudukun, Jiuzhi, Diansun, etc. more than ten states, and opened up a territory of five or six thousand li.

Next they were to attack the state of Jinlin, but Man became ill. He dispatched his Heir, Jinsheng, to act as his replacement. Man's nephew Zhan at the time was commander of two thousand people. Because of that, he usurp Man to install himself, and dispatched people to trick Jinsheng and then kill him. At the time Man died, he had a newborn son named Chang. He lived among the people, and when he reached twenty years of age, he then joined together strong soldiers within the state to assault and kill Zhan. Zhan's great general Fan Xun again killed Chang and installed himself. He once more repaired and put into order within the state, erected lookout towers and passageways to roam and make entertainment at them, and from dawn to the middle afternoon three or four times held audiences with guests.

The people use burning sugar can, tortoise, and birds as rituals. In the state's laws there are no pens or prisons. If there is a criminal, they first purifies themselves for three days. Then they heat an axe extremely red, and make the accused [?] hold it and walk for seven steps. They also take gold rings and chicken eggs, and throw them in boiling water, and make him find and take them. If he is not truthful, his hand will immediately burn up, if he has reasons, it will not.

Also in they city moat they rear crocodiles, and outside the gates they have enclosures with violent beasts. If there is a criminal, they immediately use famished violent beasts and crocodiles. If the beasts or crocodiles do not eat, he did no crime, and after three days they release him. Of the crocodiles, the large ones are two zhang long. They are shaped like alligators and have four feet. Their snouts are six or seven chi long with teeth on both edges, sharp like swords. They usually eat fish, when they happen to get water-deer or people they also devour them. Southward from Cangwu and foreign states all have them.

In the time of Wu, [Wu] dispatched the Central Gentleman Kang Tai and the Attendant for Promulgating Reforms Zhu Ying as envoys to explore states. The people of the state were still nude, only the wives wore [cloth] with holes for the head. Tai and Ying spoke to them, saying:

Inside the state is genuinely pleasing, it is just that people are indecent and naked which can be surprising, and that is all.

Soon after, they first made the men within the state wear crosswise bands. Crosswise bands are the current ganman [i.e. the sarong]. The great families then cut brocade to make it, the poor ones make use of cloth.

Middle of Emperor Wu of Jin's Taikang era [280 -289], they soon after first dispatched envoys to court with tribute to present. Emperor Mu's 1st Year of Shengping [357 AD], King Zhuzhantan offered a petition to present a tame elephant. The decree said:

The labour and expenses with this creature are not small, halt the order and do not send it off.

After that was King Jiaochenru, originally a brahmana from Tianzhu. There was a god which said “should be king [in] Funan”. Jiaochenru was pleased in his heart, and went south to Panpan. The people of Funan heard about it. They raised up the state's exuberant endorsement, welcomed and installed him. Then he changed the rules and measures, and employed Tianzhu law.

Jiaochenru died. Afterwards was King Chilituobamo. During the reign of Emperor Wen of Song he offered a petition to present the things of the region. Middle of Qi's Yongming era [483 – 493], King Duxiebamo dispatched envoys with tribute to present.

[elegantartisaneggdonut-blog]

*Dilip Kumar*

~ Dilip Kumar was born as Mohammed Yusuf Khan on 11 December 1922 in the Qissa Khawani Bazaar neighbourhood of Peshawar, a city in the North-West Frontier Province of British India (now in Pakistan).

🌹 Happy Birthday 🌹

[b-splendens]

Yulguk

대율제국, daeyul jeguk, the Great Empire of (the) Yul

Other names: Yulguk, Yulnara, Yul Country, Bando, the Peninsula

Capital: Meotunseong (name pending)

Government: constitutional monarchy

Geography: MOUNTAINS with some plains in the west + many coastal islands

Climate: like Korea’s

Rambly “Historical Context”:

(not proofread)

30 years after Saseom-ae (Shijimian) occupation invasions were repelled by a combination of Long, Yul restorationist, eastern Maljok, frontier warlord, and Bellian forces, Yulguk and the rest of the realm of Danyangju have only now been able to wearily emerge from the shadows of the Sandalwood Wars.

The Sandalwood Wars started as the logical conclusion of the empire-building done by Danyangju’s two eastern giants: the Samyukta and Long. The former vied to reestablish an old history of dominance in the southern Jo Danju region, which the latter had locked down through an extended tributary system. Initially fighting through proxy wars by supporting various usurper and incumbent powers, the conflict spiraled into open war. Hence started the Red Sandalwood War.

