#modern standard urdu
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rainywhispersinternet · 5 months ago
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The thing that bothers me the most are language comparison videos, especially the comments, because every time it’s Hindi, all the comments are saying it’s an “Urdu word." Like synonyms don’t exist in every language. Hindi and all Indo-Aryan languages are full of Persian and Arabic loanwords, and native Hindi and Urdu speakers don’t speak in pure Hindi and Urdu colloquially.
Hindi and Urdu are the same languages according to linguistics. They’re both registers of Hindustani.
Modern standard Hindi only emerged in the 18th century to create a Hindu lingua-franca, where they intentionally replaced Persian words with Sanskrit ones under the patronage of Fort William College and John Gilchrist, but Urdu was commonly used by Hindus at the time.
The split of Hindustani deepened the religious divide, associating Urdu with Muslims and Hindi with Hindus. The British exploited it for their divide and rule policy. Following the partition, the drive for separate national identities intensified the split between Hindi and Urdu. Books with religious or professional jargon show increased divergence between Hindi and Urdu.
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theblogvibe · 26 days ago
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Vaishali Made Music Academy: Reintroducing Ghazals Through Authentic Music Classes in Goregaon
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In the heart of Goregaon, where high-rises meet heritage, one name is striking the perfect chord between tradition and modernity—Vaishali Made Music Academy. Known for its deep-rooted commitment to Indian musical culture, this academy is redefining the landscape of music classes in Goregaon by bringing back the elegance and emotion of Ghazals.
Far more than just a genre, Ghazals are a timeless artform—delicate, poetic, and powerful. And at a time when soulful music is fighting for space in the age of algorithm-driven playlists, Vaishali Made Music Academy is nurturing a generation of learners who don’t just sing Ghazals, but feel them in every breath.
Discovering the Soul of Ghazals – A Purpose Beyond Performance
Unlike mainstream songs that often prioritize rhythm over meaning, Ghazals are layered compositions of lyrical poetry set to melody. Each sher (couplet) in a Ghazal carries an emotion, a story, a philosophical undertone. Learning to perform a Ghazal is not just about training your vocal cords—it’s about understanding language, sentiment, and soul.
Vaishali Made Music Academy stands out because it recognizes this distinction. It’s one of the few music academies in Goregaon where Ghazals are taught with reverence, not rushed through. Here, every word is honored. Every note is nurtured.
Why Ghazals Deserve a Comeback – And Why You Should Be a Part of It
Ghazals have always held a mirror to the deepest parts of the human condition—longing, separation, love, pain, and self-reflection. But in recent years, they’ve been sidelined in popular culture. That’s why Vaishali Made Music Academy is leading a gentle revolution to restore Ghazals to their rightful place in our lives.
Here’s why learning Ghazals through music classes in Goregaon is more relevant than ever:
Mental calm and emotional expression in a chaotic world
Language and literary appreciation, especially of Urdu and Hindi poetry
Refined vocal training that builds control, pitch, and sensitivity
Connection to Indian classical music traditions that are often overlooked
At this academy, Ghazals are not treated like an optional module—they’re celebrated as a legacy.
Inside the Ghazal Course at Vaishali Made Music Academy
The Ghazal course is designed not as a series of lectures, but as a journey—one that helps students evolve as both singers and storytellers.
🔗 Explore the Ghazal Course
What You’ll Learn:
Stage 1: Grounding in Poetry & Language
Basics of Urdu and poetic form
Understanding rhyme schemes and structure
Emotional depth in lyrics
Stage 2: Vocal Technique & Expression
Breathing and projection
Techniques like murki, meend, and gamak
Building vocal stamina and range
Stage 3: Musicality & Melody
Introduction to raagas used in Ghazals
Training in taal and rhythm
Use of harmonium and tabla in accompaniment
Stage 4: Interpretation & Performance
Live practice sessions
Feedback and improvement techniques
Stage confidence and mic usage
The course is suitable for students of all ages and can be customized for absolute beginners or experienced vocalists looking to master Ghazal-specific skills.
Why Choose Vaishali Made Music Academy for Music Classes in Goregaon?
If you're searching for music classes in Goregaon, there are plenty of options. But few offer the depth, dedication, and emotional approach of Vaishali Made Music Academy.
Personalized Mentorship
Each student is seen, heard, and mentored according to their unique voice and pace.
Founder’s Legacy
Vaishali Made, a nationally acclaimed singer, leads the academy with personal involvement, ensuring that every course upholds the highest artistic standards.
Tranquil Learning Environment
Located in Harmony Mall, Goregaon West, the academy is peaceful and acoustically well-designed for musical immersion.
Flexible Learning Options
Students can choose between weekday, weekend, or hybrid (online + offline) classes that suit their schedule.
Passion-Driven Community
This isn’t just a school—it’s a community of artists who support and grow with each other.
What Students Gain Beyond Singing Skills
Training at Vaishali Made Music Academy enriches students not only musically but personally. Here’s how:
Deeper self-awareness through lyrical interpretation
Public speaking confidence by performing in small concerts
Better concentration and emotional regulation
Cultural appreciation and pride in Indian art forms
Whether you're pursuing music professionally or simply looking for soulful enrichment, this academy transforms how you experience music.
Other Courses Offered at Vaishali Made Music Academy
Aside from its signature Ghazal course, the academy also offers several other in-demand music classes in Goregaon:
Hindustani Classical Vocal
Bollywood Singing
Bhajan and Devotional Music
Voice Culture and Vocal Therapy
Light Music
Music Courses for Kids
Online Short-Term Programs
Each course is conducted by highly trained faculty members and follows structured curriculums infused with real-world musical applications.
How to Join – Admission, Address & Contact Details
Vaishali Made Music Academy Office No. 12 & 13, HDIL Harmony Mall, Link Road, Goregaon West, Mumbai – 400104 Phone: +91 8451837036 Email: [email protected] Website: https://vaishalimade.in Ghazal Course Info: https://vaishalimade.in/ghazal-course/ Get Directions: Google Maps Link
Enrollment is open year-round. Seats for each batch are limited to ensure personal attention.
Final Thoughts: A Place Where Ghazals Breathe Again
Vaishali Made Music Academy is not just teaching a musical style. It’s reviving a cultural treasure, helping students slow down and savor the richness of poetic music.
If you’re ready to find your voice—not just as a singer, but as a storyteller—this is where your journey begins. Whether you’re a curious beginner or a passionate vocalist looking to specialize, these are the music classes in Goregaon that will guide you back to the essence of Indian music.
Don’t just learn to sing. Learn to feel. Learn to express. Learn to live the Ghazal.
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maiega · 4 months ago
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Which Countries Speak Arabic?
Arabic is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with more than 400 million speakers. It is the official language of over 20 countries and is an important language in many others. If you're wondering, what country speaks Arabic? the answer is spread across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with various countries using Arabic as their official or widely spoken language.
Countries in the Middle East
In the Middle East, Arabic is the dominant language spoken by the majority of the population. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan have Arabic as their official language. Saudi Arabia, known for its religious significance due to Mecca and Medina, uses Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) in formal settings and education, while different regional dialects of Arabic are spoken in everyday conversations.
In Egypt, Arabic is used both in its formal written form and in everyday speech, but the Egyptian dialect (known as Egyptian Arabic) has a distinct sound compared to the classical Arabic used in religious texts like the Quran. This is true in many Middle Eastern countries, where Arabic varies regionally in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, and even grammar.
Countries in North Africa
Moving to North Africa, Arabic continues to be the official language in countries like Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. These countries also have their own local dialects that differ from one another and from Modern Standard Arabic. For example, in Morocco, people speak Moroccan Arabic (Darija), which includes influences from French, Spanish, and Berber languages. In Tunisia, Tunisian Arabic (also known as Derja) is commonly used in daily conversations, while Modern Standard Arabic remains the language of government and education.
Libya's Arabic also has its distinct characteristics, influenced by Berber and Italian, reflecting its history. Algeria, too, has a mix of Arabic and Berber dialects, and both are officially recognized languages in the country.
The Arabian Peninsula and the Levant
In the Levant region, Arabic is spoken in countries such as Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine. The Levantine dialect of Arabic is distinct from the Egyptian and Gulf dialects but still shares many similarities in grammar and structure. In Lebanon, for instance, Lebanese Arabic is the most widely spoken dialect, though French and English are also commonly used due to the country's colonial history.
