#metal industry microscope

[cityofmeliora]

notes on Primo's characterization 💖

let's talk about Primo! i think he's a really, really interesting character!

i've said before that i think Primo is the only one of the brothers who takes the whole ~satanic death cult trying to bring the end of the world~ thing seriously.

Primo was indeed very serious about the cult. maybe too serious? even some other members of the cult dislike that about him.

NAMELESS GHOUL: The first Papa Emeritus was someone very rigid, very strict, and very solemn. A real son of a bitch! (laughs) To be honest, we don’t miss him at all! MyRock #44 (2017) translated from French by @ a-wandering-ghoulette)

the best source of Primo characterization is a 2010 interview with Sweden Rock Magazine where Primo and the Nameless Ghouls kidnapped the interviewer. though i quote *a lot* of it here, i strongly recommend reading the full interview because it is truly fascinating. notably, Primo himself speaks in this interview rather than a Nameless Ghoul.

Primo is a misanthrope who believes humans are "vermin" that have doomed themselves due to their "intellectual decline". in his eyes, they are unworthy of life and will eventually be destroyed.

“Human beings are vermin, thus the end of humanity is ultimately a good thing. We play but a vanishingly microscopic role in this cosmos of nothingness.”

The devil-worshipping organization that the Ghost leader speaks of is claimed to operate on a worldwide level and among many different areas: from politics and business to religious movements, in the entertainment industry and on the street. It does not have a name, but its existence “can most easily be explained as a living and ongoing result of humanity’s intellectual decline and eventual decay.”

Primo affirms Ghost's mission statement as originally presented in the band's old Myspace page: to spread the devil's influence and convince other people that humanity deserves its inevitable end.

According to the statement on the band’s page, Ghost’s main mission is to trick mankind into believing that the end of the world is ultimately a good thing. “Our only task is to accompany the world’s downfall.”

A question comes to mind: wouldn’t the band, which with its poppy hard rock could by all means appeal to a much wider audience than ordinary black metal acts, gain more attention by engaging in more commercial modes of expression? “We have other entertainment groups within our organization who are doing just that. Our task is to emphasize the devil’s message in the part of society that has, to varying degrees, already accepted it. It’s directed at the social grouping that goes to the type of concerts that we perform. Our goal is to be able to carry out our black mass, our ritual, for them. Other members of the cult work with far more subtle modes of expressions, better suited for consumers who are not as receptive to the truth.”

though he openly calls the organization a cult, his religious belief is sincere.

to Primo, the band's anonymity and use of costumes are a way of showing reverence and humility in their task. if Satan is the Father, and Antichrist is the Son, the band is the (unholy) Ghost: the force which connects humanity to the power of the Father and the Son. for the audience to think of Primo or the Nameless Ghouls as individual people would distract from their message. when he takes on the role of Papa, he becomes one with their cause.

You refer to yourselves as a group of nameless spirits - should this be taken literally? Is the band actually something other than human? “To make it easier for mortals to deal with the fact that we, as individuals, have no significance in this experience, we have chosen to act as ghosts - hollow and diffuse.”

Why did you, as a leader, choose an outfit so similar to the one worn by the Catholic Pope? “For the Pope it is a way of showing reverence and seriousness, and at the same time humility before his task. He uses it to step into the body that is the essence and the fog, something we advocate too. It is our way of becoming one with the fog.” Things become clearer when the leader speaks of the meaning behind the name of the band: “Akin to the tripartite view so stubbornly proclaimed by the Christian faith, we too believe there is magic in the concept of three and we are part of it: there is a god, Satan, a son, Antichrist, and a ghost in the middle that is the inexplicable - the fog.”

Primo has a theistic view of Satan, believing he is real deity who speaks through / inspires the band's music. in this way, the Ghoul Writer could be considered a sort of prophet to him.

That’s right. Ghost have their music written for them. In one online interview, a so-called “ghoul writer” is mentioned who supposedly composes melodies and lyrics with the help of ungraspable powers from beyond – devilish whispers instruct him which words should accompany which chords, and so forth. “There is indeed a human individual who composes patterns of tones and words which operate ever so beautifully in unison. However, I am of the belief that there is a higher being who speaks through this individual,” asserts the Pope.

like a proper cultist, Primo cannot imagine having a life / identity outside of the cult. he remembers that there was once a time when he was not a member of the cult, but he cannot remember what it was like to be that person. his devotion to the cult has been a core part of who he is for a very long time.

How he got involved in this movement and dedicated his life to Satan, he has a hard time answering. After a long silence, the singer says: “I find it very difficult to remember the life I had before I found the darkness. It is therefore very difficult to answer your question. My memory doesn’t go that far.” Surely the Pope must remember something?           “I cannot remember a time when I did not find myself part of the dark energy. That does not mean that I remember nothing from my past life, only that I cannot remember how I felt then. This is because it was a time when I did not know very much.” Was it by coming into contact with other members of the organization that you found this darkness? “As I said, I do not remember when this happened. But I think…” He chooses his words carefully. “… I believe that, like many others, I was woven into this dark through subtle, human components found within it. Once again, my intellect was not as developed as it is now, so I have great difficulty in explaining what happened - when and where, and to what extent.”

while he cannot say exactly what happened to him or when, Primo seems to have had genuine spiritual experiences. he was always connected to the dark energy, and he feels that he became awakened and that his intellect has developed since he truly found his faith.

despite being a misanthrope, Primo admits he was brought into the darkness by some sort of human connection. he might actually have the capacity to care about some people.

in a Kerrang feature where Primo gets quizzed on "demonology, serial killers and stuff like that", he says the cult knew witches who were burned at the stake, but he doesn't like to talk about it. it stood out to me that he says he doesn't want to talk about it, because he speaks so openly and matter-of-factly about other dark / upsetting topics. at the very least, it appears he doesn't like it when bad things happen to other members of the cult.

WHAT DOES THE PHRASE MALLEUS MALEFICARUM TRANSLATE AS IN ENGLISH? A) HAMMER OF THE WITCHES B) HAMMER OF THE DEMONS C) HAMMER OF THE GODS PAPA: “That would be the witch-hammer. We knew some Witches, but unfortunately a lot of them were taken away.” KERRANG!: “As in burned at the stake?” PAPA: “Correct. But I don’t like to talk about that. (Answer: A) ✔

he seems to be quite pleased about other people dying, though. and he is certain they all go to Hell.

