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dyke--vader · 6 years ago

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It’s Fine

Requested: Yes - Janis from mean girls being jealous about someone flirting with the reader? Thank you! (anon)

Ship: Janis Ian x Fem! Reader

Warnings: Slight swearing, touchiness by an unwanted guest.

Note: I was gonna make these headcanons but I'm a sucker for Janice and lesbians, so here's a tiny fic :’)

Word Count: 1'889 words

“No, you're not hearing what I'm saying. Max is going to propose to Matt, my whole life depends on it.” Damien dramatically waved his hands, nearly hitting at least three different passing students.

“You're not hearing what I'm saying. I. Don't. Care. Wes and Isaac are superior anyways.” Janis mumbled, fiddling with her empty pudding cup. Damien gasped at Janis’ casual insult to his favorite couple.

“You take that back you-”

“Guys! Maybe we should find out what in the hell is going on with Charlie and Ryan before we debate on which couple is better?” You cried out while attempting to scoop out what little pudding was left in your sad, little cup. Lunches were something else nowadays. They were enjoyable sure, but exciting they were not. Ever since the plastics got their shit together for senior year, there's been nothing to moan about other than bad test grades and Broadway couples. You turned your head to look at Janis, who was staring out into nothingness, slowly crushing her empty pudding cup in her palm.

“God. I have no idea what the fuck is up with them.” Janis said just above a whisper, dropping the crushed container on her lunch tray.

“Well they're obviously back together but the important part is-” Damien sighed, pulling out his phone.

“What!” You yelped. “You can't just drop the ‘back together’ bomb on us and not explain your reasoning! I demand answers!” Janis laughed, finally coming out of her head to enjoy the conversation fully.

“No. I have no time for that.” Damien argued, viciously scrolling on his phone.

“Damien there's 25 minutes of lunch left.” Janice fired back while simultaneously creating a little tower of food garbage in the middle of the table. “That's plenty of time.” Janice smirked as she completed her tower, leaning back and prepping some little napkin balls to throw at her masterpiece.

“My Matx slideshow presentation is 30 minutes long, so actually, I don't have much time. I must prove a point.” Damien scrunched his face up, trying his best to add finishing touches to his presentation on the shitty Google Slides phone app.

Janis rolled her eyes and sprinkled her napkin spit balls on her trashy tower, wanting to save her little creation. You watched as she did it, becoming increasingly aware of little details you don't usually notice. You bit your lip and turned back to the empty plastic on your plate. Janis finished decorating and wiped her hands on her army jacket, turning to you.

“Yooooo” Janis flopped her arm over your shoulder, leaning most of her body weight on top of you. She began to talk, but you’ve already tuned her out. Not purposefully, your brain just kinda stopped functioning. Ever since you moved here, you thought you had your feelings under control. You told yourself ‘no more falling in love with girls who you have no chance with’. And you thought you'd be fine around Janis, because you have a type. The straight girl you'll never get. Not that you wanted it to be your type, but it wasn't your fault you always fell for the straight ones! Janis was always comfortable with contact, and you thought nothing of it. But over time she was just getting touchier and touchier. Then you realized that she wasn't getting touchier. You were just noticing it more. That made it even harder for you to keep your feelings under wraps. It just-

“(Y/N)? Helloooo, are you alive in there?” Janis knocked lightly on the side of your head, pulling you out of your head.

“Yeah, sorry. I didn’t sleep much last night…” You looked down and laugh nervously.

“Well I know what’ll make you feel better.” Janis sung, dragging out the last syllable. You raised your eyebrow at her. “Getting us some more pudding!”

“Janis. Oh. My. God. I am not getting you-”

“Please (Y/N), I’m begging you.”

“No.”

“I’ll pay for them.”

“No.”

“I’ll pay you extra!”

You narrow your eyes.

“How much?”

Janis fumbled around for her old leather wallet.

“I can give you… two one dollar bills.” She held up a fiver for the pudding and two ones.

“Deal.” You snatched up the money and stood, sliding out from the table. Janis laughed and let her arm go, letting it brush against your waist. You blushed and froze for a tenth of a second before moving on and bolting to the end of the lunch line. Taking a deep breath, you leaned against the vending machine and pulled out your phone. Damien looked up at a frustrated Janis.

“She’s bound to notice your advances sometime, Janis.” Damien sighed, still setting up his presentation.

“Damien. We’re lesbians. We’re oblivious.” Janis grumbled, tugging at a loose thread on her shorts.

“Then just ask her out!” Damien exclaimed, struggling with his phone.

“Damien! Lesbians! Oblivious but unwilling to make the first move.” Janis snapped. She threw her head back and groaned before collapsing onto to the table, head first.

“Uh, Janis.” Damien perked up and starting swatting at his friend’s arm.

“Hurlgh.”

“Seriously. Clayton. Ten o’clock.” Janis’ head snapped up, immediately zeroing in on the interaction that was about to happen between you and Clayton.

Back in the line, you were still scrolling. Half paying attention to the cafeteria and half paying attention to the latest spongebob meme. That was, until you felt a hand on your shoulder. You turned around to face the stranger and frowned when the hand stayed on your shoulder.

“(Y/N), hey!” You recognized him almost immediately. His name was Clayton, and he was in a couple of your classes. Grade twelve advanced functions and health care? Or was it kinesiology... All you knew was that it was something science based because he always pretends to ‘make love’ with the display skeleton. He wasn’t exactly… Your ideal… Acquaintance.

“Clayton. Hi.” You said shrugging off his hand and reluctantly turning off your phone. “What’s up?”

“Well you see, I know you’re new in town-” You cut him off.

“It’s been nine months. That’s not new.” You grind your teeth. You were not in the mood.

“-So I thought that you could be my date to Spring Fling, as it is your first school dance.” He took a step forward, obviously trying to get in your personal space. You tried to back away, but bumped into someone. You whipped your head around to see that the line still hadn’t moved and there were people right behind you. You couldn’t escape.

“C’mon, (Y/N). You’re hot. Do a guy a favour…” You felt a hand slide onto your waist. Your own hand flies down to grab it but Clayton’s other hand meets yours and grips your wrist hard. You let out a small noise of surprise.

“Hey!” You shout, then immediately regret it. Looking around the room, you bite your tongue. You didn’t want to make a scene.

“Listen. I’m not gonna take no for an answer. I always get what I want.” He started to move him thumb in soft circles on your hip as a ‘comforting’ gesture. You try to shimmy your wrist out of his grasp but he just held on tighter. “I always get what I want."

“U-uhm… Uh…” You stumbled, trying to form any words at all. You glanced at the room. Some people in the line were staring intensely or whispering at you, and you just couldn’t handle it. Could you reject him in front of other people? Could you reject him at all? Oh God he was staring right at you, you needed to make a choice and make a choice right then or-

S L A M

Okay maybe you didn’t need to make a choice at all, because all of a sudden a fist flew in between you and Clayton, slamming into the vending machine. Clayton froze, staring at the intruder’s army jacket covered arm. Wait… You’d recognize that army jacket anywhere. Is that-

“Move. Your. Hands.” Janis said in a shaky voice, her fist still implanted into the machine.

“What the-” Clayton yelled.

“I said move your fucking hands, dickweasel.” Janis screamed. Clayton immediately removed his limbs and bucked the fuck out of there. You bring your wrist towards yourself because shit he dug his fingernails in and you didn’t even notice. You clasp one shaking hand over another and before you can say anything to Janis, she removed her fist from the vending machine(revealing cracked glass is the shape of her fist) and wrapped an arm around you, walking you out of the cafeteria. The two of you stumble out of the overpacked room and ignore the whispers and shouts coming from behind you. Janis angrily stomps down the hallway, keeping you in close quarters.

“Janis… Where are we going?” You whispered, not wanting to pull the taller girl out of her inner monologue, which you were sure she was having.

“Nurse’s office.” Janis said shortly, beginning to shed her jacket.

“What, why are you-” You asked her, but was cut off when she shoved her jacket over your hunched torso and grabbed your shoulders, pulling you into her side. You look up to see Janis glaring down the hall at a pair of whispering freshman. You reached out your hands to pull the jacket tighter over your body and looked down at both pairs of your walking feet. Janis shifts your shoulders to turn down a couple halls and eventually pulls you into the small nurse’s office, which the nurse is never in and defeats the purpose of a nurse’s office in the first place. Janis transfers you from her arms onto the crappy office bed and begins to skim the room for medical resources. She grabbed some alcohol swabs and a big square band aid. Janis stopped moving for a minute and took a breath, biting the inside of her cheek before walking over to you and tossing the band aid package next to you on the bed.