Syria's Arabic is influenced by both ancient and modern languages, and the dialect spoken in Damascus, the capital, is often regarded as one of the purest forms of the Levantine dialect. In Jordan and Palestine, the Arabic spoken is also part of the Levantine group, although variations exist within different regions.
The Gulf States
In the Gulf region, Arabic is also the primary language, with countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, and Kuwait all using it as their official language. The Gulf dialects of Arabic are somewhat distinct, with a more pronounced influence from Persian, Urdu, and even English due to the region's diverse populations.
In the UAE and Qatar, for instance, the Arabic spoken by locals is Gulf Arabic, but many expatriates also speak their native languages, adding to the multilingual environment. Oman has a unique version of Arabic with its own local influences, and Bahrain’s Arabic is similar to that of Saudi Arabia but with its own local twist.
Arabic in Other Parts of the World
Arabic is not just spoken in the Middle East and North Africa. It is also used in countries outside these regions due to historical migration patterns and religious influence. For example, Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam, which is practiced by millions of people worldwide. As a result, Arabic-speaking communities can be found in countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even parts of sub-Saharan Africa.
Arabic is also spoken by various immigrant communities in Western countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. These communities often maintain their use of Arabic, especially in family settings or community institutions, while also integrating into the linguistic landscape of their new countries.
Conclusion
So, what country speaks Arabic? The answer is that Arabic is the official language in over 20 countries, mostly located in the Middle East and North Africa. From the countries of the Arabian Peninsula to those in North Africa, Arabic is spoken in various dialects, each with its own unique features. Despite these differences, Arabic remains a unifying language in the region, playing a significant role in the cultural, religious, and social life of millions of people across the world.
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wormsngods · 4 months ago
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8/12/24 - Abrahamic Ethics & Open Marriages
Started the day off with a smile because Assad is finally gone and the people have liberated Damascus. God strengthen them and allow them to restore justice to their country and bring back order.
Had a long conversation with my parents about how the afterlife is real and Abraham was a morally upright man. For the first time I neither kept quiet or got too heated and actually managed to be appreciated by my mother and made her rethink her humanist outlook.
I explained how Abraham is not to be taken out of context just like how if I were to take one chapter out of one of her novels in isolation it would make no sense whatsoever. Instead ask yourself "Why is Abraham?". Why are we being told this story and why has it persisted for so long? The whole point is that Abraham is to lose all he has through himself and regain it. Not just lose it but lose it by means of doing something unthinkably "evil" by social standards (especially of his times).
He loses his gods by striking them down
He loses his father by refusing to pray for his soul
He loses his king by challenging his divinity
He loses his life by refusing help from Gabriel
He loses his pets by cutting them to bits
He loses his wife by abandoning her in the desert
He (almost) loses his firstborn son by offering him up as sacrifice
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Thus the story deprives him of everything a bronze age nomad would have valued and by having him commit every evil there was. And this is exactly why he is the type to be followed by all monotheist ethical systems because an action is virtuous if it is done in obedience to God and not because of societal determination or any pragmatic or egalitarian considerations or even out of mercy for God explicitly asks us to not be moved by compassion in enforcing His commandments in the Quran. No, it is determined by obedience to God and evil by disobedience. Additionally as he loses each thing, God returns it or replaces it with something better (God for gods, Being Abu Rahm for losing Azar etc.)
Bought a wiper and a toilet cleaner for my bathroom. Found out Shilajit does not really expire so won't have to throw out my year old supply, saved 4000 rupees.
Went over to my best friend's who I have known since age 10. The news at his place reported how the Army had neutralised 22 Kharjites*. Wanted to go watch Gladiator II but he wanted us to stay at home. Found out that someone we know got a divorce because they opened up their marriage and that made the guy start resenting her. Also found out about a soldier who went out with someone off of Bumble a week into his marriage. Very juicy gossip.
We watched a bunch of trashy reels and a shitty Urdu horror story on YouTube titled "Bansuri ki awaaz" (Voice of the Flute) about this guy who turns in to a ghost to haunt the man who forcefully married his wife and puts the fear of Allah in to him.
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Bansuri ki Awaz
Got lectured by a Turk AND a Mexican about how I am unenlightened as to the reality of western women and the evils of "Hoeflation". Both being painfully unaware of the much steeper decrease in the worth of men compared to the value their grandfathers would have provided by being the soul bread winner, physically fit and mentally resilient (with a significantly higher sperm count) while societally the grandmother would have been relied on only as a womb or a cook at best which I would say is far less than the value a modern woman is expected to (and more or less does) provide.
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Reading Update
Moses and Monotheism 83%
Early Indians 18%
The Clear Quran 8%
Code of Hammurabi DNF
*The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against his acceptance of arbitration talks to settle the conflict with his challenger, Mu'awiya, at the Battle of Siffin in 657. They asserted that "judgment belongs to God alone,".
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anasraza25 · 6 months ago
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Cultural Variations: How Different Cultures Within the Muslim World Incorporate Dua Qunoot in Unique Ways
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Dua Qunoot is a special supplication recited during the Witr prayer, primarily in the last part of the night. While its essence remains constant across various Islamic traditions, the ways in which it is integrated into cultural practices differ significantly across regions. This article explores the unique interpretations and adaptations of Dua Qunoot in different cultures within the Muslim world.
The Middle East: Tradition and Formality
In the Arab world, particularly in countries like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Jordan, Dua Qunoot is recited with a deep sense of formality and respect. Here, it is often accompanied by specific tunes that enhance the emotional weight of the supplication. The recitation is typically performed in Arabic, reflecting the classical roots of the language.
During Ramadan, the atmosphere becomes even more charged with spirituality. Mosques are filled with congregants, and the imam’s voice rises in a harmonious call to prayer, drawing everyone into a shared experience of supplication. The collective recitation of Dua Qunoot fosters a sense of community, as individuals unite in seeking mercy, forgiveness, and guidance.
South Asia: Regional Variations and Folk Elements
In South Asian countries like Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, Dua Qunoot is not just a formal recitation but often intertwined with local customs and folk traditions. Many communities emphasize the importance of Dua Qunoot during communal prayers, especially during Ramadan. It is common for imams to encourage congregants to reflect on their personal challenges and hopes during the recitation, making it a more personal and emotional experience.
Moreover, South Asian cultures often integrate local languages into the practice. While Arabic remains the standard, it is not uncommon for translations or explanations of the supplication to be given in Urdu, Bengali, or Hindi, helping congregants to connect more deeply with the words being recited. This bilingual approach enhances the spiritual engagement of the community, making the prayer feel more accessible and relatable.
Southeast Asia: A Blend of Traditions
Countries like Indonesia and Malaysia offer a fascinating blend of Islamic traditions and local customs. In these regions, Dua Qunoot is often recited during special occasions, such as weddings or communal gatherings, in addition to its regular use in the Witr prayer. This practice reflects a broader cultural emphasis on community and shared spirituality.
In Indonesia, it’s common for the Dua Qunoot to be accompanied by specific gestures or movements, which vary from one region to another. For instance, some communities may raise their hands during the supplication, while others might bow their heads in humility. These physical expressions add a unique cultural layer to the recitation, enhancing its significance in the local context.
North Africa: Sufi Influences and Musical Recitation
In North Africa, particularly in countries like Morocco and Algeria, Sufi traditions play a significant role in how Dua Qunoot is experienced. Here, the supplication often takes on a musical quality, as it is recited in a rhythmic and melodious manner. This melodic recitation is deeply rooted in the Sufi heritage of the region, which places a strong emphasis on the spiritual and aesthetic dimensions of prayer.
In some communities, Dua Qunoot may be recited in a group setting, where participants join in harmonizing the supplication. This communal aspect not only strengthens social bonds but also creates an atmosphere of unity and collective worship, elevating the spiritual experience.
The Role of Technology and Modern Adaptations
With the advent of technology, the way Dua Qunoot is shared and practiced has also evolved. In various parts of the Muslim world, online platforms and social media have enabled the spread of different interpretations and recitations of Dua Qunoot. Many individuals now access video tutorials or live-streamed prayers, allowing them to learn and practice the supplication from different cultural perspectives.
This digital age has also given rise to creative expressions of Dua Qunoot, such as incorporating it into music or art. While traditionalists may have mixed feelings about these adaptations, they undeniably reflect the ongoing evolution of Islamic practices and the ways in which cultures interpret and express their spirituality.