In the northern Baek Danju region, Imperial Shijima, whose clashes with the bloated Long Empire over influence on the Yul Kingdom and disruptive Shijimian settlers resulted in increasing economic isolation, sought an alliance with Samyukta and hence attacked the Yul and Long not long after war had started in the southern seas. Imperial Shijimian forces occupied the peninsula on the pretenses of restoring the clique of royal in-laws who the Long had ousted from power due to destabilizing peasant rebellions. The White Sandalwood War hence began, and with it, one of the longest, worst decades in Yul history since the Millennium War.

To be concise, fortunes began to turn as Yul resistance coalesced around the rightful heir to the throne, now known posthumously as King Geumjong. Supported by lower aristocrats and military leaders, he allied with northern frontier gangs and sought an alliance with Bellia, who hosted a formidable Yul diaspora that had grown during the regressive reign of the royal in-laws. Several Yul had been appointed to high offices and so heeded the plea—though not without concessions to be made in the future. As aforementioned, Geumjong’s coalition, fractured Long forces, and unsteady support from the inland Maljok turned the tides.

Shortly after the Sandalwood Wars concluded, a painful reconstruction and readjustment period began for the now-Great Empire of Yul—allowed to exist thanks to the destruction wrought upon the Yul’s former imperial master, the deposed Long. King Geumjong uneasily bowed to pressure from the Bellians, people, and lower aristocrats to form a constitutional monarchy.

Bellian advisory, military, and business forces now occupied the peninsula, brewing unease and imposing restraint on policy in the name of self-preservation and self-strengthening. Namely, the nebulous territories of the north were not administered as part of Yulguk. Many advisors and professionals across the realm formerly distributed to the Yul by the Long Empire were courted once again, this time to directly serve the king and prime minister. Not all improvements and changes were appreciated. When some of Geumjong’s former military allies rebelled against the Bellians and officeholders of the new republic, the rest of the army competently put the insurrection down, playing a part in Bellia’s ultimate physical withdrawal from the mountainous land.

What followed next was a decade of hardline, nationalist, paranoid, and heavy-handed policy openly supported by Geumjong. Prime ministers during this decade pursued a small war against the reconstituted Jaded Republic over the Long Empire’s former frontier territories, ending in expansion and the creation of two new northern provinces after diplomatic meetings deescalated the conflict. Xenophobia ran rampant, purging “foreign” officials and appointees from their posts. The dominant party also (il+)legally purged their opponents wherever they could and even stoked fear within their own ranks. Immigration restrictions intended to ensure that a devastated labor supply could not shrink any further, while funding was gutted for foreign study trips and diplomatic missions. The generally repressive atmosphere clashed with a steadily recovering, growing middle class that wanted universal suffrage.

The murder of Supreme Prosecutor Jak Noljin (name pending) by Gil Yong-gi and its investigation played a role in turning public opinion firmly against the conservative coalition. Jak’s younger brother, foreign envoy Jak Heungjin, was the liberal-aligned suspect that the investigation doggedly pursued, as the murder took place at his residence during the celebration of his son’s high examination scores. He also had lost a suit against Gil years earlier, who refused to restore Jak’s post after the latter returned from an extended spousal mourning period.

Yet, an overabundance of evidence pushed by liberal-aligned officials in the justice system later leaked to independent presses stoked public unrest, as opponents of the conservatives framed this incident as an attempt of judicial murder. Not to mention, it was also an example of the vicious climate brewing among the party itself, as people speculated that higher-ups could have ordered the elder Jak to be killed for going against party interests with his rumored investigation of Gil’s embezzling activities. Even Geumjong, who had long supported the party, publicly expressed that he would serve justice himself if he had to, preemptively vowing to pardon the surviving Jak before his execution.

Triumphantly, Gil was charged and executed instead, averting mass outcry.

The next decade was far more liberal, preceded by Geumjong’s stroke-induced death and the ascension of the current queen. In gratitude for awarding them a new majority, the liberal coalition enacted universal suffrage, regardless of income. The quality of life across the peninsula had by then mostly improved, although industrialization and urbanization ensured that turmoil continued. The most prominent feature of this decade was active foreign policy and economic pursuits, spawning the growth of a notable tourism industry. However, the increased circulation of people and goods also brings with it stress and disease, and an epidemic has recently only just begun to end. Ultra-nationalism once again lurks, ready to strike out against new cultural and social change while economic stratification entrenches itself as the new evil of Yul society.

