#liu shizong

[balkanparamo]

Two Friends: Liu Shizong

[whateverbringsyouthroughthenight]

Liu Shizong (刘世宗)

[chinesehanfu]

[Hanfu · 漢服]Chinese Song Dynasty(960–1279AD)Emperor Traditional Official Hanfu

The official uniform of the Chinese Song Dynasty emperor in "Serenade of Peaceful Joy"

【Historical Reference Artifacts】:

Portrait of Emperor Taizu ��(21 March 927 – 14 November 976)of Song Dynasty, kept in the National Palace Museum

Portrait of Emperor Yingzong  (16 February 1032 – 25 January 1067) of Song Dynasty, kept in the National Palace Museum

Many people may curious about why the emperors of the Song Dynasty did not wear the classic yellow, but instead wore white or red round-necked robes.

During the Han and Tang dynasties, yellow was exclusively associated with imperial authority. According to the theory of "the Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)"which is Fire, Water, Wood, Metal, and Earth, yellow represented the center and symbolized the legitimacy of imperial power. However, during the Song Dynasty, due to political changes, Emperor Taizong decided to shift this tradition and adopt red as the new symbolic color for the dynasty. The court officials supported this change and provided various justifications, such as the theory of fire's virtue and the idea of red being a color of celebration, among others.

During the Han and Tang dynasties, yellow was exclusively associated with imperial authority. According to the theory of "the Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)"which is Fire, Water, Wood, Metal, and Earth, yellow represented the center and symbolized the legitimacy of imperial power. However, during the Song Dynasty, due to political changes, Emperor Taizong decided to shift this tradition and adopt red as the new symbolic color for the dynasty. The court officials supported this change and provided various justifications, such as the theory of fire's virtue and the idea of red being a color of celebration, among others.

【Emperor Taizu of Song Dynasty<Zhao Kuangyin/赵匡胤>】

Emperor Taizu of Song (21 March 927 – 14 November 976), personal name Zhao Kuangyin, courtesy name Yuanlang, was the founding emperor of the Song dynasty of China. He reigned from 960 until his death in 976. Formerly a distinguished military general of the Later Zhou dynasty, Emperor Taizu came to power after staging a coup d'état and forcing Emperor Gong, the last Later Zhou ruler, to abdicate the throne in his favor.

During his reign, Emperor Taizu conquered the states of Southern Tang, Later Shu, Southern Han, and Jingnan, thus reunifying most of China proper. To strengthen his control, he lessened the power of military generals and relied on civilian officials in administration. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Zhao Kuangyi (Emperor Taizong).

Early life

Born in Luoyang to military commander Zhao Hongyin, Zhao Kuangyin grew up excelling in mounted archery. Once, riding an untamed horse without a bridle, he knocked his forehead on the wall above the city gate and fell off, but got right back up and chased the horse, eventually subduing it while going unharmed. In the mid-940s, he married Lady He on his father's arrangement. After wandering around for a few years, in 949 he joined the army of Guo Wei, a jiedushi (military governor) of the Later Han dynasty, and helped Guo quell Li Shouzhen's rebellion.

Career under Later Zhou（后周）

In 951, Guo Wei rebelled and created the Later Zhou dynasty. Because of his brilliant combat skills, Zhao Kuangyin was promoted to a palace guard commander. Chai Rong (Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou) frequently met Guo Wei and noticed Zhao Kuangyin's potential. Under his command, Zhao Kuangyin was made into a commander of the cavalry units. Under Chai Rong, Zhao Kuangyin's rise to power had begun.

Zhao Kuangyin's career started at the Battle of Gaoping, against the alliance of the Northern Han and Liao dynasties.

This rivalry started when Chai Rong ascended the throne and Liu Chong decided to work with the Liao dynasty. In the initial confrontation, the army's right flank, led by Fan Aineng (樊愛能) and He Hui (何徽), was defeated. Looking at the situation, Zhao Kuangyin and Zhang Yongde (張永德) led 4000 elite Palace troops to counter the Liao army. Zhao Kuangyin's exhortation for the loyalty to the emperor quickly strengthened morale. The small force held off the larger Liao army until reinforcements arrived. In the end, the successful counter repelled the Northern Han back to Taiyuan.

The victory raised Zhao Kuangyin up to the post of the grand commander of the palace guards, as well as reorganising and training them. More importantly, he developed the relations with other generals and officials related to the Chief of Palace, including Shi Shouxin, Wang Shenqi (王審琦), Yang Guangyi (楊光義), Wang Zhengzhong (王政忠), Liu Qingyi (劉慶義), Liu Shouzhong (劉守忠), Liu Yanrang (劉延讓), Mi Xin (米信), Tian Chongjin (田重進), Pan Mei, his brother Zhao Kuangyi, Shen Yilun (沈義倫), Lu Xuqing, Zhao Pu (趙普), Chu Zhaofu (楚昭輔). Within a few years, Zhao Kuangyin completely controlled the palace guards and even developed a set of officials under him with the people mentioned above.

Soon, he was promoted to a jiedushi (military governor), controlling most of the military power under Chai Rong. Nevertheless, he still had two rivals – Zhang Yongde (Guo Wei's son-in-law) and Li Chongjin (Guo Wei's nephew). In 959, after a trap[clarification needed] set by Zhao Kuangyin, Zhang Yongde was demoted. After the death of Chai Rong, the Later Zhou throne was left to his seven-year-old son Guo Zongxun, and the second rival, Li Chongjin, soon found himself lacking the political backing. As a result, Zhao Kuangyin was able to use his influence to transfer Li Chongjin to Yang Prefecture as a jiedushi.

Chenqiao Mutiny/陈桥兵变

Main article: Chenqiao Mutiny20th-century illustration of Zhao Kuangyin being proclaimed emperor by the army of the Later Zhou dynasty.

In 960, word reached the chancellor Fan Zhi that Northern Han and Liao dynasties were once again allied to invade them again. Without verifying the reliability of the hearsay, Fan Zhi sent Zhao Kuangyin to combat the alliance. After traveling 40 li, there was a clamour that a "prophet" saw two suns fighting, and that this meant the transfer of the Mandate of Heaven to Zhao Kuangyin. The story effectively spread around the army: there came discontent of the "command" of the young emperor and a shift of loyalty to Zhao Kuangyin. A few days later, when Zhao Kuangyin was drunk in his tent, all the troops had not slept the whole night; they got their weapons and started yelling. Zhao Pu and Zhang Kuangyi, who were guarding the tent, saw the situation and went into the tent to wake up Zhao Kuangyin. When Zhao Kuangyin came out, all the troops yelled, "The army is without a master, we are willing to make the general the new emperor." Allegedly, Zhao Kuangyin took the power reluctantly, only under the urging of his soldiers. The midnight mutiny of officers forcibly urged Zhao Kuangyin to the throne; but, when the officers presented him to the troops as their new commander-in-chief he refused the imperial nomination until they swore unconditional obedience to him as leader.[6] News of the rebellion soon reached the court and chaos erupted. The only person who thought about a resistance was Han Tong, but he was killed by one of Zhao Kuangyin's generals when he reached home.

Upon entering the capital to take his seat on the throne, Zhao Kuangyin made an executive order prohibiting the troops from looting the city or otherwise violating the rights of the population.

This coup would allow Zhao Kuangyin to become emperor in 960.With the gates opened for him, he became emperor with no resistance. Before the chancellor Fan Zhi could say anything, one of Zhao Kuangyin's generals pointed a sword at him and said, "We are without masters. Today, we must have an emperor." After the officials looked at each other and knew it was hopeless to resist; they all bowed down. With the court under control, Zhao Kuangyin was officially proclaimed emperor. The new dynasty's name, Song, was inspired by the army Zhao Kuangyin commanded in Song Prefecture.

After the declaration, Zhao Kuangyin sent the dethroned young emperor Guo Zongxun with his mother to the Western Capital (西京). He personally ordered the Zhao family to receive the Chai family into their family's care for generations.

As emperor

Emperor Taizu playing cuju with Zhao Pu, by the Yuan dynasty painter Qian Xuan (1235–1305)

In 960, Zhao Kuangyin helped reunite most of China proper after the fragmentation and rebellion between the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 and the establishment of the Song dynasty. The plan set during Chai Rong's reign was to first conquer the north, then the south. During Emperor Taizu's reign, there was a change in strategy. He would conquer all the smaller states such as Later Shu, Southern Han and Southern Tang. The exception was the strong Northern Han in the north at Taiyuan supported by the Khitans of the Liao dynasty. Emperor Taizu's strategy was to win over the independent southern states[8] as the south was weaker than the north as the Liao dynasty supported Northern Han.

In 968, Emperor Taizu personally led the army against the Northern Han. At first, his forces tore through the defences and placed Taiyuan under siege, but was ultimately forced to retreat after he struck against the defences of the Northern Han with the Liao cavalry coming in to support.Portrait of Emperor Taizu, who founded the Song dynasty

Emperor Taizu established the core Song Ancestor Rules and Policy for the later Song emperors. He was remembered for his expansion of the imperial examination system such that most of the civil service were recruited through the exams (in contrast to the Tang where less than 10% of the civil servants came through exams). He also created academies that allowed a great deal of freedom of discussion and thought, which facilitated the growth of scientific advance, economic reforms as well as achievements in arts and literature.

Emperor Taizu is well known for bringing the power of the military under control, ending the era of the warlords, centralizing the state over regional commanders and so preventing anyone else rising to power as he did.[8] Upon becoming emperor, he invited the general officers to a lavish banquet, where he convinced them all to retire as military leaders or accept minor posts, in favour of enjoying extensive estates and generous retirement funds and benefits which he then offered them.At a certain point during the feast, the new emperor made a speech to the military officers assembled there, which he began by expressing his deep gratitude to each and all of them for placing him on the throne, and that now that he had the power to do so, he wished to reward them to the utmost of his ability; then he went on to say that he thought the present company would all understand that he could not feel at ease on his new throne, with them continuing in command of their various armies of troops: and, he said, that if they duly considered the ramifications of the matter, neither would they. He then sincerely promised that they and their families would live in happiness and harmony, if they accepted his offer to retire with the stated benefits: eventually, none of the generals refused his terms, and thus began a period of relative internal peace within the realm for the duration of the Song dynasty which he thus founded, also better securing the military forces for involvement with the rival surrounding empires.

Many Song and later sources record the story of the "Taizu's Oath", which forbade his successors from killing scholar-officials. However, this story might be a later construct.

Death and succession dispute

Tomb of Emperor Taizu in the Yongchang Mausoleum, Gongyi, Zhengzhou

Emperor Taizu reigned for seventeen years and died in 976 at the age of 49. Curiously, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Zhao Kuangyi (Emperor Taizong), even though he had two grown sons – Zhao Dezhao, the Prince of Yan (951–979), and Zhao Defang, the Prince of Qin (959–981). The traditional historical accounts place emphasis on the role Zhao Kuangyin's mother played in the decision which was made shortly after the Song dynasty was proclaimed (around 961). So for nearly his entire reign, it was known and accepted that Zhao Kuangyi would succeed him.