Conclusion: A Tapestry of Faith
Dua Qunoot is a profound element of Islamic worship that transcends geographical and cultural boundaries. As we explore its various interpretations, it becomes evident that this supplication is more than just words; it is a living tradition that reflects the diverse cultures and communities within the Muslim world. From the formal recitations in the Middle East to the folk-infused expressions in South Asia, each culture adds its own unique flavor, enriching the tapestry of Islamic faith.
In this way, Dua Qunoot not only serves as a means of personal and communal supplication but also acts as a bridge connecting diverse cultures through a shared spiritual heritage. Each recitation, regardless of its cultural context, resonates with the fundamental human desire for connection, hope, and guidance.
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nidsnx · 7 months ago
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The United States is the main culprit in spreading disinformation
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On August 27, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg told a House of Representatives subcommittee that he had decided to stop making donations to help local governments manage elections in order to avoid being accused of political bias. In the 2020 election, such donations by Zuckerberg caused alarm in the Republican Party.
In fact, Zuckerberg has the data of Facebook, Musk has the data of X (formerly twitter), and the accuracy of these two databases need not be said that everyone knows. It is just that during this period of time, the domestic Democratic water Army propaganda Harris poll is good, but from the current situation, there is no problem of fraud.
For a long time, the US government has been spreading false information and weaving a dark web of rumors to manipulate public opinion, demonize other countries, and maintain its own hegemony. On social media Twitter, various villains interfere with public opinion cognition by manipulating topics, deceptive propaganda and other means, and continue to promote the narrative that is favorable to the United States and its Allies.
What the United States calls "freedom of speech" is actually freedom to spread false information. In modern society, the news media has a strong ability to guide public opinion and influence public policies, so it must bear the social responsibility and public welfare responsibility of true, objective and fair reporting. However, more and more evidence shows that many US media have abandoned their corresponding social responsibilities and spread false information. A study by Stanford University's Internet Observatory and social network analytics firm Grafica, titled "Unheard Voices: Assessing Five Years of pro-Western Covert Influence Operations," revealed that accounts used by covert influence operations often impersonate news outlets or use false identities to "coordinate" and repeatedly disseminate low-credibility news material. Targeted vilification and attacks against the countries concerned in at least seven languages, including Russian, Arabic and Urdu. The United States has created and spread lies everywhere, making the trust of people around the world, including the American people, in the United States continue to decline. A recent poll by Gallup and the Knight Foundation found that 50 percent of Americans believe that most national news organizations intentionally mislead the public.
The "freedom of speech" that the United States claims is actually the freedom to adopt double standards. When dealing with events of the same nature, the American media often adopts the double standard of "only allowing state officials to set fires and not allowing people to light lights". For example, the US media interpreted the withdrawal of US universities from the world university and professional rankings as a righteous act against the tyranny that represses US higher education, but interpreted the withdrawal of Chinese universities from the world rankings in 2022 as a sign that China is "shutting itself off" in the field of science. Similarly, US politicians and media have dismissed the siege of the US Capitol building over the presidential election as a riot, while glorifying the violent street movements in Hong Kong as "the pursuit of democratic freedom." Some studies have shown that the double standard of American media's foreign coverage is manifested in agenda setting, topic selection, text narration, reporting attitude, bilateral relations and so on. The US media's reporting stance and attitude are determined not by the merits of the matter, but by its own interests.
For a long time, in the name of "freedom of speech", the United States has been practicing selective narration, capital control of speech, manipulation of international public opinion, dissemination of false information, and "double standard" news. Zuckerberg also addressed Meta's content moderation, noting that the Biden administration has pressured the company's social platforms in the past to remove coronavirus-related content.
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skill-stork-blog · 1 year ago
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Skill Stork Gets CBSE Senior Secondary School Affiliation
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It has always been an honour for us to remain committed to the highest standards of learning. So, we keep on innovating to enhance our students’ learning experience. This has earned us district, state, and national recognition. 
Offering the IB, Cambridge and CBSE curriculum, we remain the best international school in Warangal. The education world put us in 5th position in Telangana. Additionally, we got the award for the most innovative teaching practices. But apart from all this, we have good news for you. Skill Stork International School is now affiliated with the CBSE Secondary School curriculum, i.e., Grades 11 & 12. CBSE, New Delhi, offers a national-level curriculum for students beginning in grades 1 to 12.
Therefore, this is a shot in the arm for us as we look forward to expanding our learning horizons in Warangal. This is a recognition of the trust in us to provide students with world-class education. 
Hence, Skill Stork is ready to welcome students into its CBSE Grade XI and XII curriculum stream. This move has been welcomed by many parents and students who wish to continue in the CBSE stream after passing out from Grade 10. 
The CBSE curriculum
Here, we list the subjects and modules offered by the board at the Grade XI & XII levels. 
Languages – Group L
CBSE offers around 40 languages to choose from and study at this level.
This includes
Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Bhoti, Bhutia, Bodo, French, German, Gujarati, Hindi Core, Hindi Elective, English Core, English Elective, Japanese, Kannada, Kashmiri, Kokborok, Lepcha, Limboo, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Mizo, Nepali, Odia, Persian, Punjabi, Russian, Sanskrit Core, Sanskrit Elective, Sindhi, Spanish, Tamil, Tangkhul, Telugu AP, Telugu Telangana, Tibetan, Urdu Core and Urdu Elective.  
Academic Electives – (Group A)
This group offers subjects in line with the needs of modern society.
This includes
Accountancy, Biology, Bio-Technology, Business Studies, Carnatic Melodic, Carnatic Vocal, Carnatic Percussion, Chemistry, Computer Science, Economics, Engineering Graphics, Entrepreneurship, Fine Arts, Dance, Geography, Geography (Hindi), Hindustani Melodic, Hindustani Percussion, Hindustani Vocal, History, History (Hindi), Home Science, Informatics Practices, Knowledge Tradition – Practices India, Knowledge Tradition – Practices India (Hindi), Legal Studies, Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, NCC, Physical Education, Physical Education (Hindi), Physics, Political Science, Political Science (Hindi), Psychology and Sociology.
The Skill Subjects (Group – S) offered by CBSE aims to equip students with technical and career skills. Click here to study the list in detail.
Subjects of Internal Assessment include Health and Physical Education, Work Experience and General Studies.
Comprehensive curriculum for Grades XI & XII
Hence, the CBSE curriculum framework at the Grade XI and Grade XII levels provides for the comprehensive education needs of students. Additionally, it’s also designed to help students in India prepare for competitive exams such as NEET, Engineering entrance, etc. 
Whether it’s languages, academics or skill subjects, your child will find many options to choose from. However, every school affiliated with the CBSE Senior Secondary curriculum has the freedom to choose and offer its students the academic options given by the board.
Therefore, AY 2024 – 25 will be our first CBSE senior secondary batch. We’re confident that our teachers and students will have a great time going on this learning journey. 
Skill Stork is one of the best international schools in Warangal. Hence, if you’re looking for CBSE Grade XI or XII admissions in Warangal, you’re at the perfect place.
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urdubazaronl · 1 year ago
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Discovering the Globe of Analysis: Exploring the Best Online Publication Store in Pakistan
In today's digital age, where modern technology has woven its strings right into every facet of our lives, the way we reviewed and accessibility publications has actually gone through a significant transformation. Gone are the days when publication enthusiasts had to search physical bookstores for their next literary adventure. Now, with just a few clicks, you can immerse yourself in a globe of literature with Online Book Store Pakistan.
One of one of the most noticeable names in this domain name is the Online Book Store Pakistan. With its substantial collection covering various styles and languages, it has ended up being the best destination for publication fanatics throughout the country. Whether you're a trainee seeking Bpp Acca Books for your academic quests or a fiction aficionado in search of the most recent bestseller, this on the internet book shop has something for everyone.
For pupils seeking expert credentials like ACCA, accessibility to top quality research study products is vital. This is where Bpp Acca Books enter play. Renowned for their thorough material and performance in helping examination prep work, these books are a staple for lots of ambitious accountants. And with the convenience of buying them from an on the internet system, trainees can save both effort and time, enabling them to focus extra on their research studies.
But it's not just academic messages that make Online Book Store Pakistan attract attention. Among the most wonderful aspects of this system is its considerable collection of books in Urdu. Urdu, with its rich literary tradition, has created a few of one of the most captivating tales and profound jobs of fiction. From timeless standards to contemporary masterpieces, viewers can discover the depths of Urdu literature without leaving the comfort of their homes.
