#multiple myeloma stage iii prognosis

[thelotusbiotech]

Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms, Causes and Prognosis

Multiple Myeloma is a complex and challenging blood cancer that affects plasma cells, a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. Comprehending the condition's signs, causes, and prognosis is essential for patients and their loved ones. Furthermore, recent developments in medicine, including Lenalid 10mg Lenalidomide Capsules, have given people with this illness fresh hope.

Introduction

What is Multiple Myeloma?

Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

Causes and Risk Factors

Prognosis and Staging

Lenalid 10mg Lenalidomide Capsules: A Breakthrough Treatment

Side Effects and Considerations

Patient Support and Lifestyle Considerations

Conclusion

What is Multiple Myeloma?

The malignancy known as multiple Myeloma affects the plasma cells, which are in charge of creating antibodies that aid the body in fighting infections. These malignant plasma cells can displace healthy blood cells in the bone marrow, which can result in several problems.

Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

Identifying the symptoms of Multiple Myeloma early is essential for a timely diagnosis and course of treatment. Typical signs and symptoms include:

Bone Pain: One common early indication is persistent pain, usually in the back or ribs. The buildup of aberrant plasma cells in the bones is the cause of this.

Fatigue: Anemia brought on by multiple myeloma might result in weakness and exhaustion.

Frequent Infections: An increased vulnerability to infections can be the outcome of impaired immune function.

Kidney Issues: Myeloma cell-produced aberrant proteins have the potential to harm the kidneys and cause issues such as renal failure.

Anemia: Pale skin and dyspnea are two signs that may indicate a reduction in red blood cells.

Hypercalcemia: High blood calcium levels can result in symptoms such as frequent urination, intense thirst, and constipation.

Unexplained Weight Loss: Unintentionally losing weight quickly could be a sign of multiple Myeloma early on.

Causes and Risk Factors

Although the precise etiology of multiple Myeloma is unknown, there are several risk factors that may raise the illness's chance of developing:

Age: People over 65 are more likely to develop multiple myeloma.

Gender: The risk of developing multiple myeloma is slightly higher in men than in women.

Family History: A higher risk may apply to those with a family history of multiple Myeloma.

Certain Medical Conditions: Several illnesses, including monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), may make it more likely for multiple Myeloma to develop.

Prognosis and Staging

The age of the patient, general health, and the stage at which the illness is discovered all affect the prognosis for Multiple Myeloma. Determining the disease's stage is essential for assessing its severity, and it is frequently categorized as:

Smoldering (Asymptomatic) Myeloma: Early stages, when there may not be any indications of the illness and no need for emergency care.

Stage I-III Myeloma: Gradual escalation of symptoms and problems in severity.

Relapsed or Refractory Myeloma: The illness could recur or develop treatment resistance.

Patient outcomes have been markedly improved by advances in treatment, such as immunomodulatory medications and targeted therapies.

Lenalid 10mg Lenalidomide Capsules: A Breakthrough Treatment

A highly promising advancement in treating Multiple Myeloma is the utilization of Lenalid 10mg Lenalidomide Capsules. This therapy, which is in the class of immunomodulatory medications, has demonstrated impressive success in treating the illness.

Mechanism of Action: The mechanism of action of Lenalidomide is to boost the immune system's capacity to combat and eradicate cancer cells. It also prevents aberrant cells in the bone marrow from proliferating.

Treatment in Newly Diagnosed Patients: Lenalidomide has shown promise in treating newly diagnosed Multiple Myeloma patients. It is frequently used in conjunction with other drugs. This combo strategy aims to produce more profound and long-lasting reactions.

Maintenance Therapy: Lenalidomide may occasionally be recommended as maintenance medication after the first treatment to extend durations of remission.

Relapsed or Refractory Cases: Lenalidomide offers an alternate therapeutic option for patients with resistant Multiple Myeloma or those who have had a relapse.

Reducing Bone Marrow Abnormalities: Improved results have been attributed to Lenalidomide's efficacious reduction of bone marrow abnormalities associated with Multiple Myeloma.

Side Effects and Considerations

Despite the fact that Lenalid 10mg Lenalidomide Capsules provide many advantages, it's essential to be aware of any possible adverse effects, such as:

Risk of Blood Clots: Lenalidomide may raise the risk of blood clots, necessitating vigilant observation and maybe preventative actions.