“Wrist,” Janis held out her arm, waiting for you to give her your (slightly) injured limb. You did as instructed and winced when the other girl cleaned your wrist with the swab. Looking up, you found that janis was eerily straight-faced, and her lips were pursed.

“Janis, are you-” You started.

“I’m fine.” She replied, chucking the the rest of the swabs across the room in a random direction.

“Really-” You said. Janis began unwrapping the band aid.

“It’s fine!” She yelled, although she slid the band aid on your wrist gently.

“Hey! No! You don’t to yell at me like that!” You shout back. Janis stepped back a bit, surprised. “Did I do anything wrong!?”

“... No.” Janis said.

“Then why are you snapping at me?” You ask, lowering the volume your voice.

“I just… I don’t know how to handle my emotions…” Janis mumbled. “I hate Clayton. He’s a douchebag and you deserve more than what just happened.”

“Aw, Janis” You furrowed your brows.

“I’m not good with words…” Janis banged her head against the wall.

“Can you… Show me? Would that be easier?” You ask. Janis stomps her feet on the ground and spins in a circle, letting out a long noise of annoyance. You giggle and begin to say something, but before you can, Janis does something you never imagined she would do.

She kissed you.

#Janis x reader #Janis Ian x reader #Mean girls x reader #Mean Girls Musical #Mai Writes

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steelwheelsblog · 2 years ago

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mylesjude · 3 years ago

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industryrider · 4 years ago

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little-p-eng-engineering · 4 years ago

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Piping General Definitions

May 10, 2017

P.Eng.

Meena Rezkallah

Learn more about Piping General Definitions are essential for piping stress analysis, piping design and piping fabrication (include welding process). Therefor, Little P.Eng. for Engineers Training shares the the following piping definitions below:

Absolute Viscosity. Absolute viscosity or the coefficient of absolute viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance. In the centimeter, gram, second (cgs) or metric system, the unit of absolute viscosity is the poise (abbreviated P), which is equal to 100 centipoise (cP). The English units used to measure or express viscosity are slugs per foot-second or pound force seconds per square foot. Sometimes, the English units are also expressed as pound mass per foot-second or poundal seconds per square foot.

Adhesive Joint. A joint made in plastic piping by the use of an adhesive substance which forms a continuous bond between the mating surfaces without dissolving either one of them. Refer to Part D of this handbook.

Air-Hardened Steel. A steel that hardens during cooling in air from a temperature above its transformation range.1

Alloy Steel. A steel which owes its distinctive properties to elements other than carbon. Steel is considered to be alloy steel when the maximum of the range given for the content of alloying elements exceeds one or more of the following limits:

Manganese 1.65 percent

Silicon 0.60 percent

Copper 0.60 percent

or a definite range or a definite minimum quantity of any of the following elements is specified or required within the limits of the recognized field of constructional alloy steels:

Aluminum Nickel

Boron Titanium

Chromium (up to 3.99 percent) Tungsten Cobalt Vanadium

Columbium Zirconium

Molybdenum

or any other alloying element added to obtain a desired alloying effect.

Small quantities of certain elements are unavoidably present in alloy steels. In many applications, these are not considered to be important and are not specified or required. When not specified or required, they should not exceed the following amounts:

Copper 0.35 percent

Chromium 0.20 percent

Nickel 0.25 percent

Molybdenum 0.06 percent

Ambient Temperature. The temperature of the surrounding medium, usually used to refer to the temperature of the air in which a structure is situated or a device operates.

Anchor. A rigid restraint providing substantially full fixation, permitting neither translatory nor rotational displacement of the pipe.

Annealing. Heating a metal to a temperature above a critical temperature and holding above that range for a proper period of time, followed by cooling at a suitable rate to below that range for such purposes as reducing hardness, improving machinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical, physical, or other properties. (A softening treatment is often carried out just below the critical range which is referred to as a subcritical annealing.)

Arc Cutting. A group of cutting processes in which the severing or removing of metals is effected by melting with the heat of an arc between an electrode and the base metal (includes carbon, metal, gas metal, gas tungsten, plasma, and air carbon arc cutting). See also Oxygen Cutting.

Arc Welding. A group of welding processes in which coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.

Assembly. The joining together of two or more piping components by bolting, welding, caulking, brazing, soldering, cementing, or threading into their installed location as specified by the engineering design.

Automatic Welding. Welding with equipment which performs the entire welding operation without constant observation and adjustment of the controls by an opera- tor. The equipment may or may not perform the loading and unloading of the work.

Backing Ring. Backing in the form of a ring that can be used in the welding of piping to prevent weld spatter from entering a pipe and to ensure full penetration of the weld to the inside of the pipe wall.

Ball Joint. A component which permits universal rotational movement in a piping system.

Base Metal. The metal to be welded, brazed, soldered, or cut. It is also referred to as parent metal.

Bell-Welded Pipe. Furnace-welded pipe produced in individual lengths from cut- length skelp, having its longitudinal butt joint forge-welded by the mechanical pressure developed in drawing the furnace-heating skelp through a cone-shaped die (commonly known as a welding bell), which serves as a combined forming and welding die.

Bevel. A type of edge or end preparation.

Bevel Angle. The angle formed between the prepared edge of a member and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the member.

Blank Flange. A flange that is not drilled but is otherwise complete.

Blind Flange. A flange used to close the end of a pipe. It produces a blind end which is also known as a dead end.

Bond. The junction of the weld metal and the base metal, or the junction of the base metal parts when weld metal is not present.

Branch Connection. The attachment of a branch pipe to the run of a main pipe with or without the use of fittings.

Braze Welding. A method of welding whereby a groove, fillet, plug, or slot weld is made using a nonferrous filler metal having a melting point below that of the base metals, but above 800°F. The filler metal is not distributed in the joint by capillary action. (Bronze welding, the term formerly used, is a misnomer.)

Brazing. A metal joining process in which coalescence is produced by use of a nonferrous filler metal having a melting point above 800°F but lower than that of the base metals joined. The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary.

Butt Joint. A joint between two members lying approximately in the same plane.

Butt Weld. Weld along a seam that is butted edge to edge.

Bypass. A small passage around a large valve for warming up a line. An emergency connection around a reducing valve, trap, etc., to use in case it is out of commission.

Carbon Steel. A steel which owes its distinctive properties chiefly to the carbon (as distinguished from the other elements) which it contains. Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, or zirconium or for any other element added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 percent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese, 1.65 percent; silicon, 0.60 percent; copper, 0.60 percent.

Cast Iron. A generic term for the family of high carbon-silicon-iron casting alloys including gray, white, malleable, and ductile iron.

Centrifugally Cast Pipe. Pipe formed from the solidification of molten metal in a rotating mold. Both metal and sand molds are used. After casting, if required the pipe is machined, to sound metal, on the internal and external diameters to the surface roughness and dimensional requirements of the applicable material specification.

Certificate of Compliance. A written statement that the materials, equipment, or services are in accordance with the specified requirements. It may have to be supported by documented evidence.

Certified Material Test Report (CMTR). A document attesting that the material is in accordance with specified requirements, including the actual results of all required chemical analyses, tests, and examinations.

Chamfering. The preparation of a contour, other than for a square groove weld, on the edge of a member for welding.

Cold Bending. The bending of pipe to a predetermined radius at any temperature below some specified phase change or transformation temperature but especially at or near room temperature. Frequently, pipe is bent to a radius of 5 times the nominal pipe diameter.

Cold Working. Deformation of a metal plastically. Although ordinarily done at room temperature, cold working may be done at the temperature and rate at which strain hardening occurs. Bending of steel piping at 1300°F (704°C) would be considered a cold-working operation.

Companion Flange. A pipe flange suited to connect with another flange or with a flanged valve or fitting. A loose flange which is attached to a pipe by threading, van stoning, welding, or similar method as distinguished from a flange which is cast integrally with a fitting or pipe.

Consumable Insert. Preplaced filler metal which is completely fused into the root of the joint and becomes part of the weld.

Continuous-Welded Pipe. Furnace- welded pipe produced in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and subsequently cut into individual lengths, having its longitudinal butt joint forge- welded by the mechanical pressure developed in rolling the hot-formed skelp through a set of round pass welding rolls.

Contractor. The entity responsible for consumable insert ring in- furnishing materials and services for fabserted in pipe joint eccentrically for welding in fabrication and installation of piping and horizontal position.

Control Piping. All piping, valves, and fittings used to interconnect air, gas, or hydraulically operated control apparatus or instrument transmitters and receivers.

Controlled Cooling. A process of cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage or to produce a desired metallurgical micro-structure. This cooling usually follows the final hot-forming or post heating operation.

Corner Joint. A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of an L.