It is at the tail end of this decade that the “present” story of Jakho unfolds. (think like the 1880s)

[fleurcareil]

South Saskatchewan

Next morning, I was super-efficient in packing up and left sharp at 7.45am (I've become even better at early departures in the Rockies, simply to avoid the crowds 🥴) as I had a long drive to do; over 600km to my next camping spot... Not sure I completely had thought this through when I booked it, but think I was lured by the 1-hour jump back in time when crossing into Saskatchewan, although the actual driving time stays the same of course!! 🤔

First Gmaps direction; turn left in 361km.... love it, those large-distance roads in Canada! 🙃 I was now officially on the Red Coat Trail but different to other provinces, I never saw any plaques or tourist info signs so I still don't really understand what it's about... I presume something with the army traveling west during the new frontier?? Now, it's just endless fields and sky which are pretty in their own right... Although I love my trees and forests, there's something special about this massive expanse of agricultural lands, a testament to human's ability to control the land. I did feel cheated, as the "Land of Living Skies" was yellow-grey both below and above the horizon with smoke turning everything dull... such a shame! On the way, there's really not much to see apart from the rare sunflower field 🤩, modern-day grain stores, cows and surprisingly lots of nodding donkeys that pump oil from the ground!

Close to half-way the province, I veered further south towards the US border onto gravel roads to see Castle Butte, a 200ft-high knoll left in the landscape during the Ice Age (not sure I trust that info, as I thought buttes are of volcanic origin). Looming high above the flat prairie land I tried to climb up it (where other people already were so I was not completely stupid yet) but it got too steep for my non-hiking shoes and then instead of coming down on my butt as I should have, I tried to walk it and ended up running at full speed down the slope... I got really extremely lucky I didn't fall and break any/all body parts!! 😳😳 I did end up semi-twisting both ankles which I still feel 2 weeks later, but instead of complaining I am grateful that that was the worst of it! Phew...

The adventures of the day didn't stop with that because a bit later I ran over and killed a duck! 😫 With lots of dark skid marks on the gravel, I only realized too late that there were 4 full-sized ducks sitting in the middle of the road and although I braked as much I safely could, I had no choice than to go over them and hope they all fit between my wheels... 3 survived (likely with a heart attack!) and one didn't. I've had very little roadkill in the 20+ years driving, and definitely nothing as big as this so that was quite upsetting!

My mood improved however when I arrived at Grasslands National Park, which consists of two blocks some 170km apart; the east block that I visited first protects a vast expanse of badlands, whereas the west block where I was camping that night represents Canada's largest tract of untouched native prairielands (which covered most of North America's central region until the settlers came ranching & farming). I'm trying not to overkill with pictures but both areas were very very pretty and I would urge anyone to make a trip out here!

On the east side, there's a few hikes but it was so hot that I simply drove along the Badlands Parkway with interpretative signs explaining the geology and the natural & human history of the area. The badlands seem at first glance quite monotone but then I discovered flowers, prickly pear cacti, gophers (ground squirrels of which I had already spotted lots on the road) and even a pronghorn antilope!

The clouds pushed by the wind kept changing the light patterns, highlighting in turn different hills, so it was great to sit for a while in a red chair and see the scenery constanly change.

Hot and tired, I made the trek to the other block passing enroute another grain elevator, after which I set up camp on the beautiful prairie without a single tree (with a fence though to protect against the bison)! My pic of the sunset doesn't do it justice, but you can imagine how pretty the sky was, and as this is a dark sky preserve, I stayed up late (after midnight, which doesn't happen often anymore 😜) to watch the Milky Way in its full glory.

The next morning, I had a clear task; prairie dog and bison hunting, which are the two key species of the park. A gopher (top left pic) had already been running all morning around my site (he shouldn't have built his hole next to the firepit), so when I spotted the first prairie dog (top right pic) in one of the park's colonies or "dog towns" I was a bit confused as they looked the same to me! 😂 Turns out the prairie dogs are about twice the size and much more afraid of humans, although they loved eating the dead bugs from my car bumper and tires 😍 which meant that although it was impossible to get up close while walking as the first prairie dog would bark to warn the entire colony and then all disappeared, they had no problem with the car being close to them... funny how humans impact nature in weird ways sometimes!

The bison were more elusive, as they truly don't like people, and although a herd of 500 of them is maintained in the park (with surplus animals being exported to other parks for reintroduction), the enclosed area is so large for them to roam in that they have plenty of places to hide. So I slowly made my way through the park with my binoculars on hand, learning along the way about a homestead that had managed to ranch cattle for a few years but then had to abandon because it was simply too hard to survive on the barren land, the different native grasses that make up the prairieland, a bison rubbing rock and a stone tipi ring, all the while enjoying the views.

And then finally, when I had given up and was enroute to the village to get gas, I first saw a lone bison chugging through the grass, and then at the outermost corner of the enclosure, suddenly there was a group of 40 bison, including a few calves, that were grazing and rolling in the dirt. I promise I could see them much clearer in my binoculars than the little black specks in the picture! 😁

By the time I got to the village a massive rainstorm broke out so good reason to drop by the visitor centre and confirm it was a golden eagle (much bigger than bald eagles) that I had seen on a pole. I first didn't understand the gas "station" set-up as you needed to pull some levers to get it going, but finally managed to fill up the car once more.