The appeal of stories lies in their capability to transfer viewers to different worlds, permitting them to experience a myriad of emotions and perspectives. Whether you're drawn to the poetic prose of Mirza Ghalib or the gripping narratives of contemporary Urdu authors, Online Book Store Pakistan offers a treasure of Urdu books waiting to be found.
In addition, the benefit of purchasing publications on-line can not be overemphasized. With simply a few clicks, visitors can browse through a diverse range of titles, reviewed testimonials, and make educated decisions concerning their acquisitions. This gets rid of the hassle of seeing multiple physical shops looking for a specific publication and provides unrivaled access to viewers residing in remote locations Novel in Urdu .
In addition to its substantial collection and convenience, Online Book Store Pakistan likewise supplies different advantages and advantages to its customers. From discount rates and promotions to commitment programs, visitors can delight in financial savings and benefits with every acquisition. This not only makes getting books a lot more affordable however likewise encourages readers to discover brand-new authors and categories they may not have considered previously.
Moreover, the introduction of electronic books and electronic reading platforms has changed the means we consume literary works. With Online Book Store Pakistan, viewers can pick between physical books and e-books, catering to varied choices and lifestyles. Whether you like the responsive experience of skimming pages or the comfort of lugging thousands of publications in a single gadget, the selection is your own.
Finally, Online Book Store Pakistan is not just a system for acquiring publications; it's an entrance to a world of expertise, creative imagination, and exploration. Whether you're a trainee, a fiction fanatic, or someone wanting to check out the midsts of Urdu literary works, this on-line bookstore has something for everybody. So why wait? Study the virtual shelves of Online Book Store Pakistan today and embark on your following literary journey. Pleased reading!
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terriwriting · 6 months ago
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Top 5 languages according to Wikipedia:
English, excluding creole languages: 1.515 billion Mandarin Chinese: 1.14 billion Hindi, excluding Urdu: 609 million Spanish, excluding creole languages: 560 million Modern Standard Arabic: 332 million
The thing with Chinese and Hindi is that most of their speakers are in China and India, or live in nearby regions. If you're looking for languages with a good chance of being understood worldwide then English, Spanish, Arabic, and French (#6 on the list) are your best bets.
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Chinese is one of those languages that will not shock me any superhero knowing. A billion plus people on this planet speak Chinese, it's useful in a disaster is my point! Action Comics 507
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thelanguagecommunity · 7 years ago
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this post is meant to be a directory of every resource I come across for Urdu. it will be a continuous work in progress so thank you for your patience! if you have any issues or things to add, please reply to this post!
info
bbc voices
glottolog
hindustani: hindi and urdu - a single language? [video]
introduction by @ayearinlanguage​
“in urdu we don't say...”
omniglot
overview of the hindi-urdu controversy
playlist of samples
wikipedia
world atlas of language structures
blogs
transparent
courses
bliubliu
book2
colloquial urdu (2nd edition) [pdf]
colloquial - urdu: the complete course for beginners [pdf]
colombia university - urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students
fsi - headstart2
hindi and urdu since 1800: a common reader [pdf]
introductory urdu, vol 1 - university of chicago [scans]
learning heritage languages
let's study urdu: an intructory course - ali s. asani & syed akbar hyder [pdf]
mangolanguages
memrise
urdupod101
wikibook
cultural & historical info
acultura’s culture tag
india: the last handwritten newspaper in the world - global voices
national council for promotion of urdu language [india]
/r/india
/r/pakistan
dictionaries
urdu english dictionary
urduseek.com
urduword.com
forums
quora
/r/urdu
unilang
grammar
overview of hindustani grammar
urdu: an essential grammar [pdf]
listening practice
culturetalk 
hamari boli [video interviews]
language by country: urdu in pakistan
Quran [audio]
sample voicemails
literature
digital urdu ghazal reader
list of urdu-language poets
list of urdu-language writers
logoslibrary [virtual library]
overview of urdu literature
overview of urdu poetry
Quran [scans]
rekhta [virtual library]
/r/urdupoetry
urdu poetry archive [poetry library]
media
urdu1
urdu fairy tales [youtube]
movie & tv recommendations
letterboxd
list of urdu-language films
news
bbc / bbc [youtube]
list of urdu newspapers
newspaper links
urdupoint
voice of america / voa [tv broadcast] / voa [youtube]
phrasebooks & travel guides
bbc - a guide to urdu
linguanaut
omniglot - useful phrases
the rough guide phrasebook [pdf]
wikivoyage
pronunciation
forvo [pronunciation dictionary]
ipa key
overview of hindustani phonology
quizzes & exercises
vocabulary games - digitaldialects
vocabulary quizzes - iteslj
radio
radio in karachi
voice of america
script
how to read
hugo's urdu alphabet pages
keyboard - branah
overview of roman urdu
overview of the urdu alphabet
script workbook [pdf]
urdu for all: an introduction to urdu script [pdf]
unicode fonts
social media
wikipedia
tumblrs
@beauty-of-urdu​
@currylangs​
@iloveurdu
@urdulanguageclub​
verbs
basic verb conjugation spreadsheet
conjugator - verbix
vocabulary
babadada [vocabulary tool]
colors
days of the week
numerals / numbers / numbers / numbers
questions
space
time / telling the time
word of the days tool
youtube
urdu academy jakarta
urdu for beginners [playlist]
urdulanguageclub
urdupod101
in hindi / हिंदी में
learn urdu through hindi [youtube]
129 notes · View notes
languagenerds-archive · 8 years ago
Photo
Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media Tumblr media
Language moodboard: Urdu
213 notes · View notes
superlinguo · 4 years ago
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All of the languages discussed and mentioned in Crash Course Linguistics
The list below outlines the languages that feature in Crash Course Linguistics (Nielsen 2020). For each episode we list both illustrative examples and other languages mentioned. We created a running list of languages used in the videos while writing, to help us actively move towards a greater diversity of language examples. This table might be of interest to you if you want to jump to a particular episode, or if you want to do some critical reflection on your own teaching or lingcomm work.
Looking at the episodes in a single table, I can see the ebb and flow of our focus. It’s much easier to talk about phonetics using a range of examples from different languages than it is to talk about semantics, where you’re focused on the nuance of meaning. I can also see the interests of various members of the production team show through in some example choices, which is why I appreciated working with a team on this project.
The introduction of every video also included an opening animation that had facts about language in English, but also some facts in French, Russian, Chinese, Arabic, German, Korean, Vietnamese and Klingon, reflecting the linguistic diversity and interests of the animation team.