6. NAME ANY TWO OF THE THREE ORIGINAL MEMBERS OF MAYHEM. PAPA: “Though one was not an original member two of the band are actually burning in Hell, and they’re good guests, certainly. But yes, I will say Euronymous and Necrobutcher.” (Answer: Euronymous, Necrobutcherr, Manheim) ✔ 7. WHAT WAS THE NAME OF THE SHIP THAT WAS DISCOVERED FLOATING ABANDONED AND UNMANNED IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN DECEMBER 1872? PAPA: “It was that ship with such a heavenly name, the lady Mary Celeste.” KERRANG!: “And can you finally tell us where all the people went?” PAPA: I’ll check the records. Obviously they’re all in Hell now, but the way they got there is a little cloudy. But then our Lord too works in mysterious ways…“ (Answer: Mary Celeste) ✔

some of Primo's other responses in this article reveal he has a dark sense of humor and perhaps cruel inclinations. when talking about possessions done by the cult, he says "sometimes you just want to do it for the hell of it" and "you want to make a bit of sport out of it", referring to a possession that (allegedly) influenced a serial killer. he refers to the victims of these possessions as "poor [name]", but his remarks on their misfortune don't indicate any actual remorse or sympathy. it might even be intentionally ironic.

5. WHICH PAINTER ALLEGEDLY UNDERWENT AN EXORCISM IN 1947? PAPA: “Poor Salvador Dali. You know we had his missus possessed as well, all in the name of Satan…” KERRANG!: Is possession something that’s done for serious reasons or just to pass the time? “Well sometimes you just want to do it for the hell of it…”  (Answer: Salvador Dali) ✔

13. WHAT AMERICAN SERIAL KILLER CLAIMS HE WAS COMPELLED TO COMMIT HIS MURDERS BY A DEMON THAT POSSESSED HIS NEIGHBOUR’S DOG? PAPA: 'That was that poor boy, the Son Of Sam. That sure was a successful possession, although it did involve far too much crotch-sniffing and turd-eating.“ KERRANG: "Is it easier to possess a dog than to possess a person?” PAPA: “Not necessarily, but you want to make a bit of sport out of it.” (Answer: David Berkowitz/Son Of Sam) ✔

also, many of the events Primo speaks about would've happened before he was born or when he was very young, so it seems he's studied the cult's history very well, and he keeps tabs on their current activities. he does his research!

and as a fun fact: Primo is pretty good at math :)

14. IF YOU’RE TRICK OR TREATING AND THREE HOUSES GIVE YOU SEVEN SWEETS, TWO GIVE YOU FOUR, AND ONE GIVES YOU NINE, AND YOUR PARENTS THEN DOUBLE WHAT YOU HAVE, HOW MANY SWEETS DO YOU END UP WITH? PAPA: “76.” KERRANG!: “That was alarmingly fast, sir. Are good mathematical skills important when you’re burning in the fiery pits of Hell?” PAPA: “We all have our different strengths, but of course the number we are most used to is 666…” (Answer: 76) ✔

there's not a lot of information about Primo, and what exists is hard to find, but i live to bring knowledge to the people 🫡. these are all the sources i have on hand that talk about Primo. if anyone else has other articles / videos talking about Primo, i'd really appreciate it if you shared them!

[sirenjose]

Facts and Theories related to Fool's Gold and Norton

Part 1: Facts and Theories about Pyrite aka Fool's Gold

TLDR - Facts:

comes from the Greek word for fire

the dangers of pyrite oxidation (sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide)

pyrite can contain small amounts of real gold, called “invisible gold”

TLDR - Theories

Pyrite containing real gold parallel to Norton being good deep down

Fire connection to Infernal Sin

Pollution in Lakeside water and soil as well as cause of fish and plants dying because of Golden Cave?

Part 2: Facts and Theories about how Norton escaped Golden Cave

TLDR:

Norton didn't just simply dig himself out

Facts about mines, mine collapses, dangers, potential escape routes, etc...

Part 1

Facts

Pyrite (aka fool’s gold) comes from the Greek word ‘pyros’ meaning ‘fire’, and will create sparks when struck against metal or a hard surface.

It is capable of scratching glass while most knives won’t be able to scratch it.

In the presence of moisture and oxygen, pyrite oxidizes, releasing its sulfur content as sulfuric acid.

Pyrite rich waste from mining operations can increase acidity of surface water. This can harm downstream ecosystems, animals, and even pose a risk to humans.

Sulfur dioxide is produced by burning the pyrite in coal, which can combine with moisture in the atmosphere to create acid rain.

Pyrite oxidation is sufficiently exothermic enough to produce heat, and as the temperature rises, the coal heats up and in some cases cause it to self-ignite and cause fire. This is called spontaneous combustion, a very real problem in coal mines. Pyrite dust can burn even with only a little oxygen, and it burns well due to its sulfur content. Sulfide fires can burn for years.

Despite its reputation, pyrite can sometimes contain small amounts of real gold, although it is notoriously hard to extract. This gold is sometimes referred to as “invisible gold” because it isn’t observable by the naked eye or standard microscopes (you need sophisticated scientific instruments). It can come in different forms: either as particles of gold, an alloy where the pyrite and gold are finely mixed, and in defects (imperfections created when the pyrite crystals are forming) in the crystal structure . With the latter form, the more deformed it is, the more gold there is in the defects.

And the discovery of new gold deposits declining world wide, with the quality of ore degrading in parallel to the value of precious metal increasing.

Invisible gold is primarily found in pyrite and arsenopyrite, and this is now a common resource for the gold mining industry.

Theories

I really wanted to bring up pyrite having some real gold (even if the amounts are very small). Especially as I can draw a parallel with that to Norton, who may normally seem suspicious, but he isn’t entirely bad. He may seem unapproachable, but you may make progress if you dig deep enough and try hard enough. He isn’t completely “worthless”.

Pyrite coming from the word for  fire connects well to Infernal Sin, while pyrite being a fire starter in the fast due to its ability to create sparks fits well with Norton’s how we see Norton causing the explosion in Golden Cave in his trailer.