That evening, the skies blackened suddenly with a thunderstorm and the wind was so strong that the tent started sliding away (the neighbour's did blow away) so I threw in as many stones I could find, parked my car in front of the tent to form a bit of a windshield and waited it out in the car... no way I was going to stay in the tent on this flat land! Luckily the storm passed quite quickly after which I had a drink with my neighbours to laugh it out, but I did end up sleeping in the car (for the first time and quite comfortably!) as rain came & went with some more lightning in the night.

When I drove off in the morning towards the Alberta border, I finally got the promised Living Skies Land with blue skies and golden fields, seeing the Prairies in all its hues 😊 I also saw another (the same??) herd of bisons on the way out of the park as well as another smaller golden eagle and several antelopes 😍

After a relatively short drive, I arrived at the Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, which straddles the border between Saskatchewan and Alberta, consisting again of two blocks. Although I had planned again to visit the eastern block first and camp in the western one, a staff member pointed out that I was actually staying in the eastern block so that saved me another 1.5 hours drive! 👍 The park is unfortunately not very natural and has been developed as a resort with mini-golf, golf course, swimming pool etc so I was a bit disappointed. The nature that there is, is being protected because it's on a hill standing 500m above the plains so it was not glaciated and has therefore unique plant life (including trees) that doesn't occur anywhere else in the region but they haven't done a good job at protecting it! I had great internet at a viewpoint so ended up sitting on a bench there for 4 hours booking my next set of accommodations 😃 while occasionally hearing loud grunting lower on the hill which I presume was an angry moose so I didn't have any urge to go explore further!

Next day, I would be driving into Alberta, so this was Saskatchewan for now until I return further north on my way back. Adieu!

Wildlife: 1 coyote & 1 deer (Red Coat Trail), 100+ ground squirrels (gophers), 100+ prairie dogs, 43 bison in the afternoon and 50 bison in the morning, 2 golden eagles, 2 ferruginous hawks, 1 deer, 5 pronghorn antilopes (Grasslands), 3 red-tailed hawks & 3 deer (Cypress Hills)

SUPs: none

Hikes: no real ones, just lots of little sidetrips to viewpoints

Distance driven since the last map (I'm losing track of the weeks 😉 but it's been a while all the way from Sleeping Giant): 1,925 km

[khaperai]

By the Swat river, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.12 (after 1900)

1914 – World War I: The United Kingdom and the British Empire declare war on Austria-Hungary. 1914 – World War I: The Battle of Halen a.k.a. Battle of the Silver Helmets a clash between large Belgian and German cavalry formations at Halen, Belgium. 1944 – Waffen-SS troops massacre 560 people in Sant'Anna di Stazzema. 1944 – Nazi German troops end the week-long Wola massacre, during which time at least 40,000 people are killed indiscriminately or in mass executions. 1944 – Alençon is liberated by General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, the first city in France to be liberated from the Nazis by French forces. 1948 – Babrra massacre: About 600 unarmed members of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement are shot dead on the orders of the Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province, Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri, on Babrra ground in the Hashtnagar region of Charsadda District, North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Pakistan. 1950 – Korean War: Bloody Gulch massacre: Seventy-five American POWs are massacred by the North Korean Army. 1952 – The Night of the Murdered Poets: Thirteen prominent Jewish intellectuals are murdered in Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union. 1953 – First thermonuclear bomb test: The Soviet atomic bomb project continues with the detonation of "RDS-6s" (Joe 4) using a "layered" scheme. 1953 – The 7.2 Ms  Ionian earthquake shakes the southern Ionian Islands with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Between 445 and 800 people are killed. 1960 – Echo 1A, NASA's first successful communications satellite, is launched.x 1964 – South Africa is banned from the Olympic Games due to the country's racist policies. 1969 – Violence erupts after the Apprentice Boys of Derry march in Derry, Northern Ireland, resulting in a three-day communal riot known as the Battle of the Bogside. 1976 – Between 1,000 and 3,500 Palestinians are killed in the Tel al-Zaatar massacre, one of the bloodiest events of the Lebanese Civil War. 1977 – The first free flight of the Space Shuttle Enterprise. 1977 – The Sri Lanka Riots: Targeting the minority Sri Lankan Tamils, begin, less than a month after the United National Party came to power. Over 300 Tamils are killed. 1981 – The IBM Personal Computer is released. 1985 – Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashes into Osutaka ridge in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, killing 520, to become the worst single-plane air disaster. 1990 – Sue, the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton found to date, is discovered by Sue Hendrickson in South Dakota. 1992 – Canada, Mexico and the United States announce completion of negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 1994 – Major League Baseball players go on strike, eventually forcing the cancellation of the 1994 World Series. 2000 – The Russian Navy submarine Kursk explodes and sinks in the Barents Sea during a military exercise, killing her entire 118-man crew. 2015 – At least two massive explosions kill 173 people and injure nearly 800 more in Tianjin, China. 2016 – Syrian civil war: The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) capture the city of Manbij from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). 2018 – Thirty-nine civilians, including a dozen children, are killed in an explosion at a weapons depot in Sarmada, Syria. 2021 – Six people, five victims and the perpetrator are killed in Keyham, Plymouth in the worst mass shooting in the UK since 2010.

