#louis delgrès

[nesiacha]

On this day die Louis Delgres freedom fighter

222 years ago, on May 28, 1802, the revolutionary Louis Delgrès died in Guadeloupe with a lot of his peers , because they tried to recover their freedom and dignity, suppressed by Napoleon.

Louis Delgrès was born in 1766 in Martinique and is considered a free person of color, a "mulatto." He quickly embraced the French Revolution and became a republican. He rose in rank and fought against the English, even spending time in prisons. He eventually became the head of the Basse-Terre district.

However, with the reinstatement of slavery, which betrayed not only the foundational ideals of the Revolution, the flag of France, but also the Black people who had fought for France, he decided to lead a rebellion with another hero, Joseph Ignace, against General Richepanse.

With Monnereau, a white Creole who was apparently hanged for this (but whom I believe redeemed the honor of white people and french people with this gesture), he wrote: "To the entire world, the last cry of innocence and despair. In the most glorious days of a century forever celebrated for the triumph of enlightenment and philosophy, a class of unfortunate people who are being annihilated feels compelled to raise their voice to posterity, to make known when they have disappeared, their innocence and their misfortunes (...)... You, posterity! Shed a tear for our misfortunes, and we will die satisfied."

After about ten days of fierce fighting, despite all their determination, Delgrès and his companions understood that all was lost. They decided to honor the adage "live free or die" and committed suicide with explosives in their refuge.

A severe repression followed, such as executions, deportation of Guadeloupeans and Haitians in 1802 ( one of the most famous victim of this is Jean Louis Annecy).

But their deaths were not in vain since the abolition of slavery occurred in 1848 (not to mention that the fights continued in Guyana and even saw victories in Haiti). Their sacrifice paved the way for greater freedom for their peers. Let us never forget them .

[workingclasshistory]

On this day, 28 May 1802, the Battle of Matouba took place in Guadeloupe between rebel enslaved people and French colonial troops (content note: suicide). Slavery in the colony had been abolished a few years prior, but it was reintroduced by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802. In response to this, enslaved people in Guadeloupe rose up in revolt, led by a biracial free man and former French military officer, Louis Delgrès (pictured on a commemorative stamp). Though the rebels initially made gains, eventually they were overwhelmed by the superior force of the French army. The enslaved people made their last stand in the Battle of Matouba, and holed themselves up in Fort Saint-Charles. Realising they would be defeated, the rebels decided to kill themselves and try to take as many French troops with them as possible. Delgrès distributed barrels of dynamite amongst his troops, then set them on fire while men, women and children shouted "Live free or die!" Around 500 rebels were killed in the blast, along with up to 400 French troops. More information, sources and map: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/7932/guadeloupe-enslaved-rebellion-ends https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=634020708771148&set=a.602588028581083&type=3

[madamlaydebug]

Please Share.

Row 1 Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Nat Turner, Martin Delany, Amos Wilson, Ida B. Wells

Row 2 Walter Rodney, Eusi Kwayana, Cuffy, Bussa, Sam Sharpe, Marcus Garvey, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba

Row 3 Patrice Lumumba, Thomas Sankara, Steve Biko, Robert Sobukwe, Tavio Amorin, Cetshwayo

Row 4 Joseph Casely Hayford, Nzinga, Yaa Asantewaa, Taitu, Menelik II, Nehanda, Zumbi, Louis Delgrès

Row 5 Jose Correia Leite, Nanny, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Elijah Muhammad, Queen Mother Moore, Harriet Tubman, Toussaint L’Ouverture, Makandal Daaga

Row 6 La Mulâtresse Solitude, Carter G. Woodson, William Leo Hansberry, Joseph Cinqué, Chancellor Williams, Jean Price-Mars, Samory Touré

Row 7 Asa G. Hilliard III, Joshua Nkomo, Julius Nyerere, Nana Olomu, W.E.B. Du Bois, Madison, Funmilayo Kuti, Paul Bogle

[presidentguadeloupegedinval]

Guadeloupéennes, Guadeloupéens, en vos rangs, grades, fonctions et qualités,

Comment dire que l'on aime la Guadeloupe si on fête le 14 juillet de la France qui nous prive de notre droit à l'autodétermination ?

