#light system crane dubai

[thecranesservices]

Light-System Crane Supplier in Dubai/UAE

Alwaha is a supplier of Light-System Crane Supplier in Dubai/UAE. Our STREET Light Crane System offers a multitude of possibilities, built on an advanced modular monorail and crane module to provide ergonomic solutions to industries where a fast and coordinated transfer of materials is required.

For more info please visit us at:

https://www.alwahacranes.com/light-system-crane.aspx

[tuskerhv]

Container Trailer Manufacturer | Container Lifting Equipment in Sharjah, Dubai, UAE

Container Lifting Equipment manufacturer in Sharjah, Dubai, UAE, providing Container Trailer Suppliers and Container Handling Equipment in Sharjah, Dubai, UAE.  A CHV is a hydraulically operated trailer mounted crane system, with a carrying capacity of 45 Tones. It is designed to ground, transfer & stack containers, without the aid of a separate crane. We are the Container Lifter Manufacturer and the Lifting Supplier Sharjah, Dubai, UAE.  It is designed to handle 20’40’ and 45’feet containers in the following ways:

Tusker Engineering FZC is the leading manufacturer of commercial vehicle bodies, based in Hamriyah Freezone, UAE. Started in 2009, we have grown to become the leading supplier of trailers, road tankers, tipper bodies, cement bulkers and reefer trucks. We also fabricate specialized bodies, as per client’s requirements. We count our clients to be the leading truck dealers, transport, and logistics companies.

With a team of over 100 people in our company, comprising of qualified engineers and skilled technicians, we have strong in-house design capabilities and quality control in place. Our well-experienced team of engineers and designers have collectively worked on a vast plethora of diverse projects, for many of the leading clients in the UAE and beyond.

Grounding and lifting of containers to/from ground level

Transferring containers onto or from trailers or rail wagons

Stacking of containers on top of each other.

20’40’and 45’feet length

Wireless or corded controller operations

Material: Mild Steel S355JR, Hot Rolled and Fabricated Components.

Optional Light Weight body fabricated from Hardox/Strenx Material

For more details visit our website: Container Trailer Manufacturer

CONTACT US:

TUSKER CHV

Tusker Engineering FZC

Hamriya Free Zone, Phase-2,

P.O.Box 51538,Sharjah,UAE

Call: +97165269282

Gmail: sales@tusker.ae

Website: www.tuskerchv.com

[sharpeagle-tech]

Get the Best Forklift Safety Light System in the Dubai, UAE

By: Moiz saeed

If you operate a forklift, you must be aware of the dangers of using big machinery. Forklifts are amazing machines that help transport goods and materials over short distances. While they are necessary to build and create numerous projects, it doesn’t remove the risks. After all, accidents can and do happen. The most an industry can do to avoid accidents is to take safety precautions. You may have heard that companies are more and more interested in installing forklift safety lights for their machines. We will decipher whether forklift safety lights are worth your money or not

Our verdict on whether the forklift safety light system is a fad or a necessity? An absolute requirement, of course! These safety lights can help you reduce and even avoid serious injuries for workers on the clock.

➢ Types of Forklift Safety Light Systems for Your Use

• Forklift Arc Light

• Forklift Red Danger Light

• Forklift Laser Light

• Forklift Blue Spot Light

• Forklift Blue Arrow Light

• Overhead crane light

• Forklift warning light

➢ Why You Should Go for SharpEagle for All Your Safety Light Requirements

➢ Opt for a Safe and Secure Warehouse Today

Industries should employ all safety regulations possible. It will help ensure that every one of your workers feels secure when they operate big machinery like forklifts. You should alleviate your worries by choosing nothing but the best. SharpEagle’s range of products will ensure that you can avoid all liabilities on the site. Always encourage a safe and nurturing place of business with premium safety products from SharpEagle.

Click the below button and buy the best forklift safety light system from Sharpeagle

Source: https://www.sharpeagle.tv/blog/get-the-best-forklift-safety-light-system-in-the-dubai-uae/

[siva3155]

Civil Engineering Interview Questions and Answers

civil engineering interview questions and answers pdf download for freshers experienced technical & typical civil engineer book entrance questions 1. What are the causes of building collapse? The passage of time is one reason. Buildings also collapse due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters can also damage the structure of the buildings and cause it to collapse. Bombings or demolition of buildings is also other reasons. 2. What is Civil Engineering ? Civil engineering is arguably the oldest engineering discipline. It deals with the designed setting and may be dated to the primary time somebody placed a roof over his or her head or set a stalk across a stream to form it easier to urge across. The designed setting encompasses abundant of what defines fashionable civilization. Buildings and bridges area unit usually the primary constructions that come back to mind, as they're the foremost conspicuous creations of structural engineering, one in every of civil engineering's major sub-disciplines. Roads, railroads, subway systems, and airports area unit designed by transportation engineers, another class of engineering. so there area unit the less visible creations of civil engineers. each time you open a water tap, you expect water to return out, doltishly that civil engineers created it attainable. the big apple town has one in every of the world’s most spectacular water system systems, receiving billions of gallons of high-quality water from the mountain chain over 100 miles away. Similarly, not many of us appear to fret regarding what happens to the water once it's served its functions. The recent engineering discipline of sanitary engineering has evolved into fashionable environmental engineering of such significance that almost all educational departments have modified their names to civil and environmental engineering. These few examples illustrate that civil engineers do lots quite style buildings and bridges. they'll be found within the region business, coming up with jetliners and house stations; within the automotive business, perfecting the load-carrying capability of a chassis and rising the crash worthiness of bumpers and doors; and that they is found within the ship building business, the ability business, and lots of different industries where made facilities area unit concerned. and that they arrange and supervise the development of those facilities as construction managers. 3. What are the applications of modulus of elasticity? As the term implies, “Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or “flexibility” of a material. The value of modulus of elasticity is very much significant relating to deflection of certain materials used in the construction industry. Take for example the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 Gpa compared to about 70 Gpa for aluminum. This simply translate that aluminum is 3 times flexible than steel. 4. Define What is the difference between routing maintenance and major maintenance in school facilities? - The routine maintenance is the minor and consistent repairs that are engaged in the school premises. Examples could include painting, replacement of fixtures, louver blades, furniture repairs, and patching cracks in the school buildings. - The major maintenance could also be a total rehabilitation of the school, either school buildings or any other project within the school community. It could be total restructuring of the lighting system in the school or sanitary system. 5. How are freeway bridges built? After calculating the anticipated traffic for the bridge, cement/reinforced- with- rebar stanchions are spaced over the freeway to accommodate the bridge. An ‘off-ramp’ from the freeway to the bridge is constructed, as is an ‘on-ramp’ to the subsequent road. Cement/rebar slabs are built and lifted with cranes to form the platform, and voila! Drive carefully. Although the bridge deck/roadway is almost always a concrete slab, the structure that holds up the bridge deck can be reinforced concrete, structural steel, or a combination of steel and concrete.                                             Click Here  ----> MCQs 6. What is the difference between absorption & adsorption and sorption? - Absorption generally refers to two phenomena, which are largely unrelated. In one case, it refers to when atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase – gas, liquid or solid material. For instance, a sponge absorbs water when it is dry. - Absorption also refers to the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by another entity, for example, by an atom whose valence electrons make transition between two electronic energy levels. The photon is destroyed in the process. The absorbed energy may be re-emitted as radiant energy or transformed into heat energy. The absorption of light during wave propagation is often called attenuation. The tools of spectroscopy in chemistry are based on the absorption of photons by atoms and molecules. - Adsorption is similar, but refers to a surface rather than a volume: adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorb-ate). It is different from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution. 7. How do you measure concrete? Cubic feet, Cubic yards, Cubic Meter 8. Define What is the tallest man made structure in the world? The tallest man made structure is the KVLY-TV mast which is 2063 feet tall. The worlds tallest man made structure is Burj Dubai which is 800 meter tall. 9. Define What are the uses of alloys in daily life and how are alloys made? - Alloying is not always done to produce a ‘superior’ material, but to produce materials having a desired requirement in the industry or elsewhere. A classic case is of lead solder (containing lead & tin), in which the melting point of the constituent elements are lowered, not necessarily a desirable property. - Alloying can be carried out using hot press method (a sheet of material is sandwiched with alloying material), rolling the heated base metal in a drum full of alloying metal powder, using hot spraying, galvanizing (dipping the base in a molten solution of alloying material) etc. Sometimes the alloying material is added in small proportions to the molten base metal (e.g., in production of different types of steel). 10. What is the worlds largest concrete dam? The Grand Coulee Dam is said to be the largest concrete dam. Currently the world’s largest concrete dam is the Itaipu Dam, an accomplishment of two neighboring countries, Brazil and paraguay in South America. Though it is not finished yet, the Three Gorges (or Sandapong) Dam on the Yangtze River in China will take over as the largest upon its completion, which is slated for 2009.

CIVIL ENGINEERING Questions 11. What is braced excavation all about? Excavations are braced to prevent the cave-in of surrounding unstable soil. 12. What is the meaning of soil reinforcement? Soil reinforcement is the act of improving soil strength to enable it support or carry more load. Two common examples are: - Mixing a soil amendment such as lime into weak clayey soil and re-compacting to improve soil-bearing capacity (often done under the road base in highway construction) - Installing plastic or composite webbing layers (called geo-grid material) alternating with compacted soil to produce a stronger sloped soil structure (often done on steep roadway embankments to improve strength and stability) 13. Define What is aggregate? Aggregate is the component of a composite material used to resist compressive stress. 14. What year was the keystone power plant in Indiana County constructed? 1967 began commercial operation on unit 1. 15. Define What is the force exerted by the Tacoma narrows bridge? The force exerted to the Tacoma narrows bridge was initially the wind resistance. The wind resistance caused the whole bridge to act as a system with forced vibration with damping.                           Click Here For ----> LAB VIVA Questions 16. How do you calculate the power of a centrifugal pump? The input power, that is, the power required to operate the pump should be stated in Hp (horsepower) on the pump’s nameplate. It can also be calculated by the 3-phase power equation: P(in Hp) = VI(1.7c) = Rated Voltage x Rated Current x 1.73/ %Efficiency If this is a consumer grade pump that operates on 120Vac, then the equation becomes P = VI, simply multiply the operating voltage, 120 x current (which is the number followed by the letter “A”. The output power, which really is not technically power, but rated in Gpm (gallons per minute), or capacity should also be on the nameplate. If you have the make, model, and (not necessarily needed) the serial number (also on the nameplate) you could call the manufacturer’s customer service dept. As an application engineer, I have contacted countless manufacturers’, and service dept’s for assistance. It is now big deal to them, they will be happy to answer your questions. 17. Why nautical mile is different from statute mile? One nautical mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard nautical mile is 6076 feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%). The statute mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman paces/steps. The definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters. 18. Define What is rigging? In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows. 19. What is absolute pressure? Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gage pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure. 20. How do we calculate absolute pressure? Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric.                                Click Here For ----> Class Notes Pdf 21. What is Gravity flow? Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included. 22. What is horizon or horizontal mining? - Horizon or horizontal mining can be applied to extraction of material from seams of any stratified mineral such as limestone or ironstone, but it is more usually associated with coal – particularly where there are several seams that are inclined or folded and/or faulted. - Horizon mining involves long level roadways (horizons) being driven from the shafts to the extremity of the area to be mined. - The levels of the horizons are chosen to intersect the maximum number of seams the maximum number of times. As the seams are intersected, headings will be driven into the seam so that the desired material may be extracted. This method of mining requires a thorough understanding of the geological structure of the area to be mined so that the level of the horizons can be chosen for optimum results. - This method of mining is popular in modern coalmines with seams worked from several horizons. The considerable capital outlay of driving horizons before production can begin is recouped by the advantage of having long straight level roadways of generous dimensions unaffected by the crushing effect of nearby extraction of the mineral. 23. What is the difference between engineering stress and true stress? In biology, Stress is something that disrupts homeostasis of an organism. In engineering, Stress is an external force that pushes, pulls, twists, or otherwise puts force on something. Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting upon remains constant, true stress takes into account the reduction in area caused by the force. 24. Define What is a kip? 1 kip = 1000 lbs 25. What are some structures that may be subjected to fatigue? Bridges, hydraulic presses, burners trains                               Click Here For ----> Seminar Topics 26. Will going from a 3-tap to 6-tap increase water pressure? No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs. 27. Why does the pressure increase under soil? Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or self-weight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon the soil. For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is linear and the relation is given by pressure = unit wt * depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear increase in the soil pressure. 28. Define What is the distance between railway tracks? 4 feet, 8 1/2 inches 29. How high should the water tank be to provide a 60 PSI at base of this water tower? 138.60ft 2.31ft of water= 1 PSI

civil engineering interview questions

30. Define What are the reasons for geotechnical site investigations in Uganda? - To know the soil properties, in so doing be in position to determine whether the particular site is suitable for the purpose intended - To know the history of the site - To know what remedies need to be put in place before construction can start - Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on site and in the lab, design the appropriate foundation for the structure. 31. What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete? Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a void. 32. What is the purpose of the gap in the road on this bridge? Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road. 33. Define What is the tensile strength of wood? The tensile strength of a material is the value at which the material fails when subjected to a tensile force. (Tensile means a force pulling the wood fibers lengthwise, as opposed to a compression force.) There are a lot of different types and load cases for wood, so there is not one answer to this question. For example, wood used outside will fail at a lower load than wood inside. Wood is also an isotropic, i.e. it has different strength in different directions. Example values of tensile strength vary anywhere from 175 pounds per square inch for Utility Grade pine to 1400 PSI for Dense Select Structural grade Douglas Fir. A good reference for material strength data for most species and grades of commercially available wood can be found in the American Institute of Timber Construction handbook. 34. How many Lbs are there in a yard? A pound (Lb) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance. If you are referring to common measurements used on a construction site, a “yard” is a common abbreviation for a “cubic yard”, which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.) Since dirt weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 PCF), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs. 35. Define What is a projection line? Projection line is the way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of paper. 36. What are moment of inertia and its importance in civil engineering? The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body. 37. Define What is the origin of name Railway Sleepers? When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their journeys. 38. What is BMC stands for in BMC Software? BMC Software founders Scott Boulette, John Moores, and Dan Cloer began a contract programming partnership that operated in and around Houston, Texas. 39. Does brick grows bigger every year. Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows. 40. How did street originate in the plumbing term street ell? A “street ell” may have gotten its name because it describes a 90° fitting particularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less space, than with a standard ell. 41. What is the absolute pressure scale? Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc. 42. What is the difference between QA and QC? Many people and organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and testing. They are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences. They are defined below: - Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives. - Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product. - Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the “process of executing a system” includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.) 43. How did the Romans get water up hills using aqua ducts? Technically, the Romans were not able to get water to move uphill in a general sense. Read the full article

[severepeanutperfection]

Smart Water Grid Market – By 2027 Top Winning Strategies, COVID-19 Impacting Factors, Business Strategies | Key Players – Xinapse Systems Ltd, Prezi Inc., ICT, co., Ltd., Wetsus

Future Market Insights (FMI) has recently compiled a comprehensive report, titled “Smart Water Grid Market: Global Industry Analysis (2012-2016) and Opportunity Assessment (2017-2026)”. This report delivers precision analysis & insightful forecasts on global smart water grid market. The report has examined the global smart water grid market in detail, comprising key market dynamics inclusively. In addition to providing intelligence about restraining factors, fostering factors, and latest trends affecting the market expansion, analysis on data across multiple market parameters has also been delivered by the report to gain significant market numbers for smart water grid.