[happybong]

Context: Indian government has decided to begin weather forecasts for regions under Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) — Gilgit-Baltistan, Muzaffarabad and Mirpur.

After DD and AIR started airing weather forecasts from PoK regions, In return Radio Pakistan also featured updates from Srinagar, Pulwama and Ladakh.

What’s the issue?

The ‘weather war’ — a diplomatic move by India — started after Pakistan’s Supreme Court issued notices to the advocate general of Gilgit-Baltistan in late April, directing them to amend the Gilgit-Baltistan Order-2018 and establish a caretaker government there.

About PoK:

Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK) is that part of the Jammu and Kashmir (India) which was invaded by Pakistan in 1947. The region is referred by the United Nations and other international organizations, as ‘Pakistani-controlled Kashmir’ (or Pakistan Administered Kashmir) and it was re-named as ‘Pakistan occupied Jammu-Kashmir’ by the Modi government.

PoK divided into two parts:

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)

Gilgit-Baltistan (referred to as the ‘Northern Areas’ till August 2009).

What is the root of the fight between India and Pakistan?

The fact that PoK is an integral part of India has been our consistent policy ever since 1947.

In 1947, Pakistan’s Pashtoon tribals attacked Jammu and Kashmir.

So to tackle this critical situation the Ruler of that time Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir sought military assistance from the Indian government and the then Indian Governor General Mountbatten signed an agreement on 26 October 1947 in which three subjects Defense, Foreign Affairs and Communications were handed over to India.

Except these subjects Jammu and Kashmir was free to all its decisions.

On the basis of this accession of treaty, the Government of India claims that India has the full right to interfere in the matters related to Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan on the other hand doesn’t agree with India.

Why is PoK important?

Because of its location, PoK is of immense strategic importance. It shares borders with several countries – the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province provinces (now called Khyber-Pakhthunkhwa) in Pakistan to the west, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the north-west, Xinjiang province of the People’s Republic of China to the north and India’s Jammu and Kashmir to the east.

Challenges for India in PoK region:

Terrorist infiltration through the region is high.

Pakistan has changed the demography of PoK over a period of time.

It has settled ex- servicemen, Punjabi’s and Pathans so the original colours of PoK has changed.

Gilgit Baltistan region is easy as compared to other.

[iasguidance]

Battle of Saragarhi

Context: September 12 marks the 127th anniversary of the Battle of Saragarhi, regarded today as one of the finest last stands in global military history. About Battle of Saragarhi Saragarhi was the communication tower between Fort Lockhart and Fort Gulistan. The two forts in the rugged North West Frontier Province (NWFP), now in Pakistan, were built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh but renamed by the…

[drmaqazi]

THE BIGGEST LIE IN THE WORLD IS THAT PAKISTAN IS AN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC. 

Capital punishment in Islam is traditionally regulated by the Islamic law (sharīʿah), which derived from the Quran, ḥadīth literature, and sunnah (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad during his lifetime).] Crimes according to the sharīʿa law which could result in capital punishment include apostasy from Islam, murder, rape, adultery, homosexuality, etc. Death penalty is in use in many Muslim-majority countries, where it is utilized as sharīʿah-prescribed punishment for crimes such as apostasy from Islam, adultery, witchcraft, murder, rape, and publishing pornography.[5List of crimes where capital punishment is applicable

Murder

Adultery of married personals

Apostasy

Espionage

Robbery

Witchcraft

Homosexuality

Kidnapping of women

Rebellion against Islam

Rape

Organized crime in Pakistan includes fraud, racketeering, drug trafficking, smuggling, money laundering, extortion, ransom, political violence, etc. Terrorist attacks became common during the 2000s, especially in North-West Frontier Province, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Balochistan, Karachi and Lahore. Vehicle theft is common, particularly in the large cities.

Black marketing

bombing

drug trafficking,

extortion

fire

fraud,

hoarding

racketeering, 

money laundering, 

political violence, 

racketeering

ransom,

smuggling,  

stealing 

Terrorist attacks. 

Vehicle theft 

It is not true. Pakistan is neither ISLAMIC nor REPUBLIC. There is no Shariah Law, therefore it is not ISLAMIC. There is Rule of Law, Equality Freedom and Jussive for the common man therefore it is neither DEMOCRATIC nor REPUBLIC.

