#largest producer of cement

[wondercementpvtltd]

Role of cement manufacturing plant in air pollution control

The Indian cement industry is one of the largest producers of cement in the world, accounting for around 8% of the global installed capacity. Due to the economic slowdown, domestic production stood at 294.40 million tons in the financial year 2021, but it rose to 356 million tons in the year 2022 and is projected to reach about 419.92 million tons in FY 2027. Dominated by 30 prominent players, the Indian cement industry comprises 210 large cement manufacturing plants. Some of the major players include Ambuja Cement, Ultratech Cement, ACC Cement, Wonder Cement, Bangur Cement, and Shree Cement.

Apart from this, the Indian cement industry is also one of the significant contributors to air pollution. Manufacturing industries emit a large amount of carbon, and the cement industry generates around 7% of the global carbon emission. Therefore cement company is understood to be a polluting industry.

Despite having a significant role in pollution, it still has uninterrupted growth due to various reasons. One of the common reasons is enjoying the reputation for being green and following the environmental norms by checking pollution and using air pollution control equipment.

Some of the air pollution control methods that are followed by the Indian industry are:-

Using waste materials as fuel by burning them at high temperatures. This process helps in disposing of solid waste.

Using fly ash instead of clinkers. Fly ash is easily accessible and decreases emissions and the amount of fuel used to produce clinkers.

Controlling industrial pollution and air quality with the aid of electrostatic precipitators and other strategies.

Using alternative fuel resources.

Some other pollution control measures taken by the cement industry:-

The cement production focuses on lowering ambient particle pollution by employing dust recovery devices to reduce the bulk load of dust emitted from stacks and other sources by less than 0.2 kg per metric tonne of clinker.

Normally, alkaline dust that has been extracted from kiln gases, is disposed of as solid trash. The proper precautions are required to prevent environmental issues from pollutants or trace elements when solid waste, such as pulverized fly ash, is utilized as feedstock.

Reduction of NOX up to 30% is done by applying a control optimization technique using proper kiln design, low NOX, and an optimum level of excess air. 

SOX is controlled by the decrease in its volatility at lower flame and combustion temperatures, and by the oxidizing atmosphere in the kiln, along with its stable operation by using low-sulfur fuels and raw materials.

Clinker reduction lowers energy use as well as the production of emissions into the atmosphere. The substances that are acceptable for use as clinker replacements may be natural or may come from waste products of various industrial processes, such as:• Industrial or natural pozzolans; fly ash from power plants; blast-furnace slag; silica fume from the ferroalloy sector; and calcined shales.

Having said that, senior management participation in research and development undoubtedly helps the sector adopt green practices. This not only increases the effectiveness of cement manufacturing but also reduces the industry's significant environmental problems.

[mindblowingscience]

Just 57 companies and nation states were responsible for generating 80% of the world's CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels and cement over the last seven years, according to a new report released by the thinktank InfluenceMap. This finding suggests that net zero targets set by the Paris climate change agreement in 2015 are yet to make a significant impact on fossil fuel production. The report uses the Carbon Majors database, established in 2013 by Richard Heede of the Climate Accountability Institute, to provide fossil fuel production data from 122 of the world's largest oil, gas, coal and cement producers.

Continue Reading.

[scalingsvt8thusiast]

Skin-Deep Chapter 14

summary: The one where you fall for Seungcheol amongst all the protests and insecurities. The one where you don't know that he's fallen for you too.

a/n: Final chapter of my super duper long series :D I hope you all enjoy!

“Vernon, I don’t know why your shoes don’t match your pants.” You hissed at your brother as the two of you were lead into the ballroom by one of Minghao’s attendants.

“Well, if you had just helped me pick, like I asked,” Vernon hissed back, “we wouldn’t be having this problem.”

“It’s not my fault all your shoes are ugly, bro.” You argued quietly. Annoying your brother was so much fun, it helped take your mind off he-who-shall-not-be-named. 

“Ah, the ever bickering Chwe twins.” Wen Junhui said, strolling up to the two of you. 

“Jun! I didn’t know you were back!” You said, pulling away from Vernon to give Junhui a hug. 

“China was such a bore,” Junhui rolled his eyes, “My dad made me sit through 50 business meetings in a day.”

“This is why we don’t attend meetings.” Vernon said, rubbing his nose while shaking his head.

“My dad’s insistent on me attending, he wants me to take over the company soon.” Junhui said solemnly. 

Junhui’s parents were the largest distributers of cement in all of China, or maybe Asia. You weren’t sure. You and your brother had met him via Minghao on a trip to China with your parents. The four of you tore up China’s nightlife in your high school days. You smiled at the memory. 

“Minghao sure is popular.” Vernon marvelled at the amount of people in the room. 

“Well, when your father’s a top politician…” Junhui trailed off, spotting Minghao making his way over. “There he is now! The birthday boy.”

Minghao’s father was a top politician in Haicheng. His family also had some business in the tea making industry. His wealth rivalled that of Junhui’s. Despite that, Minghao and Junhui were amongst the humblest people you knew. 

Minghao had a wide grin on his face as he hugged Junhui, exchanging greetings. He then turned to you and Vernon. 

“Y/n! Vernon! I haven’t seen you two in years!” Minghao cried, giving you and your brother a bone-breaking hug.

“Happy birthday!” You said, once Minghao had released the two of you. 

“Happy birthday.” Vernon echoed, as he held out two boxes for the birthday boy.

“You didn’t have to!” Minghao said, immediately grabbing the boxes. You had always gifted him the best birthday presents, Minghao planned to disappear in the next 5 minutes to rip open your present. 

“Just between you and me,” You whispered, pulling Minghao closer to you, “Vernon gave you socks.”

“I did not give you socks.” Vernon deadpanned, knowing his sister was out to mess with him tonight. 

The three of you burst out in laughter at your brother’s annoyed face. 

“Oh, I want you guys to meet my friends!” Minghao said, dragging Jun by the arm as you and Vernon followed. 

“Y/N?” A familiar voice shouted said. 

“Hoshi?!” You resounded, watching as the boy ran up to you. Almost knocking you over with a hug. 

“I missed you so much!” Real tears falling from Soonyoung’s eyes. 

“Oh my god Hosh, please don’t cry.” An embarrassed grin on your face as you patted the bawling man on the back.

“No one wants to go with me to that tiger cafe,” Hoshi said in between tears, “Do you know how hard that was for me?”

You chuckled, realising how much you missed your dramatic friend. When he finally released you, you were greeted by the other boys.

“Hi! I’m Jihoon.” He began with an outstretched hand. “You probably don’t remember me-,”

“Of course I remember you! We met at the producer showcase!” You smiled, giving him a hug. “I’m a very big fan of Woozi.”

Jihoon ears turned a deep shade of red at the mention of his pseudonym. 

He went back to standing next to Soonyoung who was still sniffling, whispering to the taller man, “I knew I always liked her.” 

You introduced all of them to your brother but you couldn’t ignore the nagging question you had at the back of your mind. 

“Did Seungcheol come as well?”

Seungcheol had locked himself in a cubicle in the toilet. 

Yes, he knows he was being extremely immature.

When Minghao had pointed you out to him, he couldn’t handle seeing you in the arms of another man. Before he knew it, he was making a beeline for the bathroom. Not caring as he apparently bulldozed some prince of Monaco on his journey. 

He could stay in here the whole night. Right? 

He knew you didn’t like to stay at parties for long periods, so if he just sat out here for two, no, maybe three hours? He would be safe to leave. 

Yes, sit here. Ignoring his growling stomach and dwindling amount of orange juice. 

“Cheol, I know you’re in here.” He could hear Jeonghan’s singsong voice from outside the cubicle.

“Go away!” He sang back. He could literally feel himself sweating. Why oh why did he wear a tie today? 

“Cheol,” A knock came on the cubicle door. “You can’t avoid her forever.” 

Seungcheol sighed, opening the door, facing his annoying friend.

Jeonghan gave him a wide grin, sort of resembling the Joker.

“You knew!” Seungcheol’s eyebrows shooting up with realisation. “You knew she’d be here! And you didn’t tell me!” 

Jeonghan shrugged, he was pretty proud of himself right now. “If I told you, you wouldn’t have come.” 

“Han, I look like an idiot.” Seungcheol said, gesturing to himself.

Jeonghan tilted his head in agreement. “Well, if you keep hiding in the bathroom like this…” 

“Shut up, you know what I mean.” Seungcheol groaned, face palming.

“Your girl’s out there, Cheol. Talk to her!” Jeonghan said. 

“I don’t know what to say!” Seungcheol cried, throwing his hands up and effectively his orange juice everywhere. He had planned on speaking to you, he just needed to plan on what he would actually say.

Jeonghan side stepped, dodging the splash zone, “Gee, I don’t know, maybe start with apology? Or an explanation?” 

“Would she even want to speak to me?” Seungcheol’s shoulders fell at the thought. “She came with another guy.”

“Her brother?” Jeonghan’s eyebrows furrowed with confusion. “Why are you worried about her brother?” 

“That’s her brother?” Seungcheol said, his posture improving with relief. 

“What the fuck? Bro how little do you know about her?” Jeonghan questioned in disbelief, his friend was truly an idiot. 

“I mean, I know about her brother.” Seungcheol asserted, as if he didn’t just mistake your brother for someone else. “I just have no idea what he looks like.”