In folklore, the story known as "shadows by the candle and sounds from an axe" is very popular and suggests that Emperor Taizu was murdered by his brother, who was after the throne.After his death, Taizu was interred at the Yongchang Mausoleum, near Gongyi.

After Emperor Taizong, the line of succession passed on to his son and descendants rather than those of Emperor Taizu. However, when Emperor Gaozong (1127–1161) failed to produce an heir, he selected a descendant of Emperor Taizu to be his adopted heir to succeed him in 1161. After 1161, all the subsequent Song emperors were descended from Emperor Taizu through his two sons, Zhao Dezhao and Zhao Defang.

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[parappurathu]

Liu Shizong

[bookofjin]

Rise of Sixteen States: 304

This year there were many affairs.

Liu Yuan declares himself King of Han.

Li Xiong declares himself King of Chengdu

22 February 304 – 10 February 305

(Jin's 1st Year of Yongxing)

(Han's 1st Year of Yuanxi)

(Chengdu's 1st Year of Jianxing)

3rd Month, wushen [1 May], used the King of Chengdu, Ying as August Brother-Heir and Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs in the Centre and Outside, and Assisting Chancellor.

7th Month, bingshen, New Moon [17 August], the General of the Guards of the Right, Chen Zhen, used a decree summoning the hundred companions to enter within the hall, and following that directed troops to punish the King of Chengdu, Ying.

On jihai [20 August], the Minister over the Masses, Wang Rong, the King of Donghai, Yue, and others served the Emperor on a northern campaign. They arrived at Anyang with a multitude of 100 000. Ying dispatched his general Shi Chao to resist them in battle.

On jiwei [9 September], the Six Armies were defeated at Dangyin. Arrows reached the Driving Carriage, the hundred officials divided and scattered. The Emperor that evening favoured Ying's chariot, the next day he favoured Ye.

8th Month [16 September – 15 October], the General who Calms the North, Wang Jun, dispatched Wuwan cavalry to attack the King of Chengdu at Ye, greatly routing him. Ying drove with the Emperor in a single chariot to flee to Luoyang.

11th Month, yiwei [14 December], Zhang Fang coerced the Emperor to favour Chang'an.

The King of Hejian, Yong, led public officials and 30 000 infantry and cavalry to welcome [the Emperor] at Bashang.

(Liu Yuan)

The King of Chendu, Ying, became August Brother-Heir. He used Yuan as Colonel of Garrison Cavalry to the Brother-Heir. Emperor Hui attacked Ying, and stayed at Dangyin. Ying made use of Yuan as General who Assists the State and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Affairs of the Northern City. When Emperor Hui had been defeated, he used Yuan as General of the Best of the Army, ennobled as Earl of Lunu. Soon after, the Inspector of Bing province, the Duke of Dongying, Teng, and the General who Calms the North and Inspector of You province, Wang Jun, raised troops to attack Ying. Ying's host fought and was defeated. Yuan spoke to Ying, saying:

Now the two garrisons trample on restraint, with a multitude exceeding 100 000. [I] fear we will not be able to manage them with the personal guards and the nearby commanderies' gentlemen and people. Yuan will, Your Highness, return to explain to the Five Sections, assemble and gather a righteous multitude, and thereby hasten to the state's difficulties.

Ying said:

The multitudes of the Five Sections, can they protect and set out already or not? Allowing for you being able to send them out, the Xianbei and Wuhuan are strong and quick like the wind and clouds. How easily can it be done? I wish to serve the Driving Carriage and return to Luoyang, and avoid their spear points, calmly summon Under Heaven to arms, and govern them according to their opposition or loyalty. Lord, what are your thoughts?

Yuan said:

Your Highness is the son of the Martial August Emperor, and has special merits in the royal house. Your power and kindness shine in harmony, the Four Sea's reverent wind. Who would not consider to lose their lives and throw down their bodies for Your Highness? What is the difficulty in sending them out! Wang Jun is an upstart son and Dongying a distant cousin, how could they contend equally with Your Highness?

If Your Highness goes out alone from the Ye palace, and shows weakness to people, is it possible then to arrive in Luoyang? Suppose you reach Luoyang, power and authority will not be restored to Your Highness. A paper calling to arms is a foot-long letter, who will the person be who receives it!

Moreover the Eastern Hu's courage does not exceed the Five Sections. [I] wish Your Highness would encourage and console the multitude soldiers, calming them down and thereby quell them. [I] will, Your Highness, use two sections to destroy Dongying and three sections to put on display Wang Jun. You can point to the day when the heads of the two upstarts will be hanging up.

Ying was pleased and designated Yuan as Northern Chanyu, Assisting the Army Affairs of the Imperial Chancellor. Yuan arrived at Zuoguocheng. Liu Xuan and others elevated him to the title of Great Chanyu. Within twenty days the multitude was soon 50 000. He set his capital at Lishi. He dispatched the Yulu King of the Left, Hong, to lead 5 000 elite cavalry and meet up with Ying's general Wang Cui and resist the Duke of Dongying, Teng. But Cui had already been defeated by Teng, so Hong returned back with nothing done.

Wang Jun sent General Qi Hong to lead Xianbei and attack Ye. Ying was defeated, and held onto the Son of Heaven to run south to Luoyang. Yuan heard Ying had left Ye, he sighed and said:

Ying did not employ my words, on the contrary he is himself running from disaster. He truly has menial talents. However as I and him had words, I cannot but aid him.

Hence he instructed the Yulu King of the Right, Liu Jing, and the Dulu King of the Left, Liu Yannian, and others to lead 20 000 infantry and cavalry, and commanded them to punish the Xianbei. Liu Xuan and others firmly remonstrated, saying:

Jin is without the Way, slaves and lackeys govern us. Therefore the Worthy King of the Right's fierceness does not surpass his anger. Just now Jin's guide ropes are not spread. [If] the great affair is not followed through, the Worthy of the Right will smear [himself] with earth, to the Chanyu's shame.

Now in the Sima clan, father and son, elder and younger brother, are themselves [chopping] each other [like] fish meat, this is Heaven casting aside Jin's virtue and conferring it on us. [If] the Chanyu stores up virtue in his body, and is submitted to by the people of Jin, [he] soon will raise up our nation and tribe and restore the patrimony of Huhanxie. The Xianbei and Wuhuan are of our manners and type, and could be used as helpers, why would [we] resist them and aid [our] foes!

Now Heaven is acting through us and cannot be disobeyed. To disobey Heaven is not auspicious, to go against the multitudes is not helpful. [He who when] Heaven gives does not take, will in turn receive his calamity. [I] wish the Chanyu would not doubt.

Yuan said:

Good. [I] will be raising up the hill to the pinnacle mound, why would I make a hillock! As for Emperors and Kings, when where they regular? Yu the Great was born among the Western Rong, King Wen was born among the eastern Yu. Looking back, they were conferred for virtue, that was all. Now [I] see a multitude of more than 100 000, and anyone of us is a match for ten of the Jin. To strike the march and destroy chaotic Jin is like snapping deadwood, that is all. At best I can complete the legacy of Gao of Han, at worst I will be no less than the Wei clan. How is Huhanxie a sufficient course of action!

However, the people of Jin are not necessarily similar to us. Han had Under Heaven for many generations, kindness and virtue connection to the population's hearts. Thus though Zhaolie [lived] rough and rugged in the lands of a single province, he was yet able contend at an equal level Under Heaven. I am also a sister's child of the Han clan, sworn to be elder and younger brothers. When the older brother perishes, the younger carries on. Can we not do likewise? Now moreover, I can raise up Han, posthumously honour the Later Ruler, and thereby comfort the populace's expectations.

Xuan and others touched head to ground, saying:

[They] are not reaching up [to you].

1st Year of Yuanxi [304 AD], he moved to Zuoguocheng. The Jin people who [came from] the east to adhere were several ten thousand. Xuan and others sent up [to assume] the venerated title. Yuan said:

Now the Jin clan still exist, the Four Regions are not yet settled. [We] can look up to and honour the Exalted August's first regulations, and moreover designate [me] King of Han [while] for the moment delaying the tile of August Emperor. [When I] hear the cosmos is mixed into one [I] will once more discuss it.

10th Month [14 November – 10 December], he had an altar in the southern suburbs, and falsely ranked as King of Han. He sent down an order, saying:

Formerly our Grand Founder [taizu], the Exalted [gao] August Emperor used his divine martial ability to follow expectations, and broadly began the great patrimony. The Grand Ancestor [taizong], the Filial and Civil [xiaowen] August Emperor gave weight to using enlightened kindness, peace and prosperity was the Way of Han. The Generational Ancestor [shizong], the Filial and Martiaizul [xiaowu] August Emperor expanded the territory and repelled the yi, the territory exceeding the days of Tang. The Middle Ancestor [zhongzong], the Filial and Propagating [xiaoxuan] August Emperor, sought and lifted up the capable and outstanding, many scholars filled the court.

Hence the Way of our founder and ancestors strode pass the Three Kings, their achievements exalted as the Five Emperors. For that reason the foretold years were many times the Xia and Shang's, the foretold generations exceeded the Ji clan. But Yuan and Cheng had many crimes, Ai and Ping were briefly blessed. The traitorous subject Wang Mang overflowed Heaven and usurped disobediently.

Our Generational Founder [shizu], the Brilliant and Martial [guangwu] August Emperor was expansively endowed with sagely martial ability. He immensely restored the vast foundation, worshipped Han matched with Heaven, and did not neglect old matters, so that the Three Luminaries' obscurity were yet restored to clarity, the Three Receptacles' darkness were yet restored to visibility. The Manifesting Ancestor [xianzong], the Filial and Enlightened [xiaoming] August Emperor, and the Solemn Ancestor [suzong], the Filial and Articulating [xiaozhang] August Emperor, amassed eras, the blazing light twice revealed.

From He and An and afterwards, the august guide-ropes gradually decayed, Heaven's pace was hard and difficult, the state's government again and again cut off. The Yellow Turban seas boiled in the Nine Provinces, the crowd of eunuchs' poison flowed in the Four Seas. Dong Zhuo following that indulged his careless heedlessness, Cao Cao, father and son, fell rebels, were soon after.

For that reason Xiaomin let go and put aside the ten thousand states. Zhaolie strayed beyond Min and Shu, hoping the stoppage in the end would have exaltation, returning the carriage box to the old capital. How to assess Heaven not regretting the calamity, the Later Emperor was embarrassed and humiliated.

Since the altars of soil and grain were lost and ceased, the ancestral temple have not had blood to eat for forty years until this point. Now Heaven is coaxing its inner self, regretting the calamity to August Han, and making the Sima clan, father and son, elder and younger brother, repeatedly break and wipe out each other. The numerous multitudes are in the mud and soot, scattering to denounce and accuse.

This Orphan is now all at once pushed forward by the crowd of excellencies, to carry on offering to the Three Founders' legacy. Looking at [my] current crippled ignorance, [I] shiver in fear for collapsing in a shallow grave. However, as the great shame is not yet wiped away, the altars of soil and grain are without a host, with gall in the mouth and the roost cold, [I] will strive to follow the crowd's opinion.

