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flyonthewallmedstudent · 9 months ago

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Leishmaniasis

Case Reports, like we're on a episode of house

23M in Kenya, presenting with months of LOW, persistent fevers, and abdo fullness, found to have massive splenomegaly.

examination: massive splenomegaly (10 cm below costophrenic margin, and will definitely cross midline) and hepatomegaly

pancytopaenic on bloods, plt's down to 40s

diagnosis confirmed on BMAT (parasite seen)

normal HIV, liver and kidney function

Bodies seen on the BMAT below are part of the lifecycle of the parasite that is intracellular, hence you can see the macrophages/neutrophils loaded with them, even bursting

What is it:

think of it when you get a patient with pancytopaenia and hepatosplenomegaly, who either traveled to or is in/from a tropical/subtropic region (where sand flies are)

cause - protozoa parasite Leishmania, transmitted by infected sandflies

Epidemio (when to consider it)

tropics, subtropics (South America, Asia, AFrica), Southern Europe

Microbiology/Transmission

parasite, replicates intracellularly (Leishmania donovani)

transmitted in sand flies (can be unnoticeable and usually bite in dawn or dusk - evenings or night), can also be transmitted via needles/blood

more common in rural areas

I've simplified this, but is more extensively covered in StatPearls and Wiki (there's different species of Leish and sandflies that transmit it)

once bitten, the protozoa are phagocystosed by skin macrophages, which then becomes full of the "bodies" (part of the lifecycle). Eventually these burst to release more of the bodies that infect more macrophages

they eventually are spread via blood to liver/spleen/BM and LNs

Random history:

ancient, records of disease date back to Egyptian mummies from 3000 BC --> positive DNA amplication for Leishmania and on papyrus from 1500 BC

multiple physicians from different times have described the disease, but it's named for 2 who described the parasite's intracellular ovoid body stage in smears from infected patients in India: Lt General William Boog Leishman and Captain Charles Donovan (Ronald Ross named the bodies after the 2 --> "Leishman Donovan bodies"

significant disease in Allied troops in Sicily in WWII, called "jericho buttons" (image on wiki from a WWI trooper serving in the middle east)

Leishman: Scottish pathologist and British Army medical officer, later it's director general in the 20s, did extensive research into the parasite named for him by Sir Ronald Ross. He mistook the parasite he observed for trypanosomes (cause of Chagas in South America and African sleeping sickness in Africa)

Donovan: Irish parasitologist, medical officer in India, observed an epidemic across India just after the rebellion of 1857, discovered the "bodies" in spleen tissue as the causative agent for what the locals called "kala azar" (severe visceral leishmaniasis - see below)

Donovan also discovered the "bodies" of Klebsiella granulomatis, hence these too are named after him (cause of ulcerative granulomas)

It became scandalous as both wanted credit for the "discovery" of this newly identified organism. So Sir Ronald Ross named it for both of them.

Sir Ron, by the way, won a Nobel in Medicine for discovering that malaria is transmitted via mossies (this was also a source of scandal, he was meant to share it with another physician who he accused of fraud - and they never received the award)

finally, it was actually a Russian physician who identified it first, but well, he published in a little known Russian journal which was promptly forgotten.

Clinical features

cutaneous type vs visceral organ type (spleen, liver, bones)

From wiki

can be asymptomatic

cutnaeous: can be there for years and resemble leprosy, causes an open chronic wound (most common), incubation 2-4 weeks on average (nodules at site of inoculation that eventually form ulcers), can heal spontaneously in 2-5 yrs

in diffuse cutaneous cases, can affect face, ears, extensor surfaces

can be muscosal = eg nasal symptoms/epistaxis, severe: perforated septum, this occurs in 1/3 after resolution of cutaenous symptoms (can be severe/lifte threatning, as it can affect vocal cords and cartilage, but oddly not bone)

visceral (incubation periods of up to years until immuncompromise): fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly (spleen more than liver), pancytoaepnia, high total protein and low albumin with hypergammaglobulinaemia

this has seasonal peaks related to sandfly habits and humidity

interestingly it is an infective cause of massive splenomegaly, such that it crosses the midline

Extreme - but noticeable hepatosplenomgealy/abdo fullness, from medscape

can be atypical in HIV co infected patients, LAD in seom regions like Africa

Kala azar = black fever in some severe cases (fatal due to secondary mycobacterial infection or bleeding), refers to damage fto spleen, liver and anaemia

invstigations:

serology not great (minimal humoral response to the parasite), so often requires histopath (tissue sample) for which BMAT is safest in visceral organ involvement

visualisation of amastigotes (or Leishman-Donovan bodies), as intracellular --> can be seen in macrophages (small round bodies) post Giemsa staining

PCR of DNA also possible (as done in the Egyptian mummies)

Image source:

Treatment

liposomal amphotericin B (holy shit strong stuff) in visceral, PO: miltefosine (caution in pregnancy), all have significant ADRs, or paromycin. however, mortality of 10% if visceral left untreated

mixed results with azoles

in HIV co infection - start the HAARTs! can improve survival, mortality is 30% in HIV patients

cutaneous: stibolgluconate (have never heard of these drugs) and megluaine antimoniate, but limited disease often spotnaeously gets cleared by the innate system

prevention:

use DEET insect repellant at dawn and dusk

loose fitting clothing that covers all skin

no vaccine (were attempts at vaccinating dogs, which decreased rates)

sandflies are smaller than mossies, so requires small netting

Differentials for hepatosplenomegaly

Sources:

WHO guidelines

CDC guidlelines

Wiki - Haven't covered pathophysio, but wiki does extensively

StatPearls

DermNet - great resource for all things derm, that my derm colleagues pointed out to me

#leishmaniasis #L donovan #infectious disease #infectious diseases #medblr #microbiology #parasitology

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allthebrazilianpolitics · 27 days ago

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Re-emergence of Oropouche virus between 2023 and 2024 in Brazil: an observational epidemiological study

Background

Oropouche virus is an arthropod-borne virus that has caused outbreaks of Oropouche fever in central and South America since the 1950s. This study investigates virological factors contributing to the re-emergence of Oropouche fever in Brazil between 2023 and 2024.

Methods

In this observational epidemiological study, we combined multiple data sources for Oropouche virus infections in Brazil and conducted in-vitro and in-vivo characterisation. We collected serum samples obtained in Manaus City, Amazonas state, Brazil, from patients with acute febrile illnesses aged 18 years or older who tested negative for malaria and samples from people with previous Oropouche virus infection from Coari municipality, Amazonas state, Brazil. Basic clinical and demographic data were collected from the Brazilian Laboratory Environment Management System. We calculated the incidence of Oropouche fever cases with data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the 2022 Brazilian population census and conducted age–sex analyses. We used reverse transcription quantitative PCR to test for Oropouche virus RNA in samples and subsequently performed sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of viral isolates. We compared the phenotype of the 2023–24 epidemic isolate (AM0088) with the historical prototype strain BeAn19991 through assessment of titre, plaque number, and plaque size. We used a plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT50) to assess the susceptibility of the novel isolate and BeAn19991 isolate to antibody neutralisation, both in serum samples from people previously infected with Oropouche virus and in blood collected from mice that were inoculated with either of the strains.