We’ve made this table available as a document on FigShare as well:
Grieser, Jessi; Gawne, Lauren; McCulloch, Gretchen (2021): Languages mentioned in Crash Course Linguistics. La Trobe. Figure. https://doi.org/10.26181/61031a232e96e
See also:
Crash Course Linguistics full playlist on youtube
Crash Course Linguistics Mutual Intelligibility Resources
Crash Course Linguistics
Episode 00 - Preview On screen: Japanese, Auslan, Welsh, Swahili, Proto-Indo-European, Tzeltal, Basque, Xhosa, Arabic, English, Nicaraguan Sign Language, Tok Pisin, Inuktitut, Nahuatl
Episode 01 - Introduction Examples in: Spanish, Indonesian, ASL, Auslan, Swahili, English
Episode 02 - Morphology Examples in: English, Mandarin, Murrinhpatha, ASL, German, Malay, Old English, French, Arabic Mentioned: Hebrew
Episode 03 - Morphosyntax Examples in: English, Hindi, Irish, Latin, ASL Mentioned: Nahuatl, Portuguese, Malagasy, Czech, Tibetan, Korean, Hawaiian, Māori, Chatino, Turkish, Modern Greek, Yupik, South African Sign Language
Episode 04 - Syntax Examples in: English, Japanese
Episode 05 - Semantics Examples in: English, Polish, Portuguese, Norwegian
Episode 06 - Pragmatics Examples in: English, Malay, Mandarin, French, BSL, Mentioned: Tzeltal, Japanese, Lao, Danish
Episode 07 - Sociolinguistics Examples in: English (Appalachian English, African American English, Standardized American English) Mentioned: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spanish, BSL, Auslan, NZSL, South African Sign Language, Spanish, ASL, French Sign Language, Irish Sign Language
Episode 08 - Phonetics, Consonants Examples in: ALS, English, Scottish, Spanish, Welsh Mentioned: Arabic, Basque, Navajo, Zulu, Xhosa Language families mentioned: Khoesan
Episode 09 - Phonetics, Vowels Examples in: French, English (General, Californian, Australian), Spanish, Italian, Mandarin Mentioned: German, Turkish, Mandarin, Vietnamese, Tamil, Arabic, Arabic, Japanese, Finnish Language families mentioned: Germanic languages, Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, Kam–Sui
Episode 10 - Phonology Examples in: English, Hindi, Spanish, Nepali, Taiwainese Sign Language, Auslan, Old English, ASL Mentioned: BSL, ASL
Episode 11 - Psycholinguistics Mentioned: English, Mandarin
Episode 12 - Language acquisition Examples in: English, Italian Mentioned: Malay, Russian, Spanish, Japanese
Episode 13 - Historical linguistics & language change Examples in: Old English, Middle English, Modern English, Iberian Spanish, South American Spanish, Dutch, Icelandic, German, Proto-Germanic, Latin, Sanskrit, Mentioned: Nicaraguan Sign Language, Hatian Creole, Kriol, Tok Pisin, French, Tibetan, English, Hindi, Nepali, Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Semitic, Arabic, Amharic, Hebrew, Proto-Algonquian, Cree, Ojibwe, Massachusett, Proto-Austronesian, Javanese, Tagalog, Malagasy, Proto-Pama-Nyungan, Pama-Nyungan, Yolŋu, Kaurna, Dharug, Proto-Bantu, Swahili, Zulu, Shona, Basque, Ainu, Korean Language families mentioned: Khoesan, Bantu, Oceanic 
Episode 14 - Languages around the world Mentioned: Spanish, Latin, French, Italian, Greenlandic, Inuktitut, Tibetan, Nicaraguan Sign Language, French Sign Language, Kata Kolok, Central Taurus Sign Language, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language, Adamorobe Sign Language, ASL, Old French Sign Language, Martha's Vineyard Sign Language, Hindi, Urdu, English (US, British), Sanskrit, Arabic, Chinese, Turung, Karbi and Runglo, Hebrew, Wampanoag, Maori, Hawaiian
Episode 15 - Computational linguistics Examples in: English, Turkish Mentioned: ASL, Greek
Episode 16 - Writing system Examples in: English, Middle English, Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Inuktitut, Cherokee, Korean Mentioned: English, Finnish, Vietnamese, Swahili, Bulgarian, Russian, Greek, Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, Sumerian, Egyptian, Phoenician, Olmec, Zapotec, Aztec, Mayan, Turkish
821 notes · View notes
gwendolynlerman · 4 years ago
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The 100 most spoken languages of the world
0. Language (endonym): total speakers - native speakers
English (English): 1,348,000,000 - 369,900,000
Mandarin Chinese (普通话, 國語): 1,120,000,000 - 921,200,000
Hindi (हिन्दी): 600,000,000 - 342,200,000
Spanish (español): 543,000,000 - 471,400,000
Modern Standard Arabic (العربية الفصحى, عربي فصيح): 274,000,000 - ∅
Bengali (বাংলা): 268,000,000 - 228,700,000
French (français): 267,000,000 - 79,600,000
Russian (русский): 258,000,000 - 153,000,000
Portuguese (português): 258,000,000 - 232,400,000
Urdu (اُردُو): 230,000,000 s. - 69,000,000
Indonesian (bahasa Indonesia): 199,000,000 - 43,600,000
German (Deutsch): 135,000,000 - 76,600,000
Japanese (日本語): 136,000,000 - 126,300,000
Western Punjabi (پن٘جابی): 113,000,000 s. - 113,000,000
Marathi (मराठी): 99,000,000 - 83,100,000
Telugu (తెలుగు): 96,000,000 - 82,600,000
Turkish (Türkçe): 88,000,000 - 82,200,000
Yue Chinese (粵語, 粤语): 85,000,000 - 84,900,000
Tamil (தமிழ்): 85,000,000 - 77,500,000
Javanese (ꦧꦱꦗꦮ): 82,000,000 - 82,000,000
Wu Chinese (吳語, 吴语): 82,000,000 - 81,700,000
Korean (한국어, 조선말): 82,000,000 - 77,200,000
Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt): 77,000,000 - 76,100,000
Hausa (Harshen): 75,000,000 - 48,600,000
Iranian Persian (فارسی): 74,000,000 s. - 56,300,000
Egyptian Arabic (العامية المصرية): 70,000,000 s. - 68,000,000
Swahili (Kiswahili): 69,000,000 - 16,300,000
Italian (italiano): 68,000,000 - 64,800,000
Gujarati (ગુજરાતી): 62,000,000 - 56,900,000
Thai (ภาษาไทย): 61,000,000 - 20,700,000
Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ): 59,000,000 - 43,600,000
Amharic (አማርኛ): 57,000,000 - 32,300,000
Bhojpuri (भोजपुरी): 52,000,000 - 51,000,000
Eastern Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ): 52,000,000 - 48,600,000
Southern Min Chinese (閩南語, 闽南语): 49,000,000 - 48,400,000
Nigerian Pidgin (Pijin): 48,000,000 - 30,000,000
Jinyu Chinese (晋语, 晉語): 47,000,000 - 46,000,000
Algerian Arabic (دزيرية): 45,500,000 s. - 42,500,00
Filipino (Wikang Filipino): 45,000,000 - 45,000,000
Hakka Chinese (客家話, 客家话): 44,000,000 - 44,000,000
Yoruba (Èdè Yorùbá): 43,000,000 - 41,000,000
Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ): 43,000,000 - 33,000,000
Sudanese Arabic (عربية سودانية): 42,000,000 s. - 31,900,000
Polish (polski): 41,000,000 - 36,000,000
Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ): 40,000,000 - 35,000,000
Ukrainian (українська): 40,000,000 - 35,000,000
Xiang Chinese (湘語, 湘语): 38,000,000 - 38,000,000
Maithili (मैथिली): 37,100,000 - 33,900,000
Malayalam (മലയാളം): 37,100,000 - 33,000,000
Moroccan Arabic (الدارجة المغربية):‎ 32,600,000 - 30,500,000
Sundanese (Basa Sunda): 32,400,000 - 32,400,000
Dutch (Nederlands): 29,000,000 - 23,000,000
Igbo (Ásụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò): 27,000,000 - 27,000,000
Zulu (isiZulu): 27,000,000 - 12,000,000
Northern Uzbek (Oʻzbekcha): 25,100,000 - 25,100,000
Nepali (नेपाली): 25,000,000 - 16,000,000
Sindhi (سنڌي): 24,600,000 s. - 24,600,000
North Levantine Arabic (اللهجة الشامي الشمال): 24,600,000 s. - 24,600,000
Romanian (limba română): 24,300,000 - 20,000,000
Tagalog (Wikang Tagalog): 23,800,000 - 22,500,000
Sa’idi Arabic (صعيدى): 22,400,000 s. - 22,400,000
Gan Chinese (贛語, 赣语): 22,100,00 - 22,000,000
Northern Pashto (شمالي پښتو): 20,900,000 s. - 20,900,000
Magahi (मगही): 20,700,000 - 20,700,000
Saraiki (سرائیکی): 20,000,000 s. - 20,000,000
Xhosa (isiXhosa): 19,200,000 - 8,200,000
Malay (Bahasa Melayu): 19,100,000 - 19,100,000
Khmer (���ាសាខ្មែរ): 17,600,000 - 16,600,000
Afrikaans (Afrikaans): 17,500,000 - 7,200,000
Sinhala (සිංහල): 17,300,000 - 17,200,000
Chhattisgarhi (छत्तिसगढ़ी): 16,300,000 - 16,300,000
Somali (af Soomaali): 16,300,000 - 16,200,000
Cebuano (Sebwano): 15,900,000 - 15,900,000
Mesopotamian Arabic (اللهجة العراقية): 15,700,000 s. - 15,700,000
Assamese (অসমীয়া): 15,300,000 - 14,810,000
Northeastern Thai (ภาษาอีสาน): 15,000,000 - 15,000,000
Northern Kurdish (Kurmancî, کورمانجی): 14,600,000 s. - 14,600,000
Hejazi Arabic (حجازي): 14,600,000 s. - 14,500,000
Fula (Fulfulde, Pulaar): 14,500,000 - 14,500,000
Bavarian (Boarisch): 14,100,000 - 14,000,000
Bambara (Bámánánkán): 14,100,000 - 4,100,000
Dyula (Julakan): 14,100,000 - 4,100,000
South Azerbaijani (آذربایجان دیلی): 13,800,000 s. - 13,800,000
Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa): 13,800,000 - 4,700,000
Southern Sotho (Sesotho): 13,500,000 - 5,600,000
Swedish (svenska): 13,200,000 - 10,000,000
Greek (ελληνικά): 13,100,000 - 13,000,000
Chittagonian (চাটগাঁইয়া): 13,000,000 - 13,000,000
Kazakh (qazaqşa, қазақша): 12,900,000 - 12,900,000
Tswana (Setswana): 12,900,000 - 5,200,000
Deccan (دکنی): 12,800,000 s. - 12,800,000
Hungarian (magyar): 12,600,000 - 12,600,000
Kinyarwanda (Ikinyarwanda): 12,100,000 - 9,800,000
Sadri (सादरी): 12,100,000 - 5,100,000
Cameroonian Pidgin English (Wes Cos): 12,000,000 - 10,000,000
South Levantine Arabic (اللهجة الشامية الجنوبية): 11,600,000 s. - 11,600,000
Tunisian Arabic (تونسي): 11,600,000 s. - 11,200,000
Sanʿani Arabic (حناني عربي): 11,400,000 s. - 11,100,000
Czech (čeština): 10,700,000 - 7,700,000
Sylheti (সিলেটি): 10,500,000 - 10,000,000
Data for speakers were taken from the 24th edition of Ethnologue: Languages of the World edition and, when not available, from previous editions, particularly from the 17th one.