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Report Structure

The report’s starting chapter offers an executive summary of the global market for smart water grid. A précis of the global smart water grid market has been provided in the report. In addition, relevant market numbers such as the historical (2012-2016) CAGR and the forecast (2017-2026) CAGR have been provided, particularly regarding the market segments. Based on sales growth and revenues collected from smart water grid sales, information about financially rewarding regions for expansion of the smart water grid market has been delivered in the report.

A chapter titled overview succeeds the executive summary of the global smart water grid market. This chapter incorporates a definition of “smart water grid” that follows an incisive market introduction. The overview of global smart water grid market represents a clear scenario of the global smart water grid market’s broad scope to report readers. The chapters subsequent to the overview shed light on important dynamics impacting global smart water grid market, and engulfs key points including the fiscal stimulus, the bottom line of enterprises, and the global economy. Following chapters in the report comprise information pertaining to the smart water grid market’s pricing analysis and cost structure.

Market Taxonomy

The report further examines global market for smart water grid based on a segmentation analysis. The global market for smart water grid has been categorized by the report into three key segments namely, application, technology, and region. Revenue and Y-o-Y growth comparison, coupled with market share comparison of the market segments have been contained in the report, in order to deliver the most significant market numbers corresponding to segmentation analysis. The report characterizes the global smart water grid market into six key regions namely, Asia-Pacific excluding Japan (APEJ), Latin America, Europe, Japan, North America, and Middle East & Africa (MEA).

For any queries linked with the report, ask an analyst >>https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/ask-question/rep-gb-5376

Region

North America

Latin America

Technology

Smart Infrastructure

Control & Automation

Competition Landscape

A scrupulous analysis on the global smart water grid market’s competitive landscape has been provided by the report, which incorporates information on prominent industries performing well in the market. Occupancy of leading market participants has been tracked by the report by using an intensity map. This chapter emphasizes on profiling the market participants rigorously, offering Insights about these players based on SWOT analysis that illuminates strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat impacting that specific market participant. Information on key developments, company overview, product overview, and key financials regarding market players has also been contained in this culminating chapter of the report. Competition landscape chapter is crucial for clients purchasing this report, as it delivers all necessary knowledge pertaining to the companies, along with their novel strategies to stay at the market’s front edge.

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Table Of Content

Global Economic Outlook

Global Smart Water Grid Market – Executive Summary

Global Smart Water Grid Market Overview

3.1. Introduction

3.1.1. Global Smart Water Grid Market Taxonomy

3.1.2. Global Smart Water Grid Market Definition

3.2. Global Smart Water Grid Market Size (US$ Mn) and Forecast, 2012-2026

3.2.1. Global Smart Water Grid Market Y-o-Y Growth

3.3. Global Smart Water Grid Market Dynamics

3.4. Supply Chain

3.5. Product Life Cycle

3.6. PESTLE Analysis

3.7. Cost Structure

3.8. Porter’s Five

3.9. Smart Water Grid Plan

3.10. Savings as % Baseline Cost

3.11. Business Trends

3.13. Supply Chain

3.13. Futuristic Scope in Smart Water Grid

3.14. Key Participants Market Presence (Intensity Map) By Region

Global Smart Water Grid Market Analysis and Forecast 2012-2026

4.1. Global Smart Water Grid Market Size and Forecast By Product Type, 2012-2026

4.2. Global Smart Water Grid Market Size and Forecast By Sales Channel, 2012-2026

North America  Smart Water Grid Market Size and Forecast, 2012-2026

Download Complete TOC Of this Report @ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/toc/rep-gb-5376

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Research Methodology

A proved & tested research methodology has been adhered to by analysts at FMI while developing this market research report, which has helped them in delivering precise and accurate insights associated with the smart water grid market. The research methodology used entirely depends upon the primary and secondary researches, to further gain necessary information on global smart water grid market. The information attained has then been validated by analysts several times, only to ensure its authenticity and to make it an authoritative source of reference for report readers.

About FMI

Future Market Insights (FMI) is a leading provider of market intelligence and consulting services, serving clients in over 150 countries. FMI is headquartered in Dubai, the global financial capital, and has delivery centers in the U.S. and India. FMI’s latest market research reports and industry analysis help businesses navigate challenges and make critical decisions with confidence and clarity amidst breakneck competition. Our customized and syndicated market research reports deliver actionable insights that drive sustainable growth. A team of expert-led analysts at FMI continuously tracks emerging trends and events in a broad range of industries to ensure that our clients prepare for the evolving needs of their consumers.

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[wizemy]

What happens in Dubai doesn't stay there...

