#magmatic depths

[rainworldhourly]

[funishment-time]

🔵 Kodaka BlueSky Q&As: Rain Code Characters (All)

⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Please be advised! Translations of all Japanese answers derive from a combination of Google Translate and my manager's three-quarters-remembered Japanese. We've tried our best to work out what he's saying, but there will be mistakes here and there. Do not take this as gospel!

To avoid spreading too much misinfo, where we're completely boggled about an answer, we've decided not to even make an attempt. We'll still list the post, but mark it accordingly.

➡️ AN IMPORTANT NOTE FROM KODAKA BEFORE READING:

First of all, the questions answered here are not official. Everything that is official is what is said within the work. In contrast, this is simply what Kodaka, the creator, thinks, and it is not the correct answer. Use this as a starting point to enjoy the depth of each character, or to say, "That's not right!" and enjoy it with your own interpretation. I think of this as a way of communicating with the characters who live in fiction. This is important, so please spread the word.

💕 FEBRUARY 2024:

Q: I love shinigami chan. Please make games forever!

A: YES

/////

Q: What happened to everyone at Amaterasu Company after the main story?

A: Yomi [Hellsmile] is growing magmatically angry with the opportunity to revolt while imprisoned…!

/////

Q: Why does Vivia wear such stringy underwear? Does he untie it every time he takes a bath or something?

A: I feel like he just goes in like that.

/////

Q: Was Vivia's umbrella tattoo done in Kanai? I was curious because that was the only tattoo related to rain.

A: I think he likes the gloomy rain. I'm sure he doesn't think Kanai Ward is so bad.

/////

Q: The pattern on Director Yakou's uniform is really cool, is there a reason for that?

A: I leave that up to Komatsuzaki-kun, but being a detective is, after all, a job in the underworld, so I think it's better to have that sort of shady side to it.

NOTE: Komatsuzaki is the guy behind Danganronpa and Rain Code's art.

/////

Q: [the question has since been deleted, but I remember it was about the ages of Master Detectives in Rain Code]

A: It varies quite a bit, but let me just say that most are in their 20s to late 30s. By the way, I'm 45. Oh, you didn't hear that.

/////

Q: How much does the director smoke in a day? That ashtray is disgusting.

A: That's probably three packs a day. I smoke half a pack a day. Oh, you didn't hear that.

NOTE: This is about Chief Yakou.

/////

Q: I would like to hear about your impressions of the masked man, and what you were conscious of when writing. I will continue to support your work☔️

A: He's nonchalant, talks about himself without listening to what the other person has to say, but seems intelligent. That's the impression I get.

NOTE: This is about Rain Code's Makoto.

/////

Q: Kodaka-san!! Thank you for your wonderful works as always ₍ᐢ..ᐢ₎⊹ Amaterasu is exactly my type of organization (especially the head of security...!) Even if it's not a sub-story, I'd like to know if you have any small details that haven't been made public 🙏🏻💞

A: Thank you! Of all the Amaterasu characters, Komatsuzaki-kun was most enthusiastic about the robot researcher.

NOTE: We're pretty sure this is about either the character known as "Akira." The one weird about the Ama-pals.

/////

Q: A question about Rain Code: Are there plans to release a book that delves deeper into the backstories of the people who appeared in Chapter 0?

A: If there's a demand, I'd like to see a spin-off novel or something...

/////

Q: Excuse me for asking a question about Yuma, the main character of Raincode! What type of woman does Yuma like?

A: I wonder...! I think he's a pushover. lol

/////

Q: The names of the characters in Rain Code are sprinkled with elements of Japanese mythology, but is there any inspiration or backstory for this? Is there a reason why you named Makoto after the god of fire?

A: It all started with me wanting to incorporate a Japanese flavour.

/////

Q: Rain Code was really fun! I wonder if there will be an "if" story where the five train detectives (all real) arrive in Kanai Ward!? I'm ready to buy all the DLC and whatever else it takes👍

A: I would love to depict stories of their success. It would add more depth to Chapter 0.

/////

Q: Are there any characters who are certain that Halara's gender is this or that?

A: I don't think anyone can ask. Even if they did, Halara would probably think there's no point in answering. They might tell someone they like...

/////

Q: Mr. Kodaka, what is your impression of Director Yakou of Rain Code?

A: He's caring but also lazy, sloppy but cool... I think he's a very human detective.

/////

Q: Is Vivia's name a reference to the movie "Ghosts of the Sierra de Cobre"? Are there any other works that the names of the other characters are also based on?

A: I'm ashamed to say that I hadn't heard of that movie. The characters in Rain Code were named with an emphasis on giving them a stateless feel, and on the sound of the name.

/////

Q: Was there a deciding factor in casting Uchida Yuuma for the role of Seth?

A: I basically leave the casting up to the sound company. They did a very good job.

/////

Q: I'm sure Desuhiko has picked up as many women as there are stars in the sky, but does he actually have much experience in love?

A: Although he is not unpopular, he is most likely rejected quickly.

🍀 MARCH 2024:

Q: I'd like to know the ages of the Resistance members (even a rough estimate is fine if you haven't thought about it)! Since Iruka is planning to receive a birthday present from her parents, is she the youngest member?