“Right.” Jeonghan said, not convinced at all. 

“Not the point!” Seungcheol spluttered, “How am I going to talk to her?” 

“Look, just walk up to her and apologise, start begging, on your knees preferably.” Jeonghan said as he read the text message he’d just received from Joshua. 

“You might want to hurry up, Mingyu just walked through the door and there’s only so much Hoshi can do to distract him before he beats your ass.”

Seungcheol stepped out from the bathroom wearily, he spotted Mingyu being forced by Soonyoung to watch videos of baby tigers. Soonyoung would later argue that his folder full of tiger videos came into handy at a time of Seungcheol’s grave need. 

Seungcheol met Soonyoung’s eyes, the younger man frantically turning his head to the direction where you were standing. You still hadn’t noticed Seungcheol, caught up in your conversation with Minghao about the wonders of meditation. 

Seungcheol approached you and Minghao. Minghao noticed him first, nodding at him when he saw him coming. 

Minghao had already been brought up to speed by Seokmin. Sure, he hadn’t seen the two of you together before but if he knew one thing, it was couples. And he thought that you and Seungcheol would make the cutest couple. So he immediately offered his assistance.

“Oh, it seems like Shuhua just got here! I need to go welcome her! Will you be ok?” Minghao said, pretending to spot the bubbly girl at the front door.

“Oh, no worries, go ahead! I’ll be here!” You said, shooing your friend away. 

Once Minghao stalked off, you pulled out your phone, texting your brother to join you. 

“Y/n.”

You froze mid-text. You knew that voice. That voice you were so in love with. 

You bit your lip and willed yourself to turn around. 

“Seungcheol.” You said, coming face to face with the cause of all your pain. 

Seungcheol felt like all the air had been sucked out of his lungs. After being deprived of you for months, he was finally close enough to appreciate your beauty. His eyes traced every single one of your features, hoping to memorise them at risk of this being the last interaction he could ever have with you. His saw the way your eyes shone under the light, reflecting the colours of the room, holding his entire universe in them. He marvelled at your luscious lips, the way you parted them when you were surprised. He stood in awe of how amazing you looked in your gown, all black lace on beautiful skin.

He blinked, once, twice, pulling himself out of his you-induced trance.

“I-,”

“Let’s talk somewhere else,” You interrupted, not wanting nosy strangers to eavesdrop into your. 

You lead him up a flight of stairs and into an empty hallway. Finally you found what you were looking for, a moonlit balcony overlooking a lake. Away from the crowd.

The two of you stood at arm’s length apart, his eyes gazing into yours. 

“Y/n,” Seungcheol breath out, appreciating the divine view of you leaning so casually against the stone railings, your skin seemed to be glowing under the soft beams of the moon.

“Seungcheol?” You questioned when he didn’t say anything else. 

Your eyes searched his face, hoping to see any signs of regret.

His eyes were tired as if he hadn’t been sleeping for days. His skin almost transparent because of how pale he was.

Not being able to stop yourself, you brought a hand to his cheek. A look of concern on your face.

Seungcheol felt himself melt into your palm. His eyes fluttering shut, a lone tear escaping. He was so starved for your touch. Even a small brush from you would have had him reeling. 

“Cheol?” You encouraged, swiping away the tear with your thumb. 

He opened his eyes only to be met by your gorgeous smile. 

“I’m sorry.” His voice broke, “I’m so fucking sorry.” 

“I should have talked to you, I should have talked to you right after that stupid dinner.” He placed a hand on yours, afraid to lose contact with you. “I am so sorry for how my parents behaved, for how I behaved.”

“I’m sorry for not speaking to you for so long,” he paused, gathering himself, “I’m so sorry I’m only apologising now.” 

He gently guided your hand off his cheek, encapsulating your hand with his. He was so gentle with you, as if you were the most fragile thing in the world.

“Cheol, oh my god, get up!” You were horrified as you watched him get on one knee. 

Your lover stubbornly stayed in his position despite your incessant pleas.

“Please, if there’s anything I can do to show you how sorry I am.” Seungcheol begged, “I’ll do anything to even have a sliver of a chance to be yours again.”

There was nothing but pure love and adoration in his eyes. He was willing to be stripped bare, showing you his rawest emotions, hoping that you would at least consider forgiving him. 

“Cheol, you are so dramatic.” You rolled your eyes at your stupid boyfriend. You used all your strength to pull him up and towards you, wrapping your arms around him. 

“I forgive you.” You sighed with content, finally in the comfort of his arms. 

“I was never mad at you.” You explained, bringing your head away from his chest to meet his shocked eyes. “I was just upset that you wouldn’t talk to me.”

“I’m so sorry,” Seungcheol apologised, his arms tightened around you. “I promise, for as long as I live, I will never put you through that ever again.” 

You gave him a soft smile, bringing your hands up to cup his face. 

“Apology accepted. Now be a good boyfriend and kiss your girlfriend.”

Seungcheol smiled appreciatively, his eyes never losing the unending adoration he had for you. He brought his lips to brush against yours, asking for permission. You stood on your tippy toes, pressing your lips against his, sealing the kiss. 

Seungcheol swore, he could never get over the feeling of your kisses. The sensation of your lips on his made him feel like putty. He felt like a depraved man, drinking you up as if you were the only source of water in the world, quenching his thirst. 

He gently lift you up and sat you on the railing, holding you in place so you wouldn’t fall off. He continued to deepen the kiss, ignoring the multitudes of fireworks going on in the background. You moaned in pure content. It was truly a scene straight out of a romance novel. 

When you finally broke the kiss, needing to breath. Seungcheol was blessed with the sight of your face, decorated by colours from the fireworks. 

“We should head back down.” You whispered. Your boyfriend not listening, pulling you in for another kiss. 

“Cheol, everybody will be looking for us.” You whined in between kisses.

“They’ll understand.” Seungcheol was unrelenting. “They know how much I love you.”

a/n2: they did not end up communicating, as you can tell. but they will, if I write the epilogue and that's a very big IF

[wumblr]

okay

For decades, nuclear power has been the largest source of clean energy in the United States, accounting for 19% of total energy produced last year

false. first sentence. off to a great start. you may notice this is a 2022 chart but i can tell you the only new reactors started since then are vogtle 3 and 4 (you may notice that's not a new power plant but new reactors at an existing plant), years late and $17b over budget, vogtle as a whole produces 1.1gwh, we use about 29 million annually. point being: it has not risen to 19%, the last reactor since vogtle was watts bar in 2016 and since then we've decommissioned 14 of them

The industry directly employs nearly 60,000 workers in good paying jobs

weirdly low estimate, almost by half

maintains these jobs for decades

"maintains" is doing a lot of work here, does that include toxic exposure payouts? because they are still fighting pretty hard to get those in the world's first nuclear contamination site, hanford

and supports hundreds of thousands of other workers

✅ true! 475,000 according to the NEI link above

In the midst of transformational changes taking place throughout the U.S. energy system

sure

the Biden-Harris Administration is continuing to build on President Biden’s unprecedented goal of a carbon free electricity sector by 2035

have they developed carbon free cement yet? (yes.) at scale? (no.) are we just not counting construction emissions because they're one-time emissions investments or how does this work exactly, i would love to know because i think we're also not counting emissions from waste transport to longterm storage because we haven't started doing that. anyway they've built a train for it even though we don't have a storage site so that's umm. that's uhh. fine i'm sure

while also ensuring that consumers across the country have access to affordable, reliable electric power

i guess you can still say "across the country" if you exclude texas as an outlier

and creating good-paying clean energy jobs.

i guess you can still call them good paying clean energy jobs if everybody who mines and refines the uranium dies of cancer because you just pulled out of the largest disarmament program in history due to it being geopolitically inadmissible (for russia... to continue... selling us the uranium from decommissioning...? i'm still trying to figure out the optics of that one but anyway as i have previously stated we didn't actually stop buying it in cases where it's "liable to cause supply chain issues")

Alongside renewable power sources like wind and solar, a new generation of nuclear reactors is now capturing the attention of a wide range of stakeholders

weird way to say that

for nuclear energy’s ability to produce clean, reliable energy and meet the needs of a fast-growing economy, driven by President Biden’s Investing in America agenda and manufacturing boom.

this is a carrier sentence to inject the president's name, but i would like to question which sectors of the growing economy are driving the most energy demand because i'm sure there are no nasty truths being elided there (it's computing)

The Administration recognizes that decarbonizing our power system, which accounts for a quarter of all the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions, represents a pivotal challenge requiring all the expertise and ingenuity our nation can deliver.

it's time once again for... the energy flow sankey chart! the reason the power system accounts for a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions is in no small part because 67% of it is lost to waste heat. has the nation's expertise and ingenuity started working on that yet

The Biden-Harris Administration is today hosting a White House Summit on Domestic Nuclear Deployment, highlighting the collective progress being made from across the public and private sectors

oh boy! a summit! talking about it is the same as doing it

Under President Biden’s leadership, the Administration has taken a number of actions to strengthen our nation’s energy and economic security by reducing – and putting us on the path to eliminating – our reliance on Russian uranium for civil nuclear power and building a new supply chain for nuclear fuel

gosh, i got ahead of myself and already criticized both of those things

including: signing on to last year’s multi-country declaration at COP28 to triple nuclear energy capacity globally by 2050

everybody criticized that

developing new reactor designs

which ones, the bill gates project that just got cancelled because utilities pulled out (edit: that's nuscale, the bill gates project is terrapower), the rolls royce submarine, or the one that just got regulatory approval (edit: this is also nuscale)

extending the service lives of existing nuclear reactors

yep! you sure showed the embrittlement at diablo canyon by doing nothing about it

and growing the momentum behind new deployments

nonsense clause, but it has this really ominous undercurrent due to its vagueness