Pour nous, c'est le 10 mai, le jour de proclamation de l'indépendance de la Guadeloupe par alors Joseph Ignace, guadeloupéen, de facto le premier chef d'État de la Guadeloupe, Louis Delgrès et le citoyen européen Monnereau.

Si leurs ancêtres comptent, les nôtres aussi.

Demander le départ de la France

Siège des Nations Unies - ONU

A son Excellence, M. António Guterres

First Avenue at 46th Street

New York, NY 10017, USA

Numéro +1-917-367-2935

Fax +1-212-963-2030

https://www.un.org/fr/about-us

Secrétariat d'État de la Guadeloupe

mieuxvivredemain@outlook.com

service des situations Intérieures

et Extérieures

SC/

Monsieur Gilbert Edinval

gilbertedinval@hotmail.com

Chef de l'État,

Pwésidan Gwadloup

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 5.28 (before 1960)

585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated. It is also the earliest event of which the precise date is known. 621 – Battle of Hulao: Li Shimin, the son of the Chinese emperor Gaozu, defeats the numerically superior forces of Dou Jiande near the Hulao Pass (Henan). This victory decides the outcome of the civil war that followed the Sui dynasty's collapse in favour of the Tang dynasty. 1242 – Avignonet massacre: A group of Cathars, with the probable connivance of Count Raymond VII of Toulouse, murdered the inquisitor William Arnaud and eleven of his companions. 1533 – The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declares the marriage of King Henry VIII of England to Anne Boleyn valid. 1588 – The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, heading for the English Channel. (It will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port.) 1644 – English Civil War: Bolton Massacre by Royalist troops under the command of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby. 1754 – French and Indian War: In the first engagement of the war, Virginia militia under the 22-year-old Lieutenant colonel George Washington defeat a French reconnaissance party in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in what is now Fayette County in southwestern Pennsylvania. 1802 – In Guadeloupe, 400 rebellious slaves, led by Louis Delgrès, blow themselves up rather than submit to Napoleon's troops. 1830 – U.S. President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act which denies Native Americans their land rights and forcibly relocates them. 1871 – The Paris Commune falls after two months. 1892 – In San Francisco, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club. 1905 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima ends with the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet by Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō and the Imperial Japanese Navy. 1907 – The first Isle of Man TT race is held. 1918 – The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia declare their independence. 1926 – The 28 May 1926 coup d'état: Ditadura Nacional is established in Portugal to suppress the unrest of the First Republic. 1932 – In the Netherlands, construction of the Afsluitdijk is completed and the Zuiderzee bay is converted to the freshwater IJsselmeer. 1934 – Near Callander, Ontario, Canada, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne; they will be the first quintuplets to survive infancy. 1936 – Alan Turing submits On Computable Numbers for publication. 1937 – Volkswagen, the German automobile manufacturer, is founded. 1940 – World War II: Belgium surrenders to Nazi Germany to end the Battle of Belgium. 1940 – World War II: Norwegian, French, Polish and British forces recapture Narvik in Norway. This is the first Allied infantry victory of the War. 1948 – Daniel François Malan is elected as Prime Minister of South Africa. He later goes on to implement Apartheid. 1958 – Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement, heavily reinforced by Frank Pais Militia, overwhelm an army post in El Uvero.

[piasgermany]

[Album + Video] Delgres kündigen neues Album "Promis le Ciel" an!

Delgres sind zurück! Das neue Album "Promis le Ciel" erscheint am 16. Februar 2024 über [PIAS] Le Label!

Das Album erscheint zwei Jahre nach der Veröffentlichung von 4:00 AM, dem letzten Longplayer des karibischen Blues-Trios, das vor knapp vier Jahren zusammenkam, nachdem Songwriter Pascal Danaë den Schlagzeuger Baptiste Brondy und den Sousaphonisten Rafgee kennengelernt hatte. Die Band stellt im Wesentlichen ein persönliches Abenteuer dar, eine innere Reise, bei der die Musik als imaginäres, wenn auch lebendiges Vehikel für private Erfahrungen und die Familiengeschichte sowie im weiteren Sinne für das Schicksal eines Teils der Welt dient, der von Wurzellosigkeit und Identitätsproblemen geprägt ist.