A: Judging from his voice, Shachi sounds like he's 52 years old.

/////

Q: Excuse me. Who is most given chocolates on valentine day in raincode ?

A: Maybe, Vivia.

/////

Q: Why did Shinigami-chan give Halara-san the nickname "Hellara"?

A: I wanted Halara to be so stoic it drew Shinigami's attention.

/////

Q: There may not be sushi in Kanai Ward, but I'd like to know what your favorite sushi toppings are, folks at the detective agency.

A: Desuhiko likes sea urchins, Yakou likes mackerel, Vivia doesn't feel like eating, Halara likes maki rolls, and Fubuki tries to save the fish with time reversal.

/////

Q: [The question has since been deleted, but I believe it was about Seth's childhood.]

A: His childhood must have been similar to that of Jataro [Kemuri]...

/////

Q: I would like to hear about Martina's "calculation" of Yomi, which came up in a previous Rain Code interview. Did you have any stories in mind, Mr. Kodaka?

A: She thought she could use Yomi's favor to advance her own career.

/////

Q: I'd like to know the name of the Amaterasu Researcher who appears in Director Yakou's DLC!

A: His wife? It's a secret! I only tell people when I'm drunk, so... nope. (said cutely)

/////

Q: I'm guessing the age order of the train detectives is Zange > Melami > Zilch > Aphex > Pucci, is that correct?

A: There are various theories about the location of Melami [in that order].

🥬 APRIL 2024:

Q: Do special abilities have a genetic component? (e.g., Vivia's family is more likely to see spirits)

A: Sometimes it is and sometimes it is not. It is said that the Clockford family will rarely produce a child like this due to genetics.

/////

Q: Sorry if this has already been mentioned❗️ Harara Nightmare's gender is unknown, but do they ever wear feminine clothes like skirts as fashion?

A: "No. I only wear clothes that are easy to move in."

/////

Q: Halara is often depicted holding a lollipop, but do they have a favorite flavor?

A: Anything as long as it's sweet. It's to get the sugar needed for that person's brain.

/////

Q: I played Raincode to the end ☔️ I love the masked man...! I'd be happy if you could tell me anything about him.

A: "I made the masks myself. I made them suspicious on purpose to scare people away."

NOTE: This is about Rain Code's Makoto again.

/////

Q: A question! I'm curious about what method the Raincode super detectives used to get into Kanai Ward! What other routes could they have taken besides the Amaterasu Express!? I'd be happy if you could tell me who got there and how!

A: I'm saving [this info] so I can make a special edition someday! lol

/////

Q: who would you choose to solve a mystery and why? kirigiri, saihara or halara?

A: It would be great if the three of them performed together!

🌺 MAY 2024:

Q: What do you think about animals other than dogs and cats, Halara?

A: "More precious than humans."

/////

Q: Can Chief Yakou cook?

A: "I can make lazy meals."

☀️ JUNE 2024:

n/a

🎇 JULY 2024:

n/a

🌭 AUG 2024:

Q: I want to know how Yomi Hellsmile is doing after the main story of Raincode. Also, how is Seth Burroughs doing?

A: In his luxurious cell, his desire for revenge boils.

🍁 SEPT 2024:

Q: Is there any reason why the masked man in Rain Code has one eye?

A: Apparently he chose the most suspicious mask possible, so that no one would like him.

NOTE: This is about Rain Code's Makoto once more.

[nicholas-the-paleomancer]

PhD Talk: Rift Magmatism and Tectonics on Earth and Venus

It's finally here! My PhD talk that summarizes the last six years of my research (minus the JPL Planetary Science Summer School) into a crisp, one hour presentation. Unfortunately, the audio is absolutely terrible for the first seven minutes and thirty seconds. If you feel like you're missing out, no fear! I previously gave a more in depth lecture on that subject here.

I'm close to finishing my doctorate, so it was really fascinating to go back and unify the disparate threads of research I've done into a single narrative (kind of). Hope you enjoy!

[basicgeology]

Under the oceans

Have you ever wondered what exactly lies at the bottom of the ocean? Or, well, under the bottom of the ocean.

The oceanic crust is relatively thin, only between 2 and 10 km at most, with a global average of 7 km. Its density is between 2.8 and 3.2 g/cm^3 and it is theorized that it cannot be older than 250 millions of years, as oceanic ridges continuously form new crust, while the earth "reclaims" parts of it through subduction.

What is more interesting to me though, is what is actually inside of it.

The "Ophiolitic Sequence" is a reoccurring series of rock formations that can be consistently found through the oceanic crust. As opposed to its continental counterpart, the oceanic crust is relatively predictable from what is known, and usually the same formations can be found in the same order from surface to mantle.

Keep in mind that all of these formations aren't always found under the oceanic crust, in some areas some of them may be missing.

This is a very idealized rendition of what the ophiolitic sequence might look like:

From top to bottom we have:

Pelagic sediments: at the deepest parts of the ocean, this means mostly clay sediments and silicates. Rarely you can find limestone sediments in the ocean, especially at significant depths.