Bone Marrow Suppression: This drug may cause a brief suppression of bone marrow function, which would decrease blood cell counts.

Fatigue and Weakness: Weakness and exhaustion are possible side effects of Lenalidomide for certain persons.

Peripheral Neuropathy: The hands and feet can become numb or tingly, which calls for close observation.

Patient Support and Lifestyle Considerations

Living with Multiple Myeloma requires both medical care and Holistic care. Patient support groups, counseling, and lifestyle modifications significantly impact the general well-being of people with multiple Myeloma.

Support Groups: For those with Multiple Myeloma, joining a support group can offer community, information sharing, and emotional support.

Healthy Lifestyle: A balanced diet and frequent exercise are two aspects of a healthy lifestyle that can improve general well-being.

Regular Check-ups: Frequent check-ups with the doctor are necessary to track the disease's progression and modify treatment programs as required.

Counseling Services: Patients and their families can benefit from professional counseling services to help them manage the psychological and emotional effects of having Multiple Myeloma.

Conclusion

Even though Multiple Myeloma is difficult, there is still hope. Patient outcomes and quality of life have improved dramatically due to new medicines like Lenalid 10mg Lenalidomide Capsules and advances in knowledge of the condition. For people navigating the difficulties of Multiple Myeloma, a more optimistic future is being shaped by early discovery, extensive medical care, and continuous research initiatives. As with any medical problem, consulting healthcare professionals is essential to receiving individualized treatment and support.

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Chronic myelogenous leukemia overview - wikidoc

[zanypaperprince]

Best multiple myeloma treatment in India

Multiple myeloma is cancer of the plasma cells (a type of white blood cells) of the bone marrow. Plasma cells are protein-making cells that generally produce the different kinds of antibodies for our immune system. In multiple myeloma, the plasma cells become malicious and cancerous. These myeloma cells stop making different forms of protein in response to the immune system's needs and instead start to produce a single abnormal type of protein sometimes termed a monoclonal or M protein. Multiple myeloma plasma cell populations accumulate in the bone marrow, and these collections of cells called plasmacytomas can erode the hard outer shell or cortex of the bone that normally surrounds the marrow. These weakened bones show thinning of the bone, as seen in nonmalignant osteoporosis or what appear to be punched out or lytic bone lesions. People often refer to multiple myeloma simply as myeloma (also termed Kahler's disease after the physician who first described this cancer). The disease usually occurs in people past middle age.

In India, there are large number of options available for Best multiple myeloma treatment in India.

However, rarely it can occur in a child. One type of myeloma-related plasma cell neoplasm is called a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). In MGUS, medical professionals only find low levels of M protein and people have no symptoms; MGUS infrequently develops into multiple myeloma.

Plasma cell neoplasm is another name for multiple myeloma. Causes of multiple myeloma What triggers plasma cells into malicious multiple myeloma is unknown. The cancerous myeloma plasma cells proliferate and crowd out normal plasma cells and can corrode areas of bones. The proteins produced in large amounts can cause many of the symptoms of the disease by making the blood more viscous and depositing the proteins in organs that can interfere with the functions of the kidneys, nerves, and immune system.

Causes of multiple myeloma are not known exactly. But patients more likely to get affected • older than 65 years • people of African-American origin • overweight or obese people • family member with it

Stages of multiple myeloma

There are four stages of multiple myeloma. While many health care professionals use different staging, these are various stages cited by many clinicians:

• Smoldering: multiple myeloma with no symptoms • Stage I: early disease with little anemia, relatively small amount of M protein and no • bone damage • Stage II: more anemia and M protein as well as bone damage • Stage III: still more M protein, anemia, as well as signs of kidney damage Because staging criteria differ according to different groups, some clinicians simply define the individual's multiple myeloma without assigning a stage and simply estimate a prognosis for their patient.

Symptoms of multiple myeloma

Patients with myeloma may be asymptomatic with an unexplained increase in protein in the blood. With more advanced disease, some myeloma patients may have weakness due to anemia caused by inadequate production of red blood cells, with bone pain due to the bone damage, and as the abnormal M protein can accumulate and damage the kidneys resulting in patient’s unexplained kidney damage and decreased kidney function. Multiple myeloma cancer cells may be in or outside the bone marrow.