Es ist bekannt, dass die Ursprünge des Blues in Afrika liegen und die Musik durch die deportierten Sklaven in Richtung Amerika gelangte. Delgres, benannt nach dem Freiheitskämpfer Louis Delgrès, berufen sich auf diese Wurzeln und würzen ihre Songs mit Elementen, die sich irgendwo zwischen hypnotisierendem Rock, verspielten Soul und rohem Garage einpendeln. Besonders auffällig ist dabei die ungewöhnliche Besetzung bestehend aus Gitarre, Schlagzeug und Sousaphon, die auch auf den neuen Songs hauptsächlich mit kreolischen Vocals unterlegt werden. Nach dem Titeltrack gibt es nun mit "Walking Alone" eine weitere neue Single.

Tracklist "Promis le Ciel": 01. Promis Le Ciel 02. Walking Alone 03. Pourquoi Ce Monde 04. A La Fin 05. Autorisation 06. Mettre Les Voiles 07. Pou Vou 08. Pa Lese Mwen 09. Samedi Soir 10. An Pa Ni Sou 11. Where Do They Go

Live: 24.03. Roth - Kulturfabrik Bluestage Booking: Jazzhaus Artists

Website Instagram Facebook

[alexzachchaligne]

Today we spend some time learning and discovering the history of Guadeloupe. The struggles and adversities their ancestors had to face against the colonisers. And how they have reached at where they are. It was very informative and moving. The person in the middle of the rock formation is Commander Louis Delgrès, the leader of the resistance and antislavery activist in Guadeloupe. Photo: @alexvzach #traveltodiscover #discoverguadeloupe #guadeloupe #guadeloupe #ilesguadeloupe (at Fort Delgrès) https://www.instagram.com/p/CovaXLjInME/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[lboogie1906]

La Mulâtresse Solitude (circa 1772 – November 29, 1802) was a historical figure and heroine in the fight against slavery in French Guadeloupe. She has been the subject of legends and a symbol of women's resistance in the struggle against slavery in the history of the island. She was born on the island of Guadeloupe around 1772. Her mother was an enslaved woman from Africa, and her father was a sailor who raped her mother at sea when she was transported from Africa to the West Indies. She was called "La Mulâtresse" because of her origin, which had some importance for her in the racial hierarchy of the society of the time: because she was noted to have pale skin and pale eyes, she was given domestic work rather than being forced to work in the fields. She saw the abolition of slavery in 1794 and joined a Maroon community in Guadeloupe. Napoleon Bonaparte, having come to power in late 1799, decided to reinstate slavery abolished by the Convention, and enacted the Law of 20 May 1802, reinstating slavery in the French colonies. The Guadeloupeans, having tasted freedom, put up resistance. An officer named Joseph Ignace, having organized resistance in Pointe-à-Pitre, joined his men with those of another insurgent, Louis Delgrès, a free mulatto officer. She was among those who rallied around Louis Delgrès and fought by his side for freedom. She survived the battle of May 28, 1802, but was imprisoned by the French. Because she was pregnant at the time of her imprisonment, she was not to be hanged until November 29 of the same year, one day after giving birth. She is being considered for inclusion in the French Panthéon that celebrates the memory of distinguished French citizens. In May 2022, the French Post released a postal stamp labeled "Solitude v.1772-1802" to commemorate Solitude. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence https://www.instagram.com/p/Cliy350ruA4/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[nesiacha]

What you’re saying makes sense, but I mostly see the glorification of Charlotte Corday as a way to demonize the Revolution while pretending to be 'feminist,' even though these same people usually criticize women like Pauline Léon, Claire Lacombe, Albertine Marat, Simone Evrard, Éléonore Duplay, Elisabeth Le Bas... all while passing themselves off as supporters of the Revolution. Not the counter-revolution? No, the Revolution according to them, yes, you heard that right.

Now, if it had been a Jacobin woman who tried to kill Bonaparte, she would have been destroyed by these same pseudo historians who praise Corday, if not erased altogether... Proof? Have we ever heard about Madeleine Fumey (although acquitted, she surely went through a rough time) in the "dagger conspiracy" (to be fair to the Jacobins involved, it seems this affair may have been completely fabricated to justify their arrests and executions) against Bonaparte? No. Besides, I’ve read or seen at some point about the 'wrongdoings' that Rosalie, also known as Solitude, is accused of, such as executing soldiers sent to reinstate slavery, but not much about her merits.