Intro: How can a modern marvel be built in extreme conditions and become an extraordinary place to live and work? Stay tuned and find out Dubai's secret. Dubai Marina - https://traveltriangle.com/blog/dubai-marina/ What is it? Dubai is the capital of the emirate of the same name, one of the seven United Arab Emirates. It is located on the southern shore of the Persian Gulf and has a common history with that of the United Arab Emirates. History of Dubai The first human settlement in the city was in 3000 BC. It used to be a mangrove swamp that dried up attracting Bedouin cattle herders who started living there.  Their palm plantation in one of the fertile areas of the desert was the beginning of agriculture in Dubai and was the first step in transforming the nomadic nature of emiratis. In the 18th century, Dubai is thought to have been established as a fishing village. By 1822 it was a town of about 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe and was ruled by an Abu Dhabi Sheikh. Dubai fishing village - https://www.thenational.ae/business/how-dubai-created-an-environment-where-everyone-has-the-chance-to-succeed-1.170116 Before oil was discovered, the emiratis economy relied on trading, pearling and fishing. The pearls were an exclusive commodity so Dubai used them to build a strong reputation that paved the way towards prosperity.   Dubai got independence from Abu Dhabi in 1833 and continued to develop. But in the 1950s, after the artificial pearls were invented in Japan, Dubai suffered great financial losses. Expansion of Dubai Sheikh Saeed, the then-ruler of Dubai started looking for other alternative sources of income to ensure multiple financing streams. This was necessary to develop the country in such a disadvantageous place as the desert. The discovery of oil, in the Fateh Oil Field in 1966, was a major milestone in the history of Dubai. The economic landscape improved and Dubai even created a new currency shared with Qatar, the Riyal.In 1969 Dubai made the first shipment of oil starting the expansion to what it is today. Dubai’s oil production peaked in 1991 at over 400.000 barrels per day, but has been steadily declining ever since.Of the Emirates, Abu Dhabi has most oil resources - 92 billion barrels, while Dubai has only 4 billion barrels. Dubai’s oil reserves have reduced over the past decade and are now expected to be completely exhausted within 20 years.  The government recognized that its oil resource will not last forever so they adopted projects to help maintain Dubai’s economy and growth.   Jebel Ali free zone - http://jafza.ae Therefore Dubai reinvested the profits in trade, financial companies and infrastructure.  Today, oil accounts for very little of Dubai's revenue, yet the emirate's gross domestic product has continuously grown. The oil and gas industry only makes up about 7% of the total revenue of the emirate of Dubai. Trade is a core component of their economy so the city established its first free zone in 1985. The Jebel Ali Free Zone has 52 square kilometers and it is the largest in the world.    Dubai became attractive for global businesses which today take advantage of the emirate’s 30 free zones that offer tax breaks, custom duty benefits and lack of restrictions for foreign owners. The industry of real estate and structure construction is one of the largest revenue-producing industries, contributing more than 22% of total revenue. City skyline Dubai has had an extraordinary growth and it is hard to imagine that it took only a generation to transform the pearl divers and fisherman's village into the modern world marvel it is today. The city is divided into two main areas, one characterized by tall buildings and impressive landscapes and one by traditional arab buildings. Old Dubai Creek - https://traveltriangle.com/blog/history-of-dubai/ Dubai Creek is separating the old city Deira and the new modern area, Bur Dubai. The creek was created by dredging an ancient streamlet to allow cargo transportation using vessels larger then the traditional Dhows. Dubai Creek Today - https://traveltriangle.com/blog/history-of-dubai/ Evolution of Dubai - https://www.skidubai.com/ The emirate was built in the desert and is fascinating by tall and unique buildings, luxury hotels and opulent shops. In 2006 Dubai owned 30,000 cranes, or 24 % of the world’s cranes. In 2017 Dubai has broken the Guinness World Record for the largest ever continuous concrete pour with almost 20.000 cubic meters over a 42-hour period.As of 2015 all of the new buildings in Dubai are using green alternatives for cement in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Burj Khalifa Dubai has an extraordinary landscape but nothing is as amazing as the Burj Khalifa. The building lights up the city from wherever you look and it holds the record for the tallest building in the world since 2009.   The Burj Khalifa is amazing even in the context of the most impressive skyline in the world. The 163 stories building can be seen from 95 km away as it raises to a height of 828 meters. The construction effort was incredible as Burj Khalifa required 330.000 cubic meters of concrete, or about the weight of 100.000 elephants, and over 31.000 tons of steel rebar. The huge building sits on 192 concrete piles, which are each buried 50 meters in sand. It was very hot in Dubai when Burj Khalifa's concrete was poured, so it had to be done only at night and ice was added in the mix to cool it. It's construction meant the highest vertical concrete pumping ever done, at 606 meters. Burj Khalifa construction - https://medium.com/@davidbrownbee/burj-khalifa-should-be-the-8th-wonder-in-the-world-b32fa29b2bac It includes about 350 kilometers of pipes used for water supply, fire emergency system and air conditioning system. Because the Burj Khalifa can move with heavy winds, pipes can freely move at various building levels. Since the incoming water can reach 40 degrees Celsius in the summer, "cold water" needs to be pre-cooled before being used. Even if the air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors, where the air is cooler, it still needs the equivalent of 12 million kilograms of melting ice each day. Condensation inside the building creates about half a million tons of water every year. Burj Khalifa has 57 lifts and the main elevators speed is 10 meters per second, reaching the 124th floor in about a minute. The elevator is holding the record for the longest travel distance in the world. It also holds records for the highest residential space and highest restaurant, Atmosphere.   The extreme temperatures in the desert implied the use of 174.000 square meters of glass that provides solar and thermal protection.The exterior temperature at the top of the building is at least 6 degrees Celsius cooler than at its base. It's so high that even on Ramadan, when Muslims need to wait for the sun to set for the celebration to end, people in the upper part need to wait up to 2 minutes more until the sun set.   The Burj Khalifa has the highest mosque in the world, on the 158th floor, the highest swimming pool, at the 76th floor, and the highest viewing platform, on the 124th floor. The Dubai Fountain is a choreographed fountain system located on the man-made Burj Khalifa Lake. The 275 m long fountain costed 218 million USD and it can shoot water up to 150 meters into the air. It is dispersing up to 83,000 liters of water at any moment. Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 colored projectors, The Dubai Fountain plays a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and worldwide known music. Burj al Arab One of the landmarks in Dubai is renowned in the entire world as being the most impressive and luxurious hotel: The Burj al Arab. The 321 meters high building stands on an artificial island made of sand. There are 230 concrete piles that hold the island, each of them being 40 meters buried in the sand beneath. The protection of the island is done by breaking up the waves using concrete cubes with a hexagonal-shaped hole in all 6 faces. Their defense is so good that the island could be built at just 7.5 meters above sea level. This allowed engineers to create the illusion of a boat on the water as the entire structure resembles the sail of a ship. Inside the building, it holds the largest atrium in the world, up to 180 meters tall. The outside temperature can reach up to 50 degrees Celsius while the interior is kept at about 23 degrees. The temperature difference creates a pressure difference between the inside and the outside. This would cause a collapse of the cold air column inside when the main ground door would be opened, so Burj Al Arab has a special revolving door that acts as an airlock. The extremely high temperatures can expand and contract the exterior trusses which provide stiffness by up to 5 cm in a day. Overcoming that many challenges makes this 70,000 cubic meters of concrete and 9.000 tons of steel building, a notable piece of engineering. The impressive SkyView Restaurant at 200 meters above sea level is projected 27 meters outside of the main exoskeleton but it can still withstand winds of up to 160 kilometers an hour. Real 24-carat gold leaf covers over 2.000 square meters of the interior surface. No wonder each guest receives a gold plated Ipad that acts as a remote control for the room as gold is everywhere in Burj Al Arab. Even in its Element 79 cocktail. 79 is the atomic number of gold and the name perfectly describes this sparkling grape drink with gold dust in it. But this is not the only gold edible at Burj Al Arab  as restaurants also have the recipe for the gold flakes decorated cappuccino. Almost 25,000 square meters of walls and flooring are covered with the rarest marble, Statuario. It is the kind used by Michelangelo to create his masterpieces.  The hotel has a shuttle service providing Rolls-Royces and a helicopter for pick-ups at the local airports. The cheapest room will require about $2,700 per night while The Royal Suite is billed at US$24,000 per night. Dubai Mall  Dubai Mall is the second-largest mall in the world by land area and it is for sure the dream place for anyone passionate about shopping. It's not just a place to go and shop but it's an entire city that provides extraordinary means for entertainment. It's store surface of over 1.2 million square meters is equivalent to more than 50 football fields. Dubai Mall includes over 1300 shops that attracted over 84 million visitors in 2019. It features The Waterfall - a 24 meters high structure that allows water to cascade through all four levels passing art sculptures of human divers.   The 4 story structure of the mall near Burj Khalifa used more than 13,000 tons of structural steel, or around twice the amount utilized in the Eiffel Tower. Fossil of Diplodocus Longus - gulftoday.ae A 155-million-year-old fossil of Diplodocus Longus - famously known as the ‘Dubai Dino’ is permanently on display in the Dubai Mall.   The Dubai Aquarium & Underwater Zoo found within the mall area showcases more than 300 species of marine animals, including sharks and rays. The aquarium is a 51-meter long, 11-meter high, 20-meter wide, and 10-million liter tank that includes a 270-degree walkthrough tunnel for the ultimate marine life experience.  The aquarium holds the World’s record for the largest acrylic panel, weighing 245 tons. Dubai Islands  Dubai's beachfront was not enough for the city, so the government owned companies built 4 artificial islands:  Palm Jumeirah, Deira Island, Palm Jebel Ali and The World. Currently, only Palm Jumeirah has been completed and inhabited. The islands have increased the shoreline length with 520 kilometers, creating space for 1,500 beachfront mansions and 6,000 apartments. This is the world's largest man-made island being visible from the space and the artificial archipelago is considered to be the eighth wonder of the world. The artificial islands of Dubai as designed- Wikipedia Constructing Dubai’s Palm Island required 94 million cubic meters of sand, therefore it used enough sand to fill 2.5 Empire State Buildings. Local quarries provided about 5.5 million cubic meters of rock which creates the islands breakwaters. No Concrete or steel was used for this mega-structure. The amount of rock and sand used here could form a 2 meter wide wall that would circle the globe three times! Safety comes first so the breakwater can withstand a 4 meters tidal wave. The Atlantis Hotel was built at one of the islands ends and it is connected with the mainland via an impressive monorail system stretching on 5.4 kilometers. An alternative 6-lane underground tunnel was built to reach Palm Jumeirah. Palm Jebel Ali island is 50% larger than Palm Jumeirah and will house more than 250.000 people on it. It will even feature homes built on stilts above the water and boardwalks that seen from the outer space will spell out an Arabic poem. The project has been stalling since the 2008 financial crisis but the developer remains committed to building it. Deira Island is another ongoing development which was initially designed to be eight times larger than Palm Jumeriah. It will host the biggest night market in the world, Deira Night souk. A rendering of the postponed World Islands project in Dubai - AP.org Close to the Palm Jumeirah island, another engineering marvel is being built. A collection of 300 man-made islands called the World Islands are created from dredged and reclaimed sand. The islands design resembles a 6 by 9 km world map representation, the entire archipelago being visible from space and from the top of the Burj Khalifa. Atlantis The Palm Atlantis The Palm is a five-star ocean-themed resort on the apex of the man-made Palm Island’s crescent. The main building has two central towers, referred to as East and West, joined together by the Royal Bridge Suite, a 924 square meters penthouse. Sculpture inside Atlantis The Palm - https://dwpinsider.com/ The Grand Lobby unveils the priceless Dale Chihuly sculpture created using 3000 hand blown pieces of glass that were individually placed to create a 10 meter high piece. Atlantis has an 11 million liter marine habitat called The Ambassador Lagoon, with a viewing pane made of 70cm thick glass. Dubai Marina Dubai Marina is a district built as an artificial canal city along a 3km stretch of the shoreline. It is designed to accommodate a population of 120.000 people in residential towers and villas. Dubai Marina is an urban master-planned community inspired by the Concord Pacific Place from Vancouver, Canada. It is the largest man-made marina created by bringing the waters of the Persian Gulf into the desert and its shoreline is the location of some of the world's tallest high-rise residential skyscrapers. The Dubai Marina represents the city of the future—where technology and natural beauty meet.     Some of the amazing sights of the Dubai Marina include The Princess Tower - with 101 floors, Al Fattan - 245 m high, Ocean Heights - 83 floors, Dubai Marina Mall. Dubai Marina also hosts the Dubai Torch which in 2011 was the tallest residential building - at 336 meters - and Marina 101 which at 425 meters high is the second tallest building in the United Arab Emirates behind the Burj Khalifa. The most impressive sky-scraper is Cayan tower, a 306-meter tall building which was the tallest high rise structure that has a 90 degrees twist from top to bottom. The Frame Dubai is constantly pushing the limits of architecture. Therefore The Frame is not only the biggest picture frame on the planet but an impressive high building that allows people positioned on one side to view the representative landmarks of Dubai through the frame. Its structure is made of a 93 meters bridge connecting the two 150 meters towers. The top Sky-deck is built as an opaque glass bridge crafted as a liquid crystal film, making the glass clear when visitors walk on it. Population 95% of the population in UAE are ex-pats and the vast majority of them live in Dubai. There are 3.35 million people in the city and about 4 million in the metro area.The incredibly high number of ex-pats and immigrants makes it one of the most diverse cities in the world.   More than half of the population of Dubai is aged between 25-34, so it’s a youthful city that is geared very much towards those in this age bracket. Foreigners can receive citizenship in Dubai if an investment of 1 million dirhams (or 270.000 USD) is made. The local Emiratis make up for only 8% of the entire population of Dubai and the class division is big: many of the immigrant workers struggling for a living, Emiratis have their rent, education and medical bills paid for and upper-class foreigners being well paid.The average monthly wage in Dubai is around $4500 USD per month. Tourism Dubai International Airport in 1960 - https://traveltriangle.com/blog/history-of-dubai/ Dubai International Airport project started in 1960 as a small size runway made of compacted sand. But by the 1970s the airport was already handling the Boeing 747 and Concorde planes and by 1980 it became the stopping and refueling point for airlines, connecting Asia and Europe. It is now the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic and it's Terminal 3 is the largest airport terminal in the world. The new airport, Dubai World Central - which is operational and will be completed in 2027, will be the second-largest airport in the world by physical size. The two airports will be connected with a dedicated 52 kilometres metro line. Dubai's tourism is all about the futuristic charm of modern skyscrapers, legendary nightlife, exotic landscapes, and desert safaris.Tourism in Dubai is a part of the government's strategy to maintain the flow of foreign cash into the emirates as, on average, a visitor spends $553 a day in Dubai. Data shows that Dubai attracted 17 millions tourists in 2019 with a year to year increase of 5%. Most tourists are from India, followed by Saudi Arabia.The Dubai 2020 plan of having 20 million tourists a year has been postponed due to the current conditions and drop in the traveling sector worldwide.   Even if Dubai is one of the most modern cities in the world, one of the top attractions among tourists is the desert itself. It provides a thrilling and electrifying experience on the dunes that are changing position and shape every day creating a new landscape. Living in the city Historically, Deira has been the commercial center of Dubai and the place renowned for its conventional markets called souks. The Gold souk is acclaimed as the biggest gold bazaar on the planet. Deira Spice souk best explains the influence of various nationalities that have come to call Dubai home. Old-style buildings that reflect rich Arabian hospitality and traditional style wooden dhows make Dubai Deira and the Creek a must-visit landmark of the city. Driving is the most convenient way of getting around Dubai but the government has vastly improved the public transport system by creating the metro lines. Being a new city built from the ground during the last decades, the city transportation system was created with progress in mind. From The Dubai Metro which is a state-of-the-art, driver-less, fully automated 75 kilometre rail system, to the Abras - wooden water taxis that cruise along the Creek, and to the new fleet of water taxis that navigate the Arabian Gulf at speeds up to 25 knots. The Emirates now host 2 million cars while in 1968 the city only had 13 cars registered. The Sheikh Zayed Road is the main road in Dubai City & has become a tourist spot as well as the most  architecturally marvelous buildings are located on this road Self driving pod https://www.rta.ae/ Part of the government futuristic approach, Dubai’s transport authority began testing autonomous pods that travel short distances on dedicated lanes, along pre-programmed routes. They are also planning the Hyperloop, a tube vacuum-based transportation mean which will significantly cut down travel time between emirates. With this technology, residents can travel between Abu Dhabi and Dubai in just 12 minutes. Self-flying taxi - https://www.rta.ae/ Dubai’s urban mobility landscape will also get an upgrade with the world’s first self-flying taxi service which they plan to make publicly accessible in the next years. The sun is shining here for about the entire year and during a particularly hot summer in July 2002, the temperature in Dubai was recorded at a toasty 52.1 degrees Celsius. That is why 99.9% of the buildings are incorporating air conditioning systems. Much of Dubai’s water is obtained by desalinization from the sea, making fuel and water roughly the same price Ski Dubai slope - https://www.skidxb.com You can go skiing in Dubai on the manmade slopes inside the mall even if this Emirate is in the middle of the Arabian desert and there are no mountains.The facility is an indoor ski space maintaining a temperature of -1 to 2 degrees Celsius throughout the year. There is a 85 meters high indoor mountain (like a 25 story building) and has 5 slopes accessible by lift and tow lift that can carry skiers and snowboarders up the mountain. It also features a Snow Park that houses penguins. In Dubai ATM's can dispense gold aside from the Dirhams, the official currency. Dubai had no address system, no zip codes, no area codes, and no postal system. To deliver a package safely, one had to list detailed instructions to the desired destination. However, in 2015, a unique 10-digit code called Makani number were assigned to all buildings.   Due to the heat and surrounding desert, Dubai managed to build an extraordinary delivery system for almost anything, and goods are a click or phone call distance. Everything is extreme in Dubai: Supercars are used by police so it's not uncommon to see brand new Ferrari, Bugatti, Lamborghini or some other luxury cars with the police emblem on them. Dubai police holds a world record for the fastest police car; a Bugatti Veyron which they purchased for US$ 1.6 million! Religion Islam is the official religion but unlike surrounding countries, Dubai is a more relaxed space, especially towards foreigners. 76% of Dubai’s residents are Muslim.Non-Muslims are allowed to consume alcohol, eat pork, and they don’t have to wear a hijab. Weekend starts on Friday in Dubai and it ends on Saturday because Friday is a unique religious day for afternoon prayers in Islam.     Gender equality progress is assigned to the UAE Gender Balance Control which ensures that the future will be brighter on this matter as more and more women are becoming part of the government, public sector, universities, and businesses in Dubai. As many countries still have much to work on this matter, Dubai is an unique spot in the region due to the local Emirati woman, their education and workforce inclusion. Traditions  The array of cultures and religions perfectly blend in this international city that provides a huge number of religious spaces and cultural events.  Despite being one of the most developed and modern cities in the world, Dubai has kept its identity.    They are wearing the kufiya, a traditional Arabian headdress that originated in the Arabian Peninsula and is now worn throughout the Middle-East region, providing  protection from sunburn, dust, and sand. As Dubai is led by His Highness Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, who keeps a close and down-to-earth relationship with the people, Dubai has preserved it's traditions. For example locals will always serve coffee as a way of welcoming and refusing may be seen as offensive. The custom is to enjoy local dances and music as it comes from the time of the bedouins and has great heritage value for the emiratis. Emirati men use fairly long greetings, with praises to God, in addition to hugs and kisses. When meeting an Emirati woman one should not try to shake their hand unless she puts out her hand first.  Under no circumstances should one take pictures of Emirati woman. Additionally, it’s considered extremely offensive to stare at a woman in a national dress.     During Ramadan, Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset every day during the month, and being obviously intoxicated or affected by alcohol can mean jail time or deportation. Visitors are expected to dress modestly and retain from public affection such as kissing or holding hands. Nice to know Each Emirate has its own king, otherwise known as a Sheikh  Dubai is referred to as a “free zone,” meaning its workers' paychecks are spared from being taxed. They have a Minister for Happiness.The UAE has a literacy rate of 93% and Dubai is one of the safest cities in the world and Its crime rate is next to nothing.  Israeli passport holders are not allowed to entry Dubai, but this will change starting with the Dubai Expo world fair.  Dubai has the ultimate incentive to lose weight. For every kilogram lost, the government awards a family 2 grams of gold  The falcon is the UAE's national symbol while the Arabian oryx, a medium-sized antelope, is the country's national animal. Camel racing robot jockey - https://wonderfulengineering.com/ Camel racing is very popular in Dubai and given the camel size only children were allowed to ride. Since this raised an issue with children allegedly illegally trafficked into the country to race camels, Dubai put a stop on this by building child-sized robots that are racing the camels.The lower the number on a resident’s license plate, the higher the social status. Dubai has been awarded more than 190 Guinness World Records including: - IMG Worlds of Adventure, is the largest indoor themed entertainment destination in the world!   -The Miracle Garden is the largest flower garden in the world topping 50 million flowers and 250 million plants that cover an area of 72000 square meters - The world's first minister of state for Artificial Intelligence in 2017. Tallest chocolate sculpture - http://airportfocusinternational.com/ - The tallest chocolate structure in the world at   13m representing a replica of the Burj Khalifa Outro It is thought that the name "Dubai" comes from an Arabic proverb that says "Daba Dubai" meaning "They came with a lot of money", which would make sense as the transformation of Dubai started when resources have been discovered. But what happens in Dubai can't stay there for another reason: the Emiratis themselves. The lesson we learn from them is that "Impossible" should not be a word in our vocabulary! 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[bigyack-com]

German Armed Forces Takes Delivery of First Airbus H145 SAR Helicopter

Airbus has delivered the first H145 helicopter for the German Armed Forces’ (Bundeswehr) search and rescue service to the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw), several months before the agreed deadline. Among other features, the Airbus H145 helicopters are equipped with high-performance cameras, searchlights, emergency beacon locator systems, a full suite of medical equipment, rescue winches and load hooks that can be used for fire-extinguishing tanks, for example. They are easy to identify thanks to the characteristic bright orange paintwork on their doors, featuring ‘SAR’ in blue lettering.

A total of seven helicopters of this type were ordered to renew their ageing Bell UH-1D search and rescue fleet. The new aircraft will be stationed at the sites in Niederstetten, Holzdorf and Nörvenich with the last of the H145 LUH SAR (Light Utility Helicopter Search and Rescue) helicopters will be delivered in early 2021, once training has been completed. “We are delighted to be able to deliver this helicopter not only on time, but in this case even before the contractually agreed deadline,” said Wolfgang Schoder, CEO of Airbus Helicopters Deutschland. “The H145 helicopters already operated by the Bundeswehr have proven themselves, in particular, through their very high levels of operational availability. We see a lot more possibilities for the flexible and reliable aircraft to perform a wide range of tasks in all branches of the armed forces.” The Bundeswehr maintains a fleet of search and rescue helicopters on permanent standby and is responsible for search and rescue operations (SAR) in the event of aircraft accidents on German territory and in national disaster management operations. Airbus Helicopters will be responsible for logistics support, repair, and maintenance of the helicopters. See latest Travel News, Interviews, Podcasts and other news regarding: Airbus, Helicopters, SAR. 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Airport Trials Smart Security Checkpoint System  Caravelle Hotel in Saigon Launches Refillable Glass Bottle Programme  Siam Ocean to Install Latest HVAC Technology at Anantara Hotels Globally  Four Seasons Hotel Hampshire Partners Highclere Castle  BelugaXL Receives EASA Type Certification  United Airlines Helps Passengers Battle Jet Lag with Timeshifter  Aman to Open Luxurious Tented Camp in Utah, USA  Lost Bags and Airline Baggage Tracking - Interview with Peter Drummond, SITA  Conrad Chun Appointed VP of Communications for Boeing Commercial Airplanes  Airbus VSR700 Prototype Performs Maiden Flight  AirAsia Indonesia Appoints Veranita Yosephine Sinaga as CEO  Emirates Opens Check-In Counters for Cruise Passengers at Port Rashid  KLM Signs Firm Order for 21 Embraer E195-E2 Aircraft  Airbus to Showcase Numerous Aircraft at Dubai Airshow 2019  Belfast to Host ExploreGB 2020 Travel Trade Show in May  Awesome Trip - Interview with Mark Corbett, Chief Innovation Officer  Vern Insurance Technologies - Interview with Marton Elodi at IATA AIRS 2019  Sabre Signs Multimillion-Dollar Agreement with Vietnam Airlines  Airbus Paints Air Canada's First A220; Delivery Set for December  Accor Expands Partnership with Alibaba Group  American Airlines Aims to Resume Boeing 737 MAX Flights on 5 March  Embraer Appoints Antonio Carlos Garcia as CFO  Rugby Sevens: China Women Qualify for Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games  Vietnam Airlines Signs EngineWise Service Agreement with Pratt & Whitney  Future of Airline Distribution and NDC - Interview with Yanik Hoyles, IATA  Accor to Open Dual-Branded Hotel on Sukhumvit Soi 24 in Bangkok  IATA Reports 3.8% Increase in RPKs in September; ASKs Up 3.3%  Virgin Australia to Suspend Hong Kong Service; Launch Brisbane - Tokyo  Qatar Airways Signs Codeshare Agreement with IndiGo  Air Cargo: FTKs Down 4.5% in September 2019  Thai Airways Promotes CLMV Travel with One Pass, One Price Value Card  Bangkok Airways and Emirates Add FFP Benefits to Codeshare  Evolution of Airline Chatbots - Interview with Jonathan Newman, CCO of ( caravelo (  Airline Distribution - Interview with Sabre Travel Solutions  ATPCO and Routehappy - Interview with Robert Albert at IATA AIR Symposium 2019  IATA Airline Industry Retailing Symposium 2019 - Interview with Stephan Copart  Cambodia Travel Mart 2019 - Interview with Hosted Buyer, May Yap  Air New Zealand to Launch Non-Stop Flights Between Auckland and New York  Mandarin Oriental to Rebrand Famous Hotel in Switzerland  Palace Gate Hotel in Phnom Penh, Cambodia - Interview with GM  Lynnaya Urban River Resort in Siem Reap - Interview with GM  Cambodia Airways Interview with Lucian Hsing, Commercial Director  HD Videos and Interviews  Podcasts from HD Video Interviews  Travel Trade Shows in 2019, 2020 and 2021  High-Res Picture Galleries  Travel News Asia - Latest Travel Industry News  Read the full article

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[preefacto]

Fact.MR Report: What is the impact of Coronavirus on Aircraft Pumps Market Growth?