Then regarding the sulfuric acid, this actually made me wonder if the contamination in Lakeside, revealed in Yidhra’s letters, could be related to or from Golden Cave.

Ground water is water that seeps into the ground via rain or snow melt. As it makes its way underground, it can collect or react to the minerals and rocks down there, including pyrite, which can eventually result in the oxidation (and all its problems) I described earlier. This can percolate to form sediment at the bottom of rivers with mine drainage, which is water drained from mines. Acid runoff further dissolved heavy metals into water, and acid mine drainage can be increased by the action of certain bacteria (aka, sulfuric acid from pyrite can leech heavy metals from rock, and the acid can be worsened by bacterial action, resulting in this drainage becoming highly toxic).

Problems with mine drainage include contaminated drinking water, disrupted growth and reproduction of plants and animals, and corroding effects of acid on structures.

In general, sulfide rich and carbonate poor materials produce acid drainage. In contrast, alkaline rich materials, even with significant sulfide concentrations, often produce alkaline conditions in water.

Abandoned mines can fill with water (flood) because there’s no pumping occurring (the steam engine was 1st invented to solve mine flooding). This results in unabated chemical reactions, potentially making it very toxic, and this water can even discharge into lakes and streams, killing aquatic life and polluting the environment.

Further acid drainage can result from waste rock, which is material that must be removed to reach the ore. It is often deposited in piles close to the mine, and as it is exposed to air and moisture, it causes weathering, which can generate acid drainage.

Yidhra’s 3rd letter does mention “microbial deposits” in the water and soil as well as the soil’s “acidity and alkalinity”. So maybe it could be connected…?

Part 2

Thoughts regarding specifically how Norton escaped Golden Cave

Norton’s 3rd letter states the police report claimed Norton “dug his way out through a mountain creek a few dozen meters away from the mine”.

It is unlikely Norton simply dug himself out from the mine.

Golden Cave’s backstory states it was “hundreds of meters” deep at least. Mines back in that day (late 19th century) were already 1000s of feet deep (1 was 700-900m = 2300 – 3000ft). Prior to the 1850s, miners could simply walk in to a mine to get where they needed to go, but later on, the mines became so deep, they had to use steam elevators to enable access to deeper seems.

We know Norton was trapped in Golden Cave for some time after the mine collapse considering we know he came out with meteorite chunks. Based on what we see on the lowest level of Golden Cave in game, this likely implies the meteorite was potentially at the bottom, meaning there’d be quite some distance to dig himself out.

The other issue is most miners don’t simply dig themselves out after a collapse. There’s nothing to support the roof and sometimes little space to put the material you remove, not to mention usually a lack of suitable tools. Trying to dig yourself out of a collapsed mine may even weaken the area near the collapse, potentially causing further collapses. This is why most miners usually have to wait to be rescued.

It is possible that Norton was able to access an alternate escape route. Mines were required to have more than 1 shaft following the Hartley mine disaster in 1862. If it or a raise (vertical or inclined passage) had a safety ladder, it’s possible he could work his way back up. During the Barnes-Hecker mine disaster (the mine was flooded), the sole survivor saved himself by climbed 80 stories (around 800 feet) in just about 14 minutes.

Another option is via an intake airway (or downcast shaft), which brings fresh air from the surface into the underground mine. Miners could feel the air to figure out a way out of the mine, and this was breathable air, free from fumes and dust in the case of a fire or explosion. A return airway (upcast shaft) is also an option, but not as nice of one due to the fact it carried air out of the mine to the surface, and this air could include dust, toxic fumes, and such. But miners have escaped via vents before (such as in the Quecreek Mine disaster, which they did to escape the mine as it started flooding).

And if acid mine drainage is potentially related to the pollution and dead animals/plants in Lakeside (Yidhra’s 3rd letter, Grace trailer/deductions), maybe that means there was drainage or some other hole into or out of the mine around there that Norton could’ve used to escape. Norton’s deduction 9 does make it sound like police didn’t expect anyone to survive, which could imply the normal entrances or exits were inaccessible following the collapse, meaning using an alternate, less known route might make sense. We know Norton was knowledgeable, and in the trailer we see him with a map, though based on how his coworkers in that scene look like they might take it from him, he might not have had that, but he may have at least memorized the different ways in and out, and thus how he could manage to escape (especially as explosions can damage the lifts they use to normally get down to the deeper levels).

Norton likely survived due to being some distance from the blast. Some of his coworkers likely died from the initial explosion. The others potentially could’ve succumbed to lack of oxygen, potentially aided if any fires started as a result (which could further weaken supports or cause more collapses), or due to potentially high concentrations of firedamp further down. Afterdamp (choking gas) is a mix of toxic gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen) after a methane explosion, and it is just as deadly as the actual explosion. Symptoms include head swimming/disorientation, feeling very tired, difficulty doing anything or exerting yourself, and a desire to just close your eyes and go to sleep (followed soon by death from the lack of oxygen).

[artofdeductionbysholmes]

We may have a problem with the so-called fiancé, @artofdeductionbysholmes I lost sight of him…

Any update on the lab results? @artofdeductionbysholmes @mollyatthemorgue

The question is: did he disappear on his own terms, or was his disappearance forced?

And yes, I just received @mollyatthemorgue Molly's lab report. See below.

[ID: 3 screenshots of a lab report

Lab Report

Subject: Examination of Paper Sample

Date of Report: June 2, 2024

Lab Technician: Hooper, Molly

Sample ID: Paper-2024-371

Introduction

The purpose of this lab report is to present the findings from the examination of a piece of paper. The analysis aims to identify the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the paper, and any potential indicators of its environment and exposure history.

Sample Description

Type: Paper 

Condition on Receipt: Intact with minor surface wear, slightly discoloured.

Methods of Analysis

Visual Inspection

Microscopic Examination

Chemical Analysis

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Microbiological Assays

Moisture Content Analysis

Odour Analysis

Results

1. Visual Inspection

Appearance: The paper showed slight discoloration, with faint yellowish-brown stains.

Surface Condition: Minor abrasions were noted. Some dirt and dust particles were visible.

2. Microscopic Examination

Fibre Integrity: The cellulose fibres were mostly intact, with minor signs of surface wear.

Debris: Presence of small soil particles and other unidentified debris.