Findings

8639 (81·8%) of 10 557 laboratory-confirmed Oropouche fever cases from Jan 4, 2015, to Aug 10, 2024, occurred in 2024, which is 58·8 times the annual median of 147 cases (IQR 73–325). Oropouche virus infections were reported in all 27 federal units, with 8182 (77·5%) of 10 557 infections occurring in North Brazil. We detected Oropouche virus RNA in ten (11%) of 93 patients with acute febrile illness between Jan 1 and Feb 4, 2024, in Amazonas state. AM0088 had a significantly higher replication at 12 h and 24 h after infection in mammalian cells than the prototype strain. AM0088 had a more virulent phenotype than the prototype in mammalian cells, characterised by earlier plaque formation, between 27% and 65% increase in plaque number, and plaques between 2·4-times and 2·6-times larger. Furthermore, serum collected on May 2 and May 20, 2016, from individuals previously infected with Oropouche virus showed at least a 32-fold reduction in neutralising capacity (ie, median PRNT50 titre of 640 [IQR 320–640] for BeAn19991 vs <20 [ie, below the limit of detection] for AM0088) against the reassortant strain compared with the prototype.

Interpretation

These findings provide a comprehensive assessment of Oropouche fever in Brazil and contribute to an improved understanding of the 2023–24 Oropouche virus re-emergence. Our exploratory in-vitro data suggest that the increased incidence might be related to a higher replication efficiency of a new Oropouche virus reassortant for which previous immunity shows lower neutralising capacity.

Read the paper.

#brazil #politics #science #healthcare #epidemiology #oropouche #brazilian politics #image description in alt #mod nise da silveira

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silicacid · 10 months ago

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In Jalan Raya Pos, Jalan Daendels, Pramoedya reveals the murkiest side of mass killing in the building of this highway, which was laid down with the blood and tears of thousands of locals whose corpses littered the road. Jl. Raya Pos was built and widened under the direction of Dutch East Indies Governor Herman Willem Daendels (1762-1818) and spanned the cities of Anyer, Cilegon, Serang, Tangerang, Batavia, Depok, Bogor, Cianjur, Cimahi, Bandung, Sumedang, Cirebon, Brebes, Tegal, Pekalongan, Semarang, Demak, Kudus, Rembang, Tuban, Gresik, Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Pasuruan and Probolinggo, ending in Panarukan. The idea of building Jl. Raya Pos struck Daendels on April 29, 1808, while on a tour from Buetenzorg, or Bogor, to Semarang and to Oosthoek, or East Java. On May 5 that year, he decided to construct en route a 250-kilometer road from Bogor to Karangsembung in Cirebon. The road was designed to reach a width of 7.5 meters where possible. In building the road along the Java Sea coastline, forced laborers were not only worn out but also suffered from malaria. Most workers perished from exhaustion, harsh treatment and malaria as they were draining marshland. The same was true in areas where the road had to penetrate difficult terrain like in Ciherang Sumedang, now known as Cadas Pangeran, where they were forced to build through hilly zones with only simple tools. Under such tough conditions, the first reported death toll reached 5,000; but a report from British sources put the number of people who died in the construction of Jl. Raya Pos at 12,000. This, however, was only the recorded toll, and the actual number is believed to have been greater. No official commissions have ever investigated the case.

Jalan Raya Pos, Jalan Daendels

#indonesia #never forget #You can't convince yesterday's colonizer that today's colonizer is wrong.#netherlands

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rabbitcruiser · 1 year ago

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World Heart Day

Heart Day is part of an international campaign to spread awareness about heart disease and stroke prevention. This is the perfect day to quit smoking, get exercising and start eating healthy – all in the name of keeping your ticker in good working order, and improving the health and well being of people the world over.

Learn about World Heart Day

The World Heart Federation have found that heart disease and strokes are the world’s leading cause of death, killing 17.1 million people every year – that’s more than victims of cancer, HIV and AIDS and malaria.

Overeating, lack of exercise, unhealthy diets and high blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels are all factors which can trigger heart disease and threaten our own lives, and those of loved ones. Heart Day was set up to drive home the message that heart problems can be prevented.

History of World Heart Day

The aim is to improve health globally by encouraging people to make lifestyle changes and promoting education internationally about ways to be good to your heart. This lesson is becoming increasingly relevant as reports of obesity, poor diet and physical inactivity in children and young people become more and more common.

Events take place to promote healthy hearts. Charities and other organisations coordinate walks and runs, health checks, public talks, shows and exhibitions to name a few of the interesting and informative events which mark the day. So on Heart Day, get involved, eat your fruit and veg and get outside; both you and your heart will feel the benefits.

World Heart Day is celebrated every year. It was created by the World Heart Federation. The first World Heart Day took place back in 2000. Since then, in 2012, leaders from around the globe committed to the reduction of worldwide mortality from non-communicable diseases by 25 percent by 2025.

Did you know that almost half of the NCD deaths happen because of cardiovascular disease? This makes it the biggest killer across the world. Therefore, World Heart Day is the perfect platform for the community to come together in the battle against cardiovascular disease and lower the worldwide disease burden.

How to observe World Heart Day

As World Heart Day is all about drawing people’s attention to heart diseases and illnesses, as well as the range of health issues that are associated with this, it makes sense to raise awareness and also improve your own understanding. We would recommend taking some time to do a bit of research about heart conditions and risk factors. You can then use your online platforms and your social groups in order to raise awareness.

There are both non-governmental and governmental organizations that take part in this date around the world. They do this through the organization of science fairs, exhibitions, fitness sessions, public talks, walks, and marathons. Some famous buildings, monuments, and landmarks opt to go red on this date so that they can show their support for cardiovascular disease awareness.

If you are opting to celebrate this day, it is important to try and be more attentive to your own heart health. There are a number of different ways that you can do this. This includes following a healthy diet, quitting alcohol, stopping smoking, and getting involved in physical exercises. It is also important to have your cholesterol, blood pressure, and heart checked on a regular basis.

It is a good idea to take a look online to see if there are any events that are going on in your local area. If there are not, how about organizing an event yourself? All you need is an idea that is going to get the community involved and raise awareness for heart disease. This could be anything from a fun run to a community fair. It is up to you.

You don’t need to do an event on such a big scale either. You could gather your friends and family members and host a fun event, educating them on the issues and asking them to make a donation. Other ways to fundraise include making crafts and then donating the proceeds to a heart foundation or charity.