Pillow lavas: the most superficial ignenous formations, formed by lava emerging from the oceanic ridges. They care called this way because when the lava emerges, it comes into contact with water - water applies a hydrostatic pressure that forced the lava to solidify in a rounded shape, similar to the one of a pillow.

Basaltic dykes/dikes: dykes are vertical or semi-vertical magmatic intrusions, these are made of basalt which means they are particularly rich in plagioclase feldspar minerals, specifically rich in calcium.

Gabbroic rocks: gabbro is an intrusive rock, it is pretty much the intrusive counterpart to basalt, as it is also rich in high-Ca plagioclase feldspar minerals.

Moho: "Moho" is not a rock formation, but a geologic and chemical discontinuity that separates crust and mantle, the full name of the discontinuity is "Mohorovičić discontinuity", but most people refer to it as just Moho. It's definied by a significant change in the velocity of seismic waves that pass through it.

Peridotites: the top of the mantle is made up mainly by dunites and peridotites, which are both "ultramaphic rocks", as in rocks that are particularly rich in magnesium and iron. dunites are significantly rich in olivine minerals, while the term "peridotite" is used to refer to ultramaphic rocks that have both olivine and pyroxen minerals in relatively similar ratios. (There is honestly an entire essay that could be written about these rocks alone but maybe in a different post, they are my favorite rocks lol).

I hope this post was informative and interesting to read, if you have questions please don't hesitate sending asks to my inbox!

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Uncovering the role of oxygen concentration in the formation of early earth magma ocean

It is widely accepted that the early Earth largely consisted of molten magma, forming a global ocean of magma. This extreme state of Earth was likely caused by the intense heat generated from accretionary impacts, meaning the collision of smaller celestial bodies with Earth. Understanding the formation of this magma ocean is crucial for comprehending Earth’s formation. A major problem with current magma ocean formation models is the lack of consensus on the melting temperatures of deep mantle rocks. Models explaining Earth’s core formation use a specific set of experimental data to estimate mantle melting temperatures, but recent experiments have shown that these temperatures may differ by 200–250 °C from the previously accepted data.

Some studies indicate that oxygen fugacity, or the amount of oxygen available in the mantle, may strongly affect the melting temperatures of deep mantle rocks, which in turn may have influenced the formation of the magma ocean. The mantle’s oxygen fugacity is thought to have increased during accretion, core formation and subsequent mantle evolution; however, the effect of this increase on the melting temperatures of deep mantle materials remains unclear.

Addressing this gap, a team of researchers led by Associate Professor Takayuki Ishii from the Institute for Planetary Materials at Okayama University, Japan and Dr. Yanhao Lin from the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, China, investigated the effects of oxygen fugacity on magma ocean formation during early Earth evolution. “The evolution of early Earth has been greatly influenced by oxygen fugacity, which may necessitate the reconsideration of current models. To this end, we assessed the effect of oxygen fugacity on the melting temperatures of deep mantle materials to constrain the conditions at the floor of a deep terrestrial magma ocean,” explains Prof. Ishii.

The study also involved Professor Wim van Westrenen from the Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Professor Tomoo Katsura from Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Germany, and Dr. Ho-Kwang Mao from the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, China. It was published online in the journal Nature Geoscience on July 16, 2024.

The researchers conducted melting experiments at pressures of 16–26 Gigapascals, similar to mantle depths between 470 km and 720 km, at high oxygen fugacities, on mantle pyrolite, a material composition representing Earth’s mantle. Results revealed that over this pressure range, the melting temperatures decreased with increasing oxygen fugacity and were at least 230–450 °C lower than those from experiments conducted at low oxygen fugacities. Assuming a constant temperature for the magma ocean, this implies that the magma ocean floor deepens by about 60 km for each logarithmic unit increase in mantle oxygen fugacity. This strong influence of oxygen fugacity on mantle melting suggests that current models for early Earth thermal evolution and core formation need re-evaluation.

Furthermore, these results can also explain the apparent discrepancy between the low oxygen fugacities predicted for the Earth’s deep mantle post-core formation and the high oxygen fugacities observed in magmatic rocks over 3 billion years old, formed by melting of the deep mantle.

“Beyond Earth’s formation, our findings on the dependence of melting temperatures on oxygen fugacity can also be applied to understand the formation of other rocky planets that can support human life,” remarks Dr. Lin, highlighting the potential impact of the study. He adds, “For example, these results can improve our understanding of Mars, which is a recent hot topic regarding human habitability.”

This groundbreaking study promises to improve Earth formation models, deepening our understanding of the formation of Earth and other such planets.

IMAGE: The melting temperatures of deep mantle rocks decrease with an increase in mantle oxygen concentration, suggesting the need for re-evaluation of current Earth core formation and thermal evolution models. Credit Takayuki Ishii from Okayama University

[lunaticludwig]

Pixel Art Practice (Day 18)

I guess I felt confident enough trying to make a concept art for a boss from a game I'm trying to develop. Behold, Moltenstern!

I know, looks kinda goofy and it's definitely not the final design.

Oh, and if you're curious, he's supposed to be a boss of a level situated deep underground in fiery magmatic depths, and he resembles a weapon called 'Morning Star' or 'Morgenstern', hence its name.