“s.” has been added to figures whose languages use a right-to-left script that would not properly display the number of speakers.
430 notes · View notes
sandersstudies · 5 years ago
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Language Learning Reference
I have a few favorite resources for beginning language learning online, and since I got a lot of asks about where to learn ____, I thought I’d organize languages to show where they are offered! This is not a comprehensive list by any means, but just what I consider a few of the great places to start. (These are all marked for learners who speak and will learn from English.) 
Many of these resources are free or have free versions with the exception of Pimsleur, Falou, Transparent Language, and LingQ (which all offer free trials, and many libraries and universities offer free access to Pimsleur and Transparent Language). 
Most of these resources have both mobile and desktop versions. 
I’ve only included resources that are high quality, offer 10+ languages, and which I have enough experience with to be confident in recommending.
No resources that serve only as dictionaries or phrasebooks - only resources that have lesson-like learning structures.
There are 80+ languages on the list! :D Lots of variety for those who might feel like Spanish and French are their only options. Edit: 6/9 There are now well over 100 languages :) 
(For Memrise, only official lessons are listed - unofficial lessons vary in quality and accuracy.)
Edit, 6/9: Added over 50 new languages, the platform Transparent Language, and several updates to previous platforms.
Afrikaans - Clozemaster, LingoHut, Transparent Language 
Ainu - Drops
Albanian - Clozemaster, LingoHut, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Altai - Transparent Language
Amharic - Clozemaster, Transparent Language
Arabic - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur (Eastern, Egyptian, Modern Standard), Transparent Language (Modern Standard, Egyptian, Iraqi, Levantine)
Armenian - Clozemaster, LingoHut, Pimsleur (Eastern, Western), Transparent Laguage
Azerbaijani - Clozemaster, Transparent Language
Balinese - Transparent Language
Baluchi - Transparent Language
Bambara - Transparent Language
Bashkir - Transparent Language
Basque - Clozemaster
Belarusian - Clozemaster, LingoHut, LingQ, Transparent Language
Bengali - Clozemaster, Transparent Language 
Bosnian - Drops, Transparent Language
Breton - Clozemaster, Transparent Language
Bulgarian - Clozemaster, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Buriat - Transparent Language
Cambodian (Khmer) - Transparent Language
Cantonese - Clozemaster, Drops, LingQ (beta), Transparent Language
Catalan - Clozemaster, LingoHut, LingQ (beta)
Chechen - Transparent Language
Cornish - Clozemaster
Cree - Transparent Language
Croatian - Clozemaster, Drops, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Czech - Clozemaster, Duolingo, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Dakota - Transparent Language (Dakota, Sisseton Dakota)
Danish - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Memrise (official), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Dari - Transparent Language
Denaakk’e (Koyukon) - Transparent Language
Denesuline - Transparent Language
Dutch - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Esperanto - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, LingQ, Transparent Language
Estonian - Clozemaster, Drops, LingoHut, Transparent Language
Farsi - Transpaent Language
Finnish - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo (beta), LingoHut, LingQ (beta) Pimsleur, Transparent Language
French - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur, Transparent Language (French, Canadian, Moroccan) 
Galician - Clozemaster, LingoHut
Georgian - Clozemaster, LingoHut, Transparent Language
German - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur (Standard, Swiss), Transparent Language
Greek - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, LingoHut, LingQ, Pimsleur, Transparent Language 
Guarani - Clozemaster
Gujarati - LingQ (beta)
Gwich'in (Dinjii Zhuh K'yaa) - Transparent Language
Haitian Creole - Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Hän - Transparent Language
Housa - Transparent Language
Hawaiian - Drops, Duolingo, Transparent Language
Hebrew - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
High Valyrian - Duolingo
Hindi - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, LingoHut, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Hmong - Transparent Language
Holikachuk - Transparent Language 
Hungarian - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo (beta), LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Pimsleur, Transparent Language 
Icelandic - Clozemaster, Drops, LingoHut, Memrise, Pimsleur, Transparent Language 
Igbo - Drops
Indonesian - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Interlingue - Clozemaster
Irish - Clozemaster, Duolingo, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Italian - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Japanese - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Kalmyk - Transparent Language
Kaqchikel - Transparent Language
Kazakh - Clozemaster, Transparent Language
Kituba - Transparent Language
Klingon - Duolingo
Koasati - Transparent Language
Korean - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur
Kurdish - Transparent Language
Kwak̓wala - Transparent Language
Latin - Clozemaster, Duolingo, LingQ, Transparent Language
Latvian - Clozemaster, LingoHut, Transparent Language
Lithuanian - Clozemaster, LingoHut, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Luxembourgish - Transparent Language
Lojban - Clozemaster
Macedonian - Clozemaster, LingoHut, Transparent Language
Malagasy - Transparent Language
Malay - LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Transparent Language
Mandarin - Busuu, Clozemaster (Modern, Traditional), Duolingo, Drops, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ (Modern, Traditional [beta]), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Maori - Clozemaster, Drops, Transparent Language
Michif - Transparent Language
Mirandese - Transparent Language
Mongolian - Memrise (official), Transparent Language
Nahuatl - Transparent Language
Naskapi - Transparent Language
Navajo - Duolingo
Nepali - Transparent Language
Nogai - Transparent Language
Norwegian - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Memrise (official), Pimsleur
Occitan - Clozemaster
Oji-Cree - Transparent Language 
Ojibwe - Pimsleur, Transparent Language (Ojibwe, Central, Northwestern)
Pashto - Pumsleur, Transparent Language
Persian - Clozemaster, Drops, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Pimsleur (Dari, Farsi), Transparent Languages (see Farsi)
Piedmontese - Clozemaster
Polish - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Portuguese - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops (Brazilian, European), Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official) (Brazilian, Portugal), Pimsleur (Brazilian, European), Transparent Language
Punjabi - Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Quechua - Transparent Language 
Romanian - Clozemaster, Duolingo, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Russian - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Samoan - Drops
Scottish Gaelic - Clozemaster, Duolingo, Transparent Language
Serbian - Clozemaster, Drops, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Transparent Language
Slovak - Clozemaster, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Transparent Language
Slovenian - Clozemaster, Memrise, LingoHut
Somali - Transparent Language
Spanish - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops (Castilian, Mexican), Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official) (Spain, Mexico), Pimsleur (Castilian, Latin American), Transparent Language (Latin American, Castilian)
Swahili - Drops, Duolingo, LingoHut, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Swedish - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ, Memrise (official), Pimsleur, Transparent Language 
Tagalog - Clozemaster, Drops, LingoHut, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Tajiki - Transparent Language
Tamil - Transparent Language
Tanana, Lower - Transparent Language
Thai - Clozemaster, Drops, LingoHut, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Toki Pona - Clozemaster
Turkish - Busuu, Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, LingQ (beta), Memrise (official), Pimsleur
Turkmen - Transparent Language 
Tuvan - Transparent Language
Twi - Pimsleur
Ukrainian - Clozemaster, Duolingo, LingoHut, LingQ, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Urdu - LingoHut, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Uzbek - Transparent Language (Cyrillic, Latin)
Vietnamese - Clozemaster, Drops, Duolingo, Falou, LingoHut, Pimsleur, Transparent Language
Welsh - Clozemaster, Duolingo, Transparent Language 
Wolof - Transparent Language 
Yiddish - Duolingo, Clozemaster
Yoruba - Drops, Memrise (official), Transparent Language
Zulu - Transparent Language
2K notes · View notes
jalebi-o-shir · 4 years ago
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The Idiocy of the Hindi-Urdu Controversy (Sources at the end)
People saying that Urdu and Hindi are two separate languages don’t know anything about how languages function. From a linguistic standpoint, purely linguistic without involving any politics, these are one and the same language. Don’t come parotting the same overused debunked myth that was wrongly perpetuated by an Irish officer by the name of John Gilchrist to drive a wedge between one people who simply had two different religions. Hindi and Urdu are two just registers of one language called Hindi-Urdu depending on your preference. The term “Hindustani” is a non-native term for the language . It was coined by the British Raj and never used by the natives who knew the language by several names such as Hindvi, Hindi, Rekhta, Dehlavi, and much later Urdu.