The JUDICIARY including but not limited to Judges, the Lawyers and the Clerks are sold to the highest bidder. The poor people have no money so they cannot afford to buy justice. WHAT A SHAME!

The Government, its Ministers, Officials and the public is corrupt from top to bottom They tell lies day and night from both sides of their mouth. They are all HYPOCRITES AND BLOODY LIARS, PERIOD!

[bookofjin]

Annals of Emperor Wen of Zhou, Part 2 (ZS01)

Heba Yue might be dead, but Yuwen Tai still lives.

1st Year of Taichang [532 AD], Yue became Great Acting Tribunal of Guanxi. He used Taizu as Assistant of the Left, acting as Yue's Marshal of the Office, concurrently Cavalier Regular Attendant. There were no affairs [too] large or small, in everything he was entrusted with deciding them.

When Shenwu of Qi had routed the Erzhu, he thereupon took control over the court and government. Taizu requested to go and observe him. When he had arrived in Bing province, Shenwu of Qi asked about affairs in Yue's army. Taizu's oral answers were gallant and articulate. Shenwu of Qi consider him to be not an ordinary person, and wanted to keep him behind. Taizu pretended to pledge his loyal devotion, and therefore obtained instructions to go back. Thereupon he at starlight proceeded on the road. Shenwu of Qi actually did dispatch [someone] to pursue him, they reached the Passes without catching up.

Taziu returned back and spoke to Yue, saying:

Gao Huan is not someone who serves others. That his disobedient plans have not yet issued out is for fear of Your Excellency and brothers, that is all. However, of everyone who have desired to establish great merit and save the altars of soil and grain, there have not yet been one who did not make use of the circumstances of the land to bring together the noble and gallant, and then was able to achieve success.

Houmochen Yue¤ originally was of truly of mediocre materiel, by coincidence he happened then upon unearned reliance and trust. Just now he is without heart for worrying about the state, and likewise is not hated by Gao Huan. Only be prepared for him, and planning against him is not difficult.

Now the cavalry of the Feiyetou's bow string are not less than ten thousand and the soldiers of the Inspector of Xia province, Huba Mi'etu's victorious troops are more than three thousand. Coming to the Inspector of Ling province, Cao Ni, he also relies on his out-of-the-way remoteness, and often holds close divergent expectations. The drifting people of Hexi, Hedouling Yili and others, their households and mouths are wealthy and prosperous, but not yet receiving the airs of the court.

Now suppose [we] move the army near Long, seize their strategic points, make a display for them with power and defer to them with virtue, then [we] can gather their soldiers and horses to supply our army. To the west [we] arrange the Di and Qiang, to north console the sandy frontier, [then we] return the army to Chang'an to save and assist the House of Wei. This is what Huan and Wen raised up.

Yue was greatly pleased, and then dispatched Taizu to go to the palace to request to render service and in confidence lay out their situation. The Wei Emperor deeply adopted it. He promoted Taizu to General of Martial Guards, and he turned back with orders to report to Yue. Yue thereupon guided the army west to stay at Pingliang. He made plans with his multitudes, saying:

Xia province is in a neighbourhood of bandits and traitors,[we] must increase soothing and consoling. How to obtain a good Inspector to garrison it?

The multitudes all said:

Assistant of the Left Yuwen is precisely that person.

Yue said:

The Assistant of the Left is my left and right hands, how could he be dispersed with?

He was lost in thoughts for a number of days, and then followed the multitudes' opinion. Hence he petitioned for Taizu to become Envoy Holding the Tally, General of Martial Guards, and Inspector of Xia province. Taizu arrived in the province. Yili looked up to his manners and devotedly adhered, but Cao Ni still exchanged envoys with Shenwu of Qi.

Wei's 3rd Year of Yongxi, Spring, 1st Month [30 January – 28 January 534], Yue wished to chastise Cao Ni. He dispatched Chief Controller Zhao Gui to arrive at Xia province and plan out the affair with Taizu. Taizu said:

Cao Ni is in a lonely city blocked off and far away, is not yet sufficient to be of concern. Houmochen Yue¤ depends on the multitudes and is intimate and nearby. He is greedy and untrustworthy, and surely about to become a problem. [I] want to soon plot against him.

Yue did not listen, and thereupon he and Yue¤ chastised Ni together.

2nd Month [1 March – 29 March], they arrived at Hequ. Yue in the end was murdered by Yue¤, and his soldiers and multitudes scattered back to Pingliang. Only Great Chief Controller Zhao Gui led his personal retinue to gather Yue's corpse and return to camp.