[the-valiant-valkyrie]

me n my friend were discussing character skins so gimme some opinions on wigfrid's

just any skin at all? i talked in depth abt her magmatic skin last month, but beyond that i like a lot of her skins... something i find really silly and charming is the slight detail of her facial markings on her verdant and snowfallen skins

even though i love her freckles, i love these skins' use of replacing them completely with markings, if only because of the silent implication that she's become some otherworldly creature. like a silly forest spirit for the verdant, and obviously there were jötunn inspirations for the snowfallen

[thepastisalreadywritten]

For centuries, the country’s western volcanic peninsula has been dormant, but a new era of volcanic activity could be on the horizon.

The Fagradalsfjall Volcano, a raised crater of bubbling lava — glowing bright yellow in an expanse of dark gray — is the latest eruption heralding Iceland’s new period of volcanic activity.

The eruption announced its approach on July 4 of this year, when southwest Iceland was rocked by more than 2,000 earthquakes in just 24 hours.

Not long after, seismic activity dropped off as magma rose to shallow depths and ultimately gave way to oozing molten rock on July 10.

Located next to the small mountain of Litli-Hrútur, this eruption is taking place on Reykjanes, a volcanically active peninsula that has become a popular destination among tourists looking to see lava fountaining above and pouring onto the surface.

However, the site of the new eruption is potentially hazardous — new fissures may open nearby without warning, rivers of lava can form at a quick pace, and toxic gas can quickly fill the air, according to the Iceland Met Office.

This eruption is the peninsula’s third volcanic paroxysm in a row, following on from similar lava-spewing eruptions in 2021 and 2022 — and it’s unlikely to be the last.

After an eruption last summer, Dave McGarvie, a volcanologist at Lancaster University, told National Geographic that the recent uptick in volcanic activity, “... could herald the start of decades of occasional eruptions.”

Iceland’s volcanic geology

The Reykjanes Peninsula lies about 17 miles southwest of Iceland’s capital city Reykjavik.

It sits atop the continually spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the North American plate to the west and the Eurasian plate to the east are gradually pulling apart.

Superhot, gassy magma, which is less dense than the surrounding rock, can sometimes rise into the shallow crust from buoyancy alone, but all that regional stretching also creates cracks where molten rock can infiltrate.

The peninsula’s subterranean bedlam seems to manifest as periodic busts of volcanism.

Historical accounts and studies of ancient volcanic rocks show that times of volcanic repose transition into loud seismic and eruptive awakenings in a cycle that’s transpired several times in the past few millennia.

Although the region had been volcanically dormant for centuries, the tectonic sundering happening in the depths meant that the latest eruptions have long been in the works.

A fiery new beginning

And in recent years, several sheets of magma ascended toward the surface, indicated by the changing shape of the ground and swarms of earthquakes, says Tobias Dürig, a volcanologist at the University of Iceland.

But for some time, these magmatic serpents failed to see sunlight — their escape was stymied either from the loss of their own upward momentum or because the resilient crust didn’t offer an escape hatch.

Nevertheless, as earthquakes began to crescendo in both frequency and strength from late 2019 onwards, scientists suspected that an eruption sometime in the future seemed inevitable.

That was confirmed in dramatic fashion on 19 March 2021, when lava began gushing from a 1,650-foot-long fissure in a valley of the Geldingadalur region.

These ferocious fires are gifting scientists with an unparalleled look at the connective tissue between the igneous abyss below and the lava-licked landscape above.

Their efforts help improve our understanding of Earth’s viscera, of Iceland’s volcanic cadence, and of this peninsula’s volcanic dangers.

[islandiis]

Magmatic intrusion under the Reykjanes peninsula and apparently under Katla too, but so far it's at very low depths. The earthquake swarm under Katla is still ongoing, but much slower. When Katla does finally erupt though... Oof. Oof. It's under a huge glacier so there will be major flooding and it will be an explosive reaction so. Yeeep. As of right now though, all volcanoes are on green alert. The science is super interesting but I do hope Katla doesn't erupt 🥲

[zara24smit]

Planet in Fever: Volcanic Catastrophe - A New Threat to Humanity?

The world is shaking. Volcanoes all over the globe are waking up, like giant dragons, spewing fiery breath.

From Etna to Popocatepetl, from Sakurajima to Sangay - the planet is covered with a network of volcanic hot spots that threaten humanity more than ever before.

July 2024 witnessed unprecedented volcanic activity:

= Dukono, Indonesia, 9.07.2024.

= Sangay, Ecuador, 10.07.2024.

= Etna, Italy, 15.07.2024.

= Lewotobi, Indonesia, 20.07.2024.

= Merapi, Indonesia, 20.07.2024. 

= Villarrica, Chile, 21.07.2024.

= Bezymianny, Russia, 24.07.2024

= Volcanic eruption on White Island, New Zealand, 26.07.2024.

= Stromboli, Italy, 26.07.2024.

= Sakurajima, Japan, 29.07.2024

= Popocatepetl, Mexico, 28.07.2024

But it is the supervolcanoes that are particularly worrying scientists and local populations.

For example, on July 23, a hydrothermal explosion occurred in Yellowstone National Park in the USA - this was an ejection of underground soil to a height of several meters along with hot water and steam.