Recognizing the importance of both the existing U.S. nuclear fleet and continued build out of large nuclear power plants, the U.S. is also taking steps to mitigate project risks associated with large nuclear builds and position U.S. industry to support an aggressive deployment target.

this one is not nonsense but they can't just out and out say "we are deregulating the industry because opening the process for public comment is most often the thing that slows it down" because then somebody might realize they're bulldozing ahead no matter what any constituent says, does, or actually wants

To help drive reactor deployment while ensuring ratepayers and project stakeholders are better protected, theAdministration is announcing today the creation of a Nuclear Power Project Management and Delivery working group that will draw on leading experts from across the nuclear and megaproject construction industry to help identify opportunities to proactively mitigate sources of cost and schedule overrun risk

i'm sure a revolving door working group packed with industry insiders can solve this without compromising their commitment to the profit motive, not that it particularly matters since the cost is passed on to the consumer in the form of fees on the electric bill

The United States Army is also announcing that it will soon release a Request for Information to inform a deployment program for advanced reactors to power multiple Army sites in the United States

good god... that is a fresh nightmare i did not see coming

Additionally, the Department of Energy released today a new primer highlighting the expected enhanced safety of advanced nuclear reactors

"expected" really serves to demonstrate several points i've made

i'm going to stop going line by line here because i know this is already too boring and long for anyone to read this far, unless anybody wants to know what i think about parts 50, 52, and 53 of the NRC licensing guidance -- which many of you have very clearly stated over the years that you don't -- and while i do want to acknowledge that it does go into more detail and even answer some of the questions i raised (vogtle comes up, diablo canyon comes up, a list of which SMR designs is given, or at least a list of the companies responsible for them),

what i would like to focus on is one conspicuous absence:

the reason we need a new fleet of reactors is because they are an essential part of the bomb production chain. they are the beginning of the refinement process, and we cannot carry out the plan (already underway) to replace the minutemen missiles currently in silos with sentinel missiles without significant new construction. we cannot start the president's desired wars with russia and china without the new sentinels. he's not going to be the one to carry this out, he's ensuring whoever is his successor in about 2030 or more likely 2040 will be armed to do so. limited amount of time left to prevent that

[bestanimal]

Round 1 - Phylum Phoronida

(Sources - 1, 2, 3, 4)

Animals in the Phylum Phoronida, commonly called Horseshoe Worms, are a small phylum of filter-feeders that build upright tubes of chitin to protect their soft bodies. They can quickly retract into this tube when a threat is perceived. Like bryozoans, entoprocts, and brachiopods, they also utilize a lophophore: a crown of tentacles surrounding a mouth.

Phoronids live in marine waters worldwide, except for the Antarctic Ocean. Unusually for such small animals, their blood contains hemoglobin, which is likely an adaptation for life in anoxic and hypoxic environments. Only one species is colonial, though many do live clustered together, their tubes a tangled mass. Some habitats can contain populations of phoronids that reach tens of thousands of individuals per square meter! They reproduce sexually, and most species produce free-swimming larvae (seen in the 4th image) which feed on plankton. Their metamorphosis happens incredibly fast. After eating and speeding around as larvae for about 20 days, they settle on the seabed and change into their adult forms in 30 minutes! Their tentacles are replaced by a lophophore, their anus moves from their bottom to just outside the lophophore, and the gut changes from upright to a U-shape, with the stomach now at the bottom of the body. They then build a tube around them, cementing themselves in place. They live for about 1 year.

Propaganda under the cut:

Most adult phoronids are around 2 cm long and about 1.5 mm wide, but the largest, Phoronopsis californica (seen in the 3rd image), can reach 45 cm (17.7 inches) long when fully extended. They have one of the most complex lophophores, which grows in a paired helix shape and comes in an array of beautiful colors, from orange to yellow to red to green to white!

One phoronid, Phoronis australis, burrows into the wall of the tube of an anemone, Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis, using the anemone’s tube as a foundation for its own tube. Up to 100 phoronids can live on one Ceriantheomorphe. This does not hurt the anemone, and the phoronids gain a foundation for their tubes as well as protection, as the anemone retracting into its tube will alert the phoronids to retract into their own tubes. They’re also jet black (see second image). Basically, an anemone with pet goth worms.

There are no definitive body fossils of phoronids, so we don’t really know when in prehistory they arose. You know what that means?

[blueiscoool]

Roman Concrete: Mystery of Why Roman Buildings Have Survived so long has been Unraveled

The majestic structures of ancient Rome have survived for millennia — a testament to the ingenuity of Roman engineers, who perfected the use of concrete.

But how did their construction materials help keep colossal buildings like the Pantheon (which has the world's largest unreinforced dome) and the Colosseum standing for more than 2,000 years?

Roman concrete, in many cases, has proven to be longer-lasting than its modern equivalent, which can deteriorate within decades. Now, scientists behind a new study say they have uncovered the mystery ingredient that allowed the Romans to make their construction material so durable and build elaborate structures in challenging places such as docks, sewers and earthquake zones.

The study team, including researchers from the United States, Italy and Switzerland, analyzed 2,000-year-old concrete samples that were taken from a city wall at the archaeological site of Privernum, in central Italy, and are similar in composition to other concrete found throughout the Roman Empire.

They found that white chunks in the concrete, referred to as lime clasts, gave the concrete the ability to heal cracks that formed over time. The white chunks previously had been overlooked as evidence of sloppy mixing or poor-quality raw material.

"For me, it was really difficult to believe that ancient Roman (engineers) would not do a good job because they really made careful effort when choosing and processing materials," said study author Admir Masic, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

"Scholars wrote down precise recipes and imposed them on construction sites (across the Roman Empire)," Masic added.

The new finding could help make manufacturing today's concrete more sustainable, potentially shaking up society as the Romans once did. "Concrete allowed the Romans to have an architectural revolution," Masic said. "Romans were able to create and turn the cities into something that is extraordinary and beautiful to live in. And that revolution basically changed completely the way humans live." Lime clasts and concrete's durability

Concrete is essentially artificial stone or rock, formed by mixing cement, a binding agent typically made from limestone, water, fine aggregate (sand or finely crushed rock ) and coarse aggregate (gravel or crushed rock).

Roman texts had suggested the use of slaked lime (when lime is first combined with water before being mixed) in the binding agent, and that's why scholars had assumed that this was how Roman concrete was made, Masic said.

With further study, the researchers concluded that lime clasts arose because of the use of quicklime (calcium oxide) — the most reactive, and dangerous, dry form of limestone — when mixing the concrete, rather than or in addition to slaked lime.

Additional analysis of the concrete showed that the lime clasts formed at extreme temperatures expected from the use of quicklime, and "hot mixing" was key to the concrete's durable nature.

The benefits of hot mixing are twofold," Masic said in a news release. "First, when the overall concrete is heated to high temperatures, it allows chemistries that are not possible if you only used slaked lime, producing high-temperature-associated compounds that would not otherwise form. Second, this increased temperature significantly reduces curing and setting times since all the reactions are accelerated, allowing for much faster construction."

To investigate whether the lime clasts were responsible for Roman concrete's apparent ability to repair itself, the team conducted an experiment.

They made two samples of concrete, one following Roman formulations and the other made to modern standards, and deliberately cracked them. After two weeks, water could not flow through the concrete made with a Roman recipe, whereas it passed right through the chunk of concrete made without quicklime.

Their findings suggest that the lime clasts can dissolve into cracks and recrystallize after exposure to water, healing cracks created by weathering before they spread. The researchers said this self-healing potential could pave the way to producing more long-lasting, and thus more sustainable, modern concrete. Such a move would reduce concrete's carbon footprint, which accounts for up to 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to the study.

For many years, researchers had thought that volcanic ash from the area of Pozzuoli, on the Bay of Naples, was what made Roman concrete so strong. This kind of ash was transported across the vast Roman empire to be used in construction, and was described as a key ingredient for concrete in accounts by architects and historians at the time.

Masic said that both components are important, but lime was overlooked in the past.

The research was published in the journal Science Advances.

By Katie Hunt.

[zvaigzdelasas]

European leaders have devoted tens of billions of dollars toward encouraging production of hydrogen, a clean-burning fuel that advocates say will create jobs and help fight climate change. But now, many of those jobs will be going to the United States instead. The clean energy subsidies that undergird President Joe Biden’s climate agenda have just prompted one Norwegian manufacturer [Nel] to choose Michigan, not Europe, as the site of a nearly $500 million factory that will produce the equipment needed to extract hydrogen from water. And other European-based companies are being tempted to follow suit, people involved in the continent’s hydrogen efforts say — making the universe’s most abundant substance the latest focus of the transatlantic trade battle on green energy.[...]

the U.S. has its sights set on overtaking Europe when it comes to both hydrogen and the electrolyzers that extract it. The IRA introduced a $3-per-kilogram subsidy for green hydrogen and tens of billions of dollars in loans and other incentives for international investors to put money into the industry.[...]