3. Chemical Analysis

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF):

Detected Elements: Trace amounts of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr).

Surface Contaminants: Minor presence of inorganic substances.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS):

Organic Compounds: Detected small amounts of hydrocarbons and other organic pollutants.

Residues: Identified residual chemicals from inks and dyes, with some degradation products.

4. Microbiological Assays

Bacterial Presence: Identified bacterial species including Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp.

Fungal Presence: Traces of fungal spores, likely Aspergillus and Penicillium spp.

5. Moisture Content Analysis

Moisture Level: Moderate moisture content of 12%.

Chemical Composition: The moisture contained slight acidic properties.

6. Odour Analysis

Detected Odours: Mild, musty odour with hints of organic decay.

Discussion

The examination of the paper sample indicates several key findings:

The physical condition and minor wear suggest it was exposed to an environment with abrasive materials and some physical stress.

The presence of heavy metals and organic pollutants detected by XRF and GC-MS indicates exposure to a polluted environment, potentially involving industrial or waste materials.

Microbial assays revealed early stages of microbial colonisation by bacteria and fungi typically associated with organic material decomposition.

The moderate moisture content and slight acidity suggest exposure to a moist environment with some chemical interactions.

Odour analysis confirmed the presence of organic decay-related gases.

The combination of physical wear, chemical contaminants, microbial presence, and environmental indicators suggests that the paper may have been exposed to a mixed waste or polluted environment. The findings are consistent with environments such as waste disposal sites, polluted industrial areas, or other locations with significant organic and inorganic contaminants.

Conclusion

The paper sample shows signs of exposure to a polluted and possibly waste-rich environment. The results indicate physical wear, contamination by heavy metals and organic pollutants, microbial activity, and environmental interactions that are typical of such conditions. Further context about the paper's origin could provide more specific insights.

Lab Technician Signature:

[signature of Molly Hooper]

Reviewed By:

Patrick Miller

/end ID]

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Not all calcite crystals perfect; synthesis methods can alter internal structure, affect chemical reactivity

When looking at calcite under a microscope, a scientist would immediately recognize the crystalline form of calcium carbonate by its rhombohedral appearance. That is, calcite is shaped like a distorted cube. One of Earth's most abundant minerals, calcite is a major component of limestone and marble. It is also the most stable of the three common, naturally occurring crystal forms of calcium carbonate; the other two forms are aragonite and vaterite. Studying calcite is important as it has broad relevance in several ways. When calcium carbonate is synthesized, it transforms carbon dioxide (CO2) into solid carbonate, the final reaction product needed for long-term carbon storage in the fight against climate change. Additionally, as researchers recently discovered, the presence of defects in calcite can be controlled by how it is synthesized and can alter many of its properties. For example, defects can affect calcite's ability to soak up harmful substances in the environment like heavy metals. They can also affect the mechanical strength of calcite—which has implications for the development of more durable materials—and the ability to improve catalysts used in industrial processes.

Read more.

[livewireatalanta]

just dropped in; PROLOGUE

[A SONG FROM YOUR CHILDHOOD STARTS PLAYING, A MELODY THAT REMINDS YOU OF A TIME WHEN YOU WERE A HAPPY CHILD — ONCE.]

Laying on the floor of the living room, the top of her head is settled against the top of Mark's. Like they're mirror images; her arms splayed out to the exact angle of his. The boombox is too close to their faces and in a minute their mother will come in from the kitchen and chide them for it, tell them how bad it is for their hearing. But for now, it's just Mark's crown against hers and the reverb of a slouched guitar sliding through the bridge of Heart-Shaped Box. The CD is secondhand and has a rough crackle behind the sound. In a month or so it will give out, finally, listened to over and over again by both its previous owner and the twins. Mark's breathy voice weaves through Kurt Cobain's and Nadia joins in without realizing: "Hey. Wait. I got a new complaint." Over and over again, on that chopper bringing her to whatever the fuck this new assignment is going to be, Nadia mouths that ending loop. Hey. Wait. I got a new complaint. Forever in debt to your priceless advice.

[A FIDGETABLE, ANALOG ITEM, CAN BE KNIFEY THOUGH YOU BETTER HAVE A GOOD REASON FOR IT TO BE]

Mark had given it to her, on her twenty-fifth birthday. A joke gift because she had been on a string of missions that all dealt with anomalies in the form of priceless pieces of art. Nadia ended up loving the small, handheld microscope, joke though it was. Especially much later, when the transfer to Xi-13 meant endless stake-outs and recon drops in the middle of nowheres. Everything in nature was ten times cooler under the loupe: leaves, and insect nests, and patches of fungi. They took all her knives (which was a major fucking red flag but she was already in too deep to argue) and her sidearm, so Nadia reaches for the loupe from her pack. Doesn't look through it -- not much to fucking look at aside from metal and industrial storage -- just folds it out of the protective sheath and back, listening to the hinge click and the air slide over the glass.

[A PLACE OF GREAT PERSONAL SIGNIFICANCE, BE THAT POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE]

Four blocks down and one over from Nadia's childhood house sat the Pine Grove Towship Park. There was a playground, a shade awning with picnic tables and a stretch of field that came up against a scrubbysuburban forest. Nothing you could really get lost in, but dense enough to make late night, summer games of Manhunt interesting. Adjacent to the drifting tall-grass was a baseball diamond (more often home to charity softball games between fire department and police force, or impromptu kickball matches as long as someone was able to lift one of the Franklin rubber balls from the school gym). It smelled like mud and grass and gravel and damp wood, from the chips that lined the ground under the play structures. Nadia had memories tied to every inch of that corner lot: smoking under the child-sized climbing wall as a teenager, swinging silently with Mark while the sun set further and further, running through the trees in pitch black and holding back laughter so she wouldn't tip off the other team. It doesn't really smell like the park when the copter finally touches down. And, when Nadia hauls the door open, it certainly doesn't look anything like a suburban, middle America public park. But something of that place, those memories, linger at the back of the mind. Maybe it's the feeling of darting through dark-touched trees to a stretch of underbrush, hoping the person hunting you couldn't hear you breathing. Whatever it is, Nadia shakes it off and steps onto frigid concrete.