Following this, on July 26, Campi Flegrei, Italy, produced an underground tremor with a magnitude of 4.0. The earthquake was recorded at a depth of only 4 kilometers.

Many major cities are located near or directly in volcanic calderas. For example, the city of Kagoshima in Japan is located in the Aira caldera, Naples and Pozzuoli are located in close proximity to the Campi Flegrei caldera in Italy.

And on the territory of Germany there is a huge supervolcano, Laach, which in recent years has also begun to show signs of activity.

The cause of the changes that have been occurring in the bowels of the Earth in recent decades is the increasing magmatic activity, and this is confirmed by the increase in the number of earthquakes in the area of volcanoes and supervolcanoes.

The increase in seismic activity near volcanoes indicates the activation of magmatic processes. That is, the magmatic chambers of volcanoes are filling up and being prepared for a potential eruption.

Given the current atypical magmatic activity in the bowels of our planet, the explosion of one supervolcano will trigger a chain reaction of volcanic explosions, which will lead to a global catastrophe.

Volcanologists today are recording another anomaly: the lava ejected by volcanoes has an atypical composition, characteristic of magma from the deep layers of the mantle.

This is not in vain, because in the last decade there has been an acceleration of the rise of magma from the depths of the earth's crust in many volcanic regions. Such as

= Iceland,

= Italy,

= Mayotte Island in the Indian Ocean,

= La Palma Island (Canary Islands) and others.

This indicates an increase in volcanic activity on a global scale.

Volcanologists are also concerned about the sharp increase in the speed of magma rising from the depths of the Earth. The process of magma rising, which previously took hundreds and thousands of years, is now happening in just six months in some regions.

This is exactly what happened in the Bransfield Strait in 2021, where the rise of magma from a depth of 10 km was accompanied by 85,000 earthquakes. The crust thickness in this area is 15 km, the localization of earthquakes showed that 10 km of crust had already been burned through by active magma and only 5 km remained before its breakthrough to the surface.

The rapid rise of magma from significant depths indicates the emergence of dangerous and previously unobserved processes inside the Earth. The activation of volcanoes suggests that a huge amount of energy has begun to accumulate in the bowels of the planet, which is striving to break out.

As we can see, this is a global threat. It is dangerous for people to ignore these facts. Countries alone cannot cope with the growing climate disaster. Therefore, humanity must urgently create a single scientific center to quickly address climate problems. A comprehensive approach to solving problems is needed.

After all, the lives of people and the sustainability of existing systems are at stake.

It is important to

= identify dangerous locations,

= calculate all the components for carrying out the degassing of volcanoes,

= consider the evacuation of people,

= accommodation locations, rescue forces, logistics routes,

= the safety of food and other systems. All these tasks can only be solved by people working together.

What is happening in the bowels of our planet?

Scientists are recording a rapid rise of magma from the depths of the Earth.

The process that used to take hundreds and thousands of years is now happening in some regions in just six months!

Volcanic activation is not just a natural phenomenon, it is an SOS signal from our planet.

ALLATRA and the volunteers of the Creative Society are people who hear this signal.

We understand that only the combined efforts of all humanity, a scientific breakthrough, and the introduction of new technologies can save us from the impending catastrophe.

We must act before it's too late!

Join us! Together we can change the world!

Spread this information on social media.

Like, repost, comment, and applaud. This is how you save people and the planet.

#ALLATRA #CreativeSociety #Volcanoes #ClimateCrisis #SaveTheEarth #FutureOfThePlanet #ScientificBreakthrough

[baga24]

Earth Trembles: Deep-Focus Earthquakes - A New Sign From Heaven? ALLATRA PROVIDES AN ANSWER

The world is shaking. Earthquakes, once considered local events, are becoming more frequent and powerful. But the most frightening is the increase in deep-focus earthquakes, which occur at depths of up to 750 km below the Earth's surface.

Scientists used to think that earthquakes were impossible at such depths, as the mantle material should be ductile, not brittle. However, the facts speak otherwise.

Deep-focus earthquakes are seismic events that occur at depths exceeding 300 km and reaching up to 750 km below the Earth's surface in some cases. And these earthquakes are also on the rise.

On June 20, 2024, 45 earthquakes were recorded at depths of 400-750 km, including 5 directly in the mantle, at depths of 600-750 km. There was also an earthquake in the Mariana Trench at a depth of 450+ km. For comparison: in 2014, there were 13 earthquakes at the same depths, and only 4 in 2005!

Previously, scientists did not even suspect that earthquakes could occur at such great depths, as it was believed that there was nothing to break and shake in the ductile environment there.

Deep-focus earthquakes occur under conditions of high pressure and temperature, where the mantle material is expected to deform plastically, not brittlely, and therefore should not generate earthquakes.

However, such events are regularly recorded, and the mechanisms of their occurrence remain a subject of scientific debate.

In 1995, there was a significant jump in the number of seismic events at great depths. The largest number of deep-focus earthquakes occur in the depth range of 500–600 km.

The graph shows the exponential progression of the growth in the number of earthquakes at depths exceeding 300 km in the Earth's upper mantle during the period 1970-2023.