He changed Jin's 1st Year of Yongxing to be the 1st Year of Yuanxi [“Inaugural Radiance”], there was a great amnesty Under Heaven. He posthumously venerated Liu Shan as the Filial and Cherished [xiaohuai] August Emperor. He established Gaozu of Han and below, three Founders and five Ancestors, as divine rules and worshipped them. He established his wife, Ms. Huyan as Queen, set up the hundred officials, and used the Worthy King of the Right, Xuan, as Imperial Chancellor, Cui You as Imperial Clerk Grandee, the Yulu King of the Left, Hong, as Grand Commandant, Fan Long as Great Herald, Zhu Ji as Grand Master of Ceremonies, Cui Yizhi of Shangdang and Chen Yuanda of the Rear Section both as Gentlemen of the Yellow Gates, his clan-child Yao as General who Establishes the Martial, the remainder were designated and conferred each proportionally. You firmly declined and did not go.

12th Month [12 January 305 – 3 February], the Duke of Dongying, Teng, sent General Nie Xuan to chastise him, they fought at Daling. Xuan's host achieved defeat. Teng was afraid, he led more than 20 000 households of Bing province to go down East of the Mountain. Thereupon [the people who] lived there were robbed. Yuan dispatched his General who Establishes the Martial, Liu Yao, to rob Taiyuan, Xuanshi, Zhunliu, Zhangzi and Zhongdu, all were lost to him.

He also dispatched the General of the Best of the Army, Qiao Xi, to rob Xihe. The Prefect of Jiexu, Jia Hun resisted steadfastly and did not surrender, saying:

I am a defender of Jin, [if I am] not able to maintain it, why cautiously seek to live therefore serving thieves and miscreants? How could I face accordingly to watch and breath in the world!

Xi was angry, apprehended and wanted to kill him. Xi's general Yin Song said:

[If] the General saves him, [he can] thereby convince [him] to serve you, Lord.

Xi did not listen and thereupon murdered him. Jia Hun's wife, Ms. Zong, had a beautiful figure and Xi desired to take her. Ms. Zong reviled him, saying:

Slave of the Tuge, how can you murder a person's husband then desire to assign [her] without decorum, how is this to you? Why do you not hurry and kill me!

Then she raised her head to Heaven and greatly wept. Xi thereupon murdered her. At the time she was (more than) 20 years old. Yuan heard about it, and greatly angered said:

If it is the Way of Heaven to be perceptive, the view of Qiao Xi has sown seeds!

When the pursuers returned, he demoted his salary four grades, collected Hun's corpse and buried it.

(Cui You)

Cui You, courtesy name Zixiang, was a native Shangdang. As young he was fond of studying, he was discerning and enlightened in the Ruist methods, tranquil, peaceful, humble and withdrawn. From young to old his mouth not once spoke about wealth and profit. At the end of Wei, he was examined as Filial and Upright, and appointed Retainer of the Chancellor's Office. He set out to be Chief of Dichi, he was very kind in government affairs. He retired due to illness, and thereupon was disabled and sick.

At the beginning of Taishi [265 – 274], Emperor Wu favoured the succession from Emperor Wen's old office companions and staff, and attended on the family to designate a Palace Gentleman. Aged more than 70, he still esteemed studying and did not tire. He compiled a Chart of Mouring Clothes, which has come down through the ages. He passed on at home, at the time he was 93 years old.

(Liu Cong)

Liu Cong, courtesy name Xuanming, also named Zai, was Yuan's 4thson. His motherwas named Lady Zhang.Earlier, when she was pregnant with Cong, Lady Zhang dreamt the sun enter her breast. She woke up and told Yuan. Yuan said:

This is a good omen, take care not to talk of it.

Fifteen months from that then she gave birth to Cong, at night there was an exceptional white light. The shape of his body was not usual. In his left ear there was a single white hair, more than two chi long with considerable shine and lustre. As a young child he was yet intelligent and aware and fond of studying, the Broad Scholar Zhu Ji greatly marvelled at him. At the age of fourteen, he delved thoroughly into the the classics and histories, and even more so the assembled words of the hundred schools. In Sun and Wu's Principles of War there was nothing he did not completely understand.

He was skilled with the draft and clerical scripts, and good with composing texts. He displayed and expressed his deepest feelings in more than a hundred chapters of poetry, and more than fifty chapters of rhapsodies and hymns. At fifteen he practised striking and stabbing. He had ape arms and was good at shooting, he could bend a bow 300 jin strong, was strong in body, valiant and agile, ahead and beyond the times. Wang Hun of Taiyuan saw and was pleased with him. He spoke to Yuan, saying:

This boy cannot be measured by me.

As a youth he drifted to the Imperial City, there were nobody of the famous scholars he did not communicate and connect with. Yue Guang and Zhang Hua particularly marvelled at him.

Jin's Grand Warden of Xinxing, Guo Yi, nominated him has Master of Accounts, he served accordingly in the commandery's affairs. He was recommended good and supportive, and entered to became Marshal of Detached Section of Valiant Cavalry. The King of Qi, Jiong, used him as Palace Commandant of State. He set out to be Marshal of the Left Section, and soon after amassed to move to Chief Commandant of the Right Section. He was good at consoling and connected, there were none of the Five Section's prominent and honoured who did not revert to him. The Grand Steward, the King of Hejian, Yong, petitioned him to be Commander of the Palace Gentlemen of the Red Sand.

Cong, since Yuan was at Ye, and he feared he would be murdered by the King of Chengdu, Ying, he absconded and ran to Ying. Ying was extremely pleased, and designated him General who Amasses Crossbows of the Right, Assisting the Battle Affairs of the Vanguards. When Yuan became Chanyu of the North, he was established as Worthy King of the Right, and accompanied to turn back to the Right Section. When he was enthroned as Great Chanyu, he changed his designation to Lulu King.

(Liu Yao)

Liu Yao, courtesy name Yongming, was Yuan's clan-child. He was orphaned young, and was nurtured by Yuan. As a youth, he was yet perceptive and intelligent, and had unusual measures. Aged eight sui, he accompanied Yuan to hunt in the Western Mountains, when they came across rain, and stopped beneath a tree. Suddenly, thunder shook near the tree. None of the people did not fall over and lie down, Yao in spirit and colour was like himself. Yuan was amazed by him, and said:

This is my family's thousand li colt, older cousin is not gone!

He was nine chi, three cun tall, his hands hang down past the knees. When he was born, his eyebrows were white and his eyes had a red glow. His beard and whiskers did not exceed a hundred roots, but all were five chi long. He by nature lifted up and let drop the high and brilliant, and was not among the crowd of the multitudes.

He read books with a mind towards a broad overlook, and did not concentrate on pondering chapters and verses. He was good at composing text and was skilled with the draft and clerical scripts. His gallantry and martial ability was beyond other people. Iron one cun thick he shot and pierced, at the time it was declared to be a godly shot. He particularly fond of military books and could recite roughly all from memory. He often made light of and ridiculed Wu and Deng, but compared himself with Yue Yi, Xiao, and Cao. At the time people did not acknowledge him, only Cong said:

Yongming is in the class of Shizu and Wu of Wei, how are some Excellencies worth mention!

As a youth he drifted to Luoyang, was implicated in an affair and was to be executed. Therefore he absconded with Cao Xun to run to Liu Sui. Sui hid him in a book cabinet, carried, and sent him off to Wang Zhong. Zhong sent him off to Chaoxian. For the remainder of the year, he was starving and hard-pressed. Thereupon he altered his family and personal name, and as a retainer became a county soldier. The Prefect of Chaoxian, Cui Yue, saw and was amazed with him. He gave him clothes and food, his charity and regard was very substantial. Cao Xun, though he was in the midst of a difficult situation, served Yao with the rites of lord and subject. Yao was very gracious to him. Later there happened to be an amnesty, and he was free to return home.

He himself, since his appearance and substance was different from the multitudes, and feared he would not be tolerated during the era, once lived in hiding in the mountains of Guancen, using a qin zither and books to amuse himself. In the middle of the night, suddenly there were two servant boys who entered, knelt, and said:

The King of Guancen sends his young subjects to offer his respects to the August Emperor of Zhao.

They presented a single edged sword, put it in front of him, bowed twice, and departed. He used a torch to look at it. The sword was two chi long, the shine and polish was not ordinary, red jade made up the sheath, on the back side there was an inscription which said:

The godly sword holds sway, removes the multitudes' poison.

Yao thereupon wore it. The sword followed the four seasons and altered to have the five colours.

(Shi Le)

1st Year of Yongxing [304 AD], the King of Chengdu, Ying, defeated the Driving Carriage at Dangyin, and pressured the Emperor to go to the Ye Palace. Wang Jun, since Ying had secluded and humiliated the Son of Heaven, sent Xianbei to strike him. Ying was afraid, clasped Emperor Hui and ran south to Luoyang. The Emperor then was pressured by Zhang Fang, and moved to Chang'an. East of the Passes troops were rising up, all using executing Ying as their name. The King of Hejian, Yong, feared the abundance of the eastern host, and wished to bring together and placate the Eastern Xia. He therefore memorialised to debate deposing Ying.

This Year, Liu Yuan declared himself King of Han at Liting.

(Li Xiong)

1st Year of Jianxing, Spring, 1st Month [22 February – 22 March), Luo Shang arrived at Jiangyang. The Minister of the Army, Xin Bao, went to Luo to show the circumstances. A written decree gave authority to control Badong, Ba commandery, and Fuling commanderies, to supply his army taxes.

(JS066: At the time the Inspector of Yi province, Luo Shang, was defeated by Li Te. He dispatched envoys to announce the urgency and request provisions. Hong circulated a letter to supply and provide. But the provincial office's mainstays and guidelines, as the transport roads were isolated and remote, and the civil and military officials wanting and weary, desired to use Lingling to alone transport 5 000 hu of rice to give to Shang. Hong said:

You Lords have not yet thought about it, that is all. Under Heaven is a single family, this and that are not different. If I today provide for him, then there is no anxiety in looking west.

Thereupon he used 30 000 hu of rice from Lingling to provide for him. Shang relied on it to strengthen himself.)

Winter, 10thMonth [14 November – 13 December], the various generals firmly requested Xiong accede to the venerated rank. (HYGZ: Yang Bao and Yang Bao together urged Xiong to declare himself King.) Hence he presumptuously declared himself King of Chengdu, with an amnesty within his territories, and changed the inaugural to Jianxing [“Establishing the Rise”]. He removed the Jin laws, and condensed the law into seven chapters.

He used his junior uncle Xiang# as Grand Tutor, his commoner-born older brother Shi as Grand Guardian, the Smashing Charges Li Li as Grand Commandant, his junior cousin, the Establishing Domination Li Yun as Minister over the Masses, the Supports the Army Li Huang as Minister of Works, the Talented Officials Li Guo as Grand Steward, Yan Shi as Prefect of the Masters of Writing, Yang Bao as Supervisor, Yang Fa as Palace Attendant, Yang Gui as Master of Writing, Yang Hong as Inspector of Yi province, Xu Yu as Garrisons the South, Wang Da as Army Teacher. For the remaining civil and military officials, he designated and conferred each proportionally.