[ableelectropolishing]

Electropolishing for Deburring Critical Metal Parts

Stamping and machining processes can leave metal parts with burrs that can affect the fit, function and durability of metal parts.

When these parts are destined for food or pharmaceutical production equipment or fuel lines and gear assemblies used in aerospace manufacturing, burrs are more than just a surface imperfection – they’re a potentially catastrophic defect that can prevent the proper sealing or connection between two parts, become dislodged near moving parts, or cause seizing of screws and other fasteners.

To prevent such risks, manufacturers in many industries often specify electropolishing as the final step in finishing their critical metal parts.

How Does Electropolishing Work?

Electropolishing is a highly effective finishing process for removing metal surface defects like microburrs caused by processes like broaching, fine blanking, grinding, lapping or milling.

Using a combination of a chemical bath and a rectified electrical current, electropolishing removes a precise and uniform layer of surface material, leaving behind a shiny, smooth, passive and defect-free surface.

Among other advantages, electropolishing can remove a microscopically precise amount of surface material with surface roughness improvement of up to 50%, eliminating surface defects for high-quality results within very tight tolerances.

By eliminating microcracks and other defects that can harbor bacteria or become initiation sites for corrosion, electropolishing also leaves metal parts with significantly improved resistance to corrosion and pathogen growth. The ultrasmooth surface finish that electropolishing leaves behind has been shown to inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms that can be resistant to ordinary cleaning methods. The finish also leaves behind a surface that is easier to clean, without cracks or defects where pathogens can hide – a critical advantage for medical, pharmaceutical and food and beverage production.

Why Use Electropolishing for Deburring?

Fragile or intricate metal parts, like those used for medical devices and implants, are not well suited for finishing processes like mechanical or vibratory polishing, which can damage fragile parts or create inconsistent results for parts with complex shapes.

Successful deburring for critical metal parts is contingent upon the ability to remove a precise layer of surface material. No other process can match electropolishing for its ability to control the material removal to +/- .0002”.

By deburring the threads on metal fasteners, for example, electropolishing can reduce the risk of adhesion between two mating surfaces, also known as “galling,” which can cause material between the surfaces to deteriorate and seize up when parts are pressed together.

Burrs can also shorten the lifespan of a part, by breaking off or becoming an initiation site for corrosion.

Larger burrs that occur as the result of rough milling or displaced metal from drilling operations, however, may need pre-treatment using other methods. Likewise, heavy die break burrs caused by improper tooling maintenance will generally require additional treatment.

Much in the way that lightning is drawn to the highest points, electropolishing delivers higher current density on the high points or edges which makes it ideal for micro-deburring The customized nature of the electropolishing process, from racking to chemical formulation to timing, would be of little value if it could not be reproduced consistently. But unlike other finishing processes, electropolishing is prized for its consistent results.

Electropolishing also offers a key advantage for parts with critical microfinishes or made from the lighter, more fragile materials increasingly used in the manufacturing of medical devices, electrical components and semiconductors, among other industries. These parts are not suitable for mass finishing techniques that can create distortion, nicks and scratches. Electropolished parts are individually racked to prevent contact and ensure the even application of the process for even the most fragile parts.

Advantages of Electropolishing for Deburring

The electropolishing process can be customized by alloy, by application and by the desired results. Beyond its ability to remove a uniform layer of surface material to eliminate surface defects like microburrs, microcracks, scale and staining, electropolishing offers many collateral benefits for the manufacturers of critical metal parts.

Microscopically precise removal of surface material with control to +/-.0002”

Customized racking to accommodate fragile and complex parts small and large

Leaves parts with enhanced durability and cycle life

Creation of a pathogen-resistant surface

Superior cleanability

Ultraclean finish

Decorative finish

One stop process for cleaning and removing surface defects

30X more corrosion resistance than passivation alone

Parts are also left passivated in the process

Improves conductivity of copper and aluminum alloys

What Alloys Can Be Electropolished?

A long list of alloys can be effectively deburred using electropolishing. The process is also equally effective on parts that are fully annealed or hardened. That is one reason that electropolishing is frequently specified for the final deburring and finishing of parts after all fabrication and heat treating processes have been completed.

Electropolishing is effective for a wide variety of alloys including:

Stainless Steel 200-300 Series

Stainless Steel 400 Series

Stainless Steel: Precipitating Hardening Grades

Nitinol

Titanium

Aluminum

Carbon Steels

Copper

Brass

Nickel Alloys

Specialty Alloys

And more

Electropolishing for Critical Metal Parts

As the world’s largest electropolishing specialist with seven decades of electropolishing expertise and innovation, Able Electropolishing provides consultation and collaboration from the earliest stages of prototyping through production to create highly customized electropolishing processes for a wide variety of metal parts.

[andmaybegayer]

Last Monday of the Week 2024-01-08

My guests have just boarded their plane. It was good and now I get to learn exactly what happens when you make my apartment handle three people for two weeks.

Listening: Between the frigid weather and the Maladies, the back half of this trip featured a lot of crashing on the couch. Putting on various background music while people were around featured a lot of Jack de Quidt specials, here's "The Valentine Affair" from Marielda.

The second best part of having an extremely specific music collection that you put together yourself is being shockingly good at telling people who did a particular song when they ask.

Reading: "Small Scale Farmers and Peasants Still Feed The World", a defense of some older UN FAO numbers, and a rebuttal to the paper "How much of our world’s food do smallholders produce?" and by extension Hannah Ritchie's article "Smallholders produce one-third of the world’s food, less than half of what many headlines claim", which was an earlier Reading entry. I think I saw this paper when @probablyasocialecologist posted it.

(PDF linked from that page)

The paper makes some interesting points about the status of the data these studies are based on. It makes me less convinced of their point than it makes me doubtful that anyone has a good number on this, which is valuable on its own. It seems like both the FAO claims and the newer World Development papers have some very arbitrary choices that make it difficult to pin down, but that there is clear value in measuring agricultural productivity differently for these applications.

It mainly brings up the value of including utilization of agricultural calories instead of just looking at raw value output, basically incorporating that a huge amount of the value AND calories produced in highly productive agronomies like the USA end up in cattle feed or biofuels instead of in humans. A good point, we were just talking about this the other day in the biofuel hate tag! It also notes that if you ignore small scale animal agriculture and non-agricultural calorie sources you throw away a lot of calorie conversion in poorer parts of the world.