Currently, the increase in earthquakes is not simply caused by stress in the Earth's crust, but by the growth of global magmatic activity deep within our planet.

Deep-focus earthquakes are explosions equivalent to the power of a huge number of atomic bombs exploding simultaneously deep in the Earth's mantle. The exponential growth in the number of deep-focus earthquakes speaks of the extraordinary magmatic activity of our planet.

Of particular concern about the growth of seismic activity in the mantle is the fact that deep-focus earthquakes are often triggers for strong earthquakes in the Earth's crust. That is, after the occurrence of deep-focus earthquakes, there is a high probability of earthquakes of large magnitudes occurring in the Earth's crust, at the junctions of lithospheric plates. An example is the devastating earthquake in Turkey in 2023.

It is frightening to imagine how much energy is accumulating in the bowels of the planet as a result of such deep-focus earthquakes. After all, they are increasing, which means that all this energy will soon find an outlet on the surface of the Earth's crust.

Will this be another terrible global tragedy, or will humanity still have time to take measures? It all depends on people. After all, the scientific potential of humanity is capable of solving this problem, as well as other climate and environmental problems.

The only thing that matters is to unite it in time into a single scientific center where the best scientists and specialists will be able to find a comprehensive approach.

Time is short, and every concerned person should contribute to this now. Share information.

Let the whole world community know about the problem and the possibility of solving it as soon as possible.

ALLATRA is an organization that does not simply observe, it seeks solutions.

We, the volunteers of ALLATRA, understand that humanity cannot afford to ignore this challenge.

We need to unite all of humanity's scientific potential into a single center.

We need to urgently develop a comprehensive approach to solving the climate and geological problems that threaten the existence of our civilization.

Time waits for no one! We must act now!

Spread the word! Join us!

Together we can change the world!

Share this information on social media.

Like, share, comment, and applaud. By doing so, you are saving people and the planet.

#ALLATRA #climatecrisis #creativesociety #technology #unifiedsciencecenter 

[rainworldhourly]

[crimsoncircle2]

KILL CAM #5.2

Electrical chaos converges on the platform, like a target-ring collapsing to the center of a reticule. Whole consoles sputter out great expulsions of scintilla as they detonate, then disperse into caustic smoke cloud. Even the visceral scrap of their insides is spraying vapor-thin: an illuminated supercell of flame, oxidized to a scalding lightning-blue. The air stalls with overstress smog—

—and a seven-foot sonic shock wave cleaves it in half.

Gia storms the bridgehead at the speed of a solar flare, both immaterial and gigantic in magnitude. When smoldering plastic sluices through the air at magmatic heat, she catches Murphy’s plasmatic volley with a sheet-metal shield kicked up with her foot. When a discharge of mains-current fireworks across the floor grates at Murphy’s will, she swings beneath the catwalk and loops around its belly in one acrobatic orbit. When a girder wide enough to sweep the whole walkway wheels down from its ceiling-struts, her front leg compresses to a spring-mass halfway through her stride — then she leaps to sprint atop the airborne beam. She mounts it as though she exerts her own gravitational pull — as though her three-hundred pounds somehow stall terminal velocity. By the time it collapses into the depths of the generator, she’s already a ripple in the air somewhere else. 

Murphy doesn’t register the presence as an individual anymore, her body felt so very light, so- she didn’t need to exert much effort, no need to do so for such easy destruction. Behind her the monitors flickered, words travelling through wires that the cameras cannot capture, too small, too far, the lenses struggled already, a sheen of melting plastic.

Despite the heat, the sparks dancing around the pair, the chasms where machinery once stood, mere feet away from Gia, something in Murphy is still here, if only for a moment. Murphy stares towards the entrance, towards Gia. Still smiling.

The final stretch toward the control-center is strewn with industrial cables, thicker than a person’s trunk, undulating in spasmodic jolts of their own power-load. Gia skids back on her sparking heel and flips towards the railings in a crack-crack of the negative space around her, her sights still locked as she twists in suspension and knees aside the hull of an entire console. Labyrinthine righting reflex grounds the knifepoint of her stiletto atop the one unbroken railing she can run along, and her eye fixes on Murphy trying to rip wires out of her head. The other eye is always somewhere else, somewhere higher.

(There is no particular notion of heroism going through her mind, as she primes her chevalier’s spearing-arm. That’s her wife, who threw himself on the cross to spare her and her son so that she could take him to the house Atticus would never see. In the grand scheme of things, if she wanted to be a hero too, Gia’s tactical inclination would be to let the other woman burn their captor’s generator to a husk.

But there’s one problem: it’s Shisa. And if Shisa wants to live, Murphy is going to have to die.)

"Amore mio," she murmurs, quiet enough for only the camera and the spirits to grasp onto. "Guide this hand of mine one more time, won't you?"

The edges of the camera feed sizzle, an interference of pink and orange, bleeding onto the video, corrupting it with the same light that the room has become basked in. Murphy, now, stands alone upon the console, silent, smiling, all you can make out bar her jittering silhouette, is a pair of wide, silver eyes.