There are a lot of different charities and organizations that are doing great work when it comes to raising awareness and finding cures for different heart problems. We are sure that they would appreciate a donation, whether this is a donation of your time, money, or both! After all, anything that you can do can make a difference to someone’s life, so do not underestimate the role that you can play.

Source

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sarajcsmicasereports · 2 hours ago

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Visceral Leishmaniasis presenting with Hemophagocytosis and Myelodysplasia: A Case report and review of the literature in Annika Kasprzak by Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstract

A 62-year-old patient presented with fever persisting despite antibiotic treatment, weight loss and sweating for a period of several weeks. On physical examinations hepatosplenomegaly was noticed. Increasing pancytopenia triggered bone marrow biopsy, showing expanded and dysplastic erythropoiesis, dysmegakaryopoiesis and hypoplastic granulopoiesis. The patient was diagnosed with low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Bone marrow cells displayed a normal karyotype. Infectious disease diagnostics were negative. During the course of the disease liver enzymes, d-dimers, laboratory markers of inflammation, coagulation parameters and pancytopenia worsened. Liver puncture revealed severe hemophagocytic syndrome. Treatment with corticosteroids and etoposide was initiated, but the patient continued to be febrile and failed to improve. After transfer to our department, bone marrow biopsy was repeated and visceral leishmaniasis was detected, further confirmed by serologic testing and PCR. The patient was treated with amphotericin B and fully recovered.

Conclusion: Leishmaniasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of myelodysplastic bone marrow failure accompanied by systemic inflammation, and should be recognized as a possible cause of hemophagocytic syndrome. Since leishmaniasis is not confined to tropical zones, but also occurs in the Mediterranean region, increasing travel activities, migration and climate changes may lead to a rising incidence of this disease in Europe.

Key words: Leishmaniasis, myelodysplastic syndrome, myelodysplasia, hemophagocytosis

Case presentation

A 62-year old man presented in February 2017 with fever, sweating and weight loss (12 kg over two months). Initial symptoms, mainly fever and weakness, already started two months earlier and were attributed to a suspected pneumonia. Treatment with clarithromycin achieved only temporary improvement and eventually clinical symptoms indicated further deterioration. The patient did not report any comorbidities and negated the use of regular medications, drugs, alcohol or smoking.

As the patient spent most of his time on one of the Balearic Islands, but was also engaged in a lot of business travel, diagnostic tests, including bone marrow biopsy, were performed to rule out infectious diseases. There was no evidence of leishmaniasis and borreliosis. Since the patient had acquired malaria quartana thirty years earlier, a blood film was examined and reported to be suggestive of malaria. Therefore, he received treatment with chloroquine. However, this medication was soon discontinued when a repeated blood film and a PCR test for malaria yielded negative results. Bone marrow cytomorphology showed dysplastic features of erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis without elevated blast count suggesting a diagnosis of MDS-MLD (myelodysplastic syndrome with multilineage dysplasia).

In March 2017, the patient was admitted to the hematology/ oncology department of another hospital, where the diagnostic workup for malignancies and infections did not yield a clear diagnosis. By that time, the patient had developed severe pancytopenia (white blood cell count 400/µl, hemoglobin 7,1 g/dl, platelets 45.000/µl) without evidence of hemolysis (normal haptoglobin). He still suffered from persistent fever, despite treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. No pathogens were detected in the blood or urine. Virological tests were negative for HIV, CMV, EBV, HAV, HBV, HCV and parvovirus B19. Serological tests for leishmaniasis were also negative.

Abdominal ultrasonography showed hepatomegaly (19 cm in MCL) and a CT scan of thorax and abdomen also confirmed splenomegaly (18 cm). Lymph nodes were not enlarged and other organs did not show any pathological findings. A CT scan of the neck and paranasal sinuses was inconspicuous. The same was true for a colonoscopy. A second bone marrow biopsy showed hyperplastic and dysplastic erythropoiesis, dysmegakaryopoiesis and hypoplastic granulopoiesis with normal maturation. The blast count was not elevated, as assessed by cytomorphology and flow cytometry. On histopathology, only reactive changes were noted. Conventional cytogenetics showed a normal karyotype (46, XY [24]). Next generation sequencing with a myeloid panel covering 54 genes did not show any mutations. In particular, none were found in TP53, ASXL1, EZH2, NRAS, KRAS, SRSF2, and SF3B1. Therefore, the suspected diagnosis of low-risk MDS remained solely, based on cytomorphological features of dysplasia.

In view of unclear hepatosplenomegaly, elevated liver enzymes, CRP, ferritin and d-dimers as well as an unexplained coagulopathy, a liver biopsy was performed in April 2017. On histopathology, activated sinusoidal macrophages were found, displaying phagocytosis of granulocytes and erythrocytes. Accordingly, hemophagocytosis or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) was diagnosed.

The patient received high-dose dexamethasone for five days, followed by two doses of etoposide and stimulation of granulopoiesis with G-CSF for five days. After a brief increase the white blood cell counts rapidly decreased again.

Seeking a second opinion, the patient presented to our center in May 2017. His general condition had further deteriorated. On repeat bone marrow biopsy, we confirmed marked dyserythropoiesis (Figure 1) as well as hemophagocytosis. Strikingly, abundant leishmanias (including kinetoplasts) were detected in and outside of macrophages. Besides microscopic detection of leishmania (Figure 2), antibody testing and PCR on bone marrow material was performed in a reference laboratory, yielding was positive results with all methods. PCR of the parasitic cytochrome B-complex showed 99% accordance with Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum, confirming the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.

Intravenous amphotericin B was administered for three cycles (five days per cycle, every ten days, at 3 mg/kg body weight per application) [2]. After the second cycle, pancytopenia and fever diminished. After the third cycle, the patient gained weight, was no longer fatigued and fully recovered. Subsequent to the inpatient treatment, he received two more cycles of amphotericin B as an outpatient. After the last round of amphotericin B in August 2017, bone marrow was reevaluated and showed neither hemophagocytosis nor leishmaniasis. Antibody testing remained positive, but PCR on bone marrow cells was negative. Therefore, amphotericin B was discontinued. Cytomorphologically, the bone marrow recovered completely, but mild pancytopenia persisted in the peripheral blood, probably due to lingering splenomegaly.