Coupling. A threaded sleeve used to connect two pipes. Commercial couplings have internal threads to fit external threads on pipe.

Covered Electrode. A filler metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting of a metal core wire with a relatively thick covering which provides protection for the molten metal from the atmosphere, improves the properties of the weld metal, and stabilizes the arc. Covered electrodes are extensively used in shop fabrication and field erection of piping of carbon, alloy, and stainless steels.

Crack. A fracture-type imperfection characterized by a sharp tip and high ratio of length and depth to opening displacement.

Creep or Plastic Flow of Metals. At sufficiently high temperatures, all metals flow under stress. The higher the temperature and stress, the greater the tendency to plastic flow for any given metal.

Cutting Torch. A device used in oxygen, air, or powder cutting for controlling and directing the gases used for preheating and the oxygen or powder used for cutting the metal.

Defect. A flaw or an imperfection of such size, shape, orientation, location, or properties as to be rejectable per the applicable minimum acceptance standards.

Density. The density of a substance is the mass of the substance per unit volume. It may be expressed in a variety of units.

Deposited Metal. Filler metal that has been added during a welding operation.

Depth of Fusion. The distance that fusion extends into the base metal from the surface melted during welding.

Designer. Responsible for ensuring that the engineering design of piping complies with the requirements of the applicable code and standard and any additional requirements established by the owner.

Dew Point. The temperature at which the vapor condenses when it is cooled at constant pressure.

Dilatant Liquid. If the viscosity of a liquid increases as agitation is increased at constant temperature, the liquid is termed dilatant. Examples are clay slurries and candy compounds.

Discontinuity. A lack of continuity or cohesion; an interruption in the normal physical structure of material or a product.

Double Submerged Arc-Welded Pipe. Pipe having a longitudinal butt joint produced by at least two passes, one of which is on the inside of the pipe. Coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs between the bare metal electrode or electrodes and the work. The welding is shielded by a blanket of granular, fusible material on the work. Pressure is not used, and filler metal for the inside and outside welds is obtained from the electrode or electrodes.

Ductile Iron. A cast ferrous material in which the free graphite is in a spheroidal form rather than a fluke form. The desirable properties of ductile iron are achieved by means of chemistry and a ferritizing heat treatment of the castings.

Eddy Current Testing. This is a non-destructive testing method in which eddy current flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused by variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for subsequent analysis by suitable instrumentation and techniques.

Edge Joint. A joint between the edges of two or more parallel or nearly parallel members.

Edge Preparation. The contour prepared on the edge of a member for welding.

Electric Flash-Welded Pipe. Pipe having a longitudinal butt joint in which coalescence is produced simultaneously.

Edge preparation. over the entire area of abutting surfaces by the heat obtained from resistance to the flow of electric current between the two surfaces and by the application of pressure after heating is substantially completed. Flashing and upsetting are accompanied by expulsion of metal from the joint.

Electric Fusion-Welded Pipe. Pipe having a longitudinal or spiral butt joint in which coalescence is produced in the preformed tube by manual or automatic electric arc welding. The weld may be single or double and may be made with or without the use of filler metal.

Electric Resistance-Welded Pipe. Pipe produced in individual lengths or in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and subsequently cut into individual lengths having a longitudinal butt joint in which coalescence is produced by the heat obtained from resistance of the pipe to the flow of electric current in a circuit of which the pipe is a part and by the application of pressure.

End Preparation. The contour prepared on the end of a pipe, fitting, or nozzle for welding. The particular preparation is prescribed by the governing code.

Engineering Design. The detailed design developed from process requirements and conforming to established design criteria, including all necessary drawings and specifications, governing a piping installation.

Equipment Connection. An integral part of such equipment as pressure vessels, heat exchanges, pumps, etc., designed for attachment of pipe or piping components.

Erection. The complete installation of a piping system, including any field assembly, fabrication, testing, and inspection of the system.

Erosion. Destruction of materials by the abrasive action of moving fluids, usually accelerated by the presence of solid particles.

Examination. The procedures for all visual observation and non-destructive testing.

Expansion Joint. A flexible piping component which absorbs thermal and/or terminal movement.

Extruded Nozzles. The forming of nozzle (tee) outlets in pipe by pulling hemi-spherically or conically shaped dies through a circular hole from the inside of the pipe. Although some cold extruding is done, it is generally performed on steel after the area to be shaped has been heated to temperatures between 2000 and 1600°F (1093 and 871°C).

Extruded Pipe. Pipe produced from hollow or solid round forgings, usually in a hydraulic extrusion press. In this process, the forging is contained in a cylindrical die. Initially a punch at the end of the extrusion plunger pierces the forging. The extrusion plunger then forces the contained billet between the cylindrical die and the punch to form the pipe, the latter acting as a mandrel. One variation of this process utilizes autofrettage (hydraulic expansion) and heat treatment, above the re-crystallization temperature of the material, to produce a wrought structure.

Fabrication. Primarily, the joining of piping components into integral pieces ready for assembly. It includes bending, forming, threading, welding, or other operations upon these components, if not part of assembly. It may be done in a shop or in the field.

Face of Weld. The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which the welding was done.

Filler Metal. Metal to be added in welding, soldering, brazing, or braze welding.

Fillet Weld. A weld of an approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, tee joint, corner joint, or socket weld.

Fire Hazard. Situation in which a material of more than average combustibility or excludability exists in the presence of a potential ignition source.

Flat-Land Bevel. A square extended root face preparation extensively used in inert-gas, root-pass welding of piping.

Flat Position. The position of welding which is performed from the upper side of the joint, while the face of the weld is approximately horizontal.

Flaw. An imperfection of unintentional discontinuity which is detectable by a non-destructive examination.

Flux. Material used to dissolve, prevent accumulation of, or facilitate removal of oxides and other undesirable substances during welding, brazing, or soldering.

Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). An arc welding process that employs a continuous tubular filler metal (consumable) electrode having a core of flux for shielding. Adding shielding may or may not be obtained from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture.

Forge Weld. A method of manufacture similar to hammer welding. The term forge welded is applied more particularly to headers and large drums, while hammer welded usually refers to pipe.

Forged and Bored Pipe. Pipe produced by boring or trepanning of a forged billet.

Full-Fillet Weld. A fillet weld whose size is equal to the thickness of the thinner member joined.

Fusion. The melting together of filler and base metal, or of base metal only, which results in coalescence.

Fusion Zone. The area of base metal melted as determined on the cross section of a weld.

Galvanizing. A process by which the Fusion zone is the section of surface of iron or steel is covered with the parent metal which melts during the weld a layer of zinc coating process.

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). An arc welding process that employs a contin- uous solid filler metal (consumable) electrode. Shielding is obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture.4,8 (Some methods of this process have been called MIG or CO2 welding.)

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). An arc welding process that employs a tungsten (nonconsumable) electrode. Shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture. Pressure may or may not be used, and filler metal may or may not be used. (This process has sometimes been called TIG welding.) When shielding is obtained by the use of an inert gas such as helium or argon, this process is called inert-gas tungsten arc welding.

Gas Welding. Welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating with a gas flame or flames, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.

Groove. The opening provided for a groove weld.

Groove Angle. The total included angle of the groove between parts to be joined by a groove weld.

Groove Face. That surface of a member included in the groove.

Groove Radius. The radius of a J or U groove.

Groove Weld. A weld made in the groove between two members to be joined. The standard type of groove welds are square, single-V, single-bevel, single-U, single-J, double-V, double-U, double-bevel, double-J, and flat-land single, and double-V groove welds.

Hammer Weld. Method of manufacturing large pipe (usually NPS 20 or DN 500 and larger) by bending a plate into circular form, heating the overlapped edges to a welding temperature, and welding the longitudinal seam with a power hammer applied to the outside of the weld while the inner side is supported on an over- hung anvil.

Hangers and Supports. Hangers and supports include elements which transfer the load from the pipe or structural attachment to the supporting structure or equipment. They include hanging-type fixtures such as hanger rods, spring hangers, sway braces, counterweights, turnbuckles, struts, chains, guides, and anchors and bearing-type fixtures such as saddles, bases, rollers, brackets, and sliding supports.

Header. A pipe or fitting to which a number of branch pipes are connected.

Heat-Affected Zone. That portion of the base metal which has not been melted but whose mechanical properties or micro-structure has been altered by the heat of welding or cutting.

Heat Fusion Joint. A joint made in thermoplastic piping by heating the parts sufficiently to permit fusion of the materials when the parts are pressed together.

Horizontal Fixed Position. In pipe welding, the position of a pipe joint in which the axis of the pipe is approximately horizontal and the pipe is not rotated during the operation.