Gia steps closer, the heft of each stride weighted with intent, and the chaos almost seems to fold back around the shape of her. The blackened ground that encircles them now sizzles in almost volcanic spume. As she walks, a fallen railing with a warning-tape pattern clatters under her boot; she bends, slowly, to take it in her right hand.

She winds up, and lances it through the gap in Murphy’s ribs. It erupts through the rhomboid tissue of a television-screen, five feet behind her.

“Mea culpa, darling,” Gia says, and watches her head wilt toward the ground. Those axon-fiber wires drag down with her, her mediastinum still gripping the spear-wound too tight for her body to follow, now almost weightless somewhere else. The screens at Murphy’s back are still sprayed in hot-pink noise. It almost looks like the color of happiness.

(The metal lightning-rod has scorched a stripe from Murphy into her, through her glove, into the fat of her hand. When she opens her palm to release it to the ground, it falls with a clink! five seconds later.)

Burning into the monitors behind her, in such an infinitesimally small time, the time it took for her heart to explode. Letters so bright they would bring pain in themselves. The world melted around her, so bright, so- she could hear and- a voice- and-

SOVERY████████BEA█TIFULEVERYKI██OFCOLOUR█OHLIZ█████OSHIWHERE██INEED█████AINFULAMI█████████INEEDYO████████PLEASESEEWHATI██AND██URAANDMAY██████████XANN███AN███MITRISEEWHATICAN█████HURTS██AN████SOBRIGHTSO██████ELIAIIT█SEVERYTHING█████WHATSH███████████████INEEDTO████SHOW███T████████YOUITS█BEAUTIFUL███EVENIFITSNOTCOMPLETE ███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████

The body spasms slightly as the words flash before dying eyes, mouth attempting vainly to open, stilling in amongst those smoking neon lights.

And in that brief, beautiful moment, Ryo Shimizu saw the universe.

[jcmarchi]

Researchers probe molten rock to crack Earth’s deepest secrets - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/researchers-probe-molten-rock-to-crack-earths-deepest-secrets-technology-org/

Researchers probe molten rock to crack Earth’s deepest secrets - Technology Org

New research focused on the quantum structure of elements under extreme conditions has implications for understanding Earth’s evolution, interpreting unusual seismic signals, and even studying exoplanets for insights into habitability.

Deep inside rocky planets like Earth, the behavior of iron can greatly affect the properties of molten rock materials: properties that influenced how Earth formed and evolved. Scientists used powerful lasers and ultrafast X-rays to recreate the extreme conditions in these molten rock materials, called silicate melts, and measure the properties of iron. Image credit: Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Deep inside rocky planets like Earth, the behavior of iron can greatly affect the properties of molten rock materials: properties that influenced how Earth formed and evolved. 

In fact, the evolution of our entire planet may be driven by the microscopic quantum state of these iron atoms. One special feature of iron is its “spin state,” which is a quantum property of the electrons in each iron atom that drives their magnetic behavior and reactivity in chemical reactions. Changes in the spin state can influence whether iron prefers to be in the molten rock or in solid form and how well the molten rock conducts electricity.

Until now, it’s been challenging to recreate the extreme conditions in these molten rock materials, called silicate melts, to measure the spin state of iron. Using powerful lasers and ultrafast X-rays, an international team of researchers at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Universite ́ Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), and Arizona State University overcame this challenge. They showed that at extremely high pressures and temperatures, the iron in silicate melts mostly has a low-spin state, meaning its electrons stay closer to the center and pair up in their energy levels, making the iron less magnetic and more stable.

The results, published Friday in Science Advances, support the idea that certain types of molten rock might be stable deep inside Earth and other rocky planets, potentially lending a hand in the creation of magnetic fields. The research has potential implications for understanding Earth’s evolution, interpreting seismic signals, and even the study of exoplanets.

“In terms of exploring Earth’s history, we’re investigating processes that took place over 4 billion years ago,” said collaborator Dan Shim, a researcher at Arizona State. “The only way to study this is by using modern technology that operates in femtoseconds. The contrast between these immense time scales is both eloquent and startling: it’s akin to the idea of a time machine.”

Asteroid bombardment and magmatic oceans

About 4.3 to 4.5 billion years ago, early Earth underwent intense impacts, getting pummeled by asteroids as large as cities. These impacts produced so much heat that they could have completely melted the outer layers of the planet, creating a deep ocean of molten rock. 

“It’s been theorized that under the immense pressure of these impacts, the molten rock may have became denser than the solid rock,” said collaborator and SLAC scientist Arianna Gleason. “This denser magma would have sunk towards the core, capturing the chemical signatures of that era. Some believe remnants of this magma layer may still exist today, holding clues from 4.5 billion years ago. Volcanoes like those in Hawaii could be releasing these ancient chemical signatures, providing us a glimpse into Earth’s distant past.”

At shallow depths, molten rock takes up more space than the same material when it’s solid. But as you go deeper and the pressure increases, this difference decreases. The inclusion of iron, especially its spin state, plays a big role in determining these properties. Prior research has shown mixed results about the spin state of iron in similar conditions: some studies found a rapid change in iron’s spin state under high pressures, while others saw a slower, more gradual change.

This new study provides the first direct look at iron’s behavior in real molten rock under extreme conditions.