This is a big deal! Industrial vs Smallholder agriculture is a thing I care a lot about, each one has very variable upsides and downsides and where to focus attentions (yields, transport, industrialization) changes dramatically based on what is the main driver of land use and carbon emissions.

Basically I need to read some more things. Notes to follow maybe.

Watching: I continue to find Jet Lag The Game extremely good.

Playing: Nothing! Busy...

Making: Slides and slips arrived for the Microscope, so I can start doing real mounts. Did a very hasty saliva sample just to check it out, and like. Man it's so nice to have a real scope, you can see epithelial tissue so clearly even with plain old brightfield and no staining. Started working on some printed mounts for a camera. My brother brought my reliable old point-and-shoot up and that's perfectly suited to do some microscopy capture.

Tools and Equipment: I got a basic stylist's comb with a metal tail and it so dramatically simplifies handling long hair when you're washing it. Highly recommended.

[pearlsmith25]

Osmium Market Explained: The World's Most Densely Valuable Metal

The Osmium market is a niche sector within the broader precious metals industry, often overshadowed by its more well-known counterparts like gold and silver. Osmium is a remarkable element with unique properties that make it a valuable asset for various industries, especially in cutting-edge technologies and scientific applications. In this article, we will explore the Osmium market, its uses, sources, and its potential for growth and investment.

Understanding Osmium

Osmium market is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is one of the densest naturally occurring elements and belongs to the platinum group metals (PGMs), which also includes platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium. Osmium is characterized by its bluish-white color and extreme density, making it twice as dense as lead.

Historically, osmium was used in various applications, such as fountain pen tips and electrical contacts, due to its hardness and corrosion resistance. However, modern applications for osmium have evolved, and its market dynamics have changed significantly.

Osmium in Modern Applications

Osmium Alloys in Industry Osmium is often alloyed with other metals, like iridium, to create exceptionally hard and durable materials. These alloys find applications in the aerospace and automotive industries, where they are used for electrical contacts, spark plug tips, and turbine engine components. The extreme heat resistance of osmium alloys makes them invaluable in these high-temperature environments.

Scientific Applications In scientific research, osmium tetroxide (OsO4) is a widely used staining agent for electron microscopy and other microscopic imaging techniques. It can highlight cellular structures and biological tissues, aiding researchers in understanding complex biological processes.

Investment Potential The rarity of osmium and its diverse applications make it an attractive option for investors looking to diversify their portfolios. As a tangible asset, osmium can act as a hedge against economic instability and currency devaluation. However, investing in osmium requires careful consideration and knowledge of the market, as it is less liquid than more common precious metals.

Sources of Osmium

Osmium is a rare element found in trace amounts in various ores, with primary sources being platinum and nickel ores. The largest producers of osmium are countries with significant platinum mining operations, such as South Africa and Russia. Extraction of osmium from these ores is a complex and expensive process, which contributes to its scarcity.

Osmium Market Trends

The Osmium market is characterized by its limited supply and steady demand. Over the past decade, the market has experienced modest growth, driven by technological advancements and increasing demand for its unique properties. Some notable trends in the Osmium market include:

Growing Demand in Aerospace and Automotive Sectors The use of osmium alloys in aerospace and automotive applications is expected to increase as manufacturers seek materials that can withstand extreme conditions. Osmium's remarkable hardness and resistance to high temperatures make it a preferred choice in these industries.

Expanding Scientific Research Advancements in scientific research and the increasing need for advanced microscopy techniques are expected to drive the demand for osmium tetroxide, a key component in staining and imaging. This is particularly relevant in the fields of biology, medicine, and materials science.

Investment Opportunities While osmium is not as commonly traded as other precious metals, its investment potential has piqued the interest of collectors and investors. Some institutions and individuals are exploring the possibility of adding osmium to their investment portfolios as a store of value and a hedge against economic volatility.

Challenges in the Osmium Market

Despite its unique properties and applications, the Osmium market faces several challenges:

Limited Supply Osmium's scarcity poses a significant challenge for both industrial users and investors. The small quantities of osmium available and the complex extraction process contribute to its high cost.

Market Awareness The general public and even some investors remain relatively unaware of osmium as an investment option. Increasing awareness and education about the metal's unique characteristics and market dynamics is essential to foster growth.

Conclusion

The Osmium market may be small compared to other precious metals, but its unique properties and applications make it a valuable and intriguing element within the world of commodities and investments. As technology continues to advance and scientific research expands, the demand for osmium is likely to grow, offering opportunities for those willing to explore this less-known sector of the precious metals industry. While challenges such as limited supply and market awareness persist, the Osmium market's potential for growth and investment remains an exciting prospect for those who see beyond the bluish-white surface of this remarkable element.

[szpsse]

Mastering Precision Manufacturing: A

Comprehensive Industry Insight

In the ever-evolving landscape of industrial engineering, precision manufacturing stands as a cornerstone of technological advancement. As industries demand increasingly complex and sophisticated components, the art of precision engineering has transformed from a niche skill to a critical competitive advantage.

The Evolution of Precision Manufacturing

Manufacturing has come a long way from traditional manual processes. Today, it represents a sophisticated blend of advanced technologies, innovative design, and meticulous engineering. The journey of precision manufacturing is a testament to human ingenuity and technological progress.

Understanding Precision Engineering

Precision engineering is more than just creating parts with tight tolerances. It's an intricate dance of technology, expertise, and innovative thinking. At its core, precision engineering involves:

Extreme Accuracy: Creating components with microscopic precision

Advanced Technology Integration: Utilizing cutting-edge equipment and software

Material Science Expertise: Understanding the nuanced properties of different materials

Continuous Improvement: Constantly refining processes and techniques

The Role of Advanced Technologies

Modern manufacturing has been revolutionized by technologies that were once considered futuristic. Computer-aided design (CAD), advanced simulation tools, and sophisticated measurement systems have transformed how we conceptualize and create complex components.