Discussion

Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic infectious disease occurring in tropical climate zones, but also endemically in the mediterranean region. About 400.000 people become infected per year, and up to 40.000 die of leishmaniasis every year, especially in regions where appropriate medical treatment is not available. The female phlebotomine sand fly is the vector that transmits the parasites by biting the victims. About 20 leishmania species are known to cause the infection, which can present as cutaneous (CL), mucocutaneous (MCL), or visceral leishmaniasis (VL). After the bite of the sand fly, which causes a dermal lesion, the leishmanias persist in the skin of the mammal and are being incorporated by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, where the leishmanias develop into amastigote forms and reproduce. Due to their adherence to macrophages, leishmanias can visceralize via the lymphatic system as well as spleen and liver, provoking severe hepatosplenomegaly. Especially the species of leishmania donovani and leishmania infantum are well known for high rates of visceralization. Visceralization of the bone marrow can lead to pancytopenia resulting in secondary immunosuppression, explaining the appearance of superinfections in patients with VL. Incubation of VL ranges from 2 weeks to 18 months or, in some cases, even years until first symptoms are recognized. The mortality rate of untreated VL is 75-95% within two years [1].

The history of our patient underlines the importance of considering leishmaniasis as a differential diagnosis even in countries where this infection is not endemic. Several factors may contribute to a rising incidence of leishmania infections in the near future, like increasing travel activities, migration, climate changes, HIV infections compromising the outcome, immunosuppression due to cytotoxic treatment and malnutrition [3,4].

Diagnostic tools for leishmania detection include microscopy (e.g., blood smears, lymph node, liver, spleen, or bone marrow), serologic testing and PCR. Leishmania detection on microscopy only succeeds in patients with a high disease burden. Serologic testing is not reliable, as it often remains negative despite an underlying infection and, if positive, does not differentiate between active and former infection. As in our patient, both IgM and IgG antibodies remain elevated for several months, even after successful treatment, and can thus not be used for treatment evaluation. Only the detection of the leishmania kinetoplast or RNA via PCR provides reliable information on disease status and therapeutic success. However, on a worldwide scale, this methodology is not easily accessible [4].

The delay between first symptoms and diagnosis in our patient is not unusual. Several serologic tests did not show leishmania-specific antibodies. The diagnosis was finally made, when leishmania were detected on bone marrow microscopy after the patient had received immunosuppression for hemophagocytic syndrome. Subsequently, the diagnosis was confirmed by PCR.

The MDS-like features in the bone marrow and the histopathological finding of hemophagocytosis in the liver did not help in making the correct diagnosis, since they suggested a hematological malignancy.

Leishmaniasis can present with a variety of symptoms and is therefore difficult to diagnose. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of visceral leishmaniasis associated with hemophagocytosis in the liver. After hemophagocytosis had been detected in the liver of our patient, it was also found in the bone marrow together with cytomorphologic evidence of leishmaniasis. None of the previous case reports or studies described hemphagocytosis in the liver of patients with leishmaniasis [5-15]. There is a case report from Sweden alluding to hemophagocytosis in the spleen of a child with VL [5], without mentioning a liver biopsy. Experiments in mice by Morimoto et al. did not indicate hemophagocytes in the liver of these animals [6]. Therefore, our case report provides unique information regarding the possible occurrence of hemophagocytosis in both liver and bone marrow in patients with visceral leishmaniasis.

Review of the literature

The frequency of leishmania infections is increasing worldwide. A long incubation time together with busy international air travel may foster infections even in countries where the disease has not been endemic so far. Accordingly, leishmaniasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with splenomegaly and myelodysplasia, especially in patients who have travelled to tropical zones or mediterranean countries.

In conjunction with our case report, we reviewed the pertinent literature, focusing on the combination of leishmaniasis with hemophagocytosis or myelodysplasia.

Leishmaniasis and hemophagocytosis:

Several case reports point out that hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow can be caused by visceral leishmaniasis. Granert et al. Described how this finding initially raised suspicion of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in a pediatric patient before reevaluation yielded the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis [5]. Physicians in endemic regions, e.g., India, employ hemophagocytosis as a diagnostic clue to visceral leishmaniasis, and efforts have been made to classify the morphologic features in the bone marrow of such patients [7-9].

Chandra et al. and Dhingra et al. [8, 9] looked at both aspirates and biopsies and described increased cellularity, erythroid hyperplasia, and mild to severe hemophagocytosis. Chandra et al. detected uncommon bone marrow manifestations such as granuloma and necrosis, and reported an association with worse prognosis, based on their clinical experience [8]. Both findings were also reported by Bhatia et al. [7]. Experiments by Cotterell et al. [10] showed that stromal macrophages serve as a target for Leishmania donovani. Infection of macrophages then induces secretion of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-alpha), thereby contributing to increased bone marrow cellularity.

Leishmaniasis and myelodysplasia:

Besides hemophagocytosis, nonclonal myelodysplasia may contribute to ineffective hematopoiesis and peripheral cytopenia in visceral leishmaniasis [11]. We found reports of pediatric and adult patients presenting with myelodysplasia secondary to visceral leishmaniasis [12-14]. The case reports describe trilineage dysplasia and emphasize bone marrow hypercellularity and erythroid hyperplasia as the most striking features [13,14]. Megaloblastic changes in erythroblasts have also been reported [13]. Dhingra et al. point out that nonclonal myelodysplasia can affect all three myeloid lineages and might be caused by increased TNF-alpha [9].

Regarding granulopoietic precursor cells both hypo- and hypergranulation were observed. In addition, increased megakaryopoiesis and nuclear dysplasia such as nuclear fragmentation or nonlobated nuclei were reported by several authors [12-14]. Despite distinct signs of myelodysplasia, intra- or extracellular leishmania parasites were not seen in every case, challenging the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. It has been suggested that disease duration has a more profound impact on cytomorphological changes in the bone marrow than the number of infected mononuclear cells [15]. Therefore, Varma et al. recommend repeat bone marrow examination and serologic testing in patients with suspected visceral leishmaniasis. Serologic testing helps to identify patients with early stages of VL, whereas bone marrow microscopy can serve as a diagnostic tool in patients with more advanced infection.

Conclusion

Similar to the course of disease in our patient, several reports in the literature describe patients where visceral leishmaniasis was initially misdiagnosed as myelodysplastic syndrome. Such cases were mainly reported from non-endemic regions. In contrast, physicians in endemic areas like India employ myelodysplastic features as a clue to underlying infection such as VL. Both hemophagocytosis and myelodysplasia can be found in association with visceral leishmaniasis. Treatment with amphotericin B is effective and can rapidly cure the patient. Therefore, we recommend to consider visceral leishmaniasis as a possible cause of myelodysplasia and/ or hemophagocytosis even in non-endemic regions, and to repeat diagnostic procedures (serologic testing as well as bone marrow examination) if the disease is suspected [16].

Acknowledgements: No financial or material support was implied in the preparation of this manuscript.

#Leishmaniasis #myelodysplastic syndrome #myelodysplasia #hemophagocytosis #jcrmhs #Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

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sanjar2014 · 29 days ago

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nasiisanism · 2 months ago

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Welcome to the Nuuliaa or Naliiaa project!

To start I want to answer some questions from the wqotd blog, please go over and see there original questions as they're still uploading. The questions are interesting And really diverse with the topics!