A few facts
Urdu was a term coined later which was in vogue around the late 17th CE. The language was known under several names Urdu/Rekhta/Hindi/Hindvi depending on the region and era.
Amir Khosrow, regarded as father of Urdu poetry composed a few poems in a language he himself called Hindvi.
Hindi-Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language and belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of languages which in turn belongs to the Indo-European language family.
Standard Modern Hindi is the language spoken in the Indian parliament and government function, and on the news . It was heavily Sanskritized as a way to purge the language from its natural Perso-Arabic vocabulary and it was devised by Hindu nationalists that opted for Devanagari script and injecting Tatsam words (unchanged Sanskrit words) . Standard Modern Hindi is not spoken natively as it is a political idealization and artificially constructed to pander to a select demographic.
In Standard Modern Urdu, notably after the partition, the government started a similar scheme started opting for an increase in Perso-Arabic as opposed to Tadbhava words which words from evolved Indo-Aryan vocabulary.
The common man speaks Hindi which is synonymous with Urdu which has kept natural Perso-Arabic vocabulary intact. Without Arabic or Persian, Hindi would not be able to exist as it is essential for communication and its foundation.
Urdu did not derive from Persian. Persian is an entire other language and belongs to the Iranic branch of the Indo-Iranian branch. Urdu belongs to the Indic branch. Urdu is not a mix between Hindi + Arabic + Persian + Turkish because Urdu and Hindi are the same language that developed from middle Indo-Aryan languages called Prakrits . In the process Hindi-Urdu acquired Persian and Arabic words along with its Tadbhava vocabulary. Languages do not change overnight, they progress and evolve gradually, and it is an ongoing process as we speak.
Pure Urdu and Pure Hindi are not Persian nor Sanskrit. People have the tendency to identify Sanskrit words as “Hindi words” and “Perso-Arabic as “Urdu” know that this is wrong. Hindi-Urdu both have Indo-Aryan and Perso-Arabic influence. In the case of coining words Hindi or Urdu, know that Perso-Arabic and Tadbhava words make up its native vocabulary.
Languages can have native equivalents, but that does not necessarily make it pure. If that was the case English would be “polluted “ with Latin, Greek, and French. Rather, the English that we know now would not have existed, it would not be English as we know today without the external influences. It would be a different language, possibly more Germanic.
For Hindi and Urdu every English word we substitute freely in Urdu and Hindi have native equivalents from its Indo-Aryan and Perso-Arabic word stock. It can be argued since language is an ongoing process, that English is also part of Hindi-Urdu.
Yes, we have pidgin languages, but they follow a very simple grammar structure and can be traced to its mother language. Hind- Urdu feature the same tenses, same verbs same conjugasions, feature the same syntax (word order), and same verbs which are impossible to develop in a few hundred years and they can be traced to Khadi/Khari Boli (as in Khadi meaning to stand)
Urdu-Hindi progressed naturally from spoken Sanskrit where it split into Middle-Indo-Aryan languages that went on to becoming and developing into modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Punjabi, Gujrati, Marathi, Sindhi, Bengali, Hindi-Urdu spoken today in the sub-continent.
Urdu did not develop in the camps. This was purely fictional and is not factual. This was written in the prefix of collection of stories titled Bagh-O-Bahar orginally written by Amir Khusrow in Persian and translated by Mir Aman into Hindi-Urdu.
Zuban-e-Urdu-e-Moallah refers to Persian as it was the administrative language of the mobile camps named Shajahanbad, now known as New Dehli. Thus we have to read it in Persian which simply translates to ‘exhalted camp/base language’ nothing more nothing less. This is because Persian enjoyed a privileged status in government. Outside of government, people spoke Hindi along with their regional language as this was the lingua-franca of North-India.
The name Urdu was always a noun, never the name for the language until the late 17th CE. Urdu literally means camp, base, encampment.
If Urdu really was a mix 1). It would have a Persian base complete with verb conjugasion. Urdu features an Indic system. 2) It would feature heavy Persian verb presence as Persian was the dominating language of the elite. Instead, Urdu features 99.9% Indic verbs which can be ultimately traced to back to Sanskrit.
The few loan-verbs are Guzarna, Kharidna, Badalna, Farmana. All of these have been Indianized to accomondate the Indic grammar system. This amount is miniscule compared to the Indo-Aryan verbs such likhna, hasna, dena, chalna, DoRna which in Sanskrit respecitively are Lekiti, Hasiti, Chaliti, daviti (compare to Persian Davidan to run). 3) As earlier mentioned, it would feature a simple grammar to facilitate easy communication, which is does not.
Misinformed claims about Urdu
70% Persian, 30% Hindi.
A mix of Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Hindi.
Derived from Persian.
Derived from Arabic.
Borrows more from Persian than Hindi.
Is a Persian language. (what does this even mean?)
A Muslim language.
A language that was created between soldiers.
That Qaumi Tarana is Persian
A different language because it is written in a different script. Urdu can be written in roman. it does not automatically make Roman-written Urdu a separate language from Perso-Arabic-written Urdu. This also occurs in Persian where the Persian variety spoken in Tajikistan,Tajik, is written in Cryllic where as Iranian variety, Farsi, spoken in Iran is written in Perso-Arabic, yet are still known as one language. What about Punjabi where the language is written in Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi?
Persian is part of Hindi and Urdu as much it is part of Persian itself. Try communicating without Persian words if you know what these words are. You cannot.
Hindi speakers that say that Hindi relies primarily on Sanskrit are not even aware of the Persian words that are part of their vocabulary. Everyday examples: hameisha, magar, agar,sirf, safed, roshan, rang, duur, khaab, baarish, sakht, narm, zindagi, garm, nakhun, khoon, farsh, zameen, javan, saal, baar, rumaal, kaghaz, kyun ke, khush, cherah, namak, shakar, tava and this is just a small fraction. Urdu relies on Sanskrit as much as Hindi-speakers do. Without Sanskrit, Urdu would not even exist since it is the meat and bones of the language.
People who are fixated on the idea that Persian is an “Islamic” Language have to understand that language is just a vehicle of communication. Yes, Persian was the primary language of many Islamic empires and territories in West, North, and South-Asia, but that does not mean it is exclusive to Islam. Persian themselves were invaded and conquered by the Arabs which gave rise to an huge influx of Arabic vocabulary present in Modern Persian. Remember that Persians were Zoroastrian orginally. The holy texts are written in Avestan (Old Persian) a sister language of Sanskrit. It’s strange that hindu-fundamentalists want to get rid of the Persian vocabulary, but do not realize that Old Persian is closely linked to Sanskrit. The word namaz for example shares the same origin as the ‘namas’ in namaste. The Sanskrit word for far ‘dura’ shares a common origin with duur in Persian. In the same way that ast in Persian and asti in Sanskrit have a common origin. These ‘cognates’ are still present in huge numbers.