“While we can glean a lot from studying rocks and fossils, some aspects of Earth’s early history are lost because few records from that time exist,” Shim said. “That’s what makes this study unique. Earth’s formation was a tumultuous process, involving intense impacts and resulting in a globally molten rock layer. The pressure in this layer was immense. We study this by simulating the conditions through laboratory experiments.”

At the Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) experimental hutch at SLAC’s Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), the team was able to recreate the extreme pressures that would have been found in early Earth’s magmatic ocean by blasting samples with powerful lasers that transform the solid material into a silicate melt in a matter of nanoseconds. Then, the scientists used femtosecond X-ray pulses from LCLS to study the electronic structure of elements like iron under these extreme conditions, providing insights into how electronic configurations change under different conditions and revealing that the molten magma did indeed become denser than a solid under specific conditions.

“By understanding Earth’s internal dynamics, we can refine models of tectonic movement and other geological phenomena,” Gleason said. “Moreover, as Earth’s layers are interconnected, these findings have implications for climate science.”

Understanding our planet

In this research the team concentrated on low iron content melts. But as material rains down towards the Earth’s center, it’s theorized to absorb more iron, making it denser. To follow up, the team plans to study melts with higher iron content. They also hope to experiment with melts containing some water, furthering our understanding of Earth’s water cycle and climate.

The research could also shed light on peculiar seismic velocities deep within Earth’s mantle. These anomalies have puzzled scientists for decades. Some theories suggest these zones could be remnants of magma from 4.5 billion years ago, while others believe they result from tectonic plates that have sunk into the Earth’s interior, spreading low melting point material. By comparing different hypotheses using seismic imaging, the team aims to determine the origins of these zones and distinguish between ancient and more recent materials.

“As technology advances, we’re at the forefront of addressing grand challenges that range from mineralogy to climate science, connecting various research areas,” said SLAC scientist and collaborator Roberto Alonso-Mori. “The sheer volume of information we can gather has transformed our capabilities. It’s a game-changer. It’s exhilarating to develop novel techniques and apply them to pressing questions with such a diverse team.”

Source: Stanford University

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[sasorikigai]

❝ we do what we must. that is why you and i are both survivors. ❞

ghost of tsushima starters || @unholy-spawned || accepting

▬▬ι═══════ﺤ 🔥 || Scorpion writes his convictions in the blazes; the violent crimson ocean magmatic waves crashing on the jagged terrain of the Netherrealm, washing everything away to naught, carrying them out to the deepest depths. For Hanzo's hopes and dreams on parchment had long burned away to ash and dust, and the construct of his mortal time, along with his sacred convictions have been erased. All this loss, emptiness, the void that once housed his beating heart and indefatigable soul had given away to this acid decay of Nether, eating away at his bones. How erupting columns of hellfire curled, weakened, and pulverized so many pieces of him; and the hellspawn specter became a mere jigsaw puzzle that couldn't be properly put together, as the picture of Hanzo Hasashi had become distorted and unresolved.

How Netherrealm and his pyromancy became a lethal combustible combination of danger and destruction; a volatile compound that could both destruct and rebirth anything anew. How Scorpion still feels that distinct and recognizable lack of self-preservation, in a way a dying person falls after being knocked unconscious. A human body, suddenly turned to meat, its gravitational collapse impeded only by the tissue and muscle connection to the bone inside it. He too, has turned people in this state as a direct result of vicious violence and vengeance he perpetrated against them countless times.

Beneath the tendrils and tongues of undulating blaze, the specter's haunting impression appears before Spawn while encompassing the dualism of frayed humanity and unworldly strangeness. His emotions untamed and yet contained, as stars of his pearly eyes burn out to reveal once compassionate and fervored eyes of Grandmaster Hasashi. How he bleeds flame, and yet his gaze stirs a humanly passion and determination which he was known to encompass as a Shirai Ryu warrior. "My destructive firestorm may continue to bepaint the world aglow, but nothing could satiate my heart and soul, for the putrid fumes of burning flesh surround and engulf me. I am lost in the ash and I fear I could never go back to who I was before."

Such fevered, raving poem manifests through his coarse, baritone timbre; Scorpion is both ashamed and fevered by its desires, as he once again, hurls himself into the fire. That flames' relentless craving, despite his hatred for such unforgiving destruction. After all, the fiercest anger of all, the most incurable, has always been that Scorpion's rage is originated from the place of dearest love turned to damnation of everything he used to hold dear. "My unexpected survival has betrayed itself, for I have become a destroyer amidst the blooming pain, which refuses to be wilted and stay dead." How he has to fight his tongue and the dwelling demons within, which dares to stiffen into silence, as thin flames underneath his skin prickle and spark. ▬▬ι═══════ﺤ 🔥 ||

[inventors-fair]

Monochrome is Where the Heart is Entries 1-9 of 25

@batatafilosofal - Garruk's Call

@bergdg - Wildsoul Magus

@bread-into-toast - Cobble Up

@curiooftheheart - Memorial to Erebos

@deg99 - Magmatic Mortars

@dimestoretajic - Dedication Weird

@grornt - Retrofitted Anole

@helloijustreadyourpost - Herald of the Depths

@horsecrash - Verved, Child of Gaea