He retroactively venerated his great grandson Hu as the Mighty [huan] Duke of Ba commandery, his grandfather Mu as the Accomplished [xiang] King of Longxi, his father Te as the Luminous [jing] King, his mother Ms. Luo as Queen Dowager. His senior uncle Fu as the Ardent [lie] King of Qi, his middle uncle Xiang as the Martial [wu] King of Liang#, his middle uncle Liu as the Civil [wen] King of Qin, his older brother Dang as the Strong and Civil [zhuangwen] Duke of Guanghan.

Winter, Shang relocated to station at Ba commandery. He dispatched an army to plunder within Shu. He beheaded Xiong's granduncle Ran, and captured Xiang#'s wife Zan, his son Shou, and his brothers.

12th Month [12 January – 10 February], Xiong's Grand Commandant Li Li invaded Hanzhong, and killed the Battle Leader Zhao Min.

(Zhang Gui)

Reaching the difficulties of the two Kings of Hejian and Chengdu, he dispatched 3 000 troops to proceed east to the Imperial City.

Earlier, at the end of Han, a man of Jincheng, Yang Chengyuan, killed the Grand Warden in rebellion. A man of the commandery, Feng Zhong, attended to the corpse, shouting and weeping. He vomited blood and died.

A man of Zhangye, Wu Yong, was appointed by the Colonel who Protects the Qiang, Ma Xian. Later he was on the staff of the Grand Commandant, Pang Can. Can and Xian defamed each other with crimes that merited death. Each pulled on Yong as evidence. Yong planned and reasoned without the two accepting responsibility, and thereupon he cut his own throat and died. Can and Xian were ashamed and remorseful, and themselves made peace and cleared out with each other.

Gui in both cases sacrificed at the their tombs and honoured their sons and grandsons.

[lezforum]

Artist: Liu Shizong

[rfsnyder]

Liu Shizong 刘世宗

[tapsylogy]

Kyrgyz, Ming Dynasty (Cd)

Twenty-fourth Rite II (Kyrgyzstan II)

   The suburbs of the suburbs cooperate with the suburbs    ○ Suburban System    In the first year of Hong Wu’s reign, Li Shanchang, the Secretary of the Chinese Book, wrote the book “The Suburbs Proposal” and made a brief statement:    When the king is in trouble and observes the matter, the winter solstice is reported to the heavens and the summer solstice is reported to the land, so the righteousness of yin and yang is also good. Yutian Yunan On the outskirts of the hill, the ancestral site is located in the northern suburbs of Fangze, so it is also the location of the yin and yang. "Zhou Li Tai Le": "To the winter, The celestial gods, summer days, courtesy only. "" "ceremony" said: "Enjoy the emperor in the suburbs, Yushe in the country." "And again:" The outskirts Tomorrow, the society will be clear. "Book" said: "Dare to tell the earth after the emperor. According to the ancients Or after the earth, or in the community, all the sacrifices are in the heavens. The three generations of the rituals, and the interpretation of the Bible are saying. from Qin Li’s four seasons included white, blue, yellow, and red four emperors. Han Gaozu revived the North, tying the Black Emperor. There are five in Emperor Wudi 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 畤 The Genghis, thought that there were six people in the sky, and the nine-year-old sacrifice. Zong Wang Su who thought that the only celestial body, Ande has six? One year old and two offerings, Andy has nine? Although different because of the difference, it is probably more than two. Since Han Wu used the eunuch wide to discuss, he later made up for the On the haze, courtesy is like day. Later generations still lag behind the northern suburbs. And Xuan Xuan was in the Weishu book. The only memorial ceremony for Kunlun above Fangqi is to worship the Gods of the Taizhou in July, but it is only two. Later ages because of one and two years old Festival. In the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen played in the Ganquan baht and reunited with the northern suburb of Annan. On the first month, Xin Ruo Ding In the southern suburbs. From the Han calendar to the Tang Dynasty, for more than a thousand years, it was all due to the sacrifice. The people who lived in Beijiao were Wei Wendi and Zhou Wudi. The emperor Gaozu and Tang Xuanzong are the only four emperors. In Song Yuanfeng, they discussed the strike and sacrifice. Shao Sheng, political and interlocutory, or divided or combined. Gao Zong After Nandu, only the communion ceremony is used. Yuan Chengzong was the fifth emperor to worship the heavens and the earth, and he had established the southern suburbs. Taiding In the middle, it is also a sacrifice. After Wenzong came to Shung, but the God of Heaven. Today, when the ancient system is followed, the heavens and the earth will be sacrificed in the northern and southern suburbs. winter To the end of the day, God will be in Mt. Qiu, and will be mourning with the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the stars, and Tai Sui. In the summer solstice, the emperor’s land is only in Fangqiu. With the Five Sacred Mountains, Five Towns, Four Seas, and Four Slave Concubines.    Taejo is as it is. Jian Yang Qiu Hill in the sun, Fang Qi in the yin of Zhongshan. Three years, increase the wind and thunderstorms In Luqiu, the god of the world is Fang Qiu. In the past seven years, the world’s shrines were added to the northern and southern suburbs. In nine years, Dingshuo Li, although it has been lost for three years, it will not be wasted. In the ten years of autumn, Taejo felt that she was living in rainy weather. The situation is uneasy, and his life is in the southern suburbs. It is the winter solstice and the temple work is not completed. Zhu Wen, which means that people are heaven and earth, and should not be disregarded. He will be married to Meng Chun at the age of every year. Twelve years On the first day of the month, the co-edition was made at the Great Hall, and the Taizu's prosecution of "The Great Thing" was made up of nine songs. Eighteen years of Yongle, Kyoto Grand Hall As a rule, such as Nanjing. In the old outskirts of Nanjing, state-owned major events, the deacons were reported to the officials.    In the nine years of Jiajing, Shizong had established the "Minglun Grand Ceremony," and Yi Zhesi made things. The law is the old chapter. Nai-yi asked the university scholar Zhang Yi: "The book" says that weaving the wood is to worship the heavens, and that we are 'like God'. The Bible says: 'After the suburbs, it is used to match the heavens, and Zong Yiwen's King Yu Mingtang is to be equipped with God'. Zhu Zi said that the sacrifice was on the altar as the heaven, and the sacrifice was called the emperor. There is a temple in this temple. There are rituals for heaven. In fact, God's emperor only conjunctures sacrifices, nor does it specialize in offerings to God. "Proverbs:" At the beginning of the country Sacrifice heaven and earth, and later join together. The speaker said that there was a large house on the altar of the Royal Highness, and that the house was Mingtang, and the altar was the hill, and the saints were born. Confucius also means from Zhou. "The emperor replied:" Two to childbirth, generation is not easy to gift. The grand palace is planned to be Zhou Mingtang or Kinki, that is, Yu Qiu, really nothing. "Yun Nai prepared the "Zhou Li" and Song Chenxi, Su Shi, Liu Anshi, and Cheng. 颐 颐 分 分 分 分. And the ancestral system has been set, no dared to discuss lightly. Emperor Rui wants to set up the suburbs, and the first place of the Boshui Temple is Taizu. Before it was bad. When asked about university gentry, it was said that infighting was correct. When you ask Li Shi Shang Shu Li Shi, you need less time, Bo selected Confucian scholars, proposed vintage system. The emperor's ancestors, not Kyrgyzstan, and discuss.    We will give a summer proverb to raise silkworms. The emperor took the protagonist's pro-growth in the southern suburbs, and the queen embroidered the northern suburbs. On the surface of the suburbs, because of the rumors of Chen Jiaoli. Words are superficial: "The state is in harmony with heaven and earth, as well as Taizong and Taizong. Matching, the various altars from the Sui, not to be held in the long and Meng Chun, are not classical. It is advisable for the ministers to examine the poems, The book of the Suburbs contained in the Book and the Book of Rites, and the conclusions of Han and Song Zhu Ruheng, Liu Anshi, Zhu Xi, etc. And the old system of childbirth in the early days of the Tai-tzu, which was called and ruled. This is also the great ZTE. "Ritco to the matter of Wang Yumei When other rumors say it is not true, the emperor cuts it. Nai Li’s ministry led Chen Chen to see each other. And said: "Zhu Mei et al." The use of two cattle in the suburbs, said that the world of worship. The husband used two cattle, one emperor and one coordinator, and each non-heaven has one cow. Or It is said that the combination of the heavens and the earth is the way of the parents of children and children. Such remarks have been very sluggish. Or suburbs For the day, the community is the sacrifice ground. There is no northern suburbs in ancient times. The Fushe community is the only one offering five earths. It still speaks of the five emperors and ears, but only the non-imperial land. The name of the community is different from that of the Son of God. Therefore, there is a saying of “pro-time” in the “ritual”. The community is also the Fangze sacrifice place. "Qin Yu recorded a book on the study of the suburbs."