Okay 3 Questions A Day!

1. What's considered the most dangerous animal in your setting?

Most Naliian citizens (people of the island nation Naliiaa) have knowledge of many animals and how to deal with them, so it makes sense that a 2023 Incect Disease Report (IID) revealed that a species of midge (blood sucking fly) was responsible for 2002 deaths and over 4000 cases. Well actually a disease similar to malaria is responsible. Making this species of fly the most prominent killer in Naliiaa, attempts at a vaccine have been funded but currently the best thing is treatment and prevention using balms, candles, nets ect.

2. Does magic exist in your setting? Do the majority of people believe it exists?

I can't confirm nor deny the existence of magic, but in Nalii (indigenous naliians) culture there's an idea that specific people can will things into being almost a manifestation concept. Some (mostly in rual areas) believe and practice what's is now known as Nalasii Uuk'tu. There are about 200 Nalasii Uuk'tu practitioners according to a 2003 Nalii Cultural report, only residing in Naliiaa.

3. What's considered 'famine' food in your setting?

During the 1800s there was one of the biggest genocides that lasted over 10 years, it killed many Nalii. Food was scarce, making it was harder. Plants, nuts, legumes and seeds where the most common to eat.

Those include:

Saksu (Orache)

Aluukii (similar to chestnut)

Various other kinds of seeds often called kasan'uulu

The Sasku would be grounded up and mixed with water (often dirty, contaminated) then 'cooked' (more burned) until crispy.

Aluukii would be steeped and then crushed to make it easier to eat.

Kasan'uulu would be eaten raw or mixed with other things to add more nutrients.

Thank you so much for reading, I hope you enjoyed!

#wqotd #worldbuilding

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arvachin · 3 months ago

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Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Dengue fever is a common viral infection spread by mosquitoes, particularly the female Aedes mosquito. It causes flu-like symptoms and can be challenging to diagnose as symptoms resemble other diseases like malaria and typhoid fever. Dengue primarily affects tropical and subtropical regions, with over 400 million cases reported worldwide annually. Importantly, dengue cannot spread directly between people, only through. Read on to learn about its symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of Dengue

Symptoms typically appear 4-6 days after infection and can last for 10-12 days. They include:

Sudden high fever

Severe headache

Pain behind the eyes

Joint and muscle pain

Body ache

Fatigue

Nausea and vomiting

Skin rash or red patches

Severe dengue cases may include:

Persistent fever and vomiting

Drowsiness

Irritability

Difficulty breathing

Tarry stools

Pale skin

Diagnosis of Dengue

Diagnosis involves discussing your medical and travel history with your doctor. This helps in identifying potential exposure and ruling out other conditions. Laboratory tests, including a complete blood count and Dengue Antigen test, are essential if fever persists.

Treatment of Dengue

As a viral infection, there's no specific cure for dengue. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Mild cases may require hydration with oral fluids and rehydration salts to replace lost fluids and minerals. Pain relievers like paracetamol can help with body aches. Severe cases may need intravenous fluids or even a blood transfusion for severe dehydration.

Prevention of Dengue

Preventing mosquito bites is key to preventing dengue infection:

Wear long-sleeved clothes and use mosquito repellents containing DEET.

Ensure windows and doors have mosquito screens.

Sleep under mosquito nets, especially in affected areas.

Avoid stagnant water where mosquitoes breed.

Early medical care is crucial if you experience symptoms of dengue. Visit your doctor promptly to prevent complications and receive appropriate treatment.

Conclusion

Early detection and prompt medical care are crucial if symptoms of dengue fever arise. Seeking immediate medical attention not only helps in managing symptoms effectively but also prevents severe complications. By adopting preventive measures and staying vigilant, individuals can significantly reduce the risk of contracting dengue fever and its associated health risks.

Orthopaedists are doctors who diagnose and treat diseases of the muscles, bones, ligaments, joints, and tendons. At Arvachin Hospital, Varanasi, we provide treatment for a wide range of conditions, including knee pain, hip pain, shoulder pain, ankle pain, fractures, ankle sprain, meniscus tear, arthritis, osteoporosis, bursitis, ligament tears.

To select the best orthopedic surgeon in Varanasi, several factors should be kept in mind. First, you need to make sure that the surgeon has experience and a good track record. Secondly, it is necessary for the surgeon to be certified by the concerned Board. Thirdly, the surgeon should have a good reputation, which is with Arvachin Hospital and its best Orthopedics doctors.

Fourth, it is important that the surgeon is associated with a good hospital. Panchve, it is necessary for the surgeon to accept your insurance. Chhathe, the surgeon should be near you. Along with this, a free advice should be provided by the surgeon. Therefore, it must be ensured that the surgeon.

Orthopedic Treatments

Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that specializes in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of conditions involving the muscles and bones.

Orthopedic surgery

Orthopedic physical therapy

Orthopedic footwear

Orthotics

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pranalip · 3 months ago

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Medical Waste Management Market Global Industry Trends and Market Outlook 2024-2033 | Global Insight Services

“Global Insight Services offers unparalleled market intelligence and strategic consulting services to businesses worldwide. Our expertise spans across various industries, including healthcare, technology, and consumer goods, providing comprehensive analysis and actionable insights. By leveraging advanced data analytics and in-depth market research, we empower our clients to make informed decisions, identify growth opportunities, and stay ahead of the competition”.

The global medical waste management market was valued at USD 12.7 billion in 2021 and it is anticipated to grow up to USD 25.4 billion by 2031, at a CAGR of 7.2% during the forecast period.

View The Full Report Here –https://www.globalinsightservices.com/reports/medical-waste-management-market

Medical waste management is the process of handling, transporting, and disposing of medical waste in a safe and responsible manner. Medical waste includes anything that may be contaminated with blood or other body fluids, including sharps (needles, lancets, etc.), lab samples, and used personal protective equipment (PPE). Medical waste management is an important part of any healthcare facility’s operations. Healthcare facilities must have policies and procedures in place to ensure that medical waste is properly handled and disposed of.

Market Trends and Drivers

Increasing volume of medical waste globally is expected to accelerate the market statistics Medical waste is usually generated at healthcare facilities including hospitals, dental practices, blood banks, clinics, medical research facilities as well as laboratories. For instance, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), 85% of waste generated in the healthcare sector is general and non-hazardous waste. The remaining 15% is hazardous waste which may be infectious, radioactive, or chemical that might be harmful to the environment. Similarly, according to the Center for Science and Environment (CSE), biomedical waste in India grew from 559 tonnes per day in 2017 to 619 tonnes per day in 2019. Moreover, the number of hazardous waste generating units in the country increased by 3.5%, leading to a decline of almost 7% in hazardous waste generation. Hence, these attributes will boost the demand for medical waste management proving favorable for the overall market progression.