In reality, it’s more complicated, because at one point, some of these pseudo historians dared to lump together Manon Roland, a fervent Republican, and Germaine de Staël, a royalist who wanted Louis XVI to have even more power, even though she supported a constitutional monarchy. Poor Manon Roland must be rolling in her grave.

And that’s what bothers me: this false feminism (especially since some of these 'self-righteous' people, notably in that awful TV show Secrets d’Histoire, claim it’s the first time so many women of the Revolution have been mentioned, when it’s clearly not them who did it, all while making sexist remarks) and the false sentiment of pretending to love the French Revolution when they don’t. It’s fine, but in that case, they should be clear about their stance.

P.S. We’ve definitely strayed from the topic XD But I stand by my choice to give it to Delgrès and Monnereau so they can deliver a blow to those trying to reinstate slavery. The only downside is that Delgrès, a fervent Republican, believes Bonaparte is being manipulated when he restored slavery, likely due to the fact that information took time to arrive, especially given the distance between France and Guadeloupe. So Delgrès might be listing the wrong names.

If you don’t know, a death note is a magic notebook and if you write someone’s name in it, they die. You can also control them before death if you wanna have fun!

*Define “trust” how you want. “Trust” them to use it well? “Trust” them to not use it at all? “Trust” them to do something funny? Define your terms at your comfort level.

[davidstanleytravel]

A large bust of anti-slavery commander Louis Delgrès (1766-1802) is just outside Fort Delgrès (formerly Fort Saint-Charles) at Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, Eastern Caribbean.

[nesiacha]

A comedy book with a rather… original summary on Delgrès and Bonaparte

I was trying to find out if I had the budget to order a book specifically on Delgrès in order to do a possible writing project like I did with Momoro (two chapters maximum and one chapter on Sophie Momoro) with Marthe Rose Toto as an important protagonist alongside Monnereau and Ignace (and to learn more about one of my top 10 favorite characters of the frev yes I am a Delgrès fan girl and I own it :P) when I came across another book quite intriguing on Amazon. A comedy book written by CK Londero here is a word-for-word summary translated into English "Louis Delgrès and Napoleon Bonaparte are forced to join forces to save Nina, a young woman for whom they are, in spite of themselves, responsible". Fervent political and military opponents, the two former enemies thus see their destinies linked again. Well, you all know the (little) esteem I have for Bonaparte, so seeing him team up with one of my favorite characters from the frev… I don't see if we should make an AU in which the revolutionaries meet to see Delgrès and Kleber each complaining to each other (or getting angry) about Bonaparte's betrayal in Egypt and Magloire Pelage who submitted to the envoys to reestablish slavery. As for Delgrès, if he was Napoleon's opponent, he paradoxically did not see him as an enemy because he thought that Napoleon was a a fervent Jacobin but who was manipulated to reestablish slavery (in his defense, information took time to come, especially given the distance between France and Guadeloupe so we can't blame him for believing that). In any case, those who are interested, here is the fnac link https://www.fnac.com/a14175765/C-K-Londero-Bonaparte-et-Delgres

[walker-diaries]

[nesiacha]

I imagine Saint-Just doing everything he can to stop Napoleon, denouncing him as a tyrant, and finding himself deported. Like some Jacobins, he might even die from illness (I can't see him playing a passive role and simply withdrawing). He would justifiably be annoyed to see Napoleon criticize the Year II government (when in my eyes, Napoleon did much worse) . Napoleon wouldn't like him because Saint-Just refused to be his ally and would see in Saint-Just's eyes an unbearable contempt who would remind him his betrayal of the jacobins and the french revolution.