   When Zhan Shihuo was a non-protestant, he said that he only said "Zhou Li," but he falsified the thief and falsified it. Therefore, repentance on the remarks:    "Zhou Li" is a book detailing sacrifices. "Big Bomber" uses the god of the heavens, but there are 禋祀, Shichai, and 燎. The rituals, in order to smash the land only, there is a blood sacrifice, 薶 Shen, 趯辜 趯辜 ceremony. "Dashile" winter solstice, the system of Luqiu on the ground, In the summer of the summer solstice, the system of Fang Qiu in the Chinese side of Zoroastrianism will be a gift to the god. Heaven and earth give birth, never long. Song Ru Ye Shizhi said: "The suburbs divide and divide, when the "Zhou Li" is determined." This discussion is both Taisha as a sacrifice, then In the southern suburbs, since the imperial rituals were not properly used, why did they not resort to offering sacrifices? The communion of sacrificial offerings, since the beginning, all the main points before the Han Festival, and there is also between Han. After Song Yuanfeng discussed, Yuan You discussed again, and Shao Shengsan discussed all the main congregations. As for the shifter, he uses the fees of the suburbs to dump every house. Therefore, the province is easy to use. It is also not a matter of ceremony. Today’s commentator, It is often feared by the system of the Taizu. However, the conjugal sacrifice is the custom of the Taizong and cannot be changed, but it is not known to subdue Taizu. The beginning of the system is repeatable. Knowing that "Dazhao Wen" is the Ming dynasty of the TaiZu ancestors. The ancestral script is acceptable. And all are too ancestral system also, from its ritual is only. Heavenly King Fazu, no two also. "Zhou Li," a book, Zhu Zi thought that Zhou Gong tutored into the king, and drew down the law to the future generations. His intention was the most profound. For yeah? After the congregation and the provision of the land, the reality begins. Since the falsification is a book, why not cut away the system of Luqiu and Fangqiu? God's only offering, and since the one for Jesus?    So the Ritian set up a picnic ceremony as discussed by the ministers and played it: "The main sacrificial offerings are all eighty-two people, such as Yu Shiwang and others. In order to make a congregation and to make a constitution in a timely manner, it was not possible to be a speaker, and there were 84 college graduates Zhang Jian. The main sacrifice was the Shanchuan altar. Fifty-six persons including Fang Qiu, Shang Shu and Li Shu, the main congregation and non-offered sacrifices, Shang Shufang and other 260 people. No, there are 198 British Zhang Lun and others. Ministers waited in vain to confess public opinion. The meaning of childbirth In ancient rites, but the altar was built and the labor service was numerous. "Courtesy", the house to worship the emperor, husband and wife referred to both heaven and God, when the house festival. It is also advisable to specialize in God in the Great Mosque, and to change the altar to the altar of the earth to specialize only in the imperial land. There is neither creation nor salute Then. "The emperor reconciliation is to follow the old system of emperor's ancestors, and the dew offerings are to the altar, divided into the northern and southern suburbs, and act two to five days. “In the southern suburbs, there has been a long history of reconciliation, and Zhu Zi’s so-called “unresolved for 1500 years.” Management is held, honesty can be said to build all the world and not beggars. ”    Has been ordered to households, rites, workers and other three rumors in the southern suburbs of choice. There is a hill of nature outside the South Tianmen Gate. East, it should not be used. The Rector wants to serve the temple as a young man. The rehearsal remarks: "Yao Qiu Tian Tian, ​​should be high Open, show respect to the more respect. Daejeon Hall enjoys emperorship. When the two sacrifices are different, the altar When the temple is away, it should be different. In the south of the Taipan Temple, the temple was slightly larger. Can be with Dadiao Temple and so on. 「制制」可可。 Therefore, it was made in October and was completed in October. In the summer of next year, the northern suburbs and the east, In the western suburbs, success was also achieved and the system of delivery was determined. Three years of Wanli, Bachelor Zhang Juzheng, etc. "Test" submitted. The old rites were determined by Taizu. The new ambassador, Sejong is also set.    ○ Suburban coordination    In the first year of Hong Wu, there was something in the southern suburbs. There is a draft agreement. Taizu Qiang is not allowed to make a statement to the Tai Temple: “The people of all ages in the world are based on their ancestral spirits. The ones who did not dare to be the only ones in the history, and those who did not have their merits in politics, have lost in politics. Last year The heavens, the southeast sound, the thunder and fire boat slap the temple kiss, early death, fear of God's morality, so it is not Dare to worship to match. But the ancestral gods and the heavens are in communication. God asks them, and they may ask the officials to play before the emperors. Waiting for the Southern Suburbs In a matter of fact, the minister praised the Secretary of the Hundreds and Shrines for honoring the temple and made a great gift to share God's blessing. "In the summer solstice next year, you will take advantage of Fangqiu, Recruitment. It is the emperor of the emperor Kao Bian, who is the emperor of the Emperor of the Emperor of the Emperor. The next year, Fang Qiuqiu is also like that. Jianwen first year, changed Bong Taizu with. Hong Xi renamed Yuan, saying: "The Taizu was appointed to the heavens and encouraged the imperial industry. Area. Shengde magical power, with salty world. "Easy" said, "Yin recommended God, to match the ancestral exam." Yan Chongjing Zu Kao, Yong Only heart. On the fifteenth day of the first month, the shrines of the Gods of Heaven and Earth were accompanied by emperors and emperors. "After the suburbs, they told Tai Tai Temple and A few miles, please Taizu, Taizong and match.    In the nine years of Jiajing, he said to Xia Yan in the matter: “The Taizu and Taizong were matched, and the father and the son were in the same line. No doubt. The minister stated that after Zhou Renjiao, he used to match up with the gods. Zong Yiwen Wang Yuming Church to match God, Taizong When it is enough. ��Lionous officials discussed that for the second ancestors to enjoy, more than one hundred years, should not be changed once lightly. In the second and the seventh days, Feng Taizu was assigned to the south and the northern suburbs. So the university graduates Zhang Yi, Yan Zheng, etc. Words, the distribution of the second ancestors, Yu Yi did not cooperate, and record Renzong years essays and reported to the temple to enter. The Emperor reconvened at East Court. All thought: "The temple of the Taimiao, the column of St. Zhao and Mu Xiang Xiang Xiang, no suspects tied. Condition Taizu, Taizong, Merit and prosperous, Lu Qiu, The temple hall is full and all of it is heaven. Ministers and other burglaries in the northern and southern suburbs and Daejeon Hall, each Both the ancestors are suitable for the festival. "In the end, the emperor used to match indecent assault, and the courtiers demanded." Give it a lift, dare not waste too. "Where all the sacrifices are, how can the ancestors enjoy the ceremony? And the ancient suburbs and Ming Tong off-site, it can be assigned. In this year's southern suburbs of Yongjiu and Daxie Hall, the winter solstice ceremony was reported and Taizong was not. Meng Chunli did not pray with his grandfather. The heart is really uneasy. "The emperor replied: "All things are in heaven, and people are almost ancestors." One day only, the ancestor is the only ancestor. Therefore, the day of the big newspapers, only with the high emperor. Emperor Wen merits, why not match the day? However, the sky is extremely strong, this high Emperor's ear. Such as Zhou’s King’s Industry, Wu Wang Shi Chengzhi, and after matching the heavens and ending later, the king was appointed to God, but at that time it was not. Smuggling meritorious deeds. "Because of the fate of the people, it has been said by Xia Yanfu: "The suburbs of Yan, Xia, Yin and Zhou, but only one Zu. After the Confucianism cut through, sub-Yau to two, and misunderstood "Great Changes" test, "filial piety" strict father's righteousness. As a result, Tang, The song became ancient and there were two ancestors who married and the three emperors matched. Looking at sincere intentions, according to the former purpose. "The Emperor reported:" The predecessor quoted the Temple of Heaven not to be too much. The husband and wife were different from each other and they said nothing. " Still trying to apply for a resolution. So he replied Proposal: “The ancestral system of the northern and southern suburbs is actually a new creation today. The creation was not allowed to be enjoyed in this moment. The fear of Taizong was not up to peace. "Surprised to follow the line.    ○ Suburban Arbor Notes    In the winter solstice of the first year of Hong Wu’s reign, the God of Heaven was on Mound Hill. In the early days, the emperor dissipated the fasting on the 4th, leading to the fast for 3 days. The first two On the same day, the emperor took the throne of the crown and the sacrificial horses of the province. The next day, there are furnishings. On the Day of the Sacrifice Tai Changqing played in Yan, the emperor served. Playing outside the office, the emperor in place, praised and sang to welcome God. Colin Lawrence The Song of Neutrality. The rituals chanted chopping firewood, the suburban community ordered the ascending smoke, and all the crickets were cast in the altar. Please greet the ceremony, too Chang Qing There is a division with the player, please act. The emperor pays homage to the emperor and the crown prince and his officers are all worshippers. Praise to sing and celebrate Toilet seats. Tai Changqing praised him: "In the early period of fasting, this time the offerings are sacrificed and the cleanliness is added to the gods." Pickpocket, pickpocket. Out of the guild, to the altar. Tai Changqing praised him: "The gods are on the top, and they are deterrent." Association Lang Lang gave a performance of "The Song of Condensation." The emperor was in front of God's place of God, 搢 搢, 三 香, 奠玉帛,出 Kyu, then worship reset. The singer sings into the gong, and XIANG Lulang holds the melody of "The Song of Condensement." Before the emperor blasphemed the god, 搢圭奠 俎, out of gui, reset. The ceremony began with a tribute. The emperor's grandfather took a seat, Ruan Gui, Dresdner, Widow, and Jacob Persons, out of Kyu. Fen liquor honors the year, Yu Gui, prince, by the Pan Qi, Jue delegating the deacon, out of Kyu. Correspondence Play "Sum of the Shouhe" and "Dance of Wugong". The emperor 诣 诣 诣 诣 诣 诣, 搢 圭, 香香, 祭祭, 奠爵,出 Kyu. After reading the letter, the emperor fell prostrate, rejoiced, and worshiped. Yaxian, Zhuo Qiqi, Yue Sheng Yu He Song of the Dance, Dance of Wende. Finally, he played Ang Lian, played "The Song of Hee He" and "Dance of Wende." Instrumentation I don't have to wish for the first time. The tribute sings to the blessings and the emperor ascends to the altar to drink the blessing, and then worships, chants, and guises. Bong The lord drunken the wine and Tai Changqing praised him: "But this wine and food, God's goodwill, and blessings are the same." The emperor was given grandeur, offering wine, and drinking wine, and placed him in vain. Admonished by the government officials, the emperor was guilty of delinquency, Out of the Gui, fell prone, happy, then worship, reset. The crown princes and the following officers all worshipped. Praises sings the beans The melody played "The Song of Harmony" and the palm priests shattered the beans. Praise to sing to give God, the co-Lang Lang to play "A Song of peace." emperor After the visit, the crown princes and the following officials all worshipped. Praise the priests to sing and read and wish the officials to bless Grand Mercure, all the wines. Singing hope, the emperor is expected to take advantage of the position. After a long while, Tai Qingqing played the ritual and the emperor took a big time. strict.    In the summer solstice in the second year, the emperor was only in Fangqiu, and his instrument was the same. However, after greeting God, it is licking blood. Buried, and the suburbs are different. In the winter, Feng Ren's ancestors matched the sky in the southern suburbs. It lays the foundations, enters into and carries out, Before all blasphemy before God, before the time of the ancestral priesthood, the ceremony was also performed, but no jade. Four years, the first offering is six days, one hundred Official bath agency. On the day of the wing, the imperial congregation served in the temple of Tanjung and was sworn in. The prime minister told the hundred gods in the flood season, The temple runs incense for three days. The next day, the Incheon temple was driven and the invitation was granted. After the ceremony, but also to the palace. In seven years, it went to Yan To organize and celebrate the Festival of Fragrance, set the 12th ceremony. In the past ten years, we have changed the system of integration, laid a solid foundation, advanced into one, and made three contributions. Before God's position of God, the second emperor only, the second time Renzu, learned that the instrument is still.    Jiajing eight years, strike the temple burning incense ceremony. In nine years, the system of split points and ceremonies, the court of ceremonies on the ceremonial domes On the day, Taichang Temple asks you to consider the sacrifice. The three ministers were ordered to look at the sacrifices and four members gave their contributions. In the first five days, Jinyi Weibei Drive, the Emperor sacrificed his sacrifice. On the previous day, he often served the temple. On the 4th day of the premise, Yumyoten Temple, Taisho-ji Temple, into the copper People are as usual. Dr. Tai Chang invited the Taizu Zhuhuan version to Wenhua Dian. The first three days In order to serve the fruit, you can serve the Taizong Temple. The emperor also changed clothes, imperial Fengtian temple, Baiguan Zhaofu vowed to quit. Early period On the second day, too often Guangluqing played in the province, and the emperor went to Fengtian Temple to fill out the Zhu Edition. One day before the exemption from the DPRK, Set up version in Feng Tian Men. Ordinarily serve the temple and take advantage of the southern suburbs, entering from the west gate and descending to Zhaoheng Gate. Ritual too Regular officials lead from the left door to the inside. Tai Changqing leads to Luqiu and pays tribute to the altar. She visits the library as the god of the earth. After the completion of the marriage, he still left the door, raised his bow, and went to the palace. Appointments to accompany eunuchs and daggers. Emperor God God Edition, Taizu God Lord, from the sacred god card, Fengan altar seat. On the day of offering, three drums, the emperor rides from the palace to In the west of Shenshen Road, it descends to the east of Shenlu Road. The Ritual and Taichang Temple held the position of the official officer and retired. Hundreds of officials God Road is waiting for things. The emperor took sacrifices and the guide was led by Zuo Lingxing. Like the guide to the official guide, Instrumental singers dance in place, and the deacons perform their duties. The emperor went to the emperor's place of worship. old. At the time of Tai Chi, it was too routine for the Ritual Minister to serve in the emperor's place. Also the vegetarian palace, the lesser. Driving back, visit the temple complete. Hui palace. 诏 Such as.    Next year, Fang Zeyi: In the first day, Tai Changqing asked Taizu to coordinate, and Feng Anhuang only room. In due course, the court of ceremonies is too The regular officials also asked the emperor to only God Edition, the ancestral god, from the sacred god card, Fengan altar seat. When I was finished, I was too often blessed with gods and gods. There is only room in the emperor's house. All are like Qi Qiuyi.    