Michigan wants to cement its growing reputation as a home for the hydrogen industry, hoping that the U.S. Department of Energy will designate it as one of four hydrogen development hubs in the country. That would make it eligible for even more money in the form of federal grants. Luring Nel is a major early coup. The company is one of Europe’s largest manufacturers of electrolyzers for hydrogen production, and its Michigan gigafactory will be one of the largest in the world.[...]

The White House has spent months responding to European criticism that its landmark energy policy is unfairly stealing business from U.S. allies on the continent. The administration counters that flooding the market with U.S. government funding is increasing the odds of success for companies on both sides of the Atlantic.

5 Jul 23

[rjzimmerman]

Environmentalists Fear Subsidies for Carbon Capture Won’t Be Checked. (New York Times)

Excerpt from this New York Times story:

Lucrative new tax subsidies for companies that catch the planet-warming gas carbon dioxide and store it deep underground were one of the few aspects of President Biden’s 2022 climate legislation that the oil industry embraced.

The potential tax benefits spurred the industry, one of the largest contributors to the current climate crisis, to invest billions of dollars in the process, called carbon capture and sequestration.

Now some Democratic lawmakers, tax watchdogs and climate activists are raising concerns that the Internal Revenue Service, tasked with verifying fossil-fuel industry claims on stored carbon, lacks adequate safeguards to ensure that no companies are taking more taxpayer dollars than they qualify for. And they are equally frustrated that the I.R.S. and the Environmental Protection Agency rely on the companies’ own reported data.

The agencies do not “go out into the real world and track CO2 emissions from carbon capture facilities,” said Maggie Coulter, a senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity. “They’re just accepting these reports as they come in.”

The tax subsidies were boosted to reward companies that embrace carbon capture to help mitigate global warming. They also helped secure a critical vote in Congress to pass the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, President Biden’s signature climate legislation that is designed to reduce the nation’s carbon emissions by 40 percent by 2030. While subsidies for carbon capture already existed, the law increased their value.

The Treasury Department, which oversees the I.R.S., estimates the subsidies will cost the federal government more than $36 billion in revenue over 10 years. That is nearly as much as the cost of the tax program that allows some Americans to claim tax credits for their child-care expenses.

Fossil fuel producers say the process lets them continue pumping out oil while reducing their emissions. It is also one of the few ways that cement, steel, chemical and aviation industries can reduce their carbon footprint because their energy-intensive operations depend heavily on burning fossil fuel.

Some climate advocates, and even some lawmakers who voted for the legislation, remain skeptical of the process. They are wary of the risk of leaks as well as the tax program that supports it.

The I.R.S. cannot disclose the amount of tax subsidies that each carbon capture facility receives, because of taxpayer confidentiality laws. Neither can the E.P.A. publish the amount of carbon that individual capture sites are declaring, as such data is considered confidential business information.

[school56df]

Barnsley vs Manchesters Highlights An FA Cup Upset to Remember

  Manchester vs Barnsley highlights as of my remaining update in September 2021,  Football Club, commonly referred to as Barnsley, have had limited interactions due to the exclusive divisions they commonly compete in. Manchester United, one of the maximum a success clubs in English soccer records, regularly competes inside the Premier League, while Barnsley, a team from South Yorkshire, has traditionally moved between the decrease tiers of English soccer, such as the Championship and League One.

While the fixture of Manchester United vs Barnsley Goals  isn't always as commonplace as some of Manchester United’s famous rivalries with teams like Liverpool or Manchester City, the history of their conferences offers moments of intrigue and traditional underdog testimonies.

Historical Background of Manchester United

Manchester United is one of the most successful and well-known football clubs within the international. Founded in 1878 as Newton Heath, the membership rebranded as Manchester United in 1902 and has because emerge as synonymous with achievement. With a record 20 English league titles, 12 FA Cups, and three UEFA Champions League trophies, United has been a dominant force in English and European football. Under the legendary Sir Alex Ferguson, Manchester United loved unheard of achievement within the Nineties and early 2000s, establishing itself as a worldwide footballing powerhouse.

The membership's iconic stadium, Old Trafford, called the "Theatre of Dreams," is one of the largest and maximum famous football grounds in the international. Known for its passionate fanbase and wealthy way of life of playing attacking football, Manchester United has developed a recognition for generating pinnacle-tier talent and turning in exciting fits.

Barnsley FC – The Underdog Story

Barnsley FC, based in 1887, has a more modest records compared to Manchester United. Nicknamed "The Tykes,"  has spent the bulk of its existence inside the decrease ranges of English soccer, but the membership is nicely-reputable for its gritty, tough-running fashion of play. It is  finest hour came in 1912 after they won the FA Cup, beating West Bromwich Albion in a replay. While they've never won a primary league title, Barnsley has maintained a faithful fan base and is still aggressive inside the Championship.

It has a history of producing and nurturing proficient young gamers, as well as punching above their weight in cup competitions. Despite their underdog popularity, the membership’s proud tradition of struggling with towards more potent opposition has given them a reputation for being hard fighters, specially in knockout codecs.

Notable Matches Between Manchester United and Barnsley

Although Manchester United and Barnsley do no longer frequently face each other, their encounters have often been memorable, specifically in cup competitions in which  has once in a while challenged the might of Manchester United.

FA Cup Clash in 1998

One of the maximum famous encounters between Manchester United and Barnsley befell within the 1997-98 FA Cup. Who had been newly promoted to the Premier League, hosted United at Oakwell in a 5th-round tie. Although Barnsley struggled within the league that season, they produced a lively performance in the cup competition, forcing a replay after a 1-1 draw at Oakwell.

In the replay at Old Trafford,  produced one in every of the largest shocks in FA Cup history. Despite being overwhelming underdogs,  secured a dramatic 3-2 victory, doing away with Manchester United from the competition. This end result stays considered one of the  greatest achievements, and it cemented the club’s recognition as a group able to causing upsets in knockout competitions.

 Premier League Meetings (1997-98 Season)

It is lone season within the Premier League, 1997-98, saw them face Manchester United inside the league as nicely. As expected, United have been the dominant pressure in each encounters, winning 7-zero at Old Trafford in one of the most one-sided games among the two teams. Andy Cole scored a hat-trick, and United confirmed their magnificence and firepower, overwhelming  with their tempo, creativity, and ruthlessness.

The return fixture at Oakwell turned into extra aggressive, but Manchester United nonetheless emerged as 2-zero victors, with desires from Andy Cole and Ryan Giggs. It is  the long run suffered relegation from the Premier League that season, however the experience of gambling towards top-tier groups like Manchester United turned into beneficial for the club and its gamers.

 League Cup Encounter in 2009

Another sizeable assembly between Manchester United and Barnsley got here inside the 2009 League Cup (now called the Carabao Cup). United, underneath Sir Alex Ferguson, confronted Barnsley inside the fourth round of the opposition at Oakwell. Manchester United fielded a fantastically younger team mixed with experienced players like Gary Neville and Michael Owen.

Despite Barnsley’s lively attempt, Manchester United ran out 2-0 winners, with dreams from Danny Welbeck and Michael Owen. The Tykes put up a very good fight, but the first-class and intensity of United’s squad proved an excessive amount of for them on the night time.

Analysis: A Clash of Football Cultures

Whenever Manchester United and Barnsley face off, it represents extra than only a football healthy. It’s a clash of football cultures — the wealthy and illustrious history of Manchester United versus the working-class, underdog mentality of Barnsley.

Manchester United’s Approach

Manchester United is thought for its attacking philosophy, constructed on fast, flowing football and a constant choice to dominate ownership. From the times of the Busby Babes to Sir Alex Ferguson’s era of dominance, United has continually prioritized exciting, ahead-wondering soccer.

United’s games against smaller groups like Bamsley frequently contain the Red Devils controlling the game with their advanced talent and technical capacity. The likes of Ryan Giggs, Eric cantona , Cristiano Ronaldo, and Bruno Fernandes have graced the pitch for United, showcasing their character brilliance while contributing to the group’s ordinary achievement.

Barnsley’s Resilience and Spirit

In contrast, of  represents the spirit of English lower-league football. They are a group constructed on hard paintings, discipline, and resilience. It is  fulfillment in cup competitions, particularly against bigger clubs like Manchester United, regularly comes from their capacity to frustrate the opposition with disciplined protecting and a counter-attacking technique.

Teams like  thrive on the energy of their enthusiasts and their potential to punch above their weight, that's why cup competitions keep special importance for clubs from the decrease leagues. A fit against Manchester United affords  the hazard to show off their competencies on a bigger level, despite the fact that they enter the game as underdogs.

The Future of Manchester United vs Barnsley

As  maintains to combat for promotion in the Championship and Manchester United competes at the very best stage within the Premier League and Europe, their paths might not pass often. However, cup competitions like the FA Cup or Carabao Cup will usually offer opportunities for those two golf equipment to fulfill.

For  playing in opposition to a membership like Manchester United is not just about the result, however also about the enjoy. Facing top-tier expertise allows  gamers to check themselves against some of the first-class in the international, whilst additionally providing a full-size monetary increase to the club from ticket sales and television revenue.

For Manchester vs Barnsley Live United, these furniture provide the chance to rotate their squad, giving more youthful or fringe players an possibility to benefit precious game time. United’s academy has always been relevant to the club’s success, and fits against teams like  allow the club to show off its future stars.