Very good idea about the duo. Can you imagine the duo of Kléber and Saint-Just in combat against Napoleon (true fathers to their men compared to Bonaparte; I mean, I'm a true coward but if I had REALLY to choose someone in death, it would be this duo who didn't abandon their mens, unlike Bonaparte in the Egyptian campaign, who prioritized power over his soldiers). It would be epic. Even more epic (but most of a dream)would be if they allied with the Guadeloupeans, Haitians, and the Black people from the overseas departments who were already very competent in combat (more so than Bonaparte and his government, especially in Haiti). This would make for a truly epic coalition against Bonaparte (plus, it allows us to reunite with Louis Delgrès, Monnereau, Sanité Bélair, whom my fangirl heart adores, especially Delgrès and Monnereau). Someone should write an AO3 fanfic plot about this XD. And maybe not so unlikely if Saint Just is deported to overseas departments probably that he will try to help the rebels against Bonaparte using his former combat experience. Plus in AU if Kléber survived in Egyptian campaign and being deported and witnessed what was happening in the overseas departments, I can see him being outraged by the actions of the French army, especially since the atrocities might remind him of what happened in the Vendée .Anyway, I'm a supporter of this duo (and with equal arms, they would beat Napoleon even one-on-one; they accomplished much more than he did. Let's be honest, Kléber demonstrated that he is superior to Napoleon in combat during the Egyptian campaign, and Saint-Just, well, even his enemies like Marc Baudot complimented him. He and his colleagues faced a worse situation than Napoleon and won. They left a better record with their colleagues than Bonaparte did when he was exiled). They would just need supporters like Prieur de la Côte-d'Or (torn between his friendship with Carnot, who would withdraw after the proclamation of the Empire, and his opposition to Napoleon) to consolidate their victories, but I'm sure they would win.

Ok just a thought...

Do you think if Saint just survived do you think he could have been a marshal of the empire,Ik it doesn't make sense but just what if...(I don't know that much of Frev so I apologise if I seem to lack some knowledge about it💀🙏pls don't cancel me/hj)

Idk this is just a thought That I've been having for quite some time yk if some Frevs survived-

[madamlaydebug]

Row 1 Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Nat Turner, Martin Delany, Amos Wilson, Ida B. Wells

Row 2 Walter Rodney, Eusi Kwayana, Cuffy, Bussa, Sam Sharpe, Marcus Garvey, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba

Row 3 Patrice Lumumba, Thomas Sankara, Steve Biko, Robert Sobukwe, Tavio Amorin, Cetshwayo

Row 4 Joseph Casely Hayford, Nzinga, Yaa Asantewaa, Taitu, Menelik II, Nehanda, Zumbi, Louis Delgrès

Row 5 Jose Correia Leite, Nanny, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Elijah Muhammad, Queen Mother Moore, Harriet Tubman, Toussaint L’Ouverture, Makandal Daaga

Row 6 La Mulâtresse Solitude, Carter G. Woodson, William Leo Hansberry, Joseph Cinqué, Chancellor Williams, Jean Price-Mars, Samory Touré

Row 7 Asa G. Hilliard III, Joshua Nkomo, Julius Nyerere, Nana Olomu, W.E.B. Du Bois, Madison, Funmilayo Kuti, Paul Bogle

[presidentguadeloupegedinval]

La Guadeloupe, notre vote d'Indépendance date du 21 octobre 1801 par l'Assemblée pour l'Indépendance de la Guadeloupe mise en place par le Conseil provisoire de gouvernement promulguée le 10 mai 1802 par l'officier Louis Delgrès martiniquais, l'officier guadeloupéen Joseph Ignace avec l'aide du citoyen européen Monnereau. Notre constitution est partie le 24 octobre 2022 RK730418673FR et RK730418687FR à l'ONU, modifiée le 30 décembre 2022 et promulguée le 1er mars 2023 par le Congrès National Guadeloupéen Pour l'Indépendance de la Guadeloupe, le CNG-PIG.