The following symptoms and signs of multiple myeloma -

• Anemia • Bleeding • Nerve damage • Bone tenderness or pain, including back pain • Enlarged tongue • Skin lesions (rash) • Infections Weakness, fatigue or tiredness • Kidney failure and/or other end-organ damage• Spinal cord compression • • Loss of appetite and weight loss • Leg swelling • Hypocalcaemia • Diagnosis of multiple myeloma • First sign of multiple myeloma is found when a routine blood test shows an abnormal amount of protein in the bloodstream or an unusual stickiness of red blood cells causing them to stack up almost like coins, an unusual formation for red blood cells. The health care professional will do a history and physical exam, looking for signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma. If multiple myeloma is suspected, several studies help confirm the diagnosis.

They include a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy most commonly from the large bones of the pelvis. Cells obtained from the marrow are studied by a pathologist to determine if there is one (plasmacytoma) or more (multiple myeloma) abnormal types or numbers of cells • Medical professionals also study a sample of the bone marrow aspirate for more detailed • Characteristics such as the presence or absence of abnormal numbers or types of chromosomes (DNA) by what is called cytogenetic testing.

Bone marrow biopsy can assess the concentrations of cells in the marrow and the presence of abnormal invasive growth of cellular elements. • Blood testing and urine testing by several methods can determine levels and types of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommended that health care professionals use a serum free light chain assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test to further • Monoclonal protein produced and if there is kidney damage.

Identify multiple myeloma in patients

X-ray studies to identify skeletal lesions and MRI for spinal cord lesions in multiple myeloma.

Medical treatment for multiple myeloma

The therapy is decided based upon the patient's condition and the cancer management team, made with the patient's input. The choices for treatment(s) often include combinations of drugs, some of which medical professionals give as pills and others by intravenous injection.

These include drugs that affect or modulate the immune system, steroids, and some oral or injectable chemotherapy drugs. These are usually used in combinations. There may be a role for high-dose chemotherapy followed by the administration of bone marrow called a stem cell transplant. Numerous factors come into play in determining whether to do such a transplant. Other medical treatments may include steroids, bisphosphonate therapy, blood or platelet transfusions, plasmapheresis, and other combination therapy depending on the individual patient's disease stage.

Radiation therapy may treat painful areas of bone damage. Surgeons can surgically repair broken bones in many cases.

There are many drugs used to treat multiple myeloma. Medical professionals often use the following drugs in combination with dexamethasone,

• Bortezomib Velcade -- protease inhibitor • Lenalidomide (Revlimid) -- immune cell modulation • Melphalan (Alkeran) -- alkylating agent that is toxic to myeloma cells • Carfilzomib (Kyprolis) -- protease inhibitor that is FDA approved usually for patients • who have failed a previous treatment • Daratumumab (Darzalex) -- monoclonal antibody that may damage or kill multiple • Myeloma cells (and others) that have CD38 protein on their surface • Elotuzumab (Empliciti) -- a compound that activates the body's natural killer cells to • Destroy multiple myeloma cells, usually in combination with Revlimid and Decadron • Ninlaro (Ixazomib) -- This proteasome inhibitor, in combination with Revlimid and • Dexamethasone, improves the survival rates of some patients with multiple myeloma.

Hospitals offer best multiple myeloma treatment in India, the charges for autologous stem cell transplant ranges between USD 15000 to USD 21000 depending on the status of the disease and individual's response to the treatment provided at the hospitals.

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[cancersfakianakis1]

Newly‐diagnosed multiple myeloma patients carrying monoallelic deletion of the whole locus of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene have a better prognosis compared to those with t(4;14) and t(14;16)

Abstract

The current study evaluated the prognostic significance of the monoallelic deletion of the whole locus of the immunoglobulin heavy‐chain (w_del(IGH)) gene compared to translocations t(4;14) and t(14;16) among newly‐diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. We retrospectively analyzed clinical (age, gender, staging) and laboratory data at diagnosis and the overall survival (OS) of 255 newly‐diagnosed MM patients carrying w_del(IGH) or translocations t(4;14) or t(14;16). Bone marrow samples were examined by morphological and sequential interphase fluorescense in situ hybridization analyses. Among 255 patients, 117 (45.8%) had w_del(IGH), 99 (38.8%) had t(4;14), and 39 (15.3%) had t(14;16). Mean age was 61.6 ± 11.6 years. Groups did not differ significantly in age, gender, or lactate dehydrogenase levels. Patients in the w_del(IGH) group presented more frequently at International Staging System stage I than at stage II/III. Patients in the w_del(IGH) group had significantly fewer additional chromosomal aberrations (1.58) than the other two groups (2.3 and 2.13 in the del(IGH), t(14;16) and t(4;14) groups, respectively, P<0.0001). Furthermore, the w_del(IGH) group had significantly longer estimated median OS (9.47 years) compared to those with translocations t(14;16) (3.02 years, P=0.002) or t(4;14) (4.18 years, P=0.001), respectively. These findings suggest a potential prognostic significance of monoallelic deletion of IGH among these patients. Additional studies are needed to better understand the nature and mechanism of this prognostic factor.