How about a well-assessed report on the Aircraft Pumps market that provides insightful analysis of various trends/services/products which has the potential of bringing a paradigm shift in the growth rate? Fact.MR is the answer to all your questions based on the ongoing developments in the Aircraft Pumps market! The report offers a comprehensive analysis of the most profitable opportunities across the various segments in the form of revenues and volumes during the forecast period. The report, with bull’s eye analysis, has the potential of forming the crux of the success of your organization with a focus on various parameters such as drivers, restraints, challenges, opportunities, and competitive landscape assessment. Fact.MR projects the Aircraft Pumps market to expand at a CAGR of 7.2% during 2018-2027.

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The unpredictable COVID-19 pandemic has dug a hole in the profits of various sectors around the world. It has caused an economic earthquake and has brought unprecedented losses. As the world struggles to fight with the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers, industry players, and investors in the Aircraft Pumps market are trying to tackle the deadly pandemic of economic loss. Commendable steps were taken by the stakeholders in the Aircraft Pumps market through impactful strategies, quick decision making, and reorganization of the entire business structure. This has made them capable of sustaining their businesses. To paint the colors of growth on the COVID-19 affected business canvas, Fact.MR brings a thorough and detailed report on the Growth of Aircraft Pumps market through near-perfect visualization and deep information extraction. The report, when combined with practical execution by the stakeholders of the Aircraft Pumps market, will definitely light the lamp of success for them.

The analysis also sheds light on the impact of various government initiatives undertaken across the globe on the Aircraft Pumps market. Regulatory approvals and legislations related to the Aircraft Pumps market are also included in the report to let the key stakeholders frame their business policies accordingly. Path-breaking trends in the Aircraft Pumps market that have the potential of changing the competitive landscape also acquire an important place in the report. Highlighting on such aspects makes the report a knight in shining armor for the key stakeholders in the Aircraft Pumps market.

The regional segmentation of the Aircraft Pumps market is done as follows:

North America

Latin America

Europe

East Asia

South Asia

Oceania

Middle East & Africa (MEA)

On the basis of product types, the Aircraft Pumps market report offers insight into major adoption trends for the following segments:

Hydraulic Pump

Fuel Pump

Lubricants Pump

System Pump

Air Conditioning and Cooling Pump

Key end-users covered in the study include:

OEM

After Market

Companies profiled in the report are:

Parker Hannifin Corporation Eaton Corporation plc Crane Aerospace & Electronics Triumph Group, Inc. Woodward, Inc. Zodiac Aerospace

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What makes Fact.MR report stand out from others?

Fact.MR follows a six-point mechanism known as E.V.O.L.V.E. (Evaluate. Visualize. Overcome. Leverage. Verify. Eradicate.). The report is specially created to assess the COVID-19 impact on the Aircraft Pumps market. This mechanism focuses on almost all the factors in a definite manner to provide the best research report for the market stakeholders.

Evaluate: A Fact.MR report evaluates every small aspect that can prove to be a growth generator for the Aircraft Pumps market, thus, making it different and special from other reports.

Visualize: The authors involved in the research activities visualized the post-COVID-19 era so that the key stakeholders of the Aircraft Pumps market get an overview and helps them take certain steps to ensure continuous growth during the forecast period.

Overcome: The report scrutinizes on points that can prove to be an Achilles heel to the Aircraft Pumps market and assists to create strategies to overcome the obstacles that may hinder the growth of the Aircraft Pumps market.

Leverage: The Aircraft Pumps market can leverage certain aspects that can prove beneficial for the increase in growth rate. Fact.MR covers all the points on which the key stakeholders can leverage upon.

Verify: Research is done systematically to assure validation of all the aspects covered in the report. All the points are rechecked and verified thoroughly to avoid flaws and fake information.

Eradicate: Last but not the least, this aspect helps the key stakeholder eradicate all the obstacles that come between the growth rate and the Aircraft Pumps market.

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Timelapse reveals eight-year construction of Louvre Abu Dubai in just three minutes

A timelapse video from the webcam provider EarthCam reveals the intricate process of constructing the geometric dome of the new Jean Nouvel-designed Louvre Abu Dhabi.

The eight-year construction process is condensed down into just three minutes of video, showing the site going from an empty stretch of island to a 23-gallery museum covered by a 180-metre wide dome.

"The Louvre Abu Dhabi is an epic architectural achievement and we are honoured to have been the timelapse technology provider for this iconic project," said Brian Cury, CEO and founder of  EarthCam.

"I'm proud of the work our dedicated team has produced over the past eight years documenting this incredible Jean Nouvel masterpiece."

The video cut together 70,000 hours of archived footage taken by 10 MegaPixelCam timelapse cameras placed at 50 different angles across the site throughout the construction process.

The footage shows the groundworks and foundations being laid by teams of cranes, building the gallery spaces and surrounding pools from the inside out before the latticework dome is built over the top.

The finished dome is made of 8,000 overlapping metal stars in a geometric pattern. As the time-lapse footage of the interior shows, the sun moving across the sky makes the sunlight dapple through the dome in an effect Nouval described as "a rain of light".

As the building nears completion the pools surrounding and under the dome are flooded with water, so that the structure appears to be surrounded by the sea.

Over one million high resolution images were taken over the eight year process. Most were at a resolution of 4K, or 4,000 pixels, but some of the panoramas were as large as a billion pixels.

EarthCam's regional team maintained the cameras and installed them in their strategic locations, and the footage was later put together by their editorial team.

The camera systems were designed to withstand the environmental challenges posed by the coastal landscape of the United Arab Emirates capital city, which sits on an island in the Persian Gulf.

The gallery forms a cornerstone of the Saadiyat Cultural District, which will soon include the Foster + Partner-designed Zayed National Museum and a new Guggenheim designed by Frank Gehry, although work on that still hasn't started yet.

Video courtesy of EarthCam.

Related story

Jean Nouvel's completed Louvre Abu Dhabi is spanned by a huge geometric-patterned dome

The post Timelapse reveals eight-year construction of Louvre Abu Dubai in just three minutes appeared first on Dezeen.

from ifttt-furniture https://www.dezeen.com/2017/11/22/timelapse-movie-reveals-eight-year-construction-louvre-abu-dubaijean-nouvel/

[tuskerhv]

Container Lifting Equipment manufacturer in Sharjah, Dubai, UAE, providing Container Trailer Suppliers and Container Handling Equipment in Sharjah, Dubai, UAE.  A CHV is a hydraulically operated trailer mounted crane system, with a carrying capacity of 45 Tones. It is designed to ground, transfer & stack containers, without the aid of a separate crane. We are the Container Lifter Manufacturer and the Lifting Supplier Sharjah, Dubai, UAE.  It is designed to handle 20’40’ and 45’feet containers in the following ways:

Tusker Engineering FZC is the leading manufacturer of commercial vehicle bodies, based in Hamriyah Freezone, UAE. Started in 2009, we have grown to become the leading supplier of trailers, road tankers, tipper bodies, cement bulkers and reefer trucks. We also fabricate specialized bodies, as per client’s requirements. We count our clients to be the leading truck dealers, transport, and logistics companies.

With a team of over 100 people in our company, comprising of qualified engineers and skilled technicians, we have strong in-house design capabilities and quality control in place. Our well-experienced team of engineers and designers have collectively worked on a vast plethora of diverse projects, for many of the leading clients in the UAE and beyond.

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[siva3155]

400+ TOP Civil Engineering Interview Questions and Answers

civil engineering interview questions for freshers experienced :-

1. Define What is Civil Engineering ? Civil engineering is arguably the oldest engineering discipline. It deals with the designed setting and may be dated to the primary time somebody placed a roof over his or her head or set a stalk across a stream to form it easier to urge across. The designed setting encompasses abundant of what defines fashionable civilization. Buildings and bridges area unit usually the primary constructions that come back to mind, as they're the foremost conspicuous creations of structural engineering, one in every of civil engineering's major sub-disciplines. Roads, railroads, subway systems, and airports area unit designed by transportation engineers, another class of engineering. so there area unit the less visible creations of civil engineers. each time you open a water tap, you expect water to return out, doltishly that civil engineers created it attainable. the big apple town has one in every of the world’s most spectacular water system systems, receiving billions of gallons of high-quality water from the mountain chain over 100 miles away. Similarly, not many of us appear to fret regarding what happens to the water once it's served its functions. The recent engineering discipline of sanitary engineering has evolved into fashionable environmental engineering of such significance that almost all educational departments have modified their names to civil and environmental engineering. These few examples illustrate that civil engineers do lots quite style buildings and bridges. they'll be found within the region business, coming up with jetliners and house stations; within the automotive business, perfecting the load-carrying capability of a chassis and rising the crash worthiness of bumpers and doors; and that they is found within the ship building business, the ability business, and lots of different industries where made facilities area unit concerned. and that they arrange and supervise the development of those facilities as construction managers. 2. What are the causes of building collapse? The passage of time is one reason. Buildings also collapse due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters can also damage the structure of the buildings and cause it to collapse. Bombings or demolition of buildings is also other reasons. 3. What are the applications of modulus of elasticity? As the term implies, “Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or “flexibility” of a material. The value of modulus of elasticity is very much significant relating to deflection of certain materials used in the construction industry. Take for example the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 Gpa compared to about 70 Gpa for aluminum. This simply translate that aluminum is 3 times flexible than steel. 4. Define What is the difference between routing maintenance and major maintenance in school facilities? The routine maintenance is the minor and consistent repairs that are engaged in the school premises. Examples could include painting, replacement of fixtures, louver blades, furniture repairs, and patching cracks in the school buildings. The major maintenance could also be a total rehabilitation of the school, either school buildings or any other project within the school community. It could be total restructuring of the lighting system in the school or sanitary system. 5. How are freeway bridges built? After calculating the anticipated traffic for the bridge, cement/reinforced- with- rebar stanchions are spaced over the freeway to accommodate the bridge. An ‘off-ramp’ from the freeway to the bridge is constructed, as is an ‘on-ramp’ to the subsequent road. Cement/rebar slabs are built and lifted with cranes to form the platform, and voila! Drive carefully. Although the bridge deck/roadway is almost always a concrete slab, the structure that holds up the bridge deck can be reinforced concrete, structural steel, or a combination of steel and concrete.                                             Click Here  ----> CIVIL ENGINEERING MCQs 6. What is the difference between absorption & adsorption and sorption? Absorption generally refers to two phenomena, which are largely unrelated. In one case, it refers to when atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase – gas, liquid or solid material. For instance, a sponge absorbs water when it is dry. Absorption also refers to the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by another entity, for example, by an atom whose valence electrons make transition between two electronic energy levels. The photon is destroyed in the process. The absorbed energy may be re-emitted as radiant energy or transformed into heat energy. The absorption of light during wave propagation is often called attenuation. The tools of spectroscopy in chemistry are based on the absorption of photons by atoms and molecules. Adsorption is similar, but refers to a surface rather than a volume: adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorb-ate). It is different from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution. 7. How do you measure concrete? Cubic feet, Cubic yards, Cubic Meter 8. Define What is the tallest man made structure in the world? The tallest man made structure is the KVLY-TV mast which is 2063 feet tall. The worlds tallest man made structure is Burj Dubai which is 800 meter tall. 9. Define What are the uses of alloys in daily life and how are alloys made? Alloying is not always done to produce a ‘superior’ material, but to produce materials having a desired requirement in the industry or elsewhere. A classic case is of lead solder (containing lead & tin), in which the melting point of the constituent elements are lowered, not necessarily a desirable property. Alloying can be carried out using hot press method (a sheet of material is sandwiched with alloying material), rolling the heated base metal in a drum full of alloying metal powder, using hot spraying, galvanizing (dipping the base in a molten solution of alloying material) etc. Sometimes the alloying material is added in small proportions to the molten base metal (e.g., in production of different types of steel). 10. What is the worlds largest concrete dam? The Grand Coulee Dam is said to be the largest concrete dam. Currently the world’s largest concrete dam is the Itaipu Dam, an accomplishment of two neighboring countries, Brazil and paraguay in South America. Though it is not finished yet, the Three Gorges (or Sandapong) Dam on the Yangtze River in China will take over as the largest upon its completion, which is slated for 2009.