Market Restraints and Challenges

Lack of awareness about the health hazards related to health-care waste, inadequate training in proper waste management, absence of waste management and disposal systems, insufficient financial and human resources and the low priority given to the topic are the most common problems connected with health-care waste may impede the market growth. Poor waste collection leads to environmental and marine pollution and can block water drains. Resulting flooding and other standing waters in waste items favour cholera and vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue.

Unlock Growth Potential in Your Industry – Get Your Sample Report Now-https://www.globalinsightservices.com/request-sample/GIS24307

Market Segments

By Type of Waste

Hazardous

Non-hazardous

By Service

Collection, Transportation, & Strong Services

Treatment and Disposable Services

Recycling Services

Others

By Waste Generator

Hospitals

Laboratory and Research Centers

Nursing Homes

Others

Major Players in the Global Medical Waste Management Market

The key players in the medical waste management market are Biomedical Waste Solutions. LLC, Clean Harbors, Inc., Daniels Sharpsmart, Inc., Gamma Waste Systems, GRP & Associates, Inc., Republic Services, Inc., Stericycle, Triumvirate Environmental, Veolia Environmental, Waste Management Inc., among others.

COVID-19 Impact

According to WHO, around 30% of healthcare facilities globally are not equipped to handle medical waste loads. The global medical waste management market experienced tremendous pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the high demand for healthcare waste management services. There is a large concern about hazardous medical waste produced during the COVID-19 pandemic and the risks of contamination associated with waste management. According to WHO, till now, around 10,000 tons of extra medical waste has been generated in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. While countries were actively procuring commodities such as personal protective equipment, PPE kits, diagnostic test kits, disinfectant chemicals, and vaccines, less attention and resources were allocated to the safe and sustainable management of COVID-19-related medical waste.

Buy Now@https://www.globalinsightservices.com/checkout/single_user/GIS24307

Research Scope

Scope – Highlights, Trends, Insights. Attractiveness, Forecast

Market Sizing – Product Type, End User, Offering Type, Technology, Region, Country, Others

Market Dynamics – Market Segmentation, Demand and Supply, Bargaining Power of Buyers and Sellers, Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, Threat Analysis, Impact Analysis, Porters 5 Forces, Ansoff Analysis, Supply Chain

Business Framework – Case Studies, Regulatory Landscape, Pricing, Policies and Regulations, New Product Launches. M&As, Recent Developments

Competitive Landscape – Market Share Analysis, Market Leaders, Emerging Players, Vendor Benchmarking, Developmental Strategy Benchmarking, PESTLE Analysis, Value Chain Analysis

Company Profiles – Overview, Business Segments, Business Performance, Product Offering, Key Developmental Strategies, SWOT Analysis.

With Global Insight Services, you receive:

10-year forecast to help you make strategic decisions

In-depth segmentation which can be customized as per your requirements

Free consultation with lead analyst of the report

Infographic excel data pack, easy to analyze big data

Robust and transparent research methodology

Unmatched data quality and after sales service

Global Insight Services LLC 16192, Coastal Highway, Lewes DE 19958 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +1-833-761-1700 Website: https://www.globalinsightservices.com/

About Global Insight Services:

Global Insight Services (GIS) is a leading multi-industry market research firm headquartered in Delaware, US. We are committed to providing our clients with highest quality data, analysis, and tools to meet all their market research needs. With GIS, you can be assured of the quality of the deliverables, robust & transparent research methodology, and superior service.

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sameerrazobyte · 4 months ago

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Malaria AG (Malaria Antigen) Test price in Delhi | Modern Diagnostic

Book the Malaria AG (Malaria Antigen) Test in Delhi at the best price with the Modern Diagnostic & Research Centre. Provide facility Blood Sample Collection at Home, Free Doctor's Consultation & Online Reports.

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#Malaria AG (Malaria Antigen) test in Delhi

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flyonthewallmedstudent · 9 months ago

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Brucellosis

Case Report

a 45M goat herder in Malaysia develops 3 weeks of fevers, lethargy, night sweats and headache

history revealed he drank unpasteurised milk from said goats, which he also sold to consumers

blood cultures were negative and he tested negative for more common tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue, typhus and lepto

eventually he tested positive for brucella serology, unfortunately about 80 people also developed brucellosis from drinking milk from his farm, and a few lab staff also picked it up from handling their blood samples

consider this differential in PUO

Microbiology

causative organism: Brucella melitensis

gram negative coccobacillus, facultative intracellular

hardy bacteria that can survive prolonged periods in meat/dairy products unless pasteurised/cooked as well as dust & surfaces

picked up in the intestinal submucosa on ingestion and transported by macropahges to lymphoid tissue

it then has the possibility of spreading haematogenously in the liver, spleen, joints etc. causing systemic or localized infection

Transmission

zoonoses (animal associated)

in particular: feral pigs, so hunters are often at increased risk (due to handling the carcasses), but also cattle, sheep, goat and dogs

outbreaks often associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals

Epidemiology

global and notifiable disease in most countries

endemic to Mediterraena, South America and the indian subcontinent

in Australia - largely QLD and NT, but now NSW

Increased risk groups (i.e. what to ask on history and what clues on history to consider for brucellosis)

regular contact with animals (herders, abbatoir workers, vets - there are case reports of lab workers who pick up brucellosis etc)

people who ingest unpasteurized dairy/milk, or the undercooked meat of infected animals

History

first described by another European white man, Dr. George Cleghorn, British Army Surgeon in minorca in 1751 on the island of Malta following the Crimean war

it was named for another British white man, Sir David Bruce who led a commission into a fever outbreak among the army in Malta before they found the organism causing the disease (Sir Themistocles Zammit identified that goats transmit it in milk)

Sir bruce also discovered that trypanosoma brucei (also named for him) was the microbe responsible for animal trypanosomiasis/sleeping sickness. incidentally, he was born in Melbourne Australia

trivia with the Crimean war - was ironically a war fought between Russia and the UK + it's Western Allies and the empire that preceded Turkey (Ottoman)

Today the Crimean war is more well known for producing Florence Nightingale, founder of modern nursing and yay, finally a woman in random medical history that hardly is related to brucellosis.

Clinical features

PUO - cyclical fevers, fatigue, headache, insomnia, myalgias/arthralgias, weight loss, anorexia (fairly non specific, but also systemic)

incubation times can be long, which can be deceptive, reportedly up to 50 yrs from first exposure

otherwise, most cases it ranges from 3 days to several week, on average, expect 2-4

sometimes: hepatosplenomegaly

critical on history to clarify travel/living situation or contacts and consumption of unpasteurised dairy or undercooked meat

localized disease also possible, depending on organs involved

up to 40% will report peripheral arthritis, sacroillitis and spondylititis (kinda sounds like ank spa), at worst can cause osteomyelitis and septic arthritis

endocraditis is a rare but serious complication, with a 5% mortality rate, outside of this it's rarely fatal

if the lungs are affected, cough and SOB can occur but hte CXR will be lcear

GBS has been reported to occur following infection

hepatic abscess and granulmoa in a few

also possible: epididymoorchitis and skin manifestations like erythema nodosum

ocular changes like uveitis, cataracts etc.

it really feels rheum flavoured.