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[khamgiodau]

ĐA U TUỶ XƯƠNG

1. ĐẠI CƯƠNG Đa u tủy xương (Multiple Myeloma: MM) là một bệnh ung thư huyết học, đặc trưng bởi sự tăng sinh ác tình tế bào dòng plasmo tiết ra protein đơn dòng trong huyết thanh và nước tiểu. 2. CHẨN ĐOÁN 2.1. Lâm sàng - Thiếu máu: Khoảng 70% người bệnh mới chẩn đoán có thiếu máu. - Tổn thương xương: Khoảng 60%; biểu hiện: Đau xương, gãy xương và u xương. - Suy thận: Chiếm 20%, trong đó khoảng 10% người bệnh mới chẩn đoán có suy thận nặng cần phải chạy thận nhân tạo. - Tăng canxi máu: biểu hiện: Táo bón, buồn nôn, suy thận... - Bệnh lý thần kinh: Có 3 loại tổn thương thường gặp: Chèn ép rễ - tuỷ sống, bệnh lý thần kinh ngoại biên, thâm nhiễm thần kinh trung ương. - Nhiễm trùng: nhiễm trùng tái diễn. - Tăng độ quánh máu: Khó thở, xuất huyết võng mạc, chảy máu mũi... 2.2. Cận lâm sàng - Xét nghiệm tủy xương: + Tăng tỷ lệ tế bào dòng plasmo. Ngoài ra, có thể thấy tăng hủy cốt bào, giảm tạo cốt bào; hính ảnh rối loạn sinh tủy thứ phát… + Xét nghiệm FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization: Lai huỳnh quang tại chỗ): Phát hiện các tổn thương t(14;16), t(11;14), t(6;14), t(4;14), t(14;20) và del 13; del 17… + Phân tìch dấu ấn miễn dịch (immunophenotypic): Điển hính CD138+, CD56+; có khoảng 20% có CD20+. + Sinh thiết mô, nhuộm hóa mô miễn dịch, chẩn đoán u tương bào (khi có u). - Điện di protein huyết thanh và nước tiểu: Phát hiện protein đơn dòng; điện di miễn dịch phát hiện thành phần đơn dòng của các chuỗi nặng và nhẹ. - Xét nghiệm sinh hoá: Có thể có: Tăng protid máu toàn phần; giảm albumin; tăng globulin, β2-microglobulin, creatinine và canxi huyết thanh. Định lượng globulin miễn dịch IgG, IgA, IgM và đo chuỗi nhẹ tự do trong huyết thanh và nước tiểu. Xét nghiệm protein Bence-Jone, định lượng protein nước tiểu/ 24h. - Chẩn đoán hính ảnh: + Chụp X-quang xương (cột sống, xương chậu, xương sọ, xương sườn...): Có tổn thương tiêu xương. + Chụp cộng hưởng từ hoặc chụp cắt lớp vi tình: Có thể cần thiết trong những trường hợp có biểu hiện triệu chứng đau xương nhưng chụp X-quang không thấy tổn thương. 48 + Chụp PET/CT hoặc PET/MRI: Phát hiện những tổn thương mới, tổn thương ngoài tuỷ hoặc chèn ép tuỷ sống. 2.3. Tiêu chuẩn chẩn đoán: Các xét nghiệm trên cho phép chẩn đoán các thể bệnh Đa u tủy xương theo hiệp hội Đa u tủy xương quốc tế năm 2009, gồm: - Bệnh lý gamma đơn dòng có ý nghĩa không xác định (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: MGUS); - Đa u tủy xương tiềm tàng (smouldering multiple myeloma: SMM); - Đa u tủy xương có triệu chứng (multiple myeloma: MM). Bảng 1. Tiêu chuẩn chẩn đoán cho các thể bệnh Đa u tủy xương Thể bệnh Tiêu chuẩn MGUS Tất cả 3 tiêu chuẩn sau: - Protein đơn dòng trong huyết thanh 11,5 mg/dl. + Suy thận: Creatinine huyết thanh > 1,73 mmol/l (hoặc > 2 mg/dl) hoặc độ thanh thải creatinin ước tình 2 G/L. - Bệnh Waldenstrom: Tăng IgM > 3 g/dl, tăng sinh lympho và tế bào lympho dạng tế bào dòng plasmotrong tuỷ xương. 