CIVIL ENGINEERING Questions 11. What is braced excavation all about? Excavations are braced to prevent the cave-in of surrounding unstable soil. 12. What is the meaning of soil reinforcement? Soil reinforcement is the act of improving soil strength to enable it support or carry more load. Two common examples are: Mixing a soil amendment such as lime into weak clayey soil and re-compacting to improve soil-bearing capacity (often done under the road base in highway construction) Installing plastic or composite webbing layers (called geo-grid material) alternating with compacted soil to produce a stronger sloped soil structure (often done on steep roadway embankments to improve strength and stability) 13. Define What is aggregate? Aggregate is the component of a composite material used to resist compressive stress. 14. What year was the keystone power plant in Indiana County constructed? 1967 began commercial operation on unit 1. 15. Define What is the force exerted by the Tacoma narrows bridge? The force exerted to the Tacoma narrows bridge was initially the wind resistance. The wind resistance caused the whole bridge to act as a system with forced vibration with damping.                           Click Here For ----> CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB VIVA Questions 16. How do you calculate the power of a centrifugal pump? The input power, that is, the power required to operate the pump should be stated in Hp (horsepower) on the pump’s nameplate. It can also be calculated by the 3-phase power equation: P(in Hp) = VI(1.7c) = Rated Voltage x Rated Current x 1.73/ %Efficiency If this is a consumer grade pump that operates on 120Vac, then the equation becomes P = VI, simply multiply the operating voltage, 120 x current (which is the number followed by the letter “A”. The output power, which really is not technically power, but rated in Gpm (gallons per minute), or capacity should also be on the nameplate. If you have the make, model, and (not necessarily needed) the serial number (also on the nameplate) you could call the manufacturer’s customer service dept. As an application engineer, I have contacted countless manufacturers’, and service dept’s for assistance. It is now big deal to them, they will be happy to answer your questions. 17. Why nautical mile is different from statute mile? One nautical mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard nautical mile is 6076 feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%). The statute mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman paces/steps. The definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters. 18. Define What is rigging? In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows. 19. What is absolute pressure? Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gage pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure. 20. How do we calculate absolute pressure? Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric.                                Click Here For ----> CIVIL ENGINEERING Class Notes Pdf 21. What is Gravity flow? Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included. 22. What is horizon or horizontal mining? Horizon or horizontal mining can be applied to extraction of material from seams of any stratified mineral such as limestone or ironstone, but it is more usually associated with coal – particularly where there are several seams that are inclined or folded and/or faulted. Horizon mining involves long level roadways (horizons) being driven from the shafts to the extremity of the area to be mined. The levels of the horizons are chosen to intersect the maximum number of seams the maximum number of times. As the seams are intersected, headings will be driven into the seam so that the desired material may be extracted. This method of mining requires a thorough understanding of the geological structure of the area to be mined so that the level of the horizons can be chosen for optimum results. This method of mining is popular in modern coalmines with seams worked from several horizons. The considerable capital outlay of driving horizons before production can begin is recouped by the advantage of having long straight level roadways of generous dimensions unaffected by the crushing effect of nearby extraction of the mineral. 23. What is the difference between engineering stress and true stress? In biology, Stress is something that disrupts homeostasis of an organism. In engineering, Stress is an external force that pushes, pulls, twists, or otherwise puts force on something. Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting upon remains constant, true stress takes into account the reduction in area caused by the force. 24. Define What is a kip? 1 kip = 1000 lbs 25. What are some structures that may be subjected to fatigue? Bridges, hydraulic presses, burners trains                               Click Here For ----> CIVIL ENGINEER Seminar Topics 26. Will going from a 3-tap to 6-tap increase water pressure? No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs. 27. Why does the pressure increase under soil? Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or self-weight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon the soil. For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is linear and the relation is given by pressure = unit wt * depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear increase in the soil pressure. 28. Define What is the distance between railway tracks? 4 feet, 8 1/2 inches 29. How high should the water tank be to provide a 60 PSI at base of this water tower? 138.60ft 2.31ft of water= 1 PSI 30. Define What are the reasons for geotechnical site investigations in Uganda? To know the soil properties, in so doing be in position to determine whether the particular site is suitable for the purpose intended To know the history of the site To know what remedies need to be put in place before construction can start Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on site and in the lab, design the appropriate foundation for the structure. 31. What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete? Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a void. 32. What is the purpose of the gap in the road on this bridge? Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road. 33. Define What is the tensile strength of wood? The tensile strength of a material is the value at which the material fails when subjected to a tensile force. (Tensile means a force pulling the wood fibers lengthwise, as opposed to a compression force.) There are a lot of different types and load cases for wood, so there is not one answer to this question. For example, wood used outside will fail at a lower load than wood inside. Wood is also an isotropic, i.e. it has different strength in different directions. Example values of tensile strength vary anywhere from 175 pounds per square inch for Utility Grade pine to 1400 PSI for Dense Select Structural grade Douglas Fir. A good reference for material strength data for most species and grades of commercially available wood can be found in the American Institute of Timber Construction handbook. 34. How many Lbs are there in a yard? A pound (Lb) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance. If you are referring to common measurements used on a construction site, a “yard” is a common abbreviation for a “cubic yard”, which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.) Since dirt weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 PCF), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs. 35. Define What is a projection line? Projection line is the way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of paper. 36. What are moment of inertia and its importance in civil engineering? The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body. 37. Define What is the origin of name Railway Sleepers? When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their journeys. 38. What is BMC stands for in BMC Software? BMC Software founders Scott Boulette, John Moores, and Dan Cloer began a contract programming partnership that operated in and around Houston, Texas. 39. Does brick grows bigger every year. Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows. 40. How did street originate in the plumbing term street ell? A “street ell” may have gotten its name because it describes a 90° fitting particularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less space, than with a standard ell. 41. What is the absolute pressure scale? Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc. 42. What is the difference between QA and QC? Many people and organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and testing. They are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences. They are defined below: Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives. Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product. Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the “process of executing a system” includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.) 43. How did the Romans get water up hills using aqua ducts? Technically, the Romans were not able to get water to move uphill in a general sense. All aqueducts move water from an elevated source (spring-fed streams in the mountains) to end-users at a lower elevation. The water flows almost entirely downhill from the source to the end user. If the water needed to cross a valley, the Romans would build an arched structure with an elevated channel to cross the valley, but even this channel would have a vary slight downhill gradient that allowed water to flow towards the end user. If a large hill was in their way, the Romans would either divert the channel around the hill, dig a trench through the hill, or dig a tunnel through the hill, all while maintaining a fairly constant, slight downhill gradient towards the end user. The only exception to the rule of a generally constant downhill slope to the water channel is that specific tunnel segments, the Romans could build the tunnel as an inverted siphon (mentioned above) to cross a depression or valley and raise the water level on the downhill side almost to the level of the uphill side. To do this requires a well-sealed tunnel strong enough to withstand the increased water pressure within the siphon. Note, however, that except for gaining a little bit of elevation if you slow down fast-moving water, you normally cannot get water to flow out of the outlet at a higher elevation than the inlet. So technically, even the Romans were not able to get water to flow “up a hill”. 44. Will Water damage concrete? As far as only concrete is concerned i.e. plain concrete, the effect of water seepage is very little (depending upon the grade of concrete) whereas for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) water that seeps in corrodes the reinforcement and thus reduces the life of the structure. The defects that water seepage induces in concrete are as follows: induces capillary formation (due to the deteriorating characteristics of water) With this capillaries the concrete starts spalling out; i.e. the places where capillaries are formed, with even slight amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere Concrete has a pH of about 12 -13. It also reduces the pH of the concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed to marshy areas. Reduces the overall strength of concrete Reduces durability Reduces permeability to further water seepage Results in ageing of structures 45. How do you determine Specific gravity of cement? Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not particularly useful. A more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that part of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4. 46. Define What is the meaning of a blue land surveyors flag? If the flag was placed by Utility personnel responding to a “One-call” locate request, the blue flag indicates a buried water line. You see these marked when a contractor calls the “Call before you dig number” a couple of days prior to excavating. This is required by law in each state to reduce the likelihood of damaging underground utilities when excavating. The standard color code used by almost all utility companies for painting & flags is: White – “Here is the area I plan on excavating!” Blue – water line Red -electricity Yellow -natural gas Green -sewer Orange -telephone and/or fiber optic line If the blue flagging was a fuzzy blue marker nailed to the top of a wood surveyor’s stake, then it probably serves to indicate the top of the grade at which the engineer wants the earthmoving equipment to place fill dirt. These are called “blue-top” stakes. 47. What are advancements in civil engineering? Unlike other fields of engineering, the major advancement of the filed has been in the early years of the century before the last century where the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material is since the turn of the last century, improvement in the field increase by the use of steel elements in the construction of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of two, it was possible to do multistory buildings in the world. Machineries were created to speed up the construction structures. The last century has also seen the advent of sophisticated design to withstand the effect of earthquake that was not possible before. With the use of computers, development of model and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Before just two decades, it used to take months and months to design high-rise building and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours. 48. Why is the statue of liberty made of copper? Copper is a very durable material when exposed to weather and is soft enough that it can be easily molded to curved shapes such as those in the Statue of Liberty. It is also traditionally used in buildings for complex roofs, so there would have been trades people available trained to use it. Other metals that can be molded are lead but it does not have the attractive verdigris color, and gold much is more expensive 49. Are cruise ships built for the transatlantic run? The Queen Mary 2 was built for transatlantic crossings, but much smaller ships can make the crossing easily. In 1995, I crossed the Atlantic from New York to the Azores on the Royal Princess (which was not the same ship as the current Royal Princess), which was about one-fourth the size of the QM2. Just about any seaworthy passenger ship can navigate the Atlantic safely, if not comfortably. 50. Define What is diversion tunnel in a dam? When a dam is to be built, a diversion tunnel is usually bored through solid rock next to the dam site to bypass the dam construction site. The dam is built while the river flows through the diversion tunnel. CIVIL ENGINEERING Interview Questions Book pdf  download 51. What distance in meters on the ground is the equivalent of one second of arc in longitude or latitude? One minute of arc as measured at the center of the Earth covers one nautical mile on the surface of the Earth at mean sea level. One nautical mile is 6080 feet or 1853.2 meters. Therefore one second of arc would be 6080 / 60 = 101.3 feet or 30.886 meters. Lines of latitude are at regular intervals parallel to the equator. The relationship between degrees of latitude and the distance spanned on the earth’s surface remains constant. Therefore at all latitudes 1 minute of latitude spans 1 nautical mile on the earths surface. Lines of longitude converge at the poles. Therefore, the relationship between degrees of longitude and the distance spanned on the earth’s surface is reduced as the poles are approached. At the equator, the distance spanned by 1 minute of longitude would be 1 nautical mile. At the poles, it would be zero. To calculate the actual distance on the surface of the earth between two points of known latitude and longitude requires knowledge of spherical trigonometry to calculate the great circle distance between the two points. The distances quoted are for the surface of the earth at mean sea level. Distances will be increased above sea level and reduced below it. 52. How do you maintain water pressure? If you have water pressure and wish to maintain it, do not cause flow in the line, which will reduce pressure due to friction. To keep pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction. 53. What are some facts about concrete? Actually, drying is not directly linked to hardness in concrete. After concrete is poured, putting it in a wet environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete cures, it is hard. 54. Define Who designed the city of Washington DC? Pierre L’enfant 55. Where is the worlds longest elevator and how long is it? Gold mines in South Africa go a few kilometers below the surface. The deepest mine now is the Mponeng Mine in the Orange Free State. The depth of the mine is well over 3000m from the surface and is getting deeper. The lift itself descends 3037m to a point 1200m below sea level. It takes 4 minutes. 56. How many kilo-Newtons equals 1000 kilogram? When the 1000 kg are at rest, on Earth with gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2, 1000 kg equal 9.81 kN. 57. How is the Leaning Tower of Pisa supported? In the same manner, it was supported when it was constructed. However, it has gotten some “help” over the years. In the last couple of decades, the responsible parties rolled up their sleeves and removed something approaching 40 meters3 of earth from under the higher side of the structure. This had the effect of straightening it toward the vertical by about a foot and a half at the top. For the first time in its history, it is no longer moving. In addition, in the good-news corner of the paper is that it is open to the public again. In addition, the folks who lived near the tower in the direction it was leaning have returned to their homes and do not have to sleep with an eye and an ear open. 58. What does civil engineering mean? They do many interesting things. Their job has to do a lot with design and construction. They can tell you what works and what will not for all sorts of situations. There is a lot of mathematics involved along with many other disciplines. They have to have a good solid understanding of how the environment works and how nature interacts with man made. They are probably best known for designing bridges, interstates, skyscrapers, canals, and so forth. 59. How long does it take concrete to harden? It takes 28 days to cure. 60. What is the biggest dam in America? The Grand Coulee Dam – Grand Coulee, Washington Length 5,223 ft Height 550 ft 61. How does siphoning work? Pretty good if the outside hose is a lot lower than the inside hose. The siphon works by a hose stuck in a fluid container higher than the receiving container. Suction is shortly placed on the lower side of the hose until the fluid is flowing down the down line. Gravity will cause a continued flow. 62. Why was the Empire State Building made of steel? Strength–Steel is very strong Flexibility–Ability to flex in the wind Cost–Inexpensive and fast to build; prefab construction Concrete, a possible alternative, has less compressive strength than steel. The bottom support structure of the empire state building would consist of a large percentage of solid concrete simply to support the weight of the building. 63. What is the quantity of cement in Mix M20 concrete? For nominal Mix Cement consumption for M25 will be 570 kg per cum. and for Design Mix it can be optimized to 510 kg per cum. 64. Define What is unit weight of normal concrete? 145 PCF 65. What is the difference between shear and tensile strength? Tensile Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force along it long axis. Shear Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force across its diameter, as it would be loaded in a lug joint. 66. How many Pyramid in Egypt? About 80 67. Would you cause a 55-gallon drum of water to weigh more by climbing in? A person will sink in water if he is not holding enough air in his lungs to keep him floating. Therefore, the person weighs more than the amount of water that he will displace. 68. Who built the sears tower? While he did not build the structure (he died in l959), there is some evidence the idea was suggested under a different name (Illinois Building) by Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the few true skyscrapers in which he had a role. The original design for the Illinois Building would have topped off at 5,280 Feet! The Swears tower is a quarter of this at most, but there are similarities. 69. At what point does a circle start losing area when being flattened? The area ratio decreases slowly at first then more rapidly. The area of an ellipse is A=pi x a X b, a and b are the 1/2 major and 1/2 minor axis. If a = r = b the area is A=pi X r2, which is a circle. Not hard to graph this but you will have to write the area of the ellipse in terms of the circumference. 70. How do you compute volume of airflow? Orifice meter is used for measuring flow rate air. 71. Define What is made from large rocks, which protects the base of cliffs? Stacks 72. Why are the bolts that hold steel rails together in oval holes? It has to do with the design of the bolts. The reason that head of the bolt is oval. The head of a bolt fit flush into the bar and set in opposing sets is so that a piece of dragging equipment will not shear off all the bolts in a joint but rather the just the nuts one side. As a result, if the hole were not oval on one side there would be no way to tighten or loose the bolts in a joint. 73. Define What are the materials used in building a gravity dam? There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored. 74. How many feet are in 4 square yards? There are 9 square feet in a square yard therefore there are 36 square feet in 4 square yards. 