And so the Three Armies had not anywhere to belong. The various generals, as Chief Controller Kou Luo was the most senior in age, together were pushing forward Luo to control military affairs. Luo was habitually without gallant schemes, and made imposing orders but did not act. He therefore spoke to the various generals, saying:

Luo's wisdom and ability is fundamentally lacking, and not suitable to command and steer. Those nearby who are pressing it into the crowd's discussion are pushing each other forward to administer and lead. Now [I] request to turn down the position, and furthermore to select a worthy talent.

And so Zhao Gui talked to the multitudes, saying:

The supreme leader was loyal, just, and entirely steadfast. With violence in court and countryside, his meritorious legacy were not attained, and suddenly he suffered a baleful cruelty. How though will the state mourns a good steward, when in fact also the multitudes are without anyone to rely on? Surely [if we] want to bring [us] together in the same oath, and respond in kind to wipe away the shame, [we] must chose someone worthy for overall command of the various armies. If the one raised up is not that man, then the great affair will be difficult to accomplish. Even if [we] want to set up loyalty and establish righteousness, that can be obtained.

I took the liberty to observe Yuwen of Xia province. His noble bearing is not of [this] generation, and his gallant strategies are ahead of the times. Distant and near turn their hearts [to him], officers and enlisted employ his instructions. He applies laws and orders with uniform dignity, his rewards and penalties are strict and clear, he is genuinely enough to trust in. Now if we report our grief, he will surely come and hurry to the difficulties. Following that, if we then respectfully offer him, the great affair will be accomplished.

The various generals all declared it good. They therefore instructed Helian Da to hurry to reach Xia province. He reported to Taizu, saying:

Houmochen Yue¤ did not care about his sworn oath, he threw away kindness and turned his back to virtue, and traitorously murdered the loyal and good. The crowd feel indignant and resentful, and complain and entreat about having nothing.

Your Excellency formerly occupied the control and management, your kindness and trust seen and heard. Now there are none too small and none too great, everyone desire to push forward to defer to [you]. The multitudes' thoughts about Your Excellency stretches the day [to?] a complete year. [I] wish [you] will not delay or stop, but comfort the multitudes' expectations.

Taizu was about to go with him. The magistrates and people of Xia province all sobbingly requested, saying:

[We] hear that Yue¤ now is at Shuiluo, the distance to Pingliang is not far. Suppose he already has Excellency Heba's multitudes, then plotting against him will truly be difficult. [We] wish [you] furthermore to stop and halt, and so watch his changes.

Taizu said:

When Yue¤ had murdered the supreme leader, he ought himself to have exploited the circumstances to straight-away occupy Pingliang. Yet he turns around shifting and stumbling, and stations troops at Shuiluo. I understand there is nothing he is able to do. Moreover, what is difficult to gain and easy to lose is the time, and what not to wait for all day is the moment. Now [if I] do not proceed soon, [I] soon fear the multitudes' hearts will stray away themselves.

Chief Controller Mijie Yuanjin made plans with intention of responding to Yue¤, and covertly plotted against Taizu. The affair came out, and he beheaded him.

Taizu then led his followers and light cavalry, and hurriedly proceeded to Pingliang. At the time Shenwu of Qi dispatched Senior Clerk Hou Jing to recruit and guide Yue's multitudes. Taizu arrived at Anding, and encountered him. He spoke to Jing, saying:

Though Excellency Heba is dead, Yuwen Tai still lives. What will my dear sir do about it?

Jing turned pale, and replied saying:

I am like an arrow, that is all. After being shot out by a person, how might I control myself.

Jing with that promptly turned back.

Taizu arrived at Pingliang, and wept for Yue with considerable grief. The generals and soldiers were both saddened and delighted, saying:

Excellency Yuwen arrived, there is nothing to be anxious about.

[that-dinopunk-guy]

I already did a post like this a while ago, but since I have since come up with versions I like better I'm doing it again. So here is a series of portraits of the protagonist of a dinopunk sword and sorcery story I'm currently planning out, done as best I can with the character customization options and armors in Conan Exiles. I also used mods.

Kuda was born in a western frontier province of Qitai (fantasy-China), to an impoverished peasant family in a region ravaged by warfare between two local warlords. She was sold at a young age to a foreign trading caravan that was passing through the region for money to feed her siblings, but as she was being transported west to be sold into slavery the caravan was raided by a tribe of steppe nomads called the Staaka (fantasy-Scythians), one of whom decided to adopt her to raise as his own. It was among the Staaka that she got her name; I haven't nailed down her original Qitan name yet, because by the time of the story she barely remembers it anyway.

Also, the Staaka ride domesticated horse-sized alioramin tyrannosaurs:

Rule of Cool is fully in effect in this setting.

Among the Staaka Kuda grew into a fearsome warrior, participating in many raids, killing many people, selling people into slavery, and performing ritualized cannibalism. By our standards, she is not a good person at this stage of her life by any stretch of the imagination. By Staaka standards, she's pretty awesome. Also at some point she falls in love with one of her fellow warrior women.