https://www facebook.com/cngpig/

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 5.28

585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated. 621 – Battle of Hulao: Li Shimin, the son of the Chinese emperor Gaozu, defeats the numerically superior forces of Dou Jiande near the Hulao Pass (Henan). This victory decides the outcome of the civil war that followed the Sui dynasty's collapse in favour of the Tang dynasty. 1533 – The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declares the marriage of King Henry VIII of England to Anne Boleyn valid. 1588 – The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, heading for the English Channel. (It will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port.) 1644 – English Civil War: Bolton Massacre by Royalist troops under the command of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby. 1754 – French and Indian War: In the first engagement of the war, Virginia militia under the 22-year-old Lieutenant colonel George Washington defeat a French reconnaissance party in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in what is now Fayette County in southwestern Pennsylvania. 1802 – In Guadeloupe, 400 rebellious slaves, led by Louis Delgrès, blow themselves up rather than submit to Napoleon's troops. 1830 – U.S. President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act which denies Native Americans their land rights and forcibly relocates them. 1871 – The Paris Commune falls after two months. 1892 – In San Francisco, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club. 1905 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima ends with the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet by Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō and the Imperial Japanese Navy. 1907 – The first Isle of Man TT race is held. 1918 – The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia declare their independence. 1926 – The 28 May 1926 coup d'état: Ditadura Nacional is established in Portugal to suppress the unrest of the First Republic. 1932 – In the Netherlands, construction of the Afsluitdijk is completed and the Zuiderzee bay is converted to the freshwater IJsselmeer. 1934 – Near Callander, Ontario, Canada, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne; they will be the first quintuplets to survive infancy. 1936 – Alan Turing submits On Computable Numbers for publication. 1937 – Volkswagen, the German automobile manufacturer, is founded. 1940 – World War II: Belgium surrenders to Nazi Germany to end the Battle of Belgium. 1940 – World War II: Norwegian, French, Polish and British forces recapture Narvik in Norway. This is the first Allied infantry victory of the War. 1948 – Daniel François Malan is elected as Prime Minister of South Africa. He later goes on to implement Apartheid. 1958 – Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement, heavily reinforced by Frank Pais Militia, overwhelm an army post in El Uvero. 1961 – Peter Benenson's article The Forgotten Prisoners is published in several internationally read newspapers. This will later be thought of as the founding of the human rights organization Amnesty International. 1964 – The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded, with Yasser Arafat elected as its first leader. 1968 – Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 892 crashes near Nala Sopara in India, killing 30. 1974 – Northern Ireland's power-sharing Sunningdale Agreement collapses following a general strike by loyalists. 1975 – Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, creating the Economic Community of West African States. 1977 – In Southgate, Kentucky, the Beverly Hills Supper Club is engulfed in fire, killing 165 people inside. 1979 – Konstantinos Karamanlis signs the full treaty of the accession of Greece with the European Economic Community. 1987 – An 18-year-old West German pilot, Mathias Rust, evades Soviet Union air defences and lands a private plane in Red Square in Moscow, Russia. 1991 – The capital city of Addis Ababa falls to the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, ending both the Derg regime in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Civil War. 1995 – The 7.0 Mw  Neftegorsk earthquake shakes the former Russian settlement of Neftegorsk with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Total damage was $64.1–300 million, with 1,989 deaths and 750 injured. The settlement was not rebuilt. 1996 – U.S. President Bill Clinton's former business partners in the Whitewater land deal, Jim McDougal and Susan McDougal, and the Governor of Arkansas, Jim Guy Tucker, are convicted of fraud. 1998 – Nuclear testing: Pakistan responds to a series of nuclear tests by India with five of its own codenamed Chagai-I, prompting the United States, Japan, and other nations to impose economic sanctions. Pakistan celebrates Youm-e-Takbir annually. 1999 – In Milan, Italy, after 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece The Last Supper is put back on display. 2002 – The last steel girder is removed from the original World Trade Center site. Cleanup duties officially end with closing ceremonies at Ground Zero in Manhattan, New York City. 2003 – Peter Hollingworth resigns as Governor-General of Australia following criticism of his handling of child sexual abuse allegations during his tenure as Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane. 2004 – The Iraqi Governing Council chooses Ayad Allawi, a longtime anti-Saddam Hussein exile, as prime minister of Iraq's interim government. 2008 – The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal formally declares Nepal a republic, ending the 240-year reign of the Shah dynasty. 2010 – In West Bengal, India, the Jnaneswari Express train derailment and subsequent collision kills 148 passengers. 2011 – Malta votes on the introduction of divorce; the proposal was approved by 53% of voters, resulting in a law allowing divorce under certain conditions being enacted later in the year. 2016 – Harambe, a gorilla, is shot to death after grabbing a three-year-old boy in his enclosure at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, resulting in widespread criticism and sparking various internet memes. 2017 – Former Formula One driver Takuma Sato wins his first Indianapolis 500, the first Japanese and Asian driver to do so. Double world champion Fernando Alonso retires from an engine issue in his first entry of the event.