75. What black man invented the clothes dryer? George T. Sampson 76. What is the average density of soil? For purposes of civil engineering, an average soil will have a density of about 100 to 110 pounds per cubic foot. (This can vary a little depending upon how well compacted the soil is.) 77. Define What glue is least sticky? Elmer’s glue is least sticky. 78. What are the strongest shapes in building? The pillars 79. Which architectural movement is also known as Jazz Moderna? Art nouveau 80. What is the withdrawal force of steel nails? In engineering, the code-allowable withdrawal force is zero, because the wood expands and contracts over time and the nail pullout force can reduce to zero. 81. What is the strongest bridge for a school contest? If you are making a spaghetti bridge, bunch it all together in a triangular prism or a big brick and just fill the gaps with paste. 82. What is the formula for figuring out how many gallons of water are in a pipe by the foot? 0.61 * d2, where d is the diameter of the pipe in inches. 83. What is the tensile strength of marble? Tensile Strength, Ultimate 7.00 – 20.0 Mpa 1020 – 2900 PSI this is the strength in a pure tension test. For bending use: Modulus of Rupture 0.00410 – 0.0276 Gpa 0.595 – 4.00 ksi 84. Did any of the Egyptian pyramids ever fall down? Yes, many did. The great pyramid and others that have survived did so for a reason. Their shapes made them sturdier over time and were not the first design. Many steppe pyramids were built but were too steep and as the corners eroded, the whole pyramid fell under its own weight. They were built too steep and did not have the base structure as seen in the great pyramid. 85. Can a wave happen in the middle of the ocean like in the movie Poseidon 2006? Yes. Rogue waves have been known to capsize ships. 86. Define What materials were used to build the Golden Gate Bridge? Its materials were steel and concrete. 87. What is the density of most of construction materials? If it floats it is less dense than water, 62.4 lbs/cubic ft. Wood is about 40 lbs/ cu.ft.–it floats. Concrete is 150 lbs. / cu.ft. — It does not float. 88. How and where are aqueducts built? Aqueducts are built in areas where you have a bunch of motivated end users (like a town or group of farmers) at a low elevation in need of a more reliable source of water located somewhere fairly nearby at a higher elevation. The aqueduct builders construct a series of canals, elevated channels, and tunnels as required to get the water from the source to the end users. Some good examples: Roman engineers built aqueducts throughout Italy and France from mountain water sources to serve city dwellers Water-needy Southern California cities and farms are served by an aqueduct that brings them water from sources in Northern California New York City is supplied by an aqueduct and tunnel system from sources upstate. Inca farmers in coastal valleys built irrigation aqueducts from sources higher up in the Rockies Native American cultures in Phoenix area built irrigation canal systems that diverted water from sources at higher elevations to irrigate their crops. 89. Define What does civil status mean? Civil means like, when you do not get on with someone, but only talk when you have to. Alternatively, when you do talk you do not argue. Alternatively, if you are with someone who is of your both friends and family, you do not ruin it for them. 90. What are the advantages and disadvantages of lead products in construction? Disadvantages: -Lead is very toxic; its use can result in pollution of the ground and more importantly of water supplies. This leads to the contamination of drinking water and can cause hazards to human health as well as disrupting entire ecosystems. Advantages: Because of its toxicity, lead is being bought less and less around the world, which of course results in the lowering of its cost. In addition, lead melts at a relatively low temperature, making it great for solder. However, recently the Chinese have show an interest in buying mass quantities to manufacture batteries made from a base of lead so the price of this metal may soon rise. 91. How do you measure water flowing through 300mm diameter pipes? Same as in inches 3.14159265 and PSI have to be known. 92. Define the various stages of the project planning process in construction. First stage could be Briefing and Inception. 93. How do you convert wind speed into force? Therometer 94. What is kn measurement? kn (both letters lowercase) is knots, which is a speed nautical miles per hour. 95. What are the advantages of building a dam on the river Nile? It is the same as building a dam on any river. Dams are built to control flooding downstream during the wet season, generate power year round, and provide irrigation in the dry season. 96. How much does the leaning tower of Pisa lean? About 14 feet 97. Define What is the best type of wood glue? Noob 98. Define What are the uses of Groynes? They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop long shore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere near. 99. What are the functions of a column in a building? A column is used to support the weight of the roof and/or the upper floors. Now days, many columns are used for decorative purposes. A column along with load bearing beams can support a lot of weight. 100. Define What is an ice dam sock? If you have never used a ice dam melting sock on your roof before, you will find that they provide an inexpensive method for removing roof ice dams and improving your home’s heating efficiency. Roof ice dams are an annoying source of roof damage, leaks, and heat loss in the winter. The main causes are drip melt from improperly capped warm air vent pipes and poor roof insulation. Laying a ice melt sock onto the roof so it crosses the ice dam and overhangs the gutter, will melt through the snow and ice and create a channel for water to flow down into the gutters or off the roof. If done properly those ice sickles that form as the snow melts from the edges of the gutters will never appear, they too are a cause of much damage and are dangerous to life and limb. CIVIL ENGINEERING Questions Answers 101. Define What happens to Load at yielding ? A yield strength or yield point is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible. In the three-dimensional space of the principal stresses ( \sigma_1, \sigma_2 , \sigma_3), an infinite number of yield points form together a yield surface. The yield point determines the limits of performance for mechanical components, since it represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without permanent deformation. In structural engineering, this is a soft failure mode which does not normally cause catastrophic failure or ultimate failure unless it accelerates buckling. Yield strength is the critical material property exploited by many fundamental techniques of material-working: to reshape material with pressure (such as forging, rolling, or pressing), to separate material by cutting (such as machining) or shearing, and to join components rigidly with fasteners. 102. What is Critical path in Ms-Project ? The Critical Path consists of a series of tasks that must be completed on schedule for a project to finish on schedule. It is the series of tasks (or even a single task) that dictates the calculated finish date. Each task on the critical path is a critical task. 103. where will be the reinforcement of slab placed when there is an inverted beam and the bottom of the beam and slab are at same level ? Irrespective of the type of reinforced concrete flexural element, the fundamental requirement is that tension reinforcement must be placed in that portion of the section which has tensile stresses. Depending upon the type of element and loading, tensile stresses may not be on the same (top or bottom) edge of the section. But it is very easy to determine the portion of the length of the element where tension is at the top and where it is at the bottom, by studying the bending moment diagram of the element. Reinforcement is placed on the compression side of the elements when it is required to increase the moment carrying capacity of the section beyond the limit possible for an under-reinforced section. Replacing a portion of concrete in compression by steel results in the compressive force and adding a little extra tension steel to balance the additional compression makes it possible to increase the moment of resistance without increasing the depth of the section. Having said that, an inverted beam (with slab flush with the bottom of the beam) reverses the location of flange but not the bending moment distribution. So, positioning of reinforcement would be the same as an a normal beam. But it has an impact on the amount of reinforcement because of the changed flange location. 104. Define What is passive earth pressure ? Passive earth pressure is the highest limiting lateral pressure developed at the onset of shear failure by wall moving (penetrating) in the direction opposite to the direction of acting earth pressure (minimal wall rotation necessary for the evolution of passive earth pressure is about 10 mrad, i.e. 10 mm/m of the wall height). In most expressions used to compute the passive earth pressure the sign convention is assumed such that the usual values of δ corresponding to vertical direction of the friction resultant are negative. The program, however, assumes these values to be positive. A seldom variant with friction acting upwards is not considered in the program. 105. Which condition will prevail for the design of a swimming pool ? when the pool is empty or when it is filled ? Depends on many factors - like in-ground vs above-ground - but both is a good answer - in-ground an empty pool has to withstand the force of the earth pushing on it. Both when filled have to handle the force of the water on the shape of the walls and bottom. 106. Which is stronger solid steel rod or hollow steel pipe? On a per pound basis, steel pipe is stronger in bending and is less likely to buckle in axial compression. 107. What is reinforced concrete? Reinforced concrete have steels bars or mesh in them, which gives extra strength to the construction. 108. What are the different types of foundation? Three main types of foundation are Basement: In this a basement is prepared first on top of it building is constructed Crawl space: A crawl space is a raised foundation, it is built above the ground, just allowing enough space to crawl underneath Slab: In this foundation, concrete is directly poured into the pit made in the ground. 109. What is Hybrid Foundation? Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high rise building, it contains both soil supported mat and piles. This type of foundation is helpful in reducing the amount of the settlement. 110. What are the common ways of demolition? Hydro-demolition Pressure Bursting Dismantling 111. What is floating slab foundation? A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of the hollow mat formed by a grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs. 112. What is flashing? Flashing is an extended construction that is done to seal and protects joints in a building from water penetration. Flashing is installed at the intersecting roofs, walls and parapets. 113. Define different types of roof systems? Slate or Stone roofs Wood shingle roofs Metal roofing systems 114. What are the phases inspections are done by local authority while construction? Various inspections during the construction includes Site Inspection Pre-construction or first construction Inspection Foundation inspection(before placing of concrete) Framing inspection ( before insulating or covering frame) Insulation inspection ( After insulation is completed) Final inspection (after all construction is completed, and permits are received) 115. List out some of the checking’s, done at the completion of construction? Some of the checking done on the exterior of the construction is Utility connections Drainage Retaining walls Compaction of fill material Caulking at opening Storm sewer system Safety provision ( terraces, porches, areaways) Accessory buildings Pavement edging Protection against moisture penetration Design of dwelling structure 116. What is alternate bid? Alternate bid is the amount stated in the bid to be deducted or added from the base bid amount. Alternate bid is proposed when there is a use of alternate materials or methods of construction. 117. What is change order request? Change order request is a written document issued or given by the owner, requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time. Usually, it is issued by the architect or owners representative. 118. What does a construction cost covers and what does not? A construction cost covers material, labor, equipment and services, contractor’s overhead and profit and other direct construction costs. While, it does not cover compensation paid to the architect, consultant or engineers, cost of the land and other cost that is owner’s responsibility. 119. What is Critical Path Method (C.P.M)? Critical Path Method is strategy and method of representing the respective tasks and activities involved in the construction through a symbolic diagram. 120. What is demising walls? Demising wall is used for the boundary that separates your land or house from neighbor’s house 121. What is labor and material payment bond? It is a bond between the owner and the main contractor. Where a contractor guarantees for payment to the owner if he fails to pay for all labor, materials, equipment’s or services in accordance with the contract. 122. What is progress payment? It is a payment done by owner to the contractor; it is a difference between the completed work and material stored and a pre-determined schedule of values or unit costs. 123. What is structural frames or systems? Structural frames are a load bearing assembly of beams and columns on a foundation. Normally, the columns and beams are generally fabricated off site and assembled on site. 124. What is zoning permit? Zoning permit is a document issued by governing urban authority permitting land to be used for a particular purpose. 125. What is the release of lien? Release of lien is a written document executed by an individual or firm supplying labor, material or professional service on a project, which release his mechanic’s lien against the project property. 126. What is Architect-Prepared Contract? Architect- Prepared Contract is an agreement prepared in-house by the architect between owner and architect, and often reviewed by an attorney, before its execution. It is a legal contract, and it includes all terms and conditions including adequate legal protection for both the parties. 127. What is 1/8 on the architect ruler denotes? 1/8 on the ruler is infact a scale that converts 1/8 inch on to the drawing to 1 foot. It would represent a drawing with a scale of 1/8”= 1 foot. 128. List out some of the software program that can be useful for architect? software programs List AutoCAD Revit 3DS Max Sketchup Photoshop Adobe creative suites Microsoft office Digital Media 129. What are the skills required to become an architect? Conceptual understanding of designing models Basic knowledge of computer and architect related software programs Engineering ability Business aptitude Legal knowledge Designing 3D models 130. What things architect have to take care of before starting any project? Whether the owner has proper planning permission Whether the building has a certain listed grade approved Knowledge of building appliances and materials that includes the cost as well Need to take environmental factors into consideration 131. How you can use different dimension tools in CAD? What are the different dimensions available? If you are using CAD and want to use dimension tools, then go to CAD>Dimensions and you can have access to a wide range of dimensions like Manual dimensions Interior dimensions Auto exterior dimensions Auto interior dimensions End to end dimensions Point to point dimensions Angular dimensions Display temporary dimensions Moving objects using dimensions 132. How you can turn off the display for dimension in CAD? The display of your dimensions can be turned off in CAD for that you have to go under Floor Plan View and follow the following steps In floor plan active, select Tools – Display Options Scroll down to the dimensions- Automatic and Dimensions- Manual layers and remove the checkmarks from the Disp column When you click OK, the display of the dimensions in your plan will be turned off 133. Which are the top apps for you civil engineering? Some of the top Apps Ever note STEEL Dropbox Instagram Sketchbook Photoshop Express Flipboard Magic Plan Houzz AutoCAD Ws 134. What are wooden shingles? Wooden shingles are rectangular in shapes, and they are like slats or sheets that are nailed to the exterior surface. Shingling is a traditional weather proofing method for building. 135. List out some of the common problems that architect have to tackle it? When client is not sure about what they want When there is a limited budget When customer requires custom design at standard design cost When architect has to work with limited space 136. How to build the floor to ceiling bookcase? To build a floor to ceiling bookcase First measure the distance between the floor and ceiling Cut two boards of the length of that distance Cut two boards with the width you require Attach top and bottom boards to the side with 2 inch nails. Keep a gap about one or two inches between each nail Attach top and bottom boards to the side boards with 2 inch nail. This will create a frame of your bookcase. Add the shelves to the bookcase the way you want and then paint it. 137. What should be the standard roof height like to be? For inhabited building, standard height for roof should be one or two storeys tall. If you don’t need to make roof taller and yet you want make it look bigger from outside use a mansard roof containing multiple floors. The roof of the room can be adjusted by changing its pitch or by adding a parapet. 138. List out the types of roofs? Half hipped roof Dutch gable roof Skillion roof Gambrel roof Gull wind roof Mansard roof Bell cast roof Sawtooth roof Monitor roof, etc. 139. What are the problems one might face while having a Cantilever balcony? Cantilever balcony are usually unsupported and extend outwards, so the problem with Cantilever balconies are Excess deflection or bounce Weakness of the deck structure Rot and water damage to the interior of the house Unevenness inside the house Can’t use the balcony for gardening or other purposes as it is not designed to lift excess amount of weight 140. For what building Built-on balconies are preferable? What are the advantages? Built on balconies are mainly designed for retrofitting older buildings. This free standing balcony is supported in front of the facade on four columns. They are backed to the wall with brackets. The advantage of built-on balconies are : Old balconies can be dismantled, and the new ones can be erected immediately in front of the faced without disturbing the inner structure of the building The work takes place outside of the house, so there is no interference to the interior of the building 141. What things you need to take care of before building a kitchen island? Before you start building a kitchen island, you need to take care of Design the kitchen island according to the need- if it is only for cooking purpose then use less space, but if it is also for eating then design it accordingly List out what appliances you need for your kitchen island How high the counter should be How much storage space should you required Working sides surrounding the kitchen island should have 42 inches of space as a minimum around the kitchen island. Don’t plan Kitchen Island if it makes your kitchen more congested. 142. What is the difference between built area and super built up area? Built up area: It includes your carpet area plus area covered by walls, pillars and ducts. It is usually 10% more from the carpet area Super built up area: It includes your built up area plus the area that you use as building amenities like passage to lift, stairs and lifts, gym, club, etc. 143. What is the ideal size of the living room ranges from small to large size? Very small size living room= 7x10ft ( for two seater sofas on one side of the room) Small living room= 10x13ft ( for two 2 seater sofa) Medium living room= 12×18 (for 3 Seater sofa) Large living room= 15×20 ( for 4 seater or 5 seater sofa) 144. What are the responsibilities of a construction manager? The responsibilities of a construction manager are Cost Estimates Pre-purchase of selected materials Selection of bidders for bidding phase Analysis of proposals Construction contract negotiations Construction Scheduling and Monitoring Cost control of construction Construction supervision 145. List out the potential risk factors for workers on the construction site? Potential risk factors for worker on the construction site Falls from heights Scaffold and Trench collapse Electric shock and arc blast Repetitive motion injuries Not using personal protective equipment correctly 146. What is OSHA compliance? OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Act; its motive is to fulfill the health and safety requirement of employees and workers. It is a standard for health and safety that is followed by every industrial segment and corporate offices throughout U.S.A. 147. What are the composition of a landfill? For secure landfill, there are 4 critical elements The bottom liner A leachate collection system A cover Natural hydrogeologic settings 148. For the construction project what capital cost has to be taken in consideration? Land acquisition ( Assembly, holding and improvement) Planning and feasibility studies Construction ( Material, equipment, and labor) Construction financing ( Bank loan) Insurance and taxes during construction Owner’s general office overhead Inspection and testing Equipment and furnishing not included in the construction Field supervision, architectural and engineering design 149. List out some of the software used in the construction sector to estimate cost and monitoring expenses? • Tally System • Sage • Maxwell System • Premier construction software • eTakeoff • Construction partner, etc. 150. In block work seawalls what is the purpose of slip joints? Joints which are formed from the cope level to the toe level of seawalls through a complete vertical plane are known as slip joints. Such joints are designed so as to handle the differential settlements between the seawalls adjacent panels. In the slip joints the aggregates inside the half-rounds channels enables some vertical movements. These vertical movements are induced by differential settlements. This enables in the interlocking of the adjacent panels of the seawalls to link the panels in one unit against the earth pressure ( lateral ) which is exerted on the seawalls. 