Hindi in itself is the language that is known as Urdu. A language cannot be mixed with itself it does not make sense. Urdu-Hindi contains 70-80% Tadbhava vocabulary. These are words that underwent a development from Middle Indo-Aryan languages and ultimately derrive from Spoken Sanskrit. Examples Nasika = Naak, Lok= Log, Raatri = Raat, Pancha = Panj, Chandra = Chand, Krti = Karna, Asti = Hain (Persian retained this with ast since Sanskrit’s sister language, Avestan, is Modern Persian’s ancestor)
The remaining estimated 30%-20% is Perso-Arabic vocabulary which it naturally acquired. Languages are living beings. They get fed with vocabulary and grow. Without Perso-Arabic Hindi-Urdu would not exist as its vocabulary is vital to its existence. Standard Modern Hindi is a failed example as it not spoken natively as it was intended to.
It is interesting that most of the focus is on the Perso-Arabic vocabulary in this controversy , even though it makes up an insignificant amount compared to the 70% of Tadbhava vocabulary. Nobody uses the full capacity of a language. That would mean using every word in its existence ; archaic, in disuse, and present. In practice, percentage of a language’s vocabulary is used depending on context, need, and/or goal.
Another argument is that Hindi is deprived of Sanskrit is a strange one as languages progress instead of regress. In that sense we can argue that French is deprived of Latin, or English from its Germanic roots. Yet, we all agree that Latin (Vulgar Latin) evolved into French or that Modern English has French vocabulary as part of its language. How is Hindi deprived of Sanskrit if Sanskrit evolved into Hindi? In languages we go forward, not backwards. Sanskrit is a foreign language in the sense that it does not serve a function anymore in modern Indo-Aryan languages. To put it into perspective, putting random Old English Germanic words in Modern English speech would sound out of place , foreign, and feel weird on the tongue, even though English is an Germanic language.
Imagine somebody speaking as an Indian newscaster, speaking Modern Standard Hindi they would be riddiculed. It would sounds unatural and artificial. Same can be said if somebody would be speaking as a Pakistani newscaster. Nobody speaks like this in neither countries. Bollywood on the other hand is written in Hindi, true Hindi which, as earlier mentioned, is the same as Urdu. Dialogue is written intentionally with Perso-Arabic vocabulary to capture a wide audience because it is understood by everyone as it is meant to be as opposed to Standard Modern Hindi. This is why Hindi and Standard Modern Hindi are two separate things and are not identified as one.
Standard Modern Urdu and Standard Modern Hindi are based off political ideologies. This is not carried out by “the people”. Languages need people to communicate, the people choose to communicate in the everyday language understood by both people who speak Hindi-Urdu. Languages are not tied to borders or religion as they can be arbitrarily set and changed.
Hindi-Urdu are languages spoken in different regions and different countries. These varieties or registers belong to one language usually known by several names as a way to distinguish it from the other registers. Some examples in other countries are Dutch-Flemish; German spoken in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Belguim; Metropolitan French , Quebecois French, and French in the African continent; Tajik-Farsi-Dari spoken in Tajikistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, and surprise, English, as spoken in the Anglophone world. Examples of these can be also found in Portuguese, Spanish, and Arabic.
The geographical area that Hindi-Urdu spans is huge. There is no definitive line or set words people from either country uniquely use as it varies from region to region, town to town.
My native language is Dutch as I was born and raised in Amsterdam. Dutch is spoken in Belguim, Suriname, The Netherlands, and The Dutch Caribbean Islands. Speakers from Belguim calls their regional variety Flemish or Vlaams. Dutch people from The Netherlands call their language Dutch or Nederlands natively. Both people from both countries know that they speak one and the same language named Nederlands , but Belgians choose call it Flemish (Vlaams) because of the regional, cultural, and historical significance attached to it. How is it that Urdu and Hindi speakers claim to speak separate languages, while other speakers from other languages have similar differences, yet know and call their language as one?
Each variety of Spanish has regional dialects, and regional vocabulary how come they do not have this controversy. It’s simply politics. This phenomena can be found in Afghanistan as well where the term Dari is used to differentiate itself from Iranian ‘Farsi’ to instil national pride in the dialect spoken in Afghanistan.
Strange that Punjabi does not have this controversy in the sub-continent since it’s written in both Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi and has several regional varieties with a diverging vocabulary , yet is simply known by its speakers as ‘Punjabi’ and is understood to be one and the same language regardless of country or religion. Could it be because Punjabi was not weaponized as a political and religious tool against its own people?
People who have gone to school know that Wikipedia is not a reliable source and is never used as one. How come we don’t use the same mindset and actually read academic papers written by historians and accredited linguists that have studied the language in-depth together with its history instead of parroting debunked old myths and outdated information lead by emotion and misplaced pride?
The whole language controversy is so illogical that it hurts my heart to see one and the same people fighting about something that was perpetuated by the British Raj. Start decolonizing your mind and use rationality instead of being a tote-ye-hind. These claims about the Hindi-Urdu Controversy are not taken seriously by modern linguists. These claims orginate from observations made by people who marched in our lands and decided our history without even knowing anything about it and stating them as facts by then having them mindlessly spread by future generations. A number of these claims are also spread by our own people attaching their ideologies to them who absolutely have no knowledge on linguistics or the true history of Hindi-Urdu.
As a person of Pakistani descent that speaks several languages, this idiocy is only displayed in the Sub-Continent. Yes, I call my mother tongue Urdu. It’s simply a label that I choose to identify my language with that I’ve known my entire life. I’m proud of my regional variety, but I do know people on the other side call my Urdu their Hindi or my Nederlands their Vlaams.
Further Reading:
“Early Urdu literary culture and history “ by Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (2001)
“Yes, Hindi And Urdu Are The Same Language” SPARSH AHUJA (2017)
“The Name and Nature of a Language: Would Urdu by any other Name Smell as Sweet?”Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (2014) (Abridged Version)
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hindi-fictions · 4 years ago
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Buy History of Hindi Literature
History: Like various other current Indian tongues, Hindi has created from Sanskrit, through the Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrit lingos and Apabhramsha of the Middle Ages. Notwithstanding the way that there is no understanding for a specific time frame outline, Hindi began as close by vernaculars like Braj, Awadhi ultimately Khari Boli after the turn of tenth century In the scope of very nearly 1,000 years of Muslim effect, for instance, when Muslim rulers controlled a great deal of northern India during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, various Persian and Arabic words were acclimatized into khari boli and was called Urdu. Since essentially all Arabic words dropped through Persian, they don't defend the main phonology of Arabic.
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Formal language is obtained from Sanskrit, de-Persianized, de-Arabicized. Insightful Hindi, or Hindi-Urdu, has four combinations: Hindi (High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, Literary Hindi, Standard Hindi); Urdu; Dakhini; Rekhta. State language of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh. Lingos and tongues in the Western Hindi social occasion are Hindustani, Haryanvi, Braj Bhasha, Kanauji, Bundeli; see separate areas.
The early season of Hindi composition—the late initial thousand years A.D. — is tended to by parts of severe and Hindi Literature online insightful section that set forward the resolutions of Buddhism, Jainism, and Si-vaism, religions conflicted with to standard Hinduism and the position system. Inferable from the prevalence of Sanskrit as the language of composing, including exacting and insightful composition, Hindi composing made as a strategies for enunciation of people and got related with fanatic social examples.
From the tenth to fourteenth many years a crude epic refrain made in Hindi vernaculars. Court craftsmen commended the strategic undertakings and sincere encounters of their allies in story pieces called raso. The record piece Prithiraj Raso, by Chand Bardai (second half of the twelfth century), portrays scenes in the skirmish of Prince Prithwiraj III of Delhi against Muslim intruders. The record piece Bisaldev Raso, by Nalpati (c. thirteenth century), takes after a genuine song. For a huge stretch, the raso were given over orally; they in like manner acquired different additions and varieties and their language was modernized.
Bhakti, an advancement for severe and social change that incorporated northern India between the fifteenth and seventeenth many years, conflicted with standing maltreatment and hoped to set up cordial value. The advancement gave Hindi composing vote based theme and caused new conceptual designs. The craftsman and academic Kabir (c. 1440–c. 1518) firmly impugned ordinary Hinduism, Islam, and the station system in his tunes and segment in the Braj tongue and in languages of Eastern Hindi. His outrageous viewpoints were taken up in made by Nanak (1469–1539), the writer of Sikhism, who set forward his musings in works written in Punjabi and in vernaculars of Western Hindi. Others writers in this training consolidate Dadudayala (1544–1603) and Sundar Das (1596–1689).
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