[vilkalizer]

“Two decades ago, Google became the darling of Silicon Valley as a scrappy start-up with an innovative way to search the emerging internet,” the Justice Department said in its lawsuit. “That Google is long gone.”

please kill g**gle

(they will never kill g**gle)

In Its First Monopoly Trial of Modern Internet Era, U.S. Sets Sights on Google The Justice Department has spent three years over two presidential administrations building the case that Google illegally abused its power over online search to throttle competition. To defend itself, Google has enlisted hundreds of employees and three powerful law firms and spent millions of dollars on legal fees and lobbyists.

On Tuesday, a judge in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia will begin considering their arguments at a trial that cuts to the heart of a long-simmering question: Did today’s tech giants become dominant by breaking the law? The case — U.S. et al v. Google — is the federal government’s first monopoly trial of the modern internet era, as a generation of tech companies has come to wield immense influence over commerce, information, public discourse, entertainment and labor. The trial moves the antitrust battle against those companies to a new phase, shifting from challenging their mergers and acquisitions to more deeply examining the businesses that thrust them into power.

Such a consequential case over tech power has not unfolded since the Justice Department took Microsoft to court in 1998 for antitrust violations. But since then, companies like Google, Apple, Amazon and Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, have woven themselves into people’s lives to an even greater degree. Any ruling from the trial could have broad ripple effects, slowing down or potentially dismantling the largest internet companies after decades of unbridled growth.

The stakes are particularly high for Google, the Silicon Valley company founded in 1998, which grew into a $1.7 trillion giant by becoming the first place people turned to online to search the web. The government has said in its complaint that it wants Google to change its monopolistic business practices, potentially pay damages and restructure itself.

“This is a pivotal case and a moment to create precedents for these new platforms that lend themselves to real and durable market power,” said Laura Phillips-Sawyer, who teaches antitrust law at the University of Georgia School of Law.

The case centers on whether Google illegally cemented its dominance and squashed competition by paying Apple and other companies to make its internet search engine the default on the iPhone as well as on other devices and platforms.

In legal filings, the Justice Department has argued that Google maintained a monopoly through such agreements, making it harder for consumers to use other search engines. Google has said that its deals with Apple and others were not exclusive and that consumers could alter the default settings on their devices to choose alternative search engines.

Google has amassed 90 percent of the search engine market in the United States and 91 percent globally, according to Similarweb, a data analysis firm. Fireworks are expected at the trial, which is scheduled to last 10 weeks. Google’s chief executive, Sundar Pichai, as well as executives from Apple and other tech companies will probably be called as witnesses.

Judge Amit P. Mehta, who was appointed by President Barack Obama in 2014, is presiding over the trial, which will not have a jury, and he will issue the final ruling. Kenneth Dintzer, a 30-year veteran litigator for the Justice Department, will lead the government’s arguments in the courtroom, while John E. Schmidtlein, a partner at the law firm Williams & Connolly, will do the same for Google.

The jockeying over the trial has already been intense. The Justice Department and Google have deposed more than 150 people for the case and produced more than five million pages of documents. Google has argued that Jonathan Kanter, the Justice Department’s head of antitrust, is biased because of his earlier work as a private lawyer representing Microsoft and News Corp. The Justice Department has accused Google of destroying employees’ instant messages that could have contained relevant information for the case.

Kent Walker, Google’s president of global affairs, said in an interview last month that the company’s tactics were “completely lawful” and that its success “comes down to the quality of our products.”

“It’s frustrating — maybe it’s ironic — that we’re seeing this backward-looking case and really unprecedented, forward-looking innovation,” he said.

The Justice Department declined to comment.

Google’s search engine was created by Sergey Brin and Larry Page when they were students at Stanford University in the 1990s. Their technology was widely praised for serving up more relevant results than other web search tools. Google eventually parlayed that success into new business lines including online advertising, video streaming, maps, office apps, driverless cars and artificial intelligence.

Rivals have long accused Google of brandishing its power in search to suppress competitors’ links to travel, restaurant reviews and maps, while giving greater prominence to its own content. Those complaints brought scrutiny from regulators, though little action was taken.

In 2019, under President Donald J. Trump, the Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission decided to mount new antitrust investigations into tech companies as part of a broad crackdown. The Justice Department agreed to oversee inquiries into Apple and Google.

In October 2020, the government sued Google for abusing its dominance in online search. In its lawsuit, the government accused Google of hurting rivals like Microsoft’s Bing and DuckDuckGo by employing agreements with Apple and other smartphone makers to become the default search engine on their web browsers or be preinstalled on their devices.

“Two decades ago, Google became the darling of Silicon Valley as a scrappy start-up with an innovative way to search the emerging internet,” the Justice Department said in its lawsuit. “That Google is long gone.”

Google’s actions had harmed consumers and stifled competition, the agency said, and could affect the future technological landscape as the company positioned itself to control “emerging channels” for search distribution. The agency added that Google had behaved similarly to Microsoft in the 1990s, when the software giant made its own web browser the default on the Windows operating system, crushing competitors.

A group of 35 states, Guam, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia also filed a lawsuit in 2020 accusing Google of abusing its monopoly in search and search advertising to illegally wedge out competitors. That case will be tried alongside the Justice Department lawsuit, though Judge Mehta threw out many of the states’ key arguments in a ruling last month.

In January, the Justice Department filed a separate antitrust suit against Google, accusing it of abusing its monopoly power in advertising technology. The company faces two other lawsuits from states that accused it of abusing monopolies in ad tech and for blocking competition in its Google Play app store.

For decades, judges have generally ruled against companies in antitrust cases only when their conduct hurts consumers, particularly if they have raised prices. Critics have said that lets companies like Google — which provides internet search for free — off the hook.

Google’s Mr. Walker said the case was a moment for the court to double down on that standard.

“American law should be about promoting benefits for consumers,” he said, adding: “If we move away from that and make it harder for companies to provide great goods and services for consumers, that’s going to be bad for everyone.”

Monopoly trials can change the direction of industries. In 1984, under pressure from the Justice Department, AT&T split itself into seven regional telecom companies. The breakup transformed the telecommunications industry by making it more competitive at the dawn of the mobile phone era.

But the effects of the government’s antitrust battle with Microsoft in the early 2000s were less clear cut. The two sides eventually settled after Microsoft agreed to end certain contracts with PC makers that blocked rival software makers.

Some tech executives said the Justice Department’s actions made Microsoft more cautious, clearing the way for start-ups like Google to compete in the next era of computing. Bill Gates, a Microsoft founder, has blamed the hangover from the antitrust suit for the company’s slow entry into mobile technology and the failure of its Windows phone. But others have argued that the settlement did little to increase competition.

Ultimately, the Google trial will test whether antitrust laws written in 1890 to break up sugar, steel and railroad monopolies can still work in today’s economy, said Rebecca Allensworth, a professor at Vanderbilt University’s law school.

“The Google trial is a big test for the government’s entire antitrust agenda because its theory of monopolization is very much in play with many big tech companies,” she said.

[mariacallous]

China’s economy is limping back to life after President Xi Jinping’s ill-fated “zero covid” decree, but there is one big victim: the country’s efforts to tackle climate change. China’s carbon emissions recently recorded their largest annual jump and are on track to reach an all-time high. Fueled by new Chinese Communist Party (CCP) language that posits coal as the mainstay of the energy system, domestic production and consumption have ticked up. As has approval of new coal-fired power stations.

Xi’s signature “dual carbon” goals—for China to peak emissions before 2030, and to reach carbon neutrality by 2060—are not yet at risk. But that’s only because of Beijing’s preponderance for setting its climate targets so low to begin with. However, the cost of China now meeting these goals is only going up, and the room for them to do more is shrinking.

The problem is that for the CCP leadership the only thing that matters at present is ensuring a short-term economic bump. Xi’s modest annual growth target of 5 percent must be achieved at all costs. That’s why if we are to have any hope of stopping runaway climate change in time, the West needs a strategy that is as much about climate sticks as it is about carrots. It’s about time we see climate inaction on the same par as human rights abuses or even incursions to international peace and security.

By far the biggest stick available to the west is implementing new green tariffs. These tariffs would increase the cost to China of exporting carbon intensive goods such as cement, steel and aluminum to regions like the European Union where local manufacturers are already subject to strict regulations on their own pollution. For the first time, it would mean a direct hip pocket cost for climate inaction on the Chinese trade balance sheet. It would help force Chinese manufacturers to adapt to lower polluting methods.

In October, the European Union will begin implementing a “carbon border adjustment mechanism” (CBAM), due to be fully operationally in its coverage by 2026. In the United States, both Republicans and Democrats have already taken steps to prepare for a similar scheme. A bill to calculate the emissions intensity of industrial materials produced domestically was recently passed, and there is a possibility of a follow-up to the CHIPS and Science Act or a new standalone “Foreign Pollution Act” bill will put in place the cornerstone of a future scheme—though that is still some time away. In the meantime, the United States and the European Union are also negotiating a green steel deal that will be an important placeholder by individually placing some tariffs on China absent a wider scheme.