Horizontal-Position Fillet Weld. Welding is performed on the upper side of an approximately horizontal surface and against an approximately vertical surface.

Horizontal-Position Groove Weld. The position of welding in which the weld axis lies in an approximately horizontal plane and the face of the weld lies in an approximately vertical plane.

Horizontal Rolled Position. The position of a pipe joint in which welding is performed in the flat position by rotating the pipe.

Hot Bending. Bending of piping to a predetermined radius after heating to a suitably high temperature for hot working. On many pipe sizes, the pipe is firmly packed with sand to avoid wrinkling and excessive out-of-roundness.

Hot Taps. Branch piping connections made to operating pipelines, mains, or other facilities while they are in operation.

Hot Working. The plastic deformation of metal at such a temperature and rate that strain hardening does not occur. Extruding or swaging of chromemoly piping at temperatures between 2000 and 1600°F (1093 and 871°C) would be considered hot-forming or hot-working operations.

Hydraulic Radius. The ratio of area of flowing fluid to the wetted perimeter.

Impact Test. A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading, usually in bending, tension, or torsion. The quantity measured is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen by a single blow, as in Charpy or Izod tests.

Imperfection. A condition of being imperfect; a departure of a quality characteristic from its intended condition.

Incomplete Fusion. Fusion which is less than complete and which does not result in melting completely through the thickness of the joint.

Indication. The response or evidence from the application of a nondestructive examination.

Induction Heating. Heat treatment of completed welds in piping by means of placing induction coils around the piping. This type of heating is usually performed during field erection in those cases where stress relief of carbon and alloy-steel field welds is required by the applicable code.

Inspection. Activities performed by an authorized inspector to verify whether an item or activity conforms to specified requirements.

Instrument Piping. All piping, valves, and fittings used to connect instruments to main piping, to other instruments and apparatus, or to measuring equipment.

Interpass Temperature. In a multiple-pass weld, the minimum or maximum temperature of the deposited weld metal before the next pass is started.

Interrupted Welding. Interruption of welding and preheat by allowing the weld area to cool to room temperature as generally permitted on carbon-steel and on chromemoly alloy-steel piping after sufficient weld passes equal to at least one- third of the pipe wall thickness or two weld layers, whichever is greater, have been deposited.

Joint. A connection between two lengths of pipe or between a length of pipe and a fitting.

Joint Penetration. The minimum depth a groove weld extends from its face into a joint, exclusive of reinforcement.

Kinematic Viscosity. The ratio of the absolute viscosity to the mass density.

Weld joint penetration. In the metric system, kinematic viscosity is measured in strokes or square centimeters per second.

Laminar Flow. Fluid flow in a pipe is usually considered laminar if the Reynolds number is less than 2000. Depending upon many possible varying conditions, the flow may be laminar at a Reynolds number as low as 1200 or as high as 40,000; however, such conditions are not experienced in normal practice.

Lap Weld. Weld along a longitudinal seam in which one part is overlapped by the other. A term used to designate pipe made by this process.

Lapped Joint. A type of pipe joint made by using loose flanges on lengths of pipe whose ends are lapped over to give a bearing surface for a gasket or metal-to- metal joint.

Liquid Penetrant Examination or Inspection. This is a non-destructive examination method for finding discontinuities that are open to the surface of solid and essentially nonporous materials. This method is based on capillary action or capillary attraction by which the surface of a liquid in contact with a solid is elevated or depressed. A liquid penetrant, usually a red dye, is applied to the clean surface of the specimen. Time is allowed for the penetrant to seep into the opening. The excess penetrant is removed from the surface. A developer, normally white, is applied to aid in drawing the penetrant up or out to the surface. The red penetrant is drawn out of the discontinuity, which is located by the contrast and distinct appearance of the red penetrant against the white background of the developer.

Local Preheating. Preheating of a specific portion of a structure.

Local Stress-Relief Heat Treatment. Stress-relief heat treatment of a specific portion of a weldment. This is done extensively with induction coils, resistance coils, or propane torches in the field erection of steel piping.

Machine Welding. Welding with equipment which performs the welding operation under the observation and control of an operator. The equipment may or may not perform the loading and unloading of the work.

Magnetic Particle Examination or Inspection. This is a non-destructive examination method to locate surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. The presence of discontinuities is detected by the use of finely divided ferromagnetic particles applied over the surface. Some of these magnetic particles are gathered and held by the magnetic leakage field created by the discontinuity. The particles gathered at the surface form an outline of the discontinuity and generally indicate its location, size, shape, and extent.

Malleable Iron. Cast iron which has been heat-treated in an oven to relieve its brittleness. The process somewhat improves the tensile strength and enables the material to stretch to a limited extent without breaking.

Manual Welding. Welding wherein the entire welding operation is performed and controlled by hand.

Mean Velocity of Flow. Under steady state of flow, the mean velocity of flow at a given cross section of pipe is equal to the rate of flow Q divided by the area of cross section A. It is expressed in feet per second or meters per second.

where v = mean velocity of flow, in feet per second, ft/s (meters per second, m/s)

Q = rate of flow, in cubic feet per second, ft3 /s (cubic meters per second, m3 /s)

A = area of cross section, in square feet, ft2 (square meters, m2)

Mechanical Joint. A joint for the purpose of mechanical strength or leak resistance or both, where the mechanical strength is developed by threaded, grooved, rolled, flared, or flanged pipe ends or by bolts, pins, and compounds, gaskets, rolled ends, caulking, or machined and mated surfaces. These joints have particular application where ease of disassembly is desired.

Mill Length. Also, known as random length. The usual run-of-mill pipe is 16 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) in length. Line pipe and pipe for power plant use are sometimes made in double lengths of 30 to 35 ft (10 to 12 m).

Miter. Two or more straight sections of pipe matched and joined on a line bisecting the angle of junction so as to produce a change in direction.4

Newtonian Liquid. A liquid is called newtonian if its viscosity is unaffected by the kind and magnitude of motion or agitation to which it may be subjected, as long as the temperature remains constant. Water and mineral oil are examples of newtonian liquids.

Nipple. A piece of pipe less than 12 in (0.3 m) long that may be threaded on both ends or on one end and provided with ends suitable for welding or a mechanical joint. Pipe over 12 in (0.3 m) long is regarded as cut pipe. Common types of nipples are close nipple, about twice the length of a standard pipe thread and without any shoulder; shoulder nipple, of any length and having a shoulder between the pipe threads; short nipple, a shoulder nipple slightly longer than a close nipple and of a definite length for each pipe size which conforms to manufacturer’ standard; long nipple, a shoulder nipple longer than a short nipple which is cut to a specific length.

Nominal Diameter (DN). A dimensionless designator of pipe in metric system. It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number without the millimeter symbol (for example, DN 40, DN 300).

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). A dimensionless designator of pipe. It indicates stan- dard pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number without an inch symbol (for example, NPS 1¹⁄₂, NPS 12).2

Nominal Thickness. The thickness given in the product material specification or standard to which manufacturing tolerances are applied.5

Nondestructive Examination or Inspection. Inspection by methods that do not destroy the item, part, or component to determine its suitability for use.

Normalizing. A process in which a ferrous metal is heated to a suitable tempera- ture above the transformation range and is subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature.5

Nozzle. As applied to piping, this term usually refers to a flanged connection on a boiler, tank, or manifold consisting of a pipe flange, a short neck, and a welded attachment to the boiler or other vessel. A short length of pipe, one end of which is welded to the vessel with the other end chamfered for butt welding, is also referred to as a welding nozzle.

Overhead Position. The position of welding performed from the underside of the joint.

Oxidizing Flame. An oxyfuel gas flame having an oxidizing effect caused by excess oxygen.

Oxyacetylene Cutting. An oxygen-cutting process in which metals are severed by the chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated temperatures. The necessary temperature is maintained by means of gas flames obtained from the combustion of acetylene with oxygen.

Oxyacetylene Welding. A gas welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating with a gas flame or flames obtained from the combustion of acetylene with oxygen, with or without the addition of filler metal.

Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFGW). A group of welding processes in which coales- cence is produced by heating with a flame or flames obtained from the combustion of fuel gas with oxygen, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.

Oxygen Cutting (OC). A group of cutting processes used to sever or remove metals by means of the reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated tempera- tures. In the case of oxidation-resistant metals, the reaction is facilitated by use of a chemical flux or metal powder.8

Oxygen Gouging. An application of oxygen cutting in which a chamfer or groove is formed.

Pass. A single progression of a welding or surfacing operation along a joint, weld deposit, or substrate. The result of a pass is a weld bead, layer, or spray deposit.

Peel Test. A destructive method of examination that mechanically separates a lap joint by peeling.