3. ĐIỀU TRỊ 3.1. Điều trị ban đầu - Người bệnh thuộc nhóm bệnh lý gamma đơn dòng có ý nghĩa không xác định và Đa u tủy xương tiềm tàng: Không có chỉ định điều trị ngay. - Cần dựa vào khả năng có thể thực hiện việc ghép tế bào gốc tự thân cho từng ca bệnh mà lựa chọn các phác đồ điều trị cho thìch hợp và hiệu quả. 3.1.1. Người bệnh không có chỉ định ghép tế bào gốc (thường > 65 tuổi và thể trạng bệnh kém). Thể trạng bệnh có ý nghĩa lựa chọn ghép hơn tuổi của người bệnh. - MP: Melphalan và Methylprednisone: Cách 4-6 tuần/đợt x12 đợt. Điều chỉnh liều melphalan theo số lượng bạch cầu (BC) và tiểu cầu (TC). Kết hợp uống melphalan và methylprednisone (MP) với các thuốc mới: - MPT: Melphalan + methylprednisone + thalidomide Thuốc Liều Đường dùng Ngày dùng Melphalan 0,25mg/kg or 4mg/m 2 /ngày Uống Ngày 1-4 Methylprednisone 2mg/kg/ngày Uống Ngày 1-4 Thalidomide 100-400mg/ngày Uống Liên tục MP: Cách 4-6 tuần/đợt x 12 đợt. Điều chỉnh liều melphalan theo số lượng bạch cầu và tiểu cầu. Thalidomide: Kéo dài 72 tuần. - VMP: Bortezomib + melphalan + methylprednisone. Thuốc Liều Đường dùng Ngày dùng Melphalan 9mg/m 2 /ngày Uống Ngày 1-4 Methylprednisone 60mg/m 2 /ngày Uống Ngày 1-4 50 Thuốc Liều Đường dùng Ngày dùng Bortezomib 1,3mg/m 2 Tiêm tĩnh mạch hoặc tiêm dưới da Ngày 1, 4, 8, 11 (4 đợt đầu); ngày 1, 8, 15, 22 (4 đợt tiếp) Cách 5 tuần/đợt x 8 đợt. - Lenalidomide kết hợp với dexamethasone liều thấp. - Bendamustine kết hợp methylprednisone: Chỉ định cho người bệnh không thể ghép tuỷ và có biểu hiện bệnh lý thần kinh ngoại biên chống chỉ định điều trị bortezomib và thalidomide. 3.1.2. Người bệnh có khả năng ghép tế bào gốc (Bài viếtĐA U TUỶ XƯƠNG xuất hiện lần đầu tại website http://khamgiodau.com

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Plasmablastic myeloma presenting as rapidly progressive renal failure in a young adult - europe pmc article - europe pmc

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Daratumumab for myeloma - now@nejm now@nejm

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New hope for multiple myeloma patients

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Multiple myeloma presenting with high-output heart failure and improving with anti-angiogenesis therapy two case reports and a review of the literature springerlink

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Mgi pharma and methylgene initiate clinical trial of mg98 in myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia. - free online library multiple myeloma stage iii

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Breast cancer symptoms and diagnosis multiple myeloma stage iii prognosis

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13 Reasons why you're cramping after sex new health advisor multiple myeloma stage iii

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Global acute myeloid leukemia therapeutics market to 2020 radiant insights, inc ab newswire multiple myeloma in dogs treatment

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Signs the pregnancy test is lying to you multiple myeloma stage iii prognosis

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Gleevec gets high marks for leukemia treatment - cancer center information on cancer types and treatments multiple myeloma stage iii prognosis

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Multiple myeloma patients and caregivers hike through grand canyon to raise funds and awareness for multiple myeloma stage iii prognosis