The Middle Kingdom hates the idea of green tariffs. For them, trade and climate should never be discussed in the same sentence. It’s easy to see why. Deloitte estimates China will be the most exposed market (behind Russia) to the EU’s new scheme, with €6.5 billion of trade from China affected to begin with. The United Kingdom and Canada are also considering similar schemes. Persuading others like South Korea and Japan—which already have or are implementing domestic carbon markets—to follow suit would help tighten the screws on Beijing by covering over a quarter of their export market. Just as important will be getting developing countries like South Africa (and perhaps even India over time) to also do so to avoid fragmenting the global trade environment they already complain of.

It’s crucial these countries can not only come together, but that they then stick together. When dealing with China, it is always better to move in packs. Unfortunately, Brussels has a propensity for wanting to play the good cop with China to Washington’s bad cop. For instance, a recent commitment by the EU to “better understand and address China’s concerns” with their scheme has raised eyebrows.

Diplomacy therefore still matters. It can also show the foreign policy hard heads in Beijing who continue to set the small playing field for China’s international climate agenda, that this issue is fundamental to China’s global standing and not one that cannot be geopolitically horse traded. Given his proclivity for the opposite, Wang Yi’s return as foreign minister has likely made that job harder in recent weeks.

The bottom line is the world is running out of time for dialogue alone to solve the climate crisis. In May, the World Meteorological Organization said that by 2027 we were more likely than not to breach the 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature limit, widely considered by scientists to be a climate tipping point.

Yet in the face of this, Xi is only standing firm. During a recent visit by U.S. climate envoy John Kerry, Xi defended the pace and intensity of China’s actions, which he said “should and must be” determined free of outside interference. And while the resumption of climate talks between the United States and China is a welcome step forward in the geopolitical milieu of the broader relationship, Beijing clearly feels it owes nothing more to Washington.

It’s time get tougher. For the last decade or more, the cornerstone of the West’s approach to China on climate change has simply been to encourage the country to play a part in combatting it. That has had some impact. In 2009, China was prepared to walk away from a proposed global deal in Copenhagen that posited developed and developing countries should be treated the same. But by 2014, China stood alongside the United States and put forward its own plan to reduce emissions that helped pave the way for the Paris Agreement. A shifting domestic zeitgeist as air pollution in Chinese cities, and a greater awareness of the impacts of climate change taking hold was far more consequential for changing the attitude of the CCP leadership. The west needs to help that shifting domestic sentiment along.

For its part, China would say its installed more renewable energy last year and sold more electric vehicles than the rest of the world combined. China is also on track to double its goal for installed solar and wind capacity this decade. But absent a more concerted effort by Beijing, none of this is likely to matter much. More than two-thirds of the world’s installed coal-fired power capacity will soon be in China, if over 300 mooted new plants are built. By the middle of the century, China will also overtake the United States as the world’s largest historical emitter. This will remove its bifurcated defense against responsibility that because it did not cause the issue, it has no responsibility for fixing it.

If the West can move quickly to implement new green tariffs, it won’t take us long to know if they have been effective. In 2025, China along with the rest of the world will be required to set new targets to reduce emissions for a decade ahead. For its part, the United States will be under particular pressure to take a big step up from its goal of a 50 percent to 52 percent emissions reduction by 2030, buoyed by the Inflation Reduction Act’s new measures. Having finally peaked emissions at the end of this decade, the key question for China will be whether they can put them into structural decline. If it doesn’t, the consequences will be felt by us all.

[irunevenus]

Charles II of Spain: The Monarch Who Brought Spain to the Brink of Collapse

Charles II of Spain (1661–1700), the last monarch of the Habsburg dynasty to rule Spain, is remembered in history not for great achievements, but for a reign marked by personal tragedy and political failures that brought the once-powerful Spanish Empire to the edge of collapse. His rule was characterized by a series of internal crises, political incompetence, and a legacy of decline that culminated in the disastrous War of Spanish Succession. This article delves into the worst moments of Charles II’s reign and how his decisions (or lack thereof) shaped Spain’s fate.

The “Bewitched King” and His Physical Suffering

Charles II was famously known as the “Bewitched King,” a nickname that reflected both his physical frailty and the popular belief that he was under a curse. Born with numerous physical and mental deformities due to generations of inbreeding within the Habsburg family, Charles was incapable of effectively ruling. His many health conditions, including stunted growth, cognitive difficulties, and his inability to produce an heir, made him a symbol of the empire’s weakness.

From childhood, he was described as frail, with a protruding jaw that made chewing difficult, frequent seizures, and speech problems. His debilitating physical and mental health rendered him unable to make independent decisions, making him extremely reliant on advisors and regents, many of whom had their own political agendas.

Ineffective Governance: Disastrous Decisions and Corruption

Charles II’s reign was marked by political paralysis. The king was unable to make important decisions, leaving his court dominated by rival factions. Corruption and nepotism spread through the upper echelons of government as Charles’s advisors vied for influence over the weak monarch. This favoritism deepened divisions within the court, leading to ineffective and disorganized governance.

One of his most criticized decisions was the appointment of incompetent advisors, such as Fernando de Valenzuela, one of the most controversial courtiers of his reign, who exploited his proximity to the king for personal enrichment and power. This kind of governance not only contributed to internal decline but also eroded the public's trust in the central government.

Spain's Economic Decline

Under Charles II, Spain plunged into severe economic crisis. During his reign, public debt soared as the empire continued to lose territories and influence in Europe. The agricultural economy stagnated, and industry suffered from a lack of innovation and disastrous policies. Charles was incapable of addressing the economic downturn, leading to widespread famine and popular discontent.

The lack of resources also weakened Spain's military power. Military defeats, particularly against France under Louis XIV, further exacerbated Spain's loss of prestige and power. The defeat in the Nine Years’ War (1688-1697) solidified Spain's decline, as it could no longer compete with other European powers.

The Fatal Mistake: The Spanish Succession

One of Charles II’s greatest failures was his inability to secure a peaceful transition of power. Due to his health problems and lack of heirs, the issue of succession became a diplomatic dilemma that affected all of Europe. The main contenders for the throne were Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and Charles of Austria from the Habsburg line.

In an attempt to avoid chaos, Charles II named Philip of Anjou as his successor in his will, but this decision sparked the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714), one of Europe’s largest conflicts of the period. This devastating war involved nearly every European power, who feared that a union of the Spanish and French crowns under one monarch would upset the balance of power in Europe. The war further depleted Spain’s resources and cemented its downfall as a global power.

Repression and the Inquisition

While the country faced economic and political crises, internal repression continued under Charles II. The Spanish Inquisition, though already in decline, continued to persecute dissidents and religious minorities. Instead of promoting reforms to address internal stagnation, Charles II’s government maintained a reactionary and authoritarian stance, focused on preserving an outdated social and religious order.

Religious intolerance, particularly against Jews, Muslims, and Protestants, contributed to Spain's cultural and economic stagnation. The persecution carried out by the Inquisition not only drove away talent and foreign merchants but also deepened Spain’s isolation at a time when other European powers were modernizing and embracing new ideas.

The Bitter Legacy of Charles II

Charles II left behind a deeply negative legacy. His reign symbolizes the collapse of an empire that, in the previous century, had been one of the world’s greatest powers. The combination of incompetence, physical illness, disastrous policies, and the inability to resolve the succession crisis plunged Spain into decline.

When he died in 1700 at the age of 38, Charles II left Spain fragmented, impoverished, and vulnerable to foreign ambitions. His reign marks the end of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain and the beginning of a period of great turmoil for the country, from which it would take centuries to recover.

[chhajedalloys]

Alloy Steel Gr 22 Sheets & Plates Manufacturers In India

Chhajed Steel & Limited is a fast growing industrial supplier providing world class materials of construction for industrial projects ranging from mass producing consumer industries to extreme pressure petrochemical plants. In our 26 years of existence, our products and supplies have been inspected, accepted and approved by clients, independent inspection agencies and engineering consultants such as Larsen & Toubro Group, Jindal Group, B A R C , Crompton Greaves Ltd , and other renowned players.

Chhajed Steel Limited had supplied the materials to chemical, fertiliser & petrochemical industries, sugar & distillations plants, pump & valve manufacturers, engineering, electrical & cement industries their New project, project expansion, and routine maintenance. Continuous improvements is a way of life. At chhajed our knowledge of international standard & Specifications expertise in workmanship and responsibilities towards our customers which are the Main elements of our mission. We have very ambitious plan to expand our activities & further building good source for improve Quality and reduce costing with fastest delivery, looking at the huge demand of our product. In the same time we at chhajed are building up quality system in the line of international Standard. Chhajed Steel Limited is the largest manufacturer, supplier and stockist of plates to various countries like saudi arabia, kuwait, qatar, oman, yemen, uae, iran, turkey, kazakhstan, greece, Singapore, thailand, indonesia, vietnam, south africa, south america, brazil, india and australia, and Egypt. Chhajed Steel Limited was based on the theory of continually perceiving the requirements of its Clients and understanding that quality, on-time conveyance, cost and client benefit are vital to it Achievement. We can redraw plates for clients that require uncommon plate sizes or Particular tempers for their application

[marketingreportz]

Concrete Admixtures Market — Forecast(2024–2030)

Concrete Admixtures Market Overview:

Concrete Admixtures Market size is estimated to reach US$26.5 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 7.7% during the forecast period 2024–2030. Surge in infrastructure constructions and repairs are driving the demand for Concrete Admixtures. This trend is expected to boost the growth of the Concrete Admixtures Market during the forecast period.