In October of this year, the emperor will be the suburbs, and the rites and ministers of Xia Xia want to practice the ceremony. The verbal instrument was written to hear: Early He chose to hold 11 members of the chief deacon, and offered two members of the Ministry of Ministers to compile the Zhuwen, the Jiuhe, the wine, the fruit, the system, and the incense burner. On the previous day, the temple was reported to be a temple ceremony. There was a case of God's fragrant incense in the temple of Fengtian. The god's case was in the Temple of God. The god's case was in the temple of things. The case was right in the middle of Danzi, and it was set up just outside the left door of Lu Qiu. It is the quality of the day. The emperor serves the heavenly temple and walks through the temple. Head salute. The deacons successively held the god of heaven, the emperor of Taizu, and the lord of God, each in the temple, to the god of Qiuthai. Outside the hall. The emperor traveled to Zhaohengmen, and the priests led to Tanjung Temple. The deacon holds the stone and worships the Lord. An Yuzhong. Before the case of Di Nai-xiang, the line of tribute was just like. After the ceremony, it will rise to the largest number of times, and Baiguan line will pay tribute. The first ceremony was completed and the palace was returned. The emperor took it and ordered it to be used as a ritual service. member. In the eleventh year of the winter solstice, Shang Shuyan said that there was something in the southern suburbs before this time and it was cold and unprepared. Is mining "Book of rites" Tianzi Hao Tian Zhang Da For the second and the smallest of times, please "make the yellow felt for the small time. For each major sacrifice, the division will follow. The value of snow and snow will be set at the In the next, the emperor sat down on the Vietnam, and the monk laid down the etheric deacon to replace him."    ○Inquiries    At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, I tried it. In the Sejong period, it was decided that the second ancestors distributed gifts. Due to the courtesy of the officials, it was prayed for in the Valley of the Great Hall of God. Two ancestors. In the ten years of Jiajing, he began to pray for the ceremony at the Great Mosque in Mengchun. After the ceremony, the emperor's heart finally thought it was not right. Zhai Zhang: "Since ancient times, only the ancestors matched the heavens, and today the two ancestors are accompanied by one another. It must not be a law for later generations. Bong Taizu with. "Looking for a pro-wish system, I would like to make an instrumental note, change to a horror festival, and swear by a big shot. Set up from the altar, do not pick firewood, as a fixed formula. In the eleventh year of the thriller festival, the imperial illness could not be kissed, but it was the life of Wu Ding Hou Guo Xun. In the middle of the matter, Ye Hongyan said: “The praying for the valley and the big newspapers are different from each other and the suburbs are also one day. The ancestors are all in the countryside. Chenghua and Koji. Room, or something, rather show until March. It is not practicable to take photographs of people and ministers in order to cover them with religious responsibilities. salute. "No. From eighteen years, it was diverted to the hall of Xuanji in Dainjeon. It was not a match. It was a custom. In the first year of Longqing, Ricyan remarked: “The ancestors took a sacrifice and ploughed the fields to pray for the valley. This time, the second time is parallel to the spring, and it is annoying. The Temple of Heaven is in a forbidden place. Should stop praying to the valley, only to act as a former farmer. "From it.    ○Oh    At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, drought and water were extremely variable, or they prayed, or were exposed in the palace, or in the temple of Fengtian, or The official tribute to the suburban temple, the mausoleum, the community, and the mountains and rivers are irregular. Jiajing eight years, spring pray for rain, winter pray for snow, are all imperial wishes Wen, the southern suburbs and Shanchuan altar. On the next day, the squatters and the altars were altars The crown is light-colored, the halogen book is not old, and the road is not covered. Set up, do not play music. In nine years, the emperor wanted to ascend a large ceremony on the Fengtian Temple. Xia Yanyan: "Press "Zuo Zhuan" 'Long See you.' Covering the month and beginning to build things, to be rainy and big, so the worship of heaven for the 100 Valley pray for rain and ointment. Moon Order: '雩 The emperor used Shengle, but it was the county's 100 counties. 'The Code of Communication': "The five-way god of the month, the name of the altar, is blasphemy in the southern suburbs. 'Sage Chen Qiu also said:' In addition, do not pray for the altar to rain. In the future, this ceremony will not be carried out. In case of droughts and plagues, people who pray for false heresies will pray. With a sense of sincerity, the use of magic to hijack the system is also very embarrassing. 'I want to choose the land for the altar in the suburbs, after the Meng Xia ceremony. The minister thought that Meng Chunzhi prayed for Gu Tuo, and from February to April, if it was raining, the festival of the monks would be sent by the deporting officer. If Yuzawa is still in its infancy, he will pray in prayer. "The Naijian Chong Temple was built on the east side of the Taiyuan Gate outside the Mengqiu altar. Years of drought are praying, with the ancestors.    In the 12th year, Xia Yan and others said: “The ancients are the grandfathers of the world, and life and music are learning to live and dance. To declare yin and yang. Please play "Cloud Gate Dance" at the end of the nine-music rhythm after Sam Sung-cheng. Still life Confucianism Including "Yunhan" poems, system "Cloud Gate" a song, so that civil and military dancers dance and sing. Cover "Cloud Gate," the Emperor The joy of the "Zhou Guan" to take advantage of God, take the cloud out of the weather, the rain out of gas. And please increase your number and teach children People, Tsing Yi adheres to feathers, and dances around the altar song "The Song of Cloud Gate," where Qu Fan is 90%. "Because of his instrument, he regards the prayer ceremony. The words: "Dazhao is a festival of prayer and rain of the heavens. Whenever there is drought, the rite must be done at the end of the spring." Seventeen In the past year, I prayed for the altar and the green service. With a cow, cooked recommended.    ○Great ceremony    At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there was no system of Ming Ting Church. In the 17th year of Jiajing, in June of the same year, the official Yangzhou government knew Fengfang on the word: "filial mo is greater than Yan Fu, Yan's father is greater than the day. Please retro ceremony, Jian Ming Church. Jiazunhuang gave a testimony to the emperor's temple to match God. ” The next court meeting. Shang Yan Yan and other remarks:    Xishan, farm God, or Mingtang. This is the room of the Xiahoushishi, the Yin people weigh the house, and the Zhouren people make the Mingtang system. According to Xia and Yin, they added more details. To cover the saints and kings of heaven, as the sons and fathers, they are respected and loved. Therefore, it is a gift for one-year-old enjoyment. To Qiu Qiu, Meng Chun Qigu, Meng Xia Yi Tan, Qiu Qiu Ming Church, are all respected. Ming Tang Emperor and enjoy it It also. Created today, the ancient law is difficult to find, to be in the teacher's meaning. Mingtang Luqiu is a matter of days, this day In the north of Luqiu, the ban on the city and the east are in the direction of ancient times. Ming Tang Qiu enjoy, that is, Daxie Temple is the right thing to do. To match The ritual, Xi Zhougong Zong Wen Wang Yu Ming Tang, said that the poems were formed in the emperors, and the Jews formed their fathers. Seasonal Autumn Emperor Ming Tang, and the father to match it, when it comes to their possession. The Han Xiao Ming Wu Ming Tang enjoys it with Jing Di, and Xiao Zhang uses light and martial arts. Tang Zongzong is paired with Gaozong, Ming Huang with Ruizong, Daizong with Suzong, Song Zongzong with Taizong, and Renzong with true ancestral, The British ancestors used the ren ancestors to match the world. Song Qianggong assisted: "The festival of the suburbs, with the ancestors, There are sage meritorious services. The offerings of Mingtang are made up of the princes of successors, who have the virtues of the saints. At that time, Sima Guang, Sun Yu Zhu Chen was detained by the DPRK, Cheng and Zhu Daxian for their initiative. This is the main virtue of the ancestors. This retro Mingtang enjoy The system, the emperor that it deserves, but also the only two. If it is based on merit theory, then Taizong recreated the state of the family and his ancestral ancestors. When accompanied by Taizong. If you talk about marriage, then the merits and demerits of the emperor’s majesty, the merits of the Imperial Examination, are the merits of the Imperial Examination. When accompanied by the emperor. To say that the ancestors, he did not dare to discuss.    The decree of imperial decree: "Mingtang autumn report ceremony, in the Fengtian hall line, its allocation of imperialism to seek a picture of the painting. Is it not? Meeting again to smell. Therefore, Tang Zuo, head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ministry of Anti-government, said:    Three generations of gifts, Mo prepared in the week. "The Book of Filial Piety" said: "After the suburbs, it is used to match the heavens. God. "He also said:" Yan's father is greater than the day, then Zhou Gongzhi also. "The speaker said that Zhou Gong has a saintly character. For rituals and music, and Wen Wang Shi’s father, he cited the filial piety of the saints and asked Zeng Zeng to ask them. Those who do not claim to be the world must The father matches the day and then the filial piety. Otherwise, Zhou Gongfu became Wang Jianyu. His ritual cover was made into a king, and Zhou Gong was a strict father. Yu Cheng Wang is Yan Zuyi. However, after the return of Zhougong to the government, it did not smell the king as its father, and the king of the repentance of the king and the offering of the heavens. Moved to King Wu also. In later generations, ignorant churches are all accompanied by the father. This is a mistake of the “filial piety” and is contrary to the ritual of the king. Xi Asked about Zhu Xi: "After Zhou Gong, when the King of the King is assigned to Jesus, when is the father of the king?" With the king as a match. "Another man: "How about the week? "Hey:" Only with the meritorious ancestors, later as the severe father Said that confused ears. In view of this, the Mingtang match is not devoted to the father and the Ming. The literary, military, literary, and prosperous aspects of the literature are prosperous. However, the indiscriminate use of the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties is an expression of the law. although, The Fengfang Mingtang meeting is not reconcilable, but the ceremony of Mingtang is not abolished. The southern and northern suburbs are the main statues of the Lord. Autumn is a great emperor, and the love of one's family is ready. Since the third generation, the suburbs and the imperial courts have established their own emperors. Taizu, the bulk The merits and virtues are plentiful, compared with Zhou, Taizu is also the Houyi, and Taizong is also the Wenwang. The two suburbs and the praying valley are all equipped with Taizu. And Taizong had no match. Very lack of code. Therefore, the worship of the heavenly temple will be accompanied by Taizong, and then the ceremony will be held. Prepared.    The anger of the emperor, under the prison. He is the second court official and he is the first to confer with the emperor's ceremony. The father is equipped with the text of the heavens, and the Emperor should be consecrated to serve the Emperor. "Because you asked the Emperor of Fengfeng to plead with Meng Chun to pray for the valley. The request of the emperor, but Wenhuang impermissible. It has been re-used as a gift for the proclaiming ceremony. Said: 'Zu Gong Gong, Zong Youde. 'Remarks by: 'The ancestors, also began. Zong, respect also. '"Notes in the Han Dynasty": The name of the ancestors began and they were also given orders. Zong Zhizun is honored by virtue of respect. 'The Book of Filial Piety' said:' Zong Yiwen Wang Yuming Church to match God. 'Wang Shu Note: 'The public in the king of Zhou, respect and the sturdy. 'This is the name of respect. Ancient Tianzi Temple. Liu Ye: "The seven are the righteous ones, and there are merits and deeds. You can't presume the numbers. Change also. 'Zhu Hao also speaks in vain. Chen's "Book of Praise" said: 'Father Zhao Zimu, and there is a constant, ceremony and also. Zu Gong Zongde, but no law, Yi also. 'This is an infinite number of people who say that they are righteous. This aid is based on ancient meaning, Pushed on the edge of human feelings, the Huang Kao to Dezhao Wen, Mi Youyou, and Zong Daike. The Son of God, taught without borders One person is deduced, and one can use his own life. Yi Jia Zong Huang Kao, with Emperor Ming Hall, will always be a temple without virtue. Emperor The sparse temple is not spoken, but stays in the middle, but it is set as a word for the minister to play. General Word: "The Emperor Wen Yuanyuan should not be strict father's righteousness, but should be accompanied by his father. Although the confession is indeterminate, he respects the kinsfolk and honors them. Not only the ancestors, then when the temple, do not have the four priests in the temple there is no ceremony? "The emperor is standing in a row, advocating for privacy, thinking about Taizong." Never give up, no to Xie Tingchen, is set to give the emperor with the emperor, and renamed Taizong 曰Cheng Chengzu. It was not built at this time, Forced season autumn. 遂 Enjoy God in Xuanjibao Temple and Feng Rui Zongxian Emperor. The temple was dry in the palace and the old name was Chin An Temple. Into the ceremony, the ceremonial department requested the emperor to rise up and the princes congratulate him. The emperor took the first move and gave his feast to the minister. Body temple. The disease hasn't been ruled by the disease, and the ministers are not allowed to give gifts. The courtesan heard and gave a feast to give the Guanglu Temple.    In twenty-one years, Zhai Lili: "Qiu Qiu enjoys Ming Ting, Cheng Zhou etiquette, and parallels with the countryside. Ding, special offerings in Xuantianbaodian, piety is not exhausted. The old suburbs of the southern suburbs were originally owned by the Great Hall. I Self-image system, set up the temple, commended the name of the princes and enjoy the use of Zhao Yi God. "It is set to enjoy God in autumn. Fong Wong Cui Ruizong enjoy sharing. Salute as the southern suburbs, furnishings such as pray for the valley. In the next year, the ceremony of the ceremony will take advantage of the exquisite workmanship. Please set the name of the imperial palace, the threshold is great, and the temple is imperial. And Diancheng, and the great enjoyment is still in Xuantianbao Temple and the deportation ceremony As usual. In the first year of LongQing, Li Qing stated: “I’ve made great rituals. I’ve held it from the Imperial Examination and chased Ruizong. The filial piety. Since the emperor looked at it, then Ruizong was the emperor, not Zhou Renzong 祀 祀 于 于 于 于 于 于. "The Yudi from it Please, enjoy the ceremony, and Xuanji Temple is still Qinan Hall.    ○ Day of worship    At the beginning of Jiajing, along the lines of the old instrument, the daily visit to the court was done. After thinking that oh, stop it. In case of Zhengdan and the winter solstice, On Christmas Day, the ceremony was held at the Fengtian Temple. The established suburbs, the ceremony of the winter solstice. However, Zhengdan and Christmas are saluting Xuanji Temple. In the first year of Longqing, Zheng Dan was born and worshipped in the palace. He did not need to be detained from the outside, and the offerings were not taken for too often.