Peening. The mechanical working of metals by means of hammer blows.

Pickle. The chemical or electrochemical removal of surface oxides. Following welding operations, piping is frequently pickled in order to remove mill scale, oxides formed during storage, and the weld discolorations.

Pipe. A tube with a round cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements for nominal pipe size as tabulated in ASME B36.10M and ASME B36.19M. For special pipe having diameter not listed in the above-mentioned standards, the nominal diameter corresponds to the outside diameter.

Pipe Alignment Guide. A restraint in the form of a sleeve or frame that permits the pipeline to move freely only along the axis of the pipe.

Pipe Supporting Fixtures. Elements that transfer the load from the pipe or structural attachment to the support structure or equipment.

Pipeline or Transmission Line. A pipe installed for the purpose of transmitting gases, liquids, slurries, etc., from a source or sources of supply to one or more distribution centers or to one or more large-volume customers; a pipe installed to interconnect source or sources of supply to one or more distribution centers or to one or more large-volume customers; or a pipe installed to interconnect sources of supply.

Piping System. Interconnected piping subject to the same set or sets of design conditions.

Plasma Cutting. A group of cutting processes in which the severing or removal of metals is effected by melting with a stream of hot ionized gas.

Plastic. A material which contains as an essential ingredient an organic substance of high to ultrahigh molecular weight, is solid in its finished state, and at some stage of its manufacture or processing can be shaped by flow. The two general types of plastic are thermoplastic and thermosetting.

Polarity. The direction of flow of current with respect to the welding electrode and workpiece.

Porosity. Presence of gas pockets or voids in metal.

Positioning Weld. A weld made in a joint which has been so placed as to facilitate the making of the weld.

Postheating. The application of heat to a fabricated or welded section subsequent to a fabrication, welding, or cutting operation. Postheating may be done locally, as by induction heating; or the entire assembly may be postheated in a furnace.

Postweld Heat Treatment. Any heat treatment subsequent to welding.

Preheating. The application of heat to a base metal immediately prior to a welding or cutting operation.5

Pressure. The force per unit that is acting on a real or imaginary surface within a fluid is the pressure or intensity of pressure. It is expressed in pounds per square inch:

where p = absolute pressure at a point, psi (kg/cm2)

w = specific weight, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)

h = height of fluid column above the point, ft (m)

pa = atmospheric pressure, psi (kg/cm2)

The gauge pressure at a point is obtained by designating atmospheric pressure as zero:

where p = gauge pressure. To obtain absolute pressure from gauge pressure, add the atmospheric pressure to the gauge pressure.

Pressure Head. From the definition of pressure, the expression p/w is the pressure head. It can be defined as the height of the fluid above a point, and it is normally measured in feet.

Purging. The displacement during welding, by an inert or neutral gas, of the air inside the piping underneath the weld area in order to avoid oxidation or contamination of the underside of the weld. Gases most commonly used are argon, helium, and nitrogen (the last is principally limited to austenitic stainless steel). Purging can be done within a complete pipe section or by means of purging fixtures of a small area underneath the pipe weld.

Quenching. Rapid cooling of a heated metal.

Radiographic Examination or Inspection. Radiography is a non-destructive test method which makes use of short-wavelength radiations, such as X-rays or gamma rays, to penetrate objects for detecting the presence and nature of macroscopic defects or other structural discontinuities. The shadow image of defects or discontinuities is recorded either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film.

Reinforcement. In branch connections, reinforcement is material around a branch opening that serves to strengthen it. The material is either integral in the branch components or added in the form of weld metal, a pad, a saddle, or a sleeve. In welding, reinforcement is weld metal in excess of the specified weld size.

Reinforcement Weld. Weld metal on the face of a groove weld in excess of the metal necessary for the specified weld size.

Repair. The process of physically restoring a non-conformance to a condition such that an item complies with the applicable requirements, including the code requirements.

Resistance Weld. Method of manufacturing pipe by bending a plate into circular form and passing electric current through the material to obtain a welding temperature.

Restraint. A structural attachment, device, or mechanism that limits movement of the pipe in one or more directions.

Reverse Polarity. The arrangement of direct-current arc welding leads with the work as the negative pole and the electrode as the positive pole of the welding arc; a synonym for direct-current electrode positive.

Reynolds Number. A dimensionless number. It is defined as the ratio of the dynamic forces of mass flow to the shear stress due to viscosity. It is expressed as

where R = Reynolds number

v = mean velocity of flow, ft/s (m/s)

p = weight density of fluid, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)

D = internal diameter of pipe, ft (m)

µ = absolute viscosity, in pound mass per foot second [lbm/ (ft · s)] or poundal seconds per square foot (centipoise)

Rolled Pipe. Pipe produced from a forged billet which is pierced by a conical mandrel between two diametrically opposed rolls. The pierced shell is subsequently rolled and expanded over mandrels of increasingly large diameter. Where closer dimensional tolerances are desired, the rolled pipe is cold- or hot-drawn through dies and then machined. One variation of this process produces the hollow shell by extrusion of the forged billet over a mandrel in a vertical, hydraulic piercing press.

Root Edge. A root face of zero width.

Root Face. That portion of the groove face adjacent to the root of the joint. This portion is also referred to as the root land.

Root of Joint. That portion of a joint to be welded where the members to be joined come closest to each other. In cross section, the root of a joint may be a point, a line, or an area.

Root Opening. The separation, between the members to be joined, at the root of the joint.

Root Penetration. The depth which a groove weld extends into the root of a joint as measured on the centerline of the root cross section. Sometimes welds are considered unacceptable if they show incomplete penetration.

Root Reinforcement. Weld reinforcement at the side other than that from which the welding was done.

Root Surface. The exposed surface of a weld on the side other than that from which the welding was done.

Run. The portion of a fitting having its end in line, or nearly so, as distinguished from branch connections, side outlets, etc.

Saddle Flange. Also, known as tank flange or boiler flange. A curved flange shaped to fit a boiler, tank, or other vessel and to receive a threaded pipe. A saddle flange is usually riveted or welded to the vessel.

Sample Piping. All piping, valves, and fittings used for the collection of samples of gas, steam, water, oil, etc.

Sargol. A special type of joint in which a lip is provided for welding to make the joint fluid tight, while mechanical strength is provided by bolted flanges. The Sargol joint is used with both Van Stone pipe and fittings.

Sarlun. An improved type of Sargol joint.

Schedule Numbers. Approximate values of the expression 1000P/S, where P is the service pressure and S is the allowable stress, both expressed in pounds per square inch.

Seal Weld. A fillet weld used on a pipe joint primarily to obtain fluid tightness as opposed to mechanical strength; usually used in conjunction with a threaded joint.8

Seamless Pipe. A wrought tubular product made without a welded seam. It is manufactured by hot-working steel or, if necessary, by subsequently cold-finishing the hot-worked tubular product to produce the desired shape, dimensions, and properties.

Semiautomatic Arc Welding. Arc welding with equipment which controls only the filler metal feed. The advance of the welding is manually controlled.3

Semisteel. A high grade of cast iron made by the addition of steel scrap to pip iron in a cupola or electric furnace. More correctly described as high-strength gray iron.

Service Fitting. A street ell or street tee having a male thread at one end.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). An arc welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc between a covered metal electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is not used, and filler metal is obtained from the electrode.

Shot Blasting. Mechanical removal of surface oxides and scale on the pipe inner and outer surfaces by the abrasive impingement of small steel pellets.

Single-Bevel, Single-J, Single-U, Single-V-Groove Welds. All are specific types of groove welds.

Size of Weld. For a groove weld, the joint penetration, which is the depth of chamfering plus the root penetration. For fillet welds, the leg length of the largest isosceles right triangle which can be inscribed within the fillet-weld cross section.

Skelp. A piece of plate prepared by forming and bending, ready for welding into pipe. Flat plates when used for butt-welded pipe are called skelp.

Slag Inclusion. Non-metallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld metal.

Slurry. A two-phase mixture of solid particles in an aqueous phase.

Socket Weld. Fillet-type seal weld used to join pipe to valves and fittings or to other sections of pipe. Generally used for piping whose nominal diameter is NPS 2 (DN 50) or smaller.

Soldering. A metal-joining process in which coalescence is produced by heating to a suitable temperature and by using a nonferrous alloy fusible at temperatures below that of the base metals being joined. The filler metal is distributed between closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary action.

Solution Heat Treatment. Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to allow one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in solution.

Solvent Cement Joint. A joint made in thermoplastic piping by the use of a solvent or solvent cement which forms a continuous bond between the mating surfaces.

Source Nipple. A short length of heavy-walled pipe between high-pressure mains and the first valve of bypass, drain, or instrument connections.