Additionally, there is a growing demand for green buildings as green building practices play a key role in achieving sustainability in the construction industry. The construction sector has the highest potential for delivering significant and cost-effective greenhouse gas emission reductions, according to the UN Environment Programme. This boosts the Concrete Admixtures industry outlook during the forecast period.

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COVID-19 / Ukraine Crisis — Impact Analysis:

The construction industry has seen many ups and downs throughout the pandemic. Construction came to a complete standstill due to lockdown measures and stay at home mandates. After the initial lockdown when economic activities were allowed, the construction industry still faced challenges in the form of supply chain disruptions and operational constraints. Some building-materials supply chains have also been interrupted, suspending production and distribution. This in turn has also affected the Concrete Admixtures market.

The Russia-Ukraine war has introduced uncertainties in global markets, affecting various industries, including the construction sector. Concrete Admixtures are subject to price volatility due to various factors such as energy prices, transportation costs, and currency exchange rates. Economic instability and geopolitical tensions have led to fluctuations in concrete admixture prices, potentially impacting the cost of construction. The war’s broader economic repercussions may influence investment decisions and government policies, shaping the trajectory of the Concrete Admixtures market.

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Key Takeaways:

Geographically, in the Concrete Admixtures market share, the Asia Pacific region is analyzed to hold a dominant market share of 42% in 2023 owing to the owing to the construction boom in the region. China’s construction sector is expanding rapidly. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, China’s construction output is estimated to be worth approximately US$4.9 trillion in 2022, up by 3.8% over 2021. China plans to invest US$1.43 trillion in key construction projects as part of its 14th five-year plan. As per the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the Shanghai plans calls for a total investment of US$38.7 billion over the next three years. The Japanese construction industry is expected to boom as the World Expo will be hosted in Osaka, Japan in 2025. Such developments boost the Construction Chemicals Market size in the region.

High Range Water Reducing is the Fastest Growing Segment

In the Concrete Admixtures Market forecast, the phosphonate segment is estimated to grow with a CAGR of 8.5% during the forecast period. High range water reducing concrete admixtures are also called as superplasticizers. They help in reducing water content by 12 to 30% and can be added to concrete with a low-to-normal slump and water-cement ratio to make high-slump flowing concrete. The use of superplasticizers produces high strength concrete (strength up to 22,000 psi). Superplasticizers can also be utilized in producing flowing concrete which can be used in a heavy reinforced structure with inaccessible areas. Another benefit of superplasticizer is that, it helps in initial setting time and can be accelerated or retarded, up/down to an hour earlier or later according to its chemical reaction. Thus, the growing demand for superplasticizers is expected to drive the demand for concrete admixtures.

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Residential Construction to Hold Largest Market Share

According to the Concrete Admixtures Market analysis, the residential segment is estimated to hold the largest market share in 2023. Construction spending on buildings is projected to increase just over 6% in 2023, according to the mid-year update of the American Institute of Architect’s AIA Consensus Construction Forecast. The demand for apartments, condos and townhomes is high as single-family homes have become more expensive and less available due to lack of space. As per a report from the U.S. Commerce Department, homebuilding increased in August 2022 as rising rents boosted the construction of multi-family housing to the highest level in more than 36 years. The number of apartments under construction (890,000 residents in 2-plus unit properties) as of September 2022 is at the highest level since the first quarter of 1974, according to the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB).

Surge in Infrastructure Construction

Infrastructure is the backbone of the economy. Access to quality infrastructure expands economic opportunities. Infrastructure needs to be maintained as it can degrade overtime. Apart from building new infrastructure, maintenance and repair of existing infrastructure are also of high importance. Some 20% or 173,000 miles of the United States’ highways and major roads are in poor condition, as are 45,000 bridges, according to the White House. The Mega grant program, created by the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, funds projects that are too large for traditional funding programs, which include highway, bridge, freight, port, passenger rail, and public transportation projects. The Mega program will invest a total of $5 billion through 2026 to help rebuild the United States’ infrastructure. Peru is improving its transportation infrastructure. The Lima Metro Line 2 project, with an estimated cost of US$5.8 billion, is one of the largest infrastructure projects ever undertaken in Peru and is scheduled for completion in 2024. The surge in infrastructure construction drives the Concrete Admixtures market size during the forecast period.

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Rising Need for Green Buildings

A green building is a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts, and can create positive impacts, on the climate and natural environment. For construction of a green building, materials that are non-toxic and sustainable are used. Admixtures enable the optimization of concrete mix designs, allowing for the use of locally available materials and reducing the reliance on scarce or non-renewable resources. This contributes to sustainable sourcing practices in green construction. Apart from adding more strength to the buildings, these admixtures bring down the volume of water and cement used in the construction process According to the Indian Green Building Council, the energy savings from green buildings could range from 20–30% and water savings around 30–50%. Hence with the growing interest in green buildings, the Concrete Admixtures industry is also expected to grow.

Compatibility Issues to Impede to Market growth

Different admixtures may have chemical interactions with components like cement, aggregates, or other admixtures. These interactions can lead to undesirable effects, such as reduced effectiveness, altered setting times, or compromised concrete performance. Admixtures, if not compatible, can impact the setting time of concrete. Accelerators or retarders, for example, may interfere with each other, leading to unpredictable changes in the concrete’s early or final setting times. Incompatible admixtures might compromise the strength development and overall durability of concrete. This can affect the long-term performance and structural integrity of the construction. This might prove to be a challenge for the concrete admixture construction chemical market.

More information Concrete Admixtures Market Report click here

[rajasthanlime]

Eco-Conscious Construction: The Limestone Advantage

As the world shifts towards sustainable and environmentally conscious building methods, the choice in building materials play an essential part in reducing the environmental impact. Limestone, which is a natural and abundant resource, has become an important material in the eco-friendly construction movement. Its durability, versatility, and low carbon footprint makes it a great choice for a variety of construction projects from facades to foundations.

1. The Role of Limestone in Eco-Friendly Construction

Limestone, a rock that is sedimentary in nature that is made up from calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It develops naturally over the course of millions of years, which makes it one of Earth's largest resources. Construction has been well-known for centuries and dates back to the earliest civilizations who understood its durability and strength.

What differentiates limestone from other materials in the field of eco-friendly construction is its low environmental impact in comparison to other construction materials. Processing and extraction of limestone requires less energy than production of steel, cement, or other common construction materials. Furthermore, limestone is recyclable and can be recycled for various purposes, thus decreasing the amount of waste.

2. Limestone's Sustainability Advantages

Limestone has numerous sustainability advantages that make it an ideal option for construction that is environmentally conscious:

1. Natural Abundance and Availability

Limestone can be found in huge amounts throughout the world, providing that there is a constant supply of limestone without destruction in natural resources. It is obtainable locally from limestone-rich regions. deposits, thus reducing emissions from transportation and boosting regional economies. For example, builders could easily connect to a lime supplier in Rajasthan which is among the major limestone-producing areas in India to procure local materials and lessen the carbon footprint of long-distance transport.

2. Durability and Longevity

One of the main advantages of limestone is its toughness. The structures constructed with limestone have stood the test time for a long period of time, proving the strength of limestone against natural elements. This durability makes it less necessary to make regular repairs or replacements and results in less use of resources over the lifetime of a structure. Materials that are durable like limestone are an essential element of sustainable construction since they reduce the environmental impact caused by material manufacturing and disposal.

3. Energy Efficiency

Limestone's thermal properties help improve the efficiency of buildings in terms of energy use. It is an natural insulator and helps to regulate indoor temperatures by absorption of energy during the day, and release it at the night. This helps reduce the need for artificial cooling and heating and results in energy savings. In a time when energy efficiency is a crucial element of eco-friendly design, limestone's capability to enhance a building's thermal efficiency is a compelling choice for eco-friendly builders and architects.

4. Recyclability and Reusability

Limestone is recyclable and is repurposed in a variety of ways, such as crushed stone used in road construction or for use as the basis for concrete. At the end of a building's lifespan limestone can be reused for new construction projects, drastically decreasing the amount of garbage that is disposed of in landfills. Recycling limestone is a key factor in achieving circular economy objectives, in which materials are reused instead of being getting thrown away after one usage.

3. Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Limestone

Although limestone is a sustainable substance, its environmental impacts of its mining and processing is to be controlled carefully in line with sustainability objectives. Trustworthy limestone suppliers in India follow ecologically responsible quarrying practices that ensure minimal disturbance to local ecosystems, and decreasing emissions from mining.

1. Responsible Quarrying Practices

Sustainable limestone quarrying means limiting disturbance of the land, preserving biodiversity, and making sure that the local water system is not affected by pollution. Many companies employ methods like land reclamation which allows quarried areas to be restored to their natural condition when extraction is completed. Furthermore, the latest technology in quarrying allows you to extract limestone without blasting and fewer dust emissions, thus reducing the environmental impact of mining operations.

2. Efficient Processing and Transportation

After being extracted, limestone goes through little processing when compared with other building materials. The crushing and grinding of limestone to the size you want requires a relatively low amount of energy which makes it an environmentally friendly alternative to the energy-intensive steel or cement. In addition, suppliers who prioritize sustainability tend to use energy-efficient machines for their processing facilities to reduce the carbon footprint of their business operations.

By purchasing limestone from suppliers of lime powder in India which are focused on the environment Building contractors can rest assured that the material they choose to use has been that are processed in a sustainable manner.