Investigations

hints on basic bloods - neutropaenia and anaemia, thromobcytopaenia in the case of hepatosplenomegaly or ITP

raised ESR and CRP, ALP and LDH

elevated LFTs in hepatomegaly

but diagnosis: blood cultures --> can take weeks as slow growing (due to aerosol transmission, must be handled in a biohazard hood as with the case report)

key really: serology is the most commonly used tool

PCR can also be used, including 16S

tissue also an option depending on organ affected

Management:

atypical cover: azith and doxy

several weeks of treatment usually - i.e. if uncomplicated, doxy for 6 weeks (however relapses are common on monotherapy, up to 40%), often rifampicin 600 mg daily for 6/52 is also added or gentamicin

where doxy can't be used, bactrim is the alternative

Sources

CDC guideilnes

WHO guidelines

ETG - behind a paywall, if your institution covers it, uptodate is gold standard, that said, plenty of free resources that provide a great start

Wikipaedia

Statpearls

Case report (There's actually a lot of background pathophysio, investigations and treatment listed in case reports and many are free)

#brucella #brucellosis #crimean war #medblr #infectious diseases #infectious disease #bacteriology #microbiology

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pranalipawarshinde · 4 months ago

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Medical Waste Management Market Share, Trends, and Growth Reports by 2024-2033

The global medical waste management market was valued at USD 12.7 billion in 2021 and it is anticipated to grow up to USD 25.4 billion by 2031, at a CAGR of 7.2% during the forecast period.

View The Full Report Here –https://www.globalinsightservices.com/reports/medical-waste-management-market

Market Trends and Drivers

Market Restraints and Challenges

Unlock Growth Potential in Your Industry – Get Your Sample Report Now-https://www.globalinsightservices.com/request-sample/GIS24307

Market Segments

By Type of Waste

Hazardous

Non-hazardous

By Service

Collection, Transportation, & Strong Services

Treatment and Disposable Services

Recycling Services

Others

By Waste Generator

Hospitals

Laboratory and Research Centers

Nursing Homes

Others

Major Players in the Global Medical Waste Management Market

COVID-19 Impact

Buy Now@https://www.globalinsightservices.com/checkout/single_user/GIS24307

Research Scope

Scope – Highlights, Trends, Insights. Attractiveness, Forecast

Market Sizing – Product Type, End User, Offering Type, Technology, Region, Country, Others

Business Framework – Case Studies, Regulatory Landscape, Pricing, Policies and Regulations, New Product Launches. M&As, Recent Developments

Competitive Landscape – Market Share Analysis, Market Leaders, Emerging Players, Vendor Benchmarking, Developmental Strategy Benchmarking, PESTLE Analysis, Value Chain Analysis

Company Profiles – Overview, Business Segments, Business Performance, Product Offering, Key Developmental Strategies, SWOT Analysis.

With Global Insight Services, you receive:

10-year forecast to help you make strategic decisions

In-depth segmentation which can be customized as per your requirements

Free consultation with lead analyst of the report

Infographic excel data pack, easy to analyze big data

Robust and transparent research methodology

Unmatched data quality and after sales service

Global Insight Services LLC 16192, Coastal Highway, Lewes DE 19958 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +1-833-761-1700 Website: https://www.globalinsightservices.com/

About Global Insight Services:

#Medical Waste Management Market #Medical Waste Management Market Forecast #Medical Waste Management Market Analysis #Medical Waste Management Market Demand #Medical Waste Management Market Growth

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vaidyaslaboratory · 5 months ago

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Elevating Healthcare Standards: A Comprehensive Guide to Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment at Dr. Vaidya’s Laboratory

Established in 1979, Dr. Vaidya’s Laboratory has been a pillar of excellence in diagnostic healthcare, consistently setting higher standards in the industry. With a steadfast commitment to quality, our laboratory offers an extensive range of diagnostic services, including home collection, online reporting, and expert analysis by seasoned professionals. We are proud to serve hospitals, corporate clients, B2B and B2C entities, and individuals with the utmost dedication.

Understanding Malaria: Symptoms, Treatment, and Diagnostic Excellence

Symptoms of Malaria

Malaria is a serious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Early recognition of symptoms is vital for effective treatment. The primary symptoms include:

Fever and Chills: Sudden, high fever accompanied by severe chills.

Headache: Intense and persistent headaches.

Nausea and Vomiting: Common occurrences during infection.

Muscle Pain and Fatigue: Generalized muscle pain and fatigue.

Diarrhea: In some cases, patients may experience diarrhea.

Signs of Malaria

Recognizing the signs of malaria can aid in early diagnosis and treatment:

Anemia: Due to the destruction of red blood cells.

Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes, indicating liver involvement.

Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen as it filters infected blood cells.

Malaria Treatment

Effective treatment of malaria involves:

Antimalarial Medications: Chloroquine, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), and quinine are commonly used.

Supportive Care: Severe cases may require hospitalization for symptom management.

Preventive Measures: Use of insect repellent, mosquito nets, and prophylactic medications in high-risk areas.

Why Choose Dr. Vaidya’s Laboratory?

Dr. Vaidya’s Laboratory is synonymous with trust and reliability in diagnostic services. Here’s why:

Legacy of Excellence: Serving the community for over four decades with unwavering dedication.

NABL Accreditation: First in Thane to achieve this accreditation in 2006, complying with ISO 15189 standards.

State-of-the-Art Facilities: Equipped with the latest technology for precise and efficient diagnostics.

Expert Team: A professional team of pathologists, microbiologists, and technicians.

Convenience: Offering both in-lab testing and home collection services, along with secure online reporting.

Our Health Packages

Basic Package – ₹1199

Tests Included: CBC, ESR, Malaria Parasite (M.P.), Widal, Blood Culture, Urine Culture, Glucose Fasting, Electrolytes Serum

Standard Package – ₹1799 (Introductory Offer)

Tests Included: CBC, ESR, Malaria Parasite (M.P.), Dengue NS1, CRP, Chikungunya, Entero Check IgM, Widal, Blood Culture, Urine Culture, Kidney Function Test (KFT), Liver Function Test (LFT)

Advanced Package – ₹2399 (Introductory Offer)

Tests Included: CBC, ESR, Malaria Parasite (M.P.), Dengue NS1, CRP, Chikungunya, Entero Check IgM, Widal, Blood Culture, Urine Culture, Lipid Profile, Thyroid Profile Total, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Total IgE

Commitment to Quality and Accessibility

Dr. Vaidya’s Laboratory provides accurate and timely diagnostic services. Our NABL-accredited lab, equipped with advanced technology, ensures the highest quality standards. We offer rapid and precise results, delivered within 15 hours, backed by a robust software system enabling barcoding of samples and bi-directional interfacing.