151. For a washout valve why are two gate valves required in normal practice? The washout valves are primarily used for normal maintenance works such as that of water main. This can be like to allow water to flow out during the cleaning of the water main. The junctions at which a pipe branches out to a washout point usually a gate valve is installed so that the two pipelines are separated. The gate valve installed above usually remains open during normal operation. Another gate valve is installed further downstream and this remains closed during normal operation of the washout valve. In case this valve is not installed then the pipe section of the branched out pipe would remain dry during normal operation and high chances of damage and leakage can take place. When the downstream valve is installed the branched out water main contains water under normal operation. With two gate valves installed a leakage can be detected immediately. 152. What are the different approaches in designing the floors of the service reservoirs? In general there are two main approaches of designing the reservoir floors to prevent leakage of water due to seasonal and shrinkage movements: In this approach the movement joints of the reservoir floor panels are such that the free expansion and contraction of the panels takes place. Every panel is isolated from the other panels and two panels have a sliding layer between them to help in sliding. The second method does not provide any room for free movement. With seasonal and shrinkage movements, some cracks are designed to voluntarily occur on the floors of the service reservoirs. These tiny cracks are spread throughout the floor and are simply too minute to cause any leakage or corrosion of the floors. But the difference also in this method is that the amount of reinforcement used is much more than the first approach. 153. Why concrete barriers have curved surface profiles? The concrete safety fencing's are made to contain vehicles in their carriageway being traveled so as to reduce the chances of rebounding into the roads leading to more hazards. In the case of normal fencing's upon vehicle crashes the fencing's give away so as to absorb as much energy as possible henceforth reducing the impact on the vehicles. But in the case of concrete barriers their purpose is not to absorb energy of vehicles crashing into the barrier but to retain them. They have a curved design so as to allow the vehicles that hit them to slightly go up on the barrier but not overturn. They also prevent the vehicle from again getting back on the road by rebounds. This helps in vastly reducing the chances of other vehicle hazards. 154. Why is the use of granular sub-base in concrete carriageways not preferred, explain? Some of the reasons why granular sub-base is not preferred in concrete carriageways: Sub bases are permeable and hence water can seep through them easily. The soil particles get pumped out through the joints on the application of traffic loads. This results in the creation of voids underneath the pavement structure. This leads to the weakening of the concrete surface and it can crack easily upon intense traffic loads. Instead if lean concrete is used for carriageways it greatly increases the strength of the roads and the load carrying capacity of the roads is increased. Sub-bases implementation requires a lot of workmanship which can lead to an un-uniform distribution of the sub-base. This can lead to the cracking of the carriageway when there is severe traffic loading. 155. Why are separation membranes used between concrete pavement slab and sub-base? The purpose of separation membrane between the concrete pavement slab and the sub-base are as follows: The separation membrane reduces the frictional forces between the concrete slabs and the sub-base. The membrane aids the movement of the concrete slab in reference to the sub-base when changes in the level of the moisture and temperature occurs. It aids in the segregation of sub-base materials from freshly placed concrete. The separation membrane also helps in the reduction of cement and water loss in the form of immature concrete. Immature concrete greatly affects the strength of the concrete. It also affects the durability of it. A good example of a separation membranes is polythene sheeting which is commonly used. 156. In the roof of a pumping station explain briefly the components of a waterproofing system. The components of a typical waterproofing system on the roof of a pumping station are as follows: Right above the structural finish level of the roof ( concrete ) a uniform thickness screed is applied so as to facilitate the application of the waterproofing membrane. The surface provide for the membrane should always possess good cohesion properties and must be thin so as to prevent any un-uniformity. This thin layer also acts as a layer of thermal insulation. Right above this layer the waterproofing membrane is deployed to secure the water tightness of the roof. In order to enhance the thermal insulation of the roof an insulation board is sometime placed right above the waterproof membrane. The insulation board helps in the maintenance of a stable temperature in both weathers. 157. During reclamation how can the occurrence of mud waves can be rectified? There are several solution to the rectification of the problem of mud waves: Complete removal of all the disturbed mud: This method can be considered to be one of the fastest methods. As soon as the disturbed mud is removed some filling material is used to replace the disturbed mud. But economically this method can be expensive as compared to others. Accelerated consolidation of disturbed mud: In this method surcharging loads are placed on top of the mud waves. Along with this band drains are installed to accelerate the consolidation process. This method is quite slow compared to the other methods. Partial removal of the disturbed mud: This method is the hybrid of the above two methods where the top layer is removed whereas the lower level is treated with the surcharging process. 158. In reclamation works what are the importance of geotextiles and sand? The primary purposes of geotextiles and sand in reclamation works are as follows: Geotextiles: They are used to separate the marine mud from the reclamation fill. Also geotextiles are used as reinforcements in reclamation processes to increase its stability. It is still debated as to whether the usage of geotextiles is better or are the old processes followed are better as the performance has not been comparable to the conventional methods. Sand: In reclamation process sand is used to spread the load of any future public dumps placed on top of it. Sand also acts as a drainage for the excess pore water pressure of band drain installations. 159. What are the different type of slump test indications? Slump tests are performed to empirically measure the workability of fresh concrete. It is used to measure the consistency of the concrete. In general there are three different types of slumps that occur in slump tests. They are as follows: True Slump Shear Slump Collapse Slump True Slump: This type of slump is characterized by the general drop of the concrete mass evenly without visible signs of deterioration or disintegration. Shear Slump: It indicates that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. This type of slump leads to segregation and bleeding. Henceforth in the long run effecting the durability of the concrete. Collapse Slump: This type of slump is indicates that the mix of concrete is simply too wet. The mix is considered to be harsh and lean. 160. Why is propping required for long structures once the formwork is removed? Once the process of concreting is performed the striking of the formworks should be done as soon as possible as delay in this process can lead to the discoloration of the concrete structures. In case of long structures particularly long span structures once the structures have attained enough strength to support themselves it is essential to provide them with propping as creep deflection can take place which can greatly reduce the integrity of the structure. Due to the above mentioned reasons propping should be done after the removal of formwork. Also the props should not be made to stand long as it can lead to overstress for the structures. 161. Explain the mechanism of cavitations in pipes and drains? The formation of air bubbles in a fluid due to low pressure conditions lower than the saturation pressure is known as cavitations. This is considered to be a high potential damage condition where the strength and durability of the pipes can be greatly reduced. Cavitation works on the principle of Bernoulli's Equation. When fluids are at high velocities the pressure head of fluids reduce accordingly. But since the fluid pressure is lower than the saturation pressure the dissolved gases get released from the flowing fluid. These air bubbles suddenly collapse on entering a region of high pressure. This leads to the damage of the pipelines as a high level of dynamic pressure is created. 162. For what purpose bedding is used under storm water drains, explain? Beddings are primarily made up of granular or concrete materials. They are primarily used for the following purposes: They are used to provide a more uniform support for the under pipes so that the bending moment longitudinally can be reduced greatly. In order to enable the pipes to get more load-supporting strength. They are also used to act as a platform to achieve a more correct alignment and level pre and post construction. In case of pipes which contain spigot and socket joints, it enables pipes to get supported along pipe lengths in place of sockets. Otherwise it can lead to uneven stress being induced on the pipes eventually damaging it. 163. Why are pull-out tests performed for soil nails? Pull out tests are performed for primarily the following reasons: In order to detect and the verification of the bond strength among the soil and the grout adopted during the design of soil nails. This is considered to be as the primary objective of performing pull out tests for soil nails. For the detection of any slippage or occurrence of creeps. To detect the elastic and deformations (plastic) of any of the test nails employed. Observations are made during the loading and unloading cycles of the soil nails repetitively. To achieve the perfect balance the test nails should always be loaded so that the ultimate soil/grout mixture with an upper limit of 80%. 164. Explain briefly the advantages and disadvantages of using plastic and timber fenders? The advantages and disadvantages of using plastic fenders are as follows: Plastic fenders are low in strength with a relatively high resistance to abrasion. Plastic fenders are resistant to chemical and biological attacks. Plastic fenders have moderate energy absorption capacity. The berthing reactions are also comparatively moderate and depends on the point of contact. Also since they are made from recycled material they are environmental friendly. The advantages and disadvantages of using timber fenders are: timber fenders are low in strength and are very susceptible to marine borer attacks and rotting. The energy absorption capacity is very low. Also generally the contact pressure between the vessels and the fender are high. 165. In the design of bridge arguments what considerations should be made to select the orientation of the wing walls? Some of the most common arrangements of wing walls in cases of bridge arguments are as follows: Wing walls parallel to abutments: This method is considered to take least amount of time to build and is simple as well. But on the downside this method is not the most economical. The advantage of this type of design being that they cause the least amount of disturbance to the slope embankment. Wing walls at an angle to abutments: This design method is considered to be the most economical in terms of material cost. Wing walls perpendicular to abutments: The characteristic of this design is it provides an alignment continuous with the bridge decks lending a support to the parapets. 166. In case if concrete box girder bridges how is the number of cells determined? When the depth of a box girder bridge exceed 1/6th or 1/5th of the bridge width then the design recommended is that of a single cell box girder bridge. But in case the depth of the bridge is lower than 1/6th of the bridge width then a twin-cell or in some cases multiple cell is the preferred choice. One should also note that even in the cases of wider bridges where there depths are comparatively low the number of cells should be minimized. This is so as there is noticeably not much improvement in the transverse load distribution when the number of cells of the box girder is higher than three or more. 167. Under what circumstances should pot bearings be used instead of elastomeric bearings? Pot bearings are preferred over elastomeric bearings in situations where there are chances of high vertical loads in combinations of very large angle of rotations. Elastomeric bearings always require a large bearing surface so that a compression is maintained between the contact surfaces in between the piers and the bearings. This is not possible to maintained in high load and rotation environment. Also the usage of elastomeric bearings leads to the uneven distribution of stress on the piers. This results in some highly induced stresses to be targeted at the piers henceforth damaging them. Due to the above reasons pot bearings are preferred over elastomeric bearings in such cases. 168. Why should pumping be not used in case of concreting works? During the pumping operation the pump exerted pressure must overcome any friction between the pumping pipes and the concrete, also the weight of the concrete and the pressure head when the concrete is placed above the pumps. Since only water is pump able, all the pressure generated is by the water that is present in the concrete. The major problem due to pumping are segregation effects and bleeding. In order to rectify and reduce these effects, generally the proportion of the cement is increased in order to increase the cohesion , which leads to the reduction of segregation and bleeding. Also if a proper selection of the aggregate grading can vastly improve the concrete pump ability. 169. Why should curing not be done by ponding and polythene sheets? The primary purpose of curing is to reduce the heat loss of concrete that is freshly placed to the atmosphere and in order to reduce the temperature gradient across the cross-section of the concrete. Ponding is not preferred for curing as this method of thermal curing is greatly affected by cold winds. In addition to that in ponding large amounts of water is used and has to be disposed off from the construction sites. Polythene sheets are used on the basis that it creates an airtight environment around the concrete surface henceforth reducing the chances of evaporation over fresh concrete surfaces. But the usage of polythene can be a drawback as it can be easily blown away by winds and also the water lost by self-desiccation cannot be replenished. 170. What are the steps involved in the concreting process, explain? The major steps involved in the process of concreting are as follows: 1. Batching 2. Mixing 3. Transporting and placing of concrete 4. Compacting. Batching: The process of measurement of the different materials for the making of concrete is known as batching. batching is usually done in two ways: volume batching and weight batching. In case of volume batching the measurement is done in the form of volume whereas in the case of weight batching it is done by the weight. Mixing: In order to create good concrete the mixing of the materials should be first done in dry condition and after it wet condition. The two general methods of mixing are: hand mixing and machine mixing. Transportation and placing of concrete: Once the concrete mixture is created it must be transported to its final location. The concrete is placed on form works and should always be dropped on its final location as closely as possible. Compaction of concrete: When concrete is placed it can have air bubbles entrapped in it which can lead to the reduction of the strength by 30%. In order to reduce the air bubbles the process of compaction is performed. Compaction is generally performed in two ways: by hand or by the use of vibrators. 171. Describe briefly the various methods of concrete curing. Curing is the process of maintaining the moisture and temperature conditions for freshly deployed concrete. This is done for small duration of time to allow the hardening of concrete. The methods that are involved in saving the shrinkage of the concrete includes: (a) Spraying of water: on walls, and columns can be cured by sprinkling water. (b) Wet covering of surface: can be cured by using the surface with wet gunny bags or straw (c) Ponding: the horizontal surfaces including the slab and floors can be cured by stagnating the water. (d) Steam curing: of pre-fabricated concrete units steam can be cured by passing it over the units that are under closed chambers. It allows faster curing process and results in faster recovery. (e) Application of curing compounds: compounds having calcium chloride can be applied on curing surface. This keeps the surface wet for a very long time. 172. What do you understand by “preset” during the installation process of bridge bearings? During the installation of bridge bearings the size of the upper plates is reduced to save the material costs. This process is known as preset. Generally the upper bearing plate comprises of the following components: Length of bearing 2 x irreversible movement. 2 x reversible movement. The bearing initially is placed right in the middle point of the upper bearing plate. No directional effects of irreversible movement is considered. But since the irreversible movement usually takes place in one direction only the displaced direction is placed away from the midpoint. In such cases the length of the upper plate is equal to the length of the length of the bearing + irreversible movement + 2 x reversible movement. 173. Why are steel plates inserted inside bearings in elastomeric bearings? In order to make a elastomeric bearing act/ function as a soft spring it should be made to allow it to bulge laterally and also the stiffness compression can be increased by simply increasing the limiting amount of the lateral bulging. In many cases in order to increase the compression stiffness of the bearing the usage of metal plates is made. Once steel plates are included in the bearings the freedom of the bulge is restricted dramatically, also the deflection of the bearing is reduced as compared to a bearing without the presence of steel plates. The tensile stresses of the bearings are induced into the steel plates. But the presence of the metal plates does not affect the shear stiffness of the bearings. 174. What reinforcements are used in the process of prestressing? The major types of reinforcements used in prestressing are: Spalling Reinforcement: The spalling stresses leads to stress behind the loaded area of the anchor blocks. This results in the breaking off of the surface concrete. The most likely causes of such types of stresses are Poisson`s effects strain interoperability or by the stress trajectory shapes. Equilibrium reinforcements: This type of reinforcements are required where several anchorages exist where the prestressing loads are applied in a sequential manner. Bursting Reinforcements: These kinds of stresses occur in cases where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of load. In order to reduce such stresses reinforcements in the form of bursting is required. 175. How cracks in concrete can be avoided? 176. 28 Days Strength of Concrete (1:2:4)? 177. Strength of brick? 178. what is Brest Wall? 179. what is Brick crushing strength(PSI)? 180. what is Bearing Capacity,How to determine it? 181. How much is the curing time period? 182. How many types of slabs are there & how to design it? 183. How many are the types of joints? 184. Why joints are provided? 185. How many bricks are there in 100cft? 186. Types Of DPC and its Thickness used? 187. How many bricks are there in 100 cft? 188. Which are the Steel tests ? 189. How much is the cover for slab? 190. What is packing Factor ? 191. Forces in a Shear Wall are in plane or out of plane ? 192. What is fineness modulus ? and its sieve # ? 193. What is Base Shear ? 194. What is Time period of a building and its relation with frequency ? 195. There are two buildings one taller and one shorter whose time period will be grater and similarly the frequency ? 196. Define Work ability ? 197. Sulfate Resisting Cement ? 198. Special thing in designing a overhead reservoir ? which is different from an ordinary design 199. Maximum %age of Steel in columns and beams ? 200.Types of foundation? Read the full article