4. Applications of Limestone in Eco-Conscious Construction

Limestone is a versatile material, and its applications which range from load-bearing structures, and decorative features. Here are a few areas where limestone could be utilized to encourage sustainability in construction

1. Foundations and Structural Elements

Limestone is widely used in the foundation and structural components of buildings because of its durability and strength. It offers a strong base that can withstand heavy loads without compromising the strength of the structure. Utilizing limestone for foundations will lower the requirement to use concrete which can be expensive to manufacture.

2. Facades and Cladding

Limestone's natural beauty and variety of colors makes it a popular material for facades and cladding. The ability of it to age beautifully as time passes adds to its appeal for eco-friendly architecture. The stone's properties of insulation increase the energy efficiency of the building which reduces the requirement of synthetic insulation material.

3. Flooring and Paving

Limestone is commonly used for paver and flooring applications because of its resistance to slip and long-lasting. For outdoor areas limestone pavers are an environmentally friendly option for walkways, patios and paths for gardens. Inside, limestone tiles are an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic flooring which contribute to a healthier indoor environment, as they do not release Volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

4. Landscaping

Limestone's natural appearance makes it a fantastic option for eco-friendly landscaping. From garden walls to retaining walls borders, the stone provides an authentic charm, while also blending seamlessly into the natural environment. Crushed limestone is often utilized as a base for walkways and driveways that provide permeable surfaces that help reduce stormwater runoff as well as prevent erosion of soil.

5. Working with suppliers who are eco-conscious

If you're planning to embark on a green construction project, partnering the right suppliers is crucial. Selecting suppliers that focus on sustainability means that the materials that you purchase are in line with your goals for sustainability. Reputable Lime powder suppliers in India provide certificates or proof of environmentally sustainable quarrying and processing methods. They partner with customers to supply the best limestone products, while minimizing their environmental impact. By procuring materials from these manufacturers, builders can decrease the environmental impact of their projects as well as help in the worldwide trend towards more sustainable construction.

6. Conclusion: The Limestone Advantage for Sustainable Building

Limestone's ecological properties, such as it's durability, recycling and energy efficiency can make it a significant source of sustainable construction. By using the limestone building materials builders and architects can dramatically minimize the impact on their environment of construction projects as they build structures that will endure the test of time.

In addition, working with responsible limestone suppliers and a responsible lime supplier in Rajasthan as well as other important limestone regions will ensure that the raw materials are procured and processed in an eco ecologically friendly way. Limestone's beauty and versatility add to its appeal which makes it the perfect option for construction companies who value sustainability but without sacrificing aesthetics or quality.

[falisha-enterprises]

Boost Your Construction Efficiency with Ready Made Concrete in Karachi

In today’s fast-paced world, construction projects demand efficiency, precision, and durability. The traditional method of mixing concrete on-site is becoming less practical, especially for larger projects. Enter Ready Made Concrete a revolutionary solution designed to save time, reduce waste, and ensure consistency in every batch. If you’re in Karachi and are looking for ways to optimize your construction process, then Ready Made Concrete in Karachi is your answer.

Understanding Ready Made Concrete

Ready Made Concrete, also known as Ready Mix Concrete (RMC), is a pre-mixed form of concrete that is produced at a batching plant according to specific proportions and then transported to the construction site. Unlike traditional concrete that is mixed on-site, Ready Made Concrete ensures consistent quality, minimizes material wastage, and boosts overall productivity.

With Ready Made Concrete Karachi services, builders and contractors are experiencing enhanced efficiency, reduced costs, and a simplified construction process. Whether you're working on a residential project, a commercial building, or infrastructure development, Ready Made Concrete offers unparalleled advantages in the Karachi construction industry.

Why Choose Ready Made Concrete in Karachi?

Karachi, being one of the largest and fastest-growing cities in Pakistan, is continuously evolving in terms of infrastructure and urban development. The demand for high-quality and timely construction materials is at an all-time high. This is where Ready Made Concrete Karachi steps in, offering solutions that cater to the unique needs of the city's builders and contractors.

Here are some reasons why Ready Made Concrete is the ideal choice for your next construction project in Karachi:

1. Consistency and Quality Control

One of the biggest challenges with traditional on-site concrete mixing is ensuring the right consistency and quality in each batch. Variations in the proportions of ingredients can lead to poor-quality concrete, compromising the strength and durability of the structure.

With Ready Made Concrete Karachi, you get concrete that is mixed using precise ratios of cement, sand, gravel, and water at a state-of-the-art batching plant. This ensures that every batch meets the highest quality standards, reducing the risk of structural issues down the line.

2. Time-Saving and Increased Efficiency

In a bustling metropolis like Karachi, time is of the essence. Construction projects often have tight deadlines, and any delay in material delivery or preparation can lead to costly overruns.

By opting for Ready Made Concrete Karachi, you can significantly reduce construction time. The concrete is mixed off-site and delivered to your location, ready to be poured. This eliminates the need for on-site preparation, allowing you to focus on other critical aspects of your project.

3. Reduces Labor and Equipment Costs

Traditional concrete mixing requires a considerable amount of labor and equipment, such as concrete mixers and storage facilities for raw materials. These costs can add up quickly, especially for large-scale projects.

When you use Ready Made Concrete, you eliminate the need for on-site mixing equipment and reduce labor costs. The concrete arrives ready to use, and your team can immediately begin the application process. This not only saves money but also reduces the complexity of the construction process.

4. Environmentally Friendly Option

Sustainability is becoming a crucial factor in construction today. The process of mixing concrete on-site often leads to material wastage and pollution. Dust, water run-off, and unused materials contribute to environmental degradation.

Ready Made Concrete is a more environmentally friendly option as it is prepared in controlled environments, reducing waste and minimizing the impact on the surroundings. Additionally, precise measurements mean that only the necessary amount of materials are used, further enhancing its sustainability.

5. Enhanced Strength and Durability

The strength of concrete directly impacts the durability of the structure. With Ready Made Concrete, you can rest assured that your project will have a solid foundation. The concrete is mixed under controlled conditions, which results in a product with consistent strength and performance. This is especially important in a city like Karachi, where infrastructure must withstand various environmental factors, including high humidity, extreme temperatures, and seismic activity.

6. Customizable for Any Project

Another significant advantage of Ready Made Concrete Karachi is its flexibility. Whether you are constructing a residential home, a high-rise building, or a large-scale infrastructure project, Ready Made Concrete can be customized to suit your specific requirements. Different grades of concrete can be produced based on the structural needs, ensuring that your project has the right type of concrete for its purpose.

7. Efficient Delivery and Handling

Karachi’s roads are often congested, making transportation of materials a challenge. However, Ready Made Concrete Karachi providers are equipped with specialized trucks and efficient delivery systems that ensure timely and safe transportation of the concrete to your site. These trucks come with built-in mixing drums to prevent the concrete from setting during transit, ensuring that it arrives fresh and ready for use.

8. Compliance with Industry Standards

In Karachi, construction projects must adhere to strict building codes and safety regulations. Using Ready Made Concrete ensures that your project complies with these industry standards. The concrete is produced in accordance with national and international guidelines, giving you peace of mind that your structure will be safe, durable, and up to code.

9. Cost-Effective Solution

Although the initial cost of Ready Made Concrete may seem higher than traditional on-site mixing, it is more cost-effective in the long run. The savings you gain from reduced labor costs, minimized wastage, and faster project completion make it a financially viable option for most builders in Karachi. Additionally, the consistent quality of Ready Made Concrete reduces the risk of structural failures, saving you from expensive repairs in the future.

Why Choose Allied Materials for Ready Made Concrete in Karachi?

When it comes to Ready Made Concrete Karachi, Allied Materials stands out as a reliable and trusted provider. Their commitment to quality, efficiency, and customer satisfaction makes them the go-to choice for builders and contractors across the city.

1. State-of-the-Art Batching Plant

Allied Materials uses the latest technology in their batching plants, ensuring precise measurements and consistent quality in every batch of concrete they produce. Their plants are equipped with modern equipment that allows for efficient mixing, handling, and delivery of the concrete.

2. Experienced Team

Allied Materials boasts a team of experienced professionals who understand the specific needs of the construction industry in Karachi. From engineers to logistics experts, their team works tirelessly to ensure that every project receives the highest level of service and support.

3. Wide Range of Concrete Products

No matter the scale of your project, Allied Materials can provide the right type of concrete for your needs. They offer various grades and formulations of Ready Made Concrete, tailored to suit different construction applications.

4. Timely Delivery

In the fast-paced world of construction, timely delivery of materials is critical. Allied Materials ensures that your concrete arrives on time, every time. Their fleet of specialized delivery trucks is designed to navigate Karachi’s traffic and deliver fresh concrete to your site without delays.

5. Commitment to Sustainability

Allied Materials is committed to reducing the environmental impact of construction. Their batching plants are designed to minimize waste and reduce emissions, making them a more sustainable choice for your project.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Ready Made Concrete offers numerous benefits that can significantly improve the efficiency and quality of your construction projects in Karachi. From consistent quality and faster project timelines to cost savings and environmental sustainability, this modern solution is a must for any builder looking to stay ahead of the curve.

If you're searching for Ready Made Concrete in Karachi, Allied Materials provides the expertise and reliability you need to ensure the success of your project. Make your construction process smoother, more efficient, and eco-friendly by choosing Allied Materials for all your concrete needs.