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Liu Shizong

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Liu Shizong, 1963 - Two Friends

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Liu Shizong

[bookofjin]

Annals of Jingming 1 (500)

[From WS008. The reign of Shizong begins.

The southern war continues. This winter Xiao Yan attacks his lord.]

The Generational Ancestor [shizong], the Proclaiming and Martial [xuanwu] August Emperor, taboo Ke, Gaozu, August Emperor Xiaowen's second son. His mother was called Lady Gao.

Earlier, she dreamt she was being chased by the sun, and she escaped beneath the bed. The sun transformed to become a dragon, it coiled around itself in several circles. She woke up and was startled and fearful, and then she was pregnant.

7th Year of Taihe, Intercalary 4th Month [23 May – 20 June 483], she gave birth to the Emperor at the Pingcheng Palace. 21st Year, 1st Month, jiawu [23 February 497], he was installed as August Heir-Apparent.

[Taihe 23, 28 January 499 – 14 February 500]

23rd Year, Summer, 4th Month, dingsi [17 May], he acceded to the throne of August Emperor at Luyang. A great amnesty Under Heaven. The Emperor dwelt in true privacy, and entrusted the government to the stewards and assistants.

5th Month, bingzi, New Moon [26 May], the state of Gaoli dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

6th Month, yimao [4 July], allotted and dispatched attendant subjects to tour and travel the commanderies and states, and ask the people about their ills and hardships, examine and investigate the wardens and prefects, and demote and promote the dim and the clear. The civil and military officials who had responded to requirements, and those whose Way had been on display in the hills and parks, to all were added rites of praise.

On wuchen [17 July], retroactively venerated the August Mother as the Civil and Luminating [wenzhao] August Empress.

Autumn, 8th Month, wushen [26 August], obeyed the bequeathed decree. Gaozu's three Ladies and downwards were fully returned to their families.

On guichou [31 August], the palace subjects were increades in rank one grade.

On guihai [10 September], the Inspector of Nanxu province, Shen Ling, defected to the south.

Winter, 10th Month, xinwei [17 November], the King of Dengzhi state, Xiangshupeng, came to court.

On bingxu [2 December], the Chariot Drove to pay respects at Changling.

On dingyou [13 December], had affairs at the Grand Temple.

11th Month [18 December – 16 January], a commoner of You province, Wang Huiding assembled a multitude in rebellion, and declared himself the Enlightened Model August Emperor. The Inspector, Li Su, arrested and beheaded him.

This Year, in 18 of the provinces and garrisons there were floods, and the people starved. Allotted and dispatched envoys to open the granaries to relieve and aid.

The state of Gaoli dispatched envoys to court to present.

[Jingming 1, 15 February 500 – 3 February 501]

1st Year of Jingming [“Shining Light”], Spring, 1st Month, renyin [16 February], the Chariot Drove to pay respects at Changling.

On yisi [19 February], a great amnesty, changed the year.

On dingwei [21 February], Xiao Baojuan's Inspector of Yu province, Pei Shuye, used Shouchun to belong inside. The Great General of Agile Cavalry, the King of Pencheng, Xie, led 100 000 chariots and cavalry to hurry to him.

2nd Month, wuxu [12 April], restored the King of Pengcheng, Xie, as Minister over the Masses.

Baojuan's generals Hu Song and Li Jushi led a multitude of more than 10 000 to station at Wan. Chen Bozhi's navy went upstream the Huai and then up, so as to pressure Shouchun.

Summer, 4th Month, bingshen [9 June], the King of Pengcheng, Xie, and the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Wang Su, greatly routed him. The cut off head numbered in the ten thousands.

On jihai [12 June], august younger brother Tiao passed away.

5th Month, jiayin [27 June], since in the northern garrisons there was great famine, dispatched the Combined Palace Attendant Yang Boxun to tour, console, relieve and aid.

6th Month, bingzi [19 July], the Minister over the Masses, the King of Pengcheng, Xie, advanced in rank to Great Marshal. The General of Chariots and Cavalry, Wang Su, had added Opening Office with Ceremony Similar to the Three Ministers.

On guiwei [26 July], chieftains of the Dayang Man, Tian Yuqiu, and others led their households to adhere inside.

Autumn, 7th Month [11 August – 8 September], Baojuan again dispatched Chen Bozhi to rob South of the Huai.

On renzi [24 August], the state of Tuyuhun dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

8th Month, yiyou [26 September], the King of Pengcheng, Xie, routed Bozhi at Feikou.

On yiwei [6 October], the state of Gaoli dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

9th Month, yichou [5 November], the Inspector of Dongyu province, Tian Yizong, routed Baojuan's generals Wu Ziyang and Dneg Yuanqi at Changfeng.

A commoner of Qi province, Liu Shiming, assembled a multitude in rebellion.

Winter, 10th Month, dingmao, New Moon [7 November], the Chariot Drove to pay respects at Changling.

On gengyin [30 November], Qi and Yan provinces chastised Shiming, and pacified him.

On dinghai [27 November], changed the King of Pengcheng, Xie, to be Minister over the Masses, Recording the Affairs of the Masters of Writing.

Winter, 10th Month, dingmao, New Moon [7 November], the Chariot Drove to pay respects at Changling.

On gengyin [30 November], Qi and Yan provinces chastised Shiming, and pacified him.

On dinghai [27 November], changed the King of Pengcheng, Xie, to be Minister over the Masses, Recording the Affairs of the Masters of Writing.

11th Month, jihai [9 December], the Inspector of Jing province, Huan Daojin attacked Baojuan's Xiaze Defence Post, and took. Those who surrendered were more than 2 000 households.

On dingsi [27 December], the King of Yangping, Yi, passed away.

This Year, in 17 provinces there was great famine. Allotted and dispatched envoys to open the granaries to relieve and aid.

This Winter, the island barbarian Xiao Yan raised troops and went down south, to attack to attack his ruler, Xiao Baojun.

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Liu Shizong

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Biography of Cui Cheng

[From WS032. A descendant of Wei’s Palace Commandant Yan.]

Cui Cheng, courtesy name Shuzu, was a native of Dongwucheng in Qinghe, he was sixth generation grandson of Wei's Palace Commandant Yan. His great grandfather Liang was Jin's Prefect of the Palace Writers. His grandfather Yu served Shi Hu, and became Specially Advanced. His father Yu was Gentleman of the Yellow Gates.

Cheng as young was fond of studying, and had a talent for writing. Coming across chaos, he was orphaned and poor, and personally ploughed in the countryside, yet conversing and reciting he did not discard. In the time of Murong Wei, the commandery recommended him for the staff of the Sending up Counts. He filled the vacancy of Composition Gentleman, and compiled Records of Yan. He moved to Yellow Gates Attendant Gentleman. When Fu Jian annexed Murong Wei, he used him as Grand Warden of Qi commnadery.