Key Technologies Driving Innovation:

High-precision CNC machining centers

Advanced metrology equipment

Real-time quality control systems

Adaptive manufacturing platforms

Material Selection: The Backbone of Precision Manufacturing

Selecting the right material is crucial in precision engineering. Different applications require specific material characteristics:

Metal Materials Considerations:

Mechanical strength

Thermal properties

Corrosion resistance

Weight and density

Cost-effectiveness

For instance, aerospace applications might require lightweight aluminum alloys, while medical devices demand surgical-grade stainless steel with extreme purity.

Challenges in Modern Manufacturing

While technology has advanced significantly, precision manufacturing faces ongoing challenges:

Increasing Complexity of Components

Demand for Higher Tolerances

Cost Management

Rapid Technological Changes

Skill Gap in Workforce

Strategies for Overcoming These Challenges:

Continuous workforce training

Investment in advanced technologies

Collaborative research and development

Adopting flexible manufacturing systems

The Intersection of CNC Machining and Precision Engineering

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining represents the pinnacle of precision manufacturing. It allows for:

Repeatable accuracy

Complex geometrical designs

Minimal human error

Faster production cycles

Specialized Areas of Precision Manufacturing

Gear Machining: A Technical Marvel Gear manufacturing exemplifies the pinnacle of precision engineering. Modern gear machining requires:

Microscopic precision

Advanced computational modeling

Complex multi-axis machining capabilities

Sophisticated quality control mechanisms

Emerging Trends in Industrial Innovation

The future of precision manufacturing is being shaped by several groundbreaking trends:

Artificial Intelligence integration

Predictive maintenance systems

Sustainable manufacturing practices

Additive manufacturing technologies

Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity

Practical Recommendations for Businesses

For companies looking to excel in precision manufacturing:

Invest in continuous technology upgrades

Develop a robust training program

Foster a culture of innovation

Embrace data-driven decision-making

Prioritize quality over short-term cost savings

The Human Element

Despite technological advancements, the human touch remains irreplaceable. Skilled engineers, machinists, and technicians bring creativity, problem-solving skills, and intuition that no machine can replicate.

Conclusion

Precision manufacturing represents a perfect symphony of human expertise and technological innovation. As industries continue to push boundaries, the role of advanced manufacturing will only become more critical.

The journey of precision engineering is ongoing—a continuous pursuit of perfection, efficiency, and innovation.

[jbmicroscope]

Microscope for the metal industry is an indispensable tool for materials analysis and quality control. With advanced optics, precision mechanics, and specialized illumination, these microscopes empower metallurgists, engineers, and researchers to explore the convoluted details of metal samples with consummate clarity.

[hyperfilteration]

An Overview of Water Treatment Plant Processes

Introduction

Water treatment plants are essential facilities that ensure the availability of safe, clean water for drinking, agriculture, and industrial use. With the increasing global demand for water, these plants play a pivotal role in maintaining public health and preserving the environment.

Key Stages in a Water Treatment Plant

Intake and Pre-Treatment

Water treatment plants begin by sourcing water from rivers, lakes, or underground wells.

Screens and grids are used to remove large debris such as leaves and sticks.

Chemicals like coagulants are added to help gather fine particles into clumps for easier removal.

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation involves adding agents like aluminum sulfate to water, which binds impurities into larger particles called flocs.

During flocculation, the water is gently stirred to allow flocs to grow in size, making them easier to settle out.

Sedimentation

Water treatment plants use sedimentation tanks where gravity allows heavy particles to settle at the bottom.

This step significantly reduces the turbidity of the water.

Filtration

The water passes through layers of sand, gravel, and activated carbon, removing finer particles and organic impurities.

Advanced water treatment plant may use membrane filtration systems to remove microscopic contaminants.

Disinfection

Disinfection ensures the water is free from harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.

Common methods include chlorination, UV radiation, and ozonation.

Storage and Distribution

Treated water is stored in large reservoirs and distributed through pipelines to households and industries.

Advanced Technologies in Water Treatment Plants

Membrane Filtration

Uses semi-permeable membranes to remove contaminants, ensuring high-purity water.

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Forces water through membranes to remove dissolved salts, minerals, and heavy metals.

Smart Sensors

Monitors water quality in real-time, enhancing the efficiency of water treatment plants.

Conclusion

Water treatment plants are vital for a sustainable future. By leveraging advanced technologies, these facilities not only provide safe water but also minimize environmental impact, ensuring long-term benefits for society.

[ultrasoniccleaning]

Premier Ultrasonic Cleaning Equipment | Sonic Pro

At SonicPro, we are committed to providing top-tier ultrasonic cleaning equipment that delivers exceptional performance for businesses in various industries. Ultrasonic Cleaning is more thorough than traditional cleaning methods enabling companies to improve cleaning quality and productivity. An industry leader for two decades, Ultrasonics International helps businesses achieve operational efficiency resulting in bottom-line increases.

Ultrasonic Cleaning Systems: We offer customized ultrasonic cleaning solutions designed to address the specific challenges of your business, ensuring a high-quality, efficient cleaning process every time.

Cutting-Edge Technology: Our ultrasonic cleaning equipment is equipped with the latest advancements in ultrasonic technology. This allows for deep cleaning at microscopic levels, removing contaminants, oils, and residues from a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, glass, and more.

Versatile Applications: SonicPro's ultrasonic cleaning systems are versatile, perfect for industries such as automotive, medical, aerospace, electronics and manufacturing, providing a safe and effective way to clean parts of various shapes and sizes.

Reach out to us today to find out how our ultrasonic cleaning equipment can optimize your cleaning processes and elevate your operational efficiency!

[winyingsblog]

Top 10 Metal Fabrication Innovations Transforming Manufacturing in 2024

The metal fabrication industry continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, with groundbreaking innovations reshaping how manufacturers approach their operations. From advanced automation to smart manufacturing solutions, these technological breakthroughs are revolutionizing production efficiency and precision. Let's explore the top 10 metal fabrication innovations that are making waves in the manufacturing sector this year.

Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Quality Control Systems Modern fabrication technology has taken a significant leap forward with AI-powered inspection systems. These sophisticated solutions can detect microscopic defects in real-time, drastically reducing error rates in metal processing equipment. Manufacturers report up to 98% accuracy in defect detection, a remarkable improvement over traditional inspection methods.