Spatter. In arc and gas welding, the metal particles expelled during welding that do not form part of the weld.8

Spatter Loss. Difference in weight between the amount of electrode consumed and the amount of electrode deposited.

Specific Gravity. The ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of water at standard conditions.

Specific Volume. The volume of a unit mass of a fluid is its specific volume, and it is measured in cubic feet per pound mass (ft3 /lbm).

Specific Weight. The weight of a unit volume of a fluid is its specific weight. In English units, it is expressed in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3).

Spiral-Riveted. A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling a plate into a helix and riveting together the overlapped edges.

Spiral-Welded. A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling a plate into a helix and fusion-welding the overlapped or abutted edges.

Spiral-Welded Pipe. Pipe made by the electric-fusion-welded process with a butt joint, a lap joint, or a lock-seam joint.

Square-Groove Weld. A groove weld in which the pipe ends are not chamfered. Square-groove welds are generally used on piping and tubing of wall thickness no greater than ¹⁄₈ in (3 mm).

Stainless Steel. An alloy steel having unusual corrosion-resisting properties, usu- ally imparted by nickel and chromium.

Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR). The ratio of outside pipe diameter to wall thickness of thermoplastic pipe. It is calculated by dividing the specified outside diameter of the pipe by the specified wall thickness in inches.

Statically Cast Pipe. Pipe formed by the solidification of molten metal in a sand mold.

Straight Polarity. The arrangement of direct-current arc welding leads in which the work is the positive pole and the electrode is the negative pole of the welding arc; a synonym for direct-current electrode negative.

Stress Relieving. Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uni- form cooling.5

Stringer Bead. A type of weld bead made by moving the electrode in a direction essentially parallel to the axis of the bead. There is no appreciable transverse oscillation of the electrode. The deposition of a number of string beads is known as string beading and is used extensively in the welding of austenitic stainless-steel materials. See also Weave Bead.

Structural Attachments. Brackets, clips, lugs, or other elements welded, bolted, or clamped to the pipe support structures, such as stanchions, towers, building frames, and foundation. Equipment such as vessels, exchanges, and pumps is not considered to be pipe-supporting elements.

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW). An arc welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc or arcs drawn between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the base metals. The arc is shielded by a blanket of granular fusible material. Pressure is not used, and filler metal is obtained from the electrode and sometimes from a supplementary welding rod, flux, or metal granules.

Supplemental Steel. Structural members that frame between existing building framing steel members and are significantly smaller than the existing steel.8

Swaging. Reducing the ends of pipe and tube sections with rotating dies which are pressed intermittently against the pipe or tube end.

Swivel Joint. A joint which permits single-plane rotational movement in a piping system.

Tack Weld. A small weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the final welds are made.

Tee Joint. A welded joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of a T.

Tempering. A process of heating a normalized or quench-hardened steel to a temperature below the transformation range and, from there, cooling at any rate desired. This operation is also frequently called stress relieving.

Testing. An element of verification for the determination of the capability of an item to meet specified requirements by subjecting the item to a set of physical, chemical, environmental, or operating conditions.

Thermoplastic. A plastic which is capable of being repeatedly softened by increase of temperature and hardened by decrease of temperature.

Thermosetting Plastic. Plastic which is capable of being changed into a substantially infusible or insoluble product when cured under application of heat or chemical means.

Thixotropic Liquid. If the viscosity of a liquid decreases as agitation is increased at constant temperature, the liquid is called thixotropic. Examples include glues, greases, paints, etc.

Throat of a Weld. A term applied to fillet welds. It is the perpendicular distance from the beginning of the root of a joint to the hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the fillet-weld cross section.

Toe of Weld. The junction between the face of a weld and the base metal.

Transformation Range. A temperature range in which a phase change is initiated and completed.

Transformation Temperature. A temperature at which a phase change occurs.

Trepanning. The removal by destructive means of a small section of piping (usually containing a weld) for an evaluation of weld and base-metal soundness. The operation is frequently performed with a hole saw.

Tube. A hollow product of round or any other cross section having a continuous periphery. Round tube size may be specified with respect to any two, but not all three, of the following: outside diameter, inside diameter, and wall thickness. Dimensions and permissible variations (tolerances) are specified in the appropriate ASTM or ASME specifications.

Turbinizing. Mechanical removal of scale from the inside of the pipe by means of air-driven centrifugal rotating cleaners. The operation is performed on steel pipe bends after hot bending to remove loose scale and sand.

Turbulent Flow. Fluid flow in a pipe is usually considered turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than 4000. Fluid flow with a Reynolds number between 2000 and 4000 is considered to be in ‘‘transition.’’

Ultrasonic Examination or Inspection. A non-destructive method in which beams of high-frequency sound waves that are introduced into the material being inspected are used to detect surface and subsurface flaws. The sound waves travel through the material with some attendant loss of energy and are reflected at interfaces. The reflected beam is detected and analyzed to define the presence and location of flaws.

Underbead Crack. A crack in the heat-affected zone or in previously deposited weld metal paralleling the underside contour of the deposited weld bead and usually not extending to the surface.

Undercut. A groove melted into the base material adjacent to the toe or root of a weld and left unfilled by weld material.

Van Stoning. Hot upsetting of lapping pipe ends to form integral lap flanges, the lap generally being of the same diameter as that of the raised face of standard flanges.

Vapor Pressure. The pressure exerted by the gaseous form, or vapor, of liquid. When the pressure above a liquid equals its vapor pressure, boiling occurs. If the pressure at any point in the flow of a liquid falls below the vapor pressure or becomes equal to the vapor pressure, the liquid flashes into vapor. This is called cavitation. The vapor thus formed travels with the liquid and collapses where the pressure is greater than vapor pressure. This could cause damage to pipe and other components.

Vertical Position. With respect to pipe welding, the position in which the axis of the pipe is vertical, with the welding being performed in the horizontal position. The pipe may or may not be rotated.

Viscosity. In flowing liquids, the internal friction or the internal resistance to relative motion of the fluid particles with respect to one another.

Weave Bead. A type of weld bead made with oscillation of the electrode transverse to the axis of the weld. Contrast to string bead.

Weld. A localized coalescence of material produced either by heating to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure, or by application of pressure alone, with or without the use of filler material.

Weld Bead. A weld deposit resulting from a pass.

Weld Metal. That portion of a weld which has been melted during welding. The portion may be the filler metal or base metal or both.

Weld Metal Area. The area of the weld metal as measured on the cross section of a weld.

Weld-Prober Sawing. Removal of a boat-shaped sample from a pipe weld for examination of the weld and its adjacent base-metal area. This operation is usually performed in graphitization studies.

Weld Reinforcement. Weld material in excess of the specified weld size.

Weldability. The ability of a metal to be welded under the fabrication conditions imposed into a specific, suitably designed structure and to perform satisfactorily in the intended service.

Welded Joint. A localized union of two or more members produced by the application of a welding process.

Welder. One who is capable of performing a manual or semiautomatic welding operation.

Welder Performance Qualification. Demonstration of a welder’s ability to produce welds in a manner described in a welding procedure specification that meets prescribed standards.

Welding Current. The current which flows through the electric welding circuit during the making of a weld.

Welding Fittings. Wrought- or forged-steel elbows, tees, reducers, and similar pieces for connection by welding to one another or to pipe. In small sizes, these fittings are available with counter bored ends for connection to pipe by fillet welding and are known as socket-weld fittings. In large sizes, the fittings are supplied with ends chamfered for connection to pipe by means of butt welding and are known as butt-welding fittings.

Welding Generator. The electric generator used for supplying welding current.

Welding Machine. Equipment used to perform the welding operation.

Welding Operator. One who operates a welding machine or automatic welding equipment.8

Welding Procedure. The detailed methods and practices involved in the production of a weldment.

Welding Procedure Qualification Record. Record of welding data and test results of the welding procedure qualifications, including essential variables of the process and the test results.

Welding Procedure Specification (WPS). The document which lists the parameters to be used in construction of weldments in accordance with the applicable code requirements.

Welding Rod. Filler metal, in wire or rod form, used in gas welding and brazing procedures and those arc welding processes where the electrode does not furnish the filler metal.

Welding Sequence. The order of making the welds in a weldment.

Weldment. An assembly whose component parts are to be joined by welding.

Wrought Iron. Iron refined in a plastic state in a puddling furnace. It is characterized by the presence of about 3 percent of slag irregularly mixed with pure iron and about 0.5 percent carbon and other elements in solution.