When Jian was defeated, Sima Changming used Cheng as Grand Warden of Qinghe and Pingyuan commanderies. He was taken captive by Zhai Liao who assigned him Prefect of the Palace Writers. Murong Chui wiped out Zhai, he used him as Overseer of the Private Writers. When Murong Bao ran east to Helong, he became Master of Writing of the Personnel Section at the left behind tribunal.

When Murong Lin was installed, Cheng took with him his wife and children to abscond and revert to Taizu. Zhang Yan had previously praised and commended Cheng. Reaching the audience, he was decorously treated with considerable esteem. He was designated as Master of Writing, and relied on in this way government affairs. He recorded the thirty-six boards and additionally provided for the personnel and staff and was situated in the bureaus beneath the gates. Soon after he was appointed Imperial Clerk Palace Assistant.

Taizu attacked Zhongshan, but had not yet overcome it. The Six Armies lacked provisions, and much of the population hid in the valleys. He asked the crowd of subjects about methods and schemes for taking grain. Cheng said:

To take mulberry fruit can be considered aiding with provisions. Formerly flying owls ate mulberry fruit and changed their tones. The Poetry speaks of their affairs.

Taizu only clenched his teeth at his insulting scorn, as the troops were already demanding food, he therefore agreed to that mulberry fruit would be gathered. Cheng again said:

[We] can send army people at the right season to take it themselves. If past the season, it will be wilted away and exhausted.

Taizu furiously said:

Inside the thieves are not yet pacified, how can the troops put off their armour and weapons, and go into the forest and countryside to gather mulberry fruit? What talk is this?

Since Zhongshan had not yet fallen, he did not inflict punishment.

At the beginning of Tianxing [398 – 404], Yao Xing invaded Sima Dezong's Xiangyang outpost. The outpost general, Chi Hui, swiftly sent to beg for a host from the King of Changshan, Zun, and Zun hence made it known. Taizu decreed Cheng and Zhang Gun to make Zun a letter to reply with.

Earlier, Hui had sent Zun a letter which stated “Worthy Elder brother is a tiger pacing the Central Plains” Taizu considered the words contrary to the structure of lord and subject, and directed Cheng and Gun to likewise diminish his ruler's titles in response to him. Cheng and Gun therefore stated “Noble Ruler”. Taizu furiously said:

[I] made you diminish his ruler in the reply, then [you] declared him a Noble Ruler. How is that comparable to Worthy Elder Brother!

Thereupon he bestowed death.

Later, Sima Dezong's Inspector of Jing province, Sima Xiuzhi, and others, several tens of people, were chased out by Huan Xuan. All wanted to come running. When they arrived south of Chenliu, they divided into two halves, one ran to Chang'an, one returned to Guanggu. Taizu had earlier heard that Xiuzhi and others had surrendered, and was greatly pleased. Later he was curious that they did not arrive, and decreed Yan province to search it out and ask into it. Those of their followers who were captured, when asked about the reasons all said:

The sound of the house of state's power is far-reaching, and hence Xiuzhi and others all wished to revert to the palace. When they heard Cui Cheng had been killed, they for that reason fled to the two Hu.

Taizu deeply regretted it. Since then when a gentleman had transgressed, he very much was indulged and tolerated.

Cheng had seven sons, two sons perished early. The third son was Yi¤, Yi'¤s younger brother was Yin, Yin's younger brother was Yi#, Yi#'s younger brother was Yan, Yan's younger brother was Yi. At Cheng's movement to the interior,in in the end worried about not escaping. He therefore made his wife, Ms. Zhang, and four of the sons stay behind in Ji province, and ordered them to revert to Murong De. Thereupon they ran to Guanggu. Cheng only went to Pingcheng with the youngest son, Yi. Reaching Cheng's death, this was also considered criminal.

Yi, courtesy name Taichong, began as Forerunner to the Heir-Apparent. Later he little by little moved to Cavalier Regular Attendant, and was bestowed feudal rank as Marquis of Qinghe. Later Shizu heard that Liu Yilong was using Yin as Inspector of Ji province. He therefore said:

Yilong understood to employ his older brother, why am I without a Ji province?

He therefore used Yi as General who Pacifies the East and Inspector of Ji province.

He again became Great Herald, and Held Tally with the patent to designate Yang Nandang as King of Nanqin. He served as envoy for several more times, and brilliantly spread the court's instructions. Shizu was pleased with him. When the Great General of Agile Cavalry, the King of Leping, Pi, and others directed the various armies to take Shanggui, he sent Yi to present the decree to Pi to first notify Nandang receive the decree. Later, he the master of methods Wei Wenxiu went to Wangwu Mountain to make golden cinnabar. They did not attain it. At the beginning of Zhenjun [440 – 451] he passed on. Yi had five sons.

His oldest son Bing, courtesy name Gongli, ended early, he had no sons.

Bing's younger brother Guang, courtesy name Gongyuan, inherited the feudal rank. He was designated General who Pacifies the East. His son Fadu ended early.

Guang's younger brother Gui, courtesy name Gongze, was Palace Retainer to the Heir-Apparent and Marshal who Garrisons the South.

Gui's younger brother Mu, courtesy name Gonghe, ended early.

Mu's younger brother Rui, courtesy name Zhe, child name Nanji, at the beginning of Gaozu's reign submitted to execution for exchanging communication with outside the frontier. His senior cousin Jingzhen used his son Sishu to carry on Rui's line.

Sishu as young was Learned Teacher of the Palace Writers, then moved to Broad Scholar of the Palace Writers. In the time of Shizong he was successively Grand Warden of Shangdang and Julu. From the death of Cheng until the execution of Rui there were three generations and a total of more than fifty years, and yet they were in the north as single school to the end [?].

Earlier, when the Three Qi were pacified, Yi#'s grandson Xiangru entered the state. He knew fame for his talent for studying, and was recommended as Ji province' Flowering Talent. He ended early. Xiangru's younger brother Yu is in the Biographies of Methods and Crafts.

Cheng's older brother Shi, courtesy name Ningzu, was also famous in his times. He was Murong Chui's Left Assistant to the Masters of Writing, and Grand Warden of Fanyang and Changli commanderies.

Shi's great grandson Yanshou was Master of Accounts for Ji province. He made light of wealth and was fond of giving, and to great extent gathered a reputation in every corner of the district.

Yanshou's son Longzong was simple, candid, and loved friendship. While living in mourning he gained a reputation for filial piety. He successively was ranked Separate Carriage of Ji province, Grand Warden of Lanling and Yan commanderies. Consultant Army Advisor to the Minister of Works, Central Corrector of Ji province, and Senior Clerk at the Office of the Great General of the Central Army. His kindness and trustworthiness when treating things went beyond the furthest sincerity, for that reason he was esteemed in his generation. He passed on, and was conferred General of the Van and Inspector of Qi province, his posthumous title was Filial [xiao].

His son Jingbao was Outer Staff Cavalier Attendant Gentleman and Attendant Officer Palace Gentleman to the Office of Ji province Rites Similar. He passed on, and was conferred Inspector of Ji province.

His son Ziheng's official rank reached General who Conquers the Caitiffs and Grand Warden of Lu commandery. He passed on early.

Ziheng's younger brother Zi'an was General of the Best of the Army and Marshal of Xiyan province.

Zi'an's younger brother Zisheng was Opening Office Army Advisor. In the middle of Wuding [543 – 550], he was convicted of joining the affair of Yuan Jin. His brothers also submitted to execution.

[bookofjin]

Biography of Yan Feng

[From WS024]

Yan Feng, courtesy name Zizhang, was a native of Dai. He was fond of studying, broadly brought together the classics and histories, and clarified and was familiar with yin and yang prophetic weft texts. Zhaocheng habitually heard about his fame, and sent people to accordingly courteously greet and attract him. Feng did not respond to the visit. He therefore instructed the various armies to surround Dai city, and spoke to the people of the city, saying:

Yan Feng did not come, I will slaughter you.

The people of Dai were afraid, and sent off Feng. Zhaocheng conversed with him and was greatly pleased, he treated him accordingly with the rites of a guest. Later he was designated Senior Clerk of the Left to the King of Dai, and assisted in deciding the affairs of state. He also used the classics to teach Emperor Xianming.

Fu Jian dispatched his envoy Niu Tain to court with tribute, and made Feng report to him. Jian asked Feng:

The King of Dai, what kind person is he?

Feng replied, saying:

He is broadly harmonious, humane and affectionate, his arrangements and plans are exalted and far-reaching, an outstanding ruler of a singular time. He often has aspirations of uniting and swallowing Under Heaven.

Jian said:

You people of the north are without strong armour and sharp weapons. If the enemy is weak, you advance, if the strong you promptly leave. How are you able to unite and combine?

Feng said:

The people of the north are stout and brave, on top a horse they hold three weapons, their gallop is swift like flying. The ruler and sovereign is outstanding and accomplished, he leads and apply himself to the northern lands, draws a million bow strings, his commands and orders are like one. The army is without the hardships of supply wagons and gathering firewood for cooking, moving lightly for quick victories, and from the enemy gain their wealth. Hence by which the southern regions are weakened and ravaged, and the northern regions are regularly victorious.

Jian said:

That state's people and horses, are they many or few?

Feng said:

The soldiers of the bow string are several hundred thousand, the horses are a million.

Jian said:

Your words about the people's multitudes might be the case. When you claim the horses are extremely many, this is empty speech, that is all.

Feng said:

The fields of Yunzhong, from the mountains in the east to the He in the west is 200 li. From the mountains in the east to the mountains in the south is more than 100 li. Every year in the first month of autumn, the horses regularly greatly assemble, and roughly are filling the field. Predicting it due to this makes a person's words still will not be total.

Feng returned. Jian lavishly added conferrals and presents.

When Zhaocheng expired, Taizu was about to move to Chang'an. Feng, since Taizu was young and immature, firmly requested to Fu Jian, saying:

The Ruler of Dai has just expired. The subjects and sons have absconded and rebelled, left behind a grandson callow and immature, and do not assist each other in establishing. Their detached section Great Man Liu Kuren is brave and is wise. Tiefu Weichen is cunning, deceitful and is very changeable. Neither can be solely trusted.

[We] ought to divide the various sections into two, and make this pair of people command them. A pair of people who have a long-standing deep enmity, in their circumstances they will not dare to be the first to issue out. This is a good strategy for managing the border. Wait for his grandson to come of age, then keep him alive and establish him, in this way Your Majesty will bestow a great favour on a perished state.

Jian followed it, Feng soon after returned east.

When Taizu was enthroned, he was successively Gentleman of the Personnel Section, Serving Affairs at the Yellow Gates Attendant Gentleman, and Master of Writing of the Acting Tribunal, he very much saw courtesy and esteem. In the age of Taizong, he and Cui Xuanbo, Feng Yi, Liang Yue, and others entered to explain the classics and traditions, and set out to discuss the court's government affairs. At the beginning of Shizu, for his old deeds he was bestowed the feudal rank of Marquis of Pingshu, concurrently General who Garrisons the Distant. 1st Year of Shenjia [428 AD], he passed on.

His son Cai inherited, [he became] Cavalier in Regular Attendance and General who Pacifies the Distnat. He passed on. His son Yuansun inherited, his official rank reached Grand Warden of Boling. He passed on, his son Shizong inherited.