[learnhowtoittk]

3D cities and ant-like robots: disruption in construction

3D printing is massively affecting the assembling segment, and it's quickly moving past the times of plastic curiosities to another reality - entires urban communities and megastructures at the push of a catch.

Added substance assembling, or 3D printing, has altered various businesses, for example, item plan and designing, and is presently being perceived as a practical mass assembling wander. In fact, PwC recognized the innovation as one of the primary future disruptors that organizations should get ready for.

In any case, investigate directed in terms of professional career union EEF a year ago found that just a single in 10 makers think the UK business is very much arranged for computerized advances and two in five dread being deserted.

The following couple of decades are slated to be the period of problematic innovative change and organizations are under weight to adjust to the atmosphere. Worldwide spending on 3D printers expanded to $11 billion in 2015 and that is set to increment to $27 billion in 2019.

In the development division, one organization reported arrangements to assemble the world's initial 3D printed high rise.

Cazza, a development advancements firm, has built up another strategy called 'crane printing' which can apparently layer up to 2,153 square feet of cement every day. This opens up the likelihood of organizations having the capacity to commission structures with numerous choices for customisation.

Taking this procedure to its coherent decision, it could be achievable to "print" another city or uber center at the touch of a catch, yet the finished result quality is still in level headed discussion.

A significantly more viable utilization of 3D imprinting in development right now would be for scale physical models of expected development ventures.

Jason Spiller, Founder of UK-based 3D printing start-up Formwurx, stated: "While there are numerous stories around 3D printed structures worked from mud in Africa or cement in China, they all have the issue that they viably utilize the FDM technique (squirting a liquid from a spout which then sets), regularly from a substantial on location 'printer'.

"This presents numerous issues in the fabricate of current vitality productive structures: the interface between various materials; including supporting rebar in the 3D printed concrete; correctly including protection, and limiting warm connecting to specify only a couple."

Culminate arrangements may not be anticipated sooner rather than later, but rather Jason sees a lot of potential in the quick.

"A much more down to earth utilization of 3D imprinting in development right now would be for scale physical models of expected development extends, the utilization of physical prototyping of parts before putting resources into costly tooling for large scale manufacturing, and short-run make of bespoke things like entryway handles and light fittings for that customer who needs something no one makes."

This sort of part-printing and incomplete gathering is the most widely recognized utilization of the innovation at present, including devices to auto boards being printed from CAD records.

BT, for instance, as of late purchased a modern 3D printer for its Magna Park dispersion focus so it can give key parts to engineers nearby. Be that as it may, the future might be out and out all the more energizing.

"My own considerations are that added substance assembling will turn into an undeniable wonder in the development work environment, however not utilizing monstrous machines expelling concrete," clarified Jason.

"Or maybe a merging of savvy materials, swarm mechanical technology and some type of AI to make groups of feline estimated robots, presumably creepy crawly like in appearance which work like a subterranean insect settlement.

It sounds like sci-fi now, yet exclusively these advancements are right now accessible, all it needs is somebody with the thinking ahead - and subsidizing - to unite them and permit the innovation to develop a bit.

"Envision hundreds - perhaps thousands if it's a Dubai megastructure - of these mechanical bugs, working as one on a development site, some expelling a brisk setting solid material, others filling depressions with protection, or installing wiring into the building texture itself, all finished with millimeter accuracy, on location and in the meantime to deliver elite structures.

"It sounds like sci-fi now, however exclusively these advances are presently accessible, all it needs is somebody with the thinking ahead - and subsidizing - to unite them and permit the innovation to develop a bit."

The following couple of decades are slated to be the time of troublesome mechanical change and organizations are under weight to adjust to the atmosphere. Worldwide spending on 3D printers expanded to $11 billion in 2015 and that is set to increment to $27 billion in 2019.

As added substance fabricating channels down from industry to the business advertise, pioneers should be prepared.

Different organizations improving with 3D-printing

General Electric: GE has put resources into 3D printers to create lightweight fuel spouts for the new Leap stream motors.

Nike: Nike made 3D printed spikes for the 2014 Super Bowl and have since been consolidating printed parts into different plans.

DIY Rockets: The worldwide group of designers expects to lessen the expenses of space investigation and are right now testing a 3D printed rocket motor.

Hershey's: Industry pioneer 3D Systems has cooperated with confectioner Hershey's to construct a printer for eatable items.

[viralhottopics]

The lure of tall buildings: A guide to the risky but lucrative world of rooftoppers

The ultimate selfie can bring kudos and cash to urban rooftoppers

When teenager Harry Gallagher clambered on to the roof of Canary Wharfs highest building his exploits went viral. Gallagher, 19, aka Nightscape, is a rooftopper, someone who gains access to buildings and restricted spaces to take photographs of themselves, often hanging in precarious poses. To the uninitiated, it might appear to be a new phenomenon, but rooftoppings genesis lies in the long-established urban explorer movement, known as urbex.

An early exponent was Jeff Chapman, or Ninjalicious, the late Toronto-based explorer who in the early noughties infiltrated buildings and underground systems, recording his adventures in his zine, Infiltration. Chapman tended to shun the limelight, but now rooftoppers are aiming ever higher in their quest for personal glory and reward.

Urban exploring is beginning to splinter into different practices, said Theo Kindynis, a criminologist at Roehampton University. What was traditionally thought of as urban exploration, fetishists exploring abandoned mental asylums, that sort of thing, is mutating. Youve now got subway explorers and youve got rooftoppers like Nightscape doing the foot-dangling thing. As a result, youve got new attitudes and etiquettes evolving. The old take-nothing-but-photos-leave-nothing-but-footprints adage is increasingly irrelevant.

Gallagher has previously targeted Robin Hood airport in Doncaster, the roof of West Hams new stadium, and the London Olympic parks Orbit structure. His exploits are posted on his YouTube channel and promoted through Instagram, Twitter and Snapchat. His latest hack, released online last week, will have helped send his reputation soaring. Gallagher and a friend can be seen climbing on to the roof of One Canada Square and scaling its pyramid.

At the start of the video, already viewed 450,000 times and liked by 45,000 people on YouTube, the pair describe the challenge as almost impossible and express astonishment that they were able to pull it off. But Kindynis is not convinced. These guys are notorious within the scene for poaching other peoples spots. I highly doubt they were the first people to get on to the roof of One Canada Square. They were probably told how to do it by someone else. Within the urbex community, these things tend to be kept hush-hush, but now its on YouTube and they will have changed their security measures so nobody else will be able to enjoy that rooftop.

Within certain elements of the community, these guys are not liked. They are seen as a problem. Cranes and construction sites and rooftops are getting locked down because these guys are prostituting it to social media.

The high-profile stunts of Gallagher and his cohorts seem a world away from urbexs original ethos and its political overtones. In an article for Domus magazine in 2011, Dr Bradley Garrett, an urban explorer and a geographer at Southampton University, suggested that urbex practitioners were reviving the practice of usufruct which basically means that someone has the right to use and enjoy the property of another, provided it is not changed or damaged in any way.

But Kindynis suggests the selfie generation are not in it for the philosophy.

For the people doing it, its all about the image, getting the cool, exclusive YouTubable footage. Its about building their personal brand, all about the image, all about the spectacle.

Harry Gallagher. Photograph: @night.scape

And why not? Building a rooftopping brand can be lucrative. Gallaghers Nightscape website sells original T-shirts for 24.99 and hoodies for 39.99. Not that he is unique in turning his exploits into cash. Urban free climber James Kingstons website sells posters of him balancing precariously in a variety of places as well as a range of T-shirts.

But selling merchandise is only one element. Gallaghers highly stylised video of the One Canada Square hack has its own soundtrack, which carries links to promote the featured songs. He recently appeared in a short film for fashion brand Palladiums new range of waterproof boots.

As Gallaghers mother, Amanda, told the Times: We come from a modest background and never had any financial stability. The day he went up West Ham [stadium], we couldnt buy a jar of coffee that morning. By that night, hed gone viral. Thats when he came to me and said: Now, you get it, Mum. Now you see what this is, what its allabout.

Milo Hale, a photographer and rooftopper with 15,000 followers on Instagram, believes the movement is coming out of the shadows and into the mainstream. The whole Instagram scene has helped it develop over the last few months, Hale said. It has completely blown up around the world. It was definitely one of those things that was quite underground and people didnt really know about it and now its come out to the wider audience through social media.

Hale, 20, who got into rooftopping through parkour, or free-running, acknowledges that its growing popularity poses new challenges. Brands are gravitating towards rooftoppers as social media influencers because they cut through to younger audiences far more effectively.

One survey suggested that 70% of teenage YouTube subscribers trust influencer opinions over traditional celebrities. But the rooftoppers risk losing credibility if they are seen to be too commercial.

Theres a lot of companies Im in talks with, Hale said. But for people like me and rooftoppers on Instagram, theres this desire to want to keep your work authentic. Obviously, I want to work with brands and create content for them, and to be able to fund what I want to do, but at the same time I think theres a sort of caution from creators and rooftoppers, particularly to not sell it off in the wrong light and not just sell out just because they can.

Not everyone seems to have such qualms, and there is a sense that many rooftopping images are in danger of becoming cliched. Every day I look at Instagram and there are literally hundreds of kids doing it, Kindynis said.

The surge in interest also brings problems. I get a lot of messages from people asking, oh can you show me how to get up on that rooftop blah blah blah, and I always say no because I dont want to be responsible for someone going up somewhere theyre not comfortable with, and if that goes wrong, thats on my conscience, Hale said. Its difficult finding that balance between sharing it and not not forcing people to do it but not pushing people into it when you know they shouldnt be doing it.

A rooftopper in Dubai. Photograph: Keow Wee Loong/Barcroft Media

The UKs burgeoning army of rooftoppers is unlikely to eclipse the success of Viki Odintcova, a Russian model recently snapped in a precarious pose leaning out of Dubais Cayan Tower skyscraper the worlds tallest building when it opened in 2013.

The 22-year-old, whose Instagram account now has more than 3million followers, uses her social media presence to promote a bewildering variety of brands. Visitors can click on tags in the images that take them to other Instagram sites promoting everything from teeth-whitening products to bracelets and underwear.

Odintcova is not the only Russian model to use outlandish rooftop stunts to promote herself. Angela Nikolau, 23, was photographed on a crane at the top of a 640m tower under construction in China. With around 450,000 followers on Instagram, she is fast carving out a reputation for taking the most dangerous selfies in the world. Like Odintcova, her account is tagged to a growing range of brands. One of the stunts was sponsored by a Russian travel insurance company.

Unsurprisingly, the major fashion brands have also clocked the trend. In 2014 Nike launched its All Conditions Gear range, complete with a promotional video in which a hooded figure is poised dramatically on a roof edge. Gallagher has promoted Converse Chuck II trainers in an edgy urban explorer montage. Red Bull TV has an urbex section featuring a group of urban explorers [who] risk life and limb to get inside, above and around some of the most forbidden places onEarth.

But the appropriation of urban exploration by the selfie generation is triggering a backlash. Kindynis said that some within the movement, especially the subterranean explorers who roam sewers and subways, were going offline because they dont want to attract the same attention and dont want it turned into a spectator sport the way rooftopping has been.

They are, however, likely to be outnumbered by the many others who know that taking the ultimate selfie can earn them kudos and cash. Kindynis is worried about where rooftop mania will end. More and more risks are being taken. I dont think anyones died in London, but its only a matter of time.

YOUTUBE STARS

November 2014 Cosmo Calisse explores the rooftops of Toronto with two parkour enthusiasts: 17,000 views

February 2016 Jimmy Cheung films the view from the One World Trade Center in New York: 20,000 views

September 2016 Harry Gallagher, aka Nightscape, sneaks into West Hams stadium in London: 4m views

9 February Angela Nikolau climbs one of Shanghais highest buildings with boyfriend Ivan Beerkus: 41,946 views

26 February Russian model Victoria Odintcova hangs off Dubais 1,005ft Cayan Tower: 5.4m views

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from The lure of tall buildings: A guide to the risky but lucrative world of rooftoppers

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