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Conclusion

Dr. Vaidya’s Laboratory is renowned not only as the best pathology lab in Mumbai but also excels in serving pathology labs in Thane and the pathology lab in Borivali. Trust us for accurate diagnostics and excellent service across these regions.

#pathology laboratory #diagnostic pathology #pathology services #best pathology lab in Mumbai #pathology labs in thane #pathology lab in borivali

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rabbitcruiser · 2 months ago

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World Heart Day

Learn about World Heart Day

History of World Heart Day

How to observe World Heart Day

Source

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octalsoft · 10 months ago

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How Biobanking is Transforming the Medical Industry

In medicine, we are entering a new era where patients, health professionals, and academic elites increasingly collaborate to enhance knowledge and test novel paradigms for illness detection and treatment. So what exactly is biobanking, where does it fit in with clinical research and how is it transforming the medical industry? Well, let’s get to it.

What is Biobanking

Biobanking, or the preservation of biospecimens, is becoming increasingly important in scientific research. Biobanking refers to the process of collecting human and animal biological samples for research purposes, such as blood, urine, bone marrow, saliva, spinal fluid, and tissue, in order to better understand health and illness. A biobank is a biorepository that collects, processes, stores, and distributes specimens and data for research and clinical studies.

Biobanking software is critical to the future of modern medicine; biobanks collect, preserve, annotate, and disseminate biological samples (tissues, blood, nucleic acids) and their associated metadata, which is then used to identify relevant disease biomarkers for use in disease diagnosis and drug development.

According to a recent report, the worldwide biobanking market was valued at $40.7 billion in 2021 and is predicted to increase at an 8.22% annual pace through 2027. This rapid pace of growth can be attributed to rising interest in biobanking-supported sectors such as genomics and customized medicine, among others.

Across the world, several biobanks have been developed to aid in modern medical research fields such as customized medicine. Researchers are always looking for innovative ways to pinpoint the source of an illness and give more targeted treatment choices.

Many large-scale biobanking programs are now underway at the national, international, and institutional levels. Biobank software are essential tools for investigating complicated diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes when paired with questionnaires and medical record data. Biobanks have become critical to the goal of improving population health by making medicine more effective and personalized for each of us. We all play an important part, from contributing biospecimens to acquiring authorization for biospecimen processing and data collecting.

Why are Biobanks Crucial for Modern Medicine

Biobanks are incredibly significant organizations with several benefits. An untold number of lives are saved each year by providing the infrastructure that allows researchers and scientists to examine and eradicate the illness. Imagine how the world would be now if polio, smallpox, or malaria still existed. It's not a pretty picture. While many deadly illnesses have been eradicated or drastically reduced in wealthy countries, the same cannot be said for the rest of the world.

In the present world, biobanks are a valuable resource for proteomics, genomics, and metabolomics research, translational studies, molecular epidemiology, therapeutic target development, and biomarker and drug discovery.

1. Biobanking Supports Genomics

While genomics is the future of cancer and rare illness treatment (affecting fewer than 200,000 individuals), genetic biobanks allow researchers to acquire and exchange high-quality genetic biospecimens.

Most malignancies and uncommon disorders have a genetic basis, and biomaterials preserved in biobanks can help. Integrated genomics allows researchers to do genetic profiling on particular tumors in order to acquire a better knowledge of the genetic causes of cancer. While genomics may not be appropriate for every cancer patient at this time, it can improve "effective therapeutic alternatives" for individuals with the worst prognosis based on existing treatment regimens.

2. Biobanks Are Key Drivers For Precision Medicine

Precision medicine uses genomes to produce individualized medicines for people with severe diseases that may not respond to current treatments.

Precision medicine, on the other hand, does not stop at genetics and examines one's environment and lifestyle as disease factors. Precision medicine dubbed the "future of healthcare," is mainly reliant on biobanking. Pharma requires highly specific specimens, which biobanks give. Tumor banks, for example, provide high-quality, well-annotated specimens that are important in oncology.

3. Biobanks Support the Development of New Drugs

Human tissue biobanks are valuable resources for drug research and development. The development of high throughput methods that led to the discovery of biomarkers cleared the path for drug discovery. Biobanks accelerate the development of novel therapies and guarantee that they reach patients on time by improving access to high-quality specimens and clinical data.

How BMS Software Augments the Capabilities of a Biobank

Contemporary biobanks collect massive volumes of complicated data that must be handled quickly and precisely. This cannot be accomplished without the assistance of sophisticated and exact informatics. In many respects, artificial intelligence is set to transform biobanking. AI, for example, may be used to evaluate the quality of biosamples and propose those that are suitable for investigation. Machine learning, big data, semantic web, and other computational models can also help identify high-quality and well-characterized samples and data for study.

Octalsoft’s Biorepository Management System which is a biobank sample management software meets the Increasing Demands of Contemporary Biobanks.

Octalsoft’s LIMS, a cloud-hosted Laboratory Information Management System, LIMS software for biobanking, automates and simplifies biobanking operations while also ensuring data security and remote access 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

A biospecimen management system is useful in developing solutions to facilitate specimen and data exchange and improve interoperability. Contemporary biobanks are besieged by an onslaught of data derived from various and unique biospecimens. A biorepository management system like Octalsoft’s BMS assists biobanks in maximizing the value of their stored samples, meeting regulatory obligations, and encouraging scientific collaboration to improve medical research.

In Summation

Biobanking is expected to change the world and swiftly establish itself as a critical component of research infrastructure development. The goal is that increased expenditures will enable scientific discoveries that will have a substantial influence on a country's economy by influencing our understanding of human health, sickness, medications, and personalized treatment.

Biobanking is already increasing its operations from modest to complicated firms. The management of these biobanks has evolved due to automation and computerization of operations. Specimens can now be electronically kept in a database. With sufficient finances, biobanks may now invest in robots to speed up the processing and sampling process.

Similarly, biobank management software appears to be leading the way for customized medicine among the scientific community all around the world. Biobanking is similar to a microscope in that it allows us to examine how the many risk factors interact to create any illness. Nevertheless, various technological, social, ethical, and legal issues must be addressed before this approach may be fruitful. Addressing these challenges is critical to the expansion of biobanks and the advancement of medical research in the twenty-first century.

Medicine benefits greatly from genomics and other omics enabled by biobanking. As a result, it is clear that biobanking will continue to offer the foundation for the medical industry's future.

#biobanking software #biobank software #biobank management software #lims software for biobanking #biobank sample management software

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