Smart Connected Machinery The integration of IoT sensors into manufacturing equipment has transformed how facilities monitor and maintain their machinery. For instance, advanced lock forming machines now come equipped with predictive maintenance capabilities, allowing operators to address potential issues before they cause costly downtime. This proactive approach has helped facilities achieve up to 30% reduction in maintenance costs.

Advanced Robotic Welding Systems The evolution of spot welding machine technology has introduced collaborative robots that work alongside human operators. Modern spot welders incorporate advanced sensors and programming capabilities, enabling them to adjust welding parameters in real-time based on material variations. This innovation has resulted in up to 40% increase in welding precision and productivity.

Automated Material Handling Solutions Industrial machinery innovations in material handling have revolutionized workshop efficiency. Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and smart conveyor systems now seamlessly integrate with metal processing equipment, creating a continuous production flow. These systems have shown to reduce material handling time by up to 50%.

Digital Twin Technology Manufacturing equipment now benefits from digital twin technology, creating virtual replicas of physical machinery and production processes. This innovation allows manufacturers to simulate and optimize operations before implementing changes on the factory floor, reducing setup time and material waste by up to 25%.

Eco-Friendly Fabrication Solutions Sustainable manufacturing practices are gaining momentum with the introduction of energy-efficient fabrication technology. Modern machinery, including advanced spot welding machines and lock forming equipment, now incorporates energy recovery systems and smart power management features, reducing energy consumption by up to 35%.

Augmented Reality Maintenance Support AR technology is revolutionizing equipment maintenance and operator training. Technicians can now visualize repair procedures and access real-time guidance when servicing complex metal processing equipment. This innovation has reduced training time by 60% and improved maintenance accuracy significantly.

Advanced Material Processing Capabilities Modern fabrication technology has evolved to handle increasingly complex materials. New-generation lock forming machines can now process advanced alloys and composite materials with unprecedented precision. This capability has opened up new possibilities for manufacturers in aerospace and automotive industries.

Cloud-Based Production Management Manufacturing equipment now integrates seamlessly with cloud-based management systems, enabling real-time production monitoring and data analytics. This connectivity allows managers to optimize production schedules and resource allocation, leading to a 20% improvement in overall equipment effectiveness.

Hybrid Manufacturing Systems The latest industrial machinery innovations combine multiple fabrication processes in single, unified systems. For example, modern fabrication solutions now integrate forming, welding, and finishing operations in one machine, reducing production time and floor space requirements by up to 40%.

Impact on Industry Growth

These metal fabrication innovations are not just improving efficiency; they're reshaping the entire manufacturing landscape. Companies adopting these technologies report:

25-35% increase in production output

15-20% reduction in operational costs

40% improvement in product quality

30% reduction in time-to-market

Looking Ahead

As we progress through 2024, these innovations continue to evolve. Manufacturers investing in modern fabrication technology are positioning themselves at the forefront of industry advancement. The integration of smart manufacturing equipment, including sophisticated spot welding machines and advanced lock forming equipment, is becoming increasingly crucial for maintaining competitive advantage.

Conclusion

The transformation of metal fabrication through these innovations represents a significant leap forward for the manufacturing sector. As these technologies mature and become more accessible, we expect to see even greater adoption across the industry. Companies that embrace these advancements in metal processing equipment and fabrication solutions will be better positioned to meet the growing demands of modern manufacturing.

For manufacturers considering upgrading their facilities, these innovations offer compelling opportunities for improvement. Whether it's implementing advanced spot welders, upgrading to smart lock forming machines, or adopting comprehensive fabrication solutions, the potential for increased efficiency and quality is substantial.

Stay ahead of the curve by evaluating which of these innovations could benefit your operations most. The future of metal fabrication is here, and it's more exciting than ever.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Unveiling the microscopic mechanism of superconducting metallic transistors

Transistors are the basis for microchips and the whole electronic industry. The invention of transistors, by Bardeen and Brattain in 1947, awarded with a Nobel prize, is regarded as one of the most important discoveries of the 20th century. Traditional transistors are based on modulating an electric current under an electric field, which is possible only using semiconductor materials. In semiconductors, there are fewer free charge carriers compared to metals, and the Fermi level (which is the thermodynamic work required to add one electron to the system) sits in an energy band gap, which implies that electrons are more difficult to excite. By doping semiconductors, one can create a certain number of free carriers, e.g., in an empty band, which now can be excited to larger momenta and therefore can carry electric current through the material.

Read more.

[mechtesu]

Industrial Ultrasonic Cleaning Machines: Efficient Cleaning Solutions

In modern industrial processes, cleaning plays a crucial role in ensuring product performance and quality. Industrial ultrasonic cleaning machines are gaining popularity for their efficient, eco-friendly, and precise cleaning capabilities. This article provides an in-depth overview of ultrasonic cleaning machines, their applications, and benefits to help you optimize your production process.

What Are Industrial Ultrasonic Cleaning Machines?

Ultrasonic cleaning machines use high-frequency sound waves transmitted into a cleaning solution to create "cavitation." This phenomenon produces countless microscopic bubbles that implode, releasing energy to dislodge contaminants from surfaces.

Key Features of Ultrasonic Cleaning Machines:

Main Applications of Ultrasonic Cleaning Machines

1. Electronics Manufacturing

Removes solder residues, flux, and particles from circuit boards, enhancing conductivity and reliability.

2. Medical Equipment

Ensures surgical tools and laboratory equipment meet strict sterilization standards by eliminating microorganisms and organic residues.

3. Automotive Parts

Cleans engine components, fuel injectors, and transmission parts, extending lifespan and improving efficiency.

4. Optical Instruments

Removes dust, grease, and fingerprints from lenses and precision instruments, ensuring optimal clarity and functionality.

5. Metalworking and Molding Industries

Eliminates metal shavings, cutting oils, and residues, ensuring precision and quality in subsequent processes.

Advantages of Industrial Ultrasonic Cleaning Machines

How to Choose the Right Ultrasonic Cleaning Machine

Future Trends in Ultrasonic Cleaning Machines

Conclusion

Industrial ultrasonic cleaning machines are revolutionizing cleaning processes across various industries by offering high efficiency and eco-friendliness. Whether you're looking to enhance product performance or streamline production, ultrasonic cleaning technology provides a reliable solution. Choose the right machine tailored to your needs to elevate your business to new heights.