Wrought Pipe. The term wrought pipe refers to both wrought steel and wrought iron. Wrought in this sense means ‘‘worked,’’ as in the process of forming furnace- welded pipe from skelp or seamless pipe from plates or billets. The expression wrought pipe is thus used as a distinction from cast pipe. Wrought pipe in this sense should not be confused with wrought-iron pipe, which is only one variety of wrought pipe. When wrought-iron pipe is referred to, it should be designated by its complete name. #Little_PEng

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jimitjain · 5 months ago

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Introduction to Bolts: Types and Applications

Bolts are fundamental components in construction, manufacturing, and various other industries. They play a crucial role in holding together different parts of a structure or machinery, ensuring stability, strength, and safety. Bhansali Fasteners is one of the leading Bolt Manufacturers in India. Several prominent bolt manufacturers in India are well-known for producing high-quality products with a broad market reach. LPS Bossard, a joint venture with Switzerland's Bossard, produces precision fasteners.

Types of Bolts

Hex Bolts

Description: Hex bolts are characterized by their hexagonal heads and are one of the most common types of bolts used in various applications.

Applications: These bolts are widely used in construction, machinery, and automotive industries due to their strength and versatility. They are suitable for fastening wood, steel, and other construction materials.

Carriage Bolts

Description: Carriage bolts have a rounded, dome-shaped head with a square section underneath the head. This square section prevents the bolt from turning when a nut is tightened.

Applications: Commonly used in wood applications, such as securing wooden panels or beams, carriage bolts are also found in metalwork and construction projects where a smooth, finished appearance is desired.

Lag Bolts

Description: Lag bolts, also known as lag screws, are large, heavy-duty fasteners with coarse threads. They have a hexagonal head and are designed for use with a wrench or socket.

Applications: These bolts are ideal for heavy-duty applications, such as securing heavy wood beams, wooden structures, and large machinery. They provide strong, reliable fastening in both wood and masonry.

Anchor Bolts

Description: Anchor bolts are used to attach structures to concrete. They come in various shapes, including L-shaped, J-shaped, and straight rods with threads on one end.

Applications: Widely used in construction for securing foundations, columns, and heavy equipment to concrete bases, anchor bolts are essential for ensuring stability and safety in buildings and structures.

U-Bolts

Description: U-bolts are shaped like the letter "U" with threads on both ends. They are used to secure pipes, tubes, and other round objects to a surface.

Applications: Commonly used in plumbing, automotive, and construction industries, U-bolts are essential for fastening pipes, exhaust systems, and other cylindrical objects.

Eye Bolts

Description: Eye bolts feature a loop (or eye) at one end and threads on the other. They are designed for attaching ropes, cables, or chains.

Applications: These bolts are used in rigging, lifting, and suspension applications. They are commonly found in construction, marine, and industrial settings where secure attachment points are needed.

Materials and Coatings

Bolts are manufactured from various materials, each offering different levels of strength, corrosion resistance, and durability. The most common materials include:

Steel: The most widely used material for bolts due to its strength and affordability. Steel bolts are often coated with zinc or galvanized to enhance corrosion resistance.

Stainless Steel: Known for its excellent corrosion resistance and strength, stainless steel bolts are ideal for outdoor and marine applications.

Brass: Provides good corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity, making brass bolts suitable for electrical and decorative applications.

Titanium: Lightweight and extremely strong, titanium bolts are used in aerospace, medical, and high-performance applications where weight and strength are critical.

Applications of Bolts

Construction Industry

Bolts are used extensively in construction for assembling structural steel frameworks, securing foundations, and attaching heavy components. Hex bolts, anchor bolts, and lag bolts are particularly common in this industry.

Automotive Industry

In the automotive sector, bolts are used to assemble engines, chassis, and other vehicle components. Carriage bolts, hex bolts, and U-bolts are often used to secure parts and ensure the integrity of vehicles.

Manufacturing and Machinery

Bolts are crucial in manufacturing for assembling machinery, equipment, and industrial components. Eye bolts, hex bolts, and lag bolts provide the necessary strength and reliability for heavy machinery and industrial applications.

Marine Industry

In marine applications, stainless steel bolts are preferred for their corrosion resistance. These bolts are used to secure components on ships, docks, and offshore structures.

DIY and Home Improvement

Bolts are commonly used in DIY projects and home improvement tasks, such as building furniture, installing shelves, and constructing outdoor structures. Carriage bolts and hex bolts are popular choices for these applications.

Bhansali Fasteners is one of the major Bolt Suppliers in India. Bolts Suppliers in India.low-maintenance, sustainability benefits, and adaptability for fluid transportation in industries such as oil and gas, chemical, food, pharmaceuticals, and construction. They provide reliability and safety. Bolt Suppliers in India is known for its industrial fasteners, which include high-quality bolts, nuts, screws, and washers.

#Bolt #BoltManufacturers #BoltManufacturersInIndia

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loneberry · 7 years ago

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“One-Story House” by Rebecca Solnit

[An extraordinary essay from Rebecca Solnit’s A Field Guide to Getting Lost on dreams, extinction, memory, the American landscape, the architecture of the psyche, familial figures, turtles, and place. The bottom of the pool...]

I was carrying the tortoise in both hands, holding it out in front of me like an altar boy’s Bible or a divining rod as I walked around the periphery of the room. Each plate of its ruddy shell was distinct. It leaked as I carried it. More water came forth than a tortoise that size could possibly store. The creature was a fountain, a cleft rock in my hands, and when I awoke I realized that the room in which I paced was my childhood bedroom.

I had been wandering through that house every now and again ever since I’d left it at age fourteen. A quarter century had passed, and I still wasn’t out of it, in my dreams. It was a classic suburban house of its era, single-story, L-shaped. The houses children draw look like faces with upstairs windows for eyes and a door for a mouth. They have a solidity and a centrality that makes them home as the head is home. This house, with its public rooms that opened one into another as though they were only distended passageways and its bedrooms appendix-like cul-de-sacs, had no center, but my psyche was stuck in it. The previous owners’ plantings all around it were strange, exotic, bottlebrush and artificial strawberry tree, a spruce the same powder blue as the corduroy pants boys wore then, succulents and other plants that were nameless, unrecognizable, inedible, with shiny leaves or spiky ones. One plant up a narrow side plot in perpetual shade bloomed annually with a single colossal lily that looked as though it were made of crumpled black leather from some thin-skinned creature. In front of each of the two children’s bedrooms facing the street was a misshapen juniper, and at night the headlights of passing cars made the shadows of their branches whirl around the walls like pterodactyls. Awnings, eaves, and patio roof prevented sunlight from reaching in directly to this place made of formica and tile and linoleum and dark green wall-to-wall carpeting with a nap like aerial photographs of forests. Everything about it seemed to be made of chilly alien materials, and the swimming pool was strangest of all.

The pool was unheated, too cold for skinny kids to jump in most of the year, but it always needed sweeping and skimming to get the dirt and debris out, and the tools for doing that were fantastically long, like cutlery for a Behemoth with its head up in the clouds. It was the usual pale turquoise with a pink cement rim that abraded bare feet and the sharp smell of chlorine emanating from its waters. There’s something fearful and mysterious about every body of water, murky water that promises unseen things in unseen depths, clear water that shows you the bottom far below as if you could fall into it, though the water would buoy you up in that strange space neither air nor ground. The term “a body of water” is apt, for here was a mysterious body thirty feet long, eight feet tall at the far end, a transparent captive into whose depths you could throw yourself. Even the lightest breeze patterned the water on the surface, and the sun turned those patterns into strange skeins of light that fled across the bottom, endless nets cast across a fishless sea. Afterward I dreamed over and over of the pool as well as the house. It was as though I couldn’t find my way out of the house, as though I was still lost in it, but the pool was less part of the labyrinth than its holy well.

Terrible things happened in that house, though not particularly unusual or interesting ones; suffice to say there’s a reason why therapists receive large hourly sums for listening to that kind of story. Or maybe there’s one thing to say, about the capitalism of the heart, the belief that the essences of life too can be seized and hoarded, that you can corner the market on confidence, stage a hostile takeover of happiness. It’s based on scarcity economics, the notion or perhaps the feeling that there’s not enough to go around, and the belief that these intangible phenomena exist in a fixed quantity to be scrambled for, rather than that you can only increase them by giving them away. A story can be a gift like Ariadne’s thread, or the labyrinth, or the labyrinth’s ravening Minotaur; we navigate by stories, but sometimes we only escape by abandoning them.

Some years ago, I dreamed that my mother had fixed up the house, or had done so in dream terms, heavy-handed ones: the swimming pool was surrounded by broken glass, the bathroom had two sunken tubs shaped like coffins, and my own small bedroom had been brightly repainted with a line of dancing skeletons on one wall. I dreamed of my father every now and again too, and long after his death, not long after the hermit taught me to shoot, there was a period in which I told him to stand back because I was armed. After this series of victories, he became harmless. Clearly, I was getting somewhere over the years. I took over the master bedroom and decided to move, I drove the family out of my own room, and then came the dream of the tortoise.