Unfortunately, since this is a story, and stories need conflict, the Staaka are eventually attacked and defeated by a larger nomad tribe, Kuda's girlfriend is killed, and she and the other survivors get a taste of their own medicine when they're marched off to the nearest fantasy-Greek colony and sold into slavery themselves. From there, Kuda is taken south to Khimt (fantasy-Egypt), where she is bought by a local minor noble.

Her actual tattoos in the story would more closely resemble real Scythian tattoos, just with dinosaurs instead of deer and panthers and shit. There used to be a mod that added actual Scythian tattoo designs into the game, but it no longer works. So I used the ones shown here because I think they look neat.

Eventually the noble's wife got tired of this EXOTIC FOREIGN TEMPTRESS prancing about the estate and tempting her husband (never mind that Kuda hated both their guts), so she nagged him into sending her south as a gift to a friend of theirs who was governor of a far-flung colony. Unfortunately during the trip the galley she was on was attacked and sunk, so she never made it there. Instead she washed ashore on Alkebu (fantasy-Africa), where she was found by a local tribe called the Irombe. She lived with the Irombe for a time, during which she proved herself as a capable warrior and was given the ritual scarification to mark her as such.

Eventually though her nomadic upbringing had her itching to move on, not to mention her unfinished business on the steppes: find and kill the man who'd killed her girlfriend. So she got passage with a passing tribe of Ouled-Nail-inspired nomads and headed north.

Kuda eventually made her way back to the steppes, where she managed to join another nomadic tribe who were opposed to the one that had attacked her people. She rode with them for a while until the two groups finally clashed, and she was finally able to take her revenge. Finally, after killing her hated enemy and having a drinking bowl made from the top of his skull in the tradition of her adopted people, she visited the site of her tribe's defeat and then left the steppes to see more of the world.

Her wandering eventually took her to the coastal city-state of Dar-Shelem, where she takes a job as a mercenary escorting the king's daughter to an arranged marriage to a prince in the neighboring empire of Matuwali.

And the princess, Yemsher, is the story's narrator. Being an inquisitive and bookish girl, she immediately becomes curious about the exotic-looking female warrior in her retinue and eventually gets her to recount her life story to pass time on the journey. The story would then be Yemsher's account of everything she was told, written down at the encouragement of her new husband who just so happens to also be a huge fucking nerd.

And that's the story as I currently have it outlined. I'm not worried about spoilers because anyone who reads all this will probably completely forget about it by the time I actually get around to writing the damn thing.

Also because one person has already asked, no, I'm not planning on the two of them hooking up. Though given Matuwali and Staaka attitudes towards sex Yemsher could probably have Kuda as a sidepiece if she wanted. (I'll leave that up to the fanfic authors.)

[wikiuntamed]

Five steps of Wikipedia for Friday, 5th April 2024

Welcome, bienvenue, tervetuloa, karibu 🤗 Five steps of Wikipedia from "Veyyalore Town Panchayat" to "1946 Indian provincial elections". 🪜👣

Start page 👣🏁: Veyyalore Town Panchayat "Veyyalore Town Panchayat (Veyyalore Gram Panchayat), is located in Keerapalayam district in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. This panchayat falls under Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency and Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency. This panchayat has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies. 7 Panchayat..."

Step 1️⃣ 👣: Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency "Chidambaram is a Lok Sabha (Parliament of India) constituency in Tamil Nadu. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 27 of 39. The seat is reserved for scheduled castes. It spread on district of Ariyalur and Cuddalore...."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0? by Nader85021

Step 2️⃣ 👣: 1977 Indian general election "General elections were held in India between 16 and 20 March 1977 to elect the members of the sixth Lok Sabha. The elections took place during the Emergency period, which expired on 21 March 1977, shortly before the final results were announced.The elections resulted in a heavy defeat for the Indian..."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0? by Furfur

Step 3️⃣ 👣: 1937 Indian provincial elections "Provincial elections were held in British India in the winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the Government of India Act 1935. Elections were held in eleven provinces - Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, the United Provinces, the Bombay Presidency, Assam, the North-West Frontier Province, Bengal,..."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0? by RaviC

Step 4️⃣ 👣: 1930 Indian general election "General elections were held in British India in September 1930. They were boycotted by the Indian National Congress and marked by public apathy. The newly elected Central Legislative Assembly met for the first time on 14 January 1931...."

Step 5️⃣ 👣: 1946 Indian provincial elections "Provincial elections were held in British India in January 1946 to elect members of the legislative councils of the Indian provinces. The consummation of British rule in India were the 1945/1946 elections. As minor political parties were eliminated, the political scene became restricted to the..."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0? by RaviC