In dreams, nothing is lost. Childhood homes, the dead, lost toys all appear with a vividness your waking mind could not achieve. Nothing is lost but you yourself, wanderer in a terrain where even the most familiar places aren’t quite themselves and open onto the impossible. But the morning after I carried the leaking tortoise, I knew I was no longer stuck in the house. The weight of a dream is not in proportion to its size. Some dreams are made of fog, some of lace, some of lead. Some dreams seem to be made out of less the usual debris of the psyche than bolts of lightning sent from outside.

I wondered where the tortoise came from. I remembered riding a Galapagos tortoise in a zoo when I was two, remembered a box turtle my middle brother had as a pet, and the small red slider turtles painted up for Easter back when animal cruelty standards were lower, read about how the Zuni think of turtles as the spirits of the dead returned, noticed that every image of turtles and tortoises had a sort of pull on me. Months passed before I remembered an encounter with a desert tortoise almost a decade earlier, when I was camping in the Mojave with a few other women. I saw the full-grown tortoise in the center of a secondary road near Death Valley and stopped my truck. We got out to look at it, and I recited what I knew: that it is bad to touch these creatures, because they are stressed by the transformation of their environment, vulnerable to illness and to infection, particularly to a respiratory disorder, and touching could contaminate them. In crisis, they sometimes void all their stored water, water slowly extracted from leaves and gulped up from puddles after hard rain, water that can make up to forty percent of their body weight, and losing their water is a crisis itself.

But they are also prone to being run over by cars and off-road vehicles throughout their territory, the Mojave and western Colorado deserts. We watched the tortoise, which had stopped when we did, watched a few approaching cars in the distance, and then I took out a clean dish towel and, with the dish towel between my hands and its shell, lifted the creature. It had retracted its head and limbs, and so I carried a heavy dust-colored dome with each plate etched in concentric lines, a mosaic of mandalas. Holding it before me, I strode about fifty feet into the scrubby desert and set it down facing in the direction it had been going. Put down, it walked again with an odd tipping motion, its shell lurching a little with each step. One of the most famous Buddhist tales is about a pair of monks sworn to keep apart from women. One day they come to the edge of a turbulent river. A woman there implores them to help her cross—old fables are short on athletic women—and one of them carries her through the waters. After the two monks have been walking for some time on the farther shore, the other monk reproaches him for breaking his vows. His companion replies, “Why are you still carrying her? I put her down on the far side of the river.” Several years after that little encounter in the desert, I was still carrying the tortoise, but it had become a compass, a visa, an amulet. The desert tortoise is in danger of extinction—it officially received “threatened” status from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1990—because of human encroachments. The causes of its diminishing numbers are many. Nonnative plants have disrupted its diet, and grazing animals, dogs, vehicles, development, military bases have all had their impact, as has the widespread capturing of the creatures for pets. An increase in garbage dumps in the desert has vastly increased the raven population, and ravens prey on young tortoises during the five years or so before their shells harden sufficiently to protect them. (The hermit once found a young tortoise with severe pecking wounds in its shell; he brought it home and called in a zoo veterinarian he knew to try to save it with kitchen-sink surgery—I was away then, and he delivered telephone reports on “Miss Tortoise” for a few days, then told me that “Miss Tortoise didn’t make it.”) The desert tortoise can go for more than a year without food or water, hibernates several months a year in its colder northern reach, stays in its cool burrow during the hottest part of summer, seldom roams more than a mile from its burrow, walks slowly, lives slowly, to a great age, upward of a century. They have existed for sixty million years or so. The plan to save them is designed to give them a fifty percent chance of existing in five hundred years. The government is unwilling to dedicate more resources or curtail more activities than make the odds even.

In 1919, a young ethnographer fell in love with a blacksmith from the Chemehuevi tribe whose large territory is the heart of tortoise habitat. The blacksmith, George Laird, was already forty-eight, and as a boy he had learned much lore that was being forgotten and lost and diluted. The winter he was sixteen—about 1888—he nursed a man in the agonizing last stages of syphilis, and the dying man taught the boy a purer form of their language and “filled the long, sleepless nights with tales of the Immortals, the pre-human Animals Who Were People, told with great style and elegance.” During the twenty-one years the Chemehuevi man and the ethnographer, Carobeth Laird, were inseparable, she learned the language, the songs, and the stories he knew, and long after he died, when she herself was old, she turned her notes and memories into a book of ethnography. Of the tortoise, she recorded, “This reptile was desirable for food, but it also had a peculiar aura of sacredness. It was and is to this day symbolic of the spirit of the People. ‘A Chemehuevi’s heart is tough, like the turtle’s.’ This ‘tough-heartedness’ is equated with the will and the ability to endure and to survive.” But the tortoise is not surviving us well.

It is in the nature of things to be lost and not otherwise. Think of how little has been salvaged from the compost of time of the hundreds of billions of dreams dreamt since the language to describe them emerged, how few names, how few wishes, how few languages even, how we don’t know what tongues the people who erected the standing stones of Britain and Ireland spoke or what the stones meant, don’t know much of the language of the Gabrielanos of Los Angeles or the Miwoks of Marin, don’t know how or why they drew the giant pictures on the desert floor in Nazca, Peru, don’t know much even about Shakespeare or Li Po. It is as though we make the exception the rule, believe that we should have rather than that we will generally lose. We should be able to find our way back again by the objects we dropped, like Hansel and Gretel in the forest, the objects reeling us back in time, undoing each loss, a road back from lost eyeglasses to lost toys and baby teeth. Instead, most of the objects form the secret constellations of our irrecoverable past, returning only in dreams where nothing but the dreamer is lost. They must still exist somewhere: pocket knives and plastic horses don’t exactly compost, but who knows where they go in the great drifts of objects sifting through our world?

Once I found a locket with a crescent moon and star spelled out in rhinestones on one face, unreadably intricate initials on another, and two ancient photographs inside, and someone must have missed it terribly but no one claimed it, and I have it still. Another time, traveling down a river in one of the last great wildernesses, a roadless place the size of Portugal, I lost a sock early in the trip and a pair of sunglasses later, and I think of them littering that wilderness so clear of such clutter, there still or found by someone who might have wondered as I did about the woman with the locket. On that trip I leaned over the side of the raft and stared straight down for hours at the floor of that river whose name almost no one knows that flows into another little-known river, stared at thousands of stones, hundreds of thousands of millions of stones sliding by, gray, pink, black, gold, under the clearest water in the whole world, floating for miles and days on water I drank straight out of the river. Material objects witness everything and say nothing. Animals say more. And they are disappearing.

That things should be lost to our knowledge is one thing, in which we don’t know where we are or they are; that things should be lost from the earth is another. There is a strange crossroads these days, between the actual and the known. Biologists estimate that about 1.7 million species are known, but that there are between 10 and 100 million on earth. Our discovery and categorization of species increases at a manic rate, but so does the disappearance of both known and unknown species. More is known; there is less to know; we lose both what we know and what we don’t. It is certain that species are vanishing without ever having been known to science. To think about this is to imagine the space inside our heads expanding but the places outside shrinking, as though we were literally devouring them.

In dreams I have been an eagle and a green finch, have met a three-headed coyote, wolves, foxes, lynxes, dogs, lions, songbirds, fish, snakes, cattle, seals, many horses and cats, some who talk, a woman giving birth by cesarean to a full-grown stag that ran away, still wet with the juices of birth, down a dark, tree-shrouded road, a gazelle fawn that a woman breast-fed, a brown bear who married a woman. “They are all beasts of burden in a sense,” Thoreau once remarked of animals, “made to carry some portion of our thoughts.” Animals are the old language of the imagination; one of the ten thousand tragedies of their disappearance would be a silencing of this speech. A man once told me that much of my writing was about loss, that that was how I imagined the world, and I thought about that comment for a long time. In that sense of loss two streams mingled. One was the historian’s yearning to hang onto everything, write everything down, to try to keep everything from slipping away, and the historian’s joy in retrieving out of archives and interviews what was almost forgotten, almost out of reach forever. But the other stream is the common experience that too many things are vanishing without replacement in our time. At any given moment the sun is setting someplace on earth, and another day is slipping away largely undocumented as people slide into dreams that will seldom be remembered when they awaken. Only the continuation of abundance makes loss sustainable, makes it natural. There are more sunrises coming, but even dreams could be emptied out.

The golden age, the dreamtime, is the present, and too much in it is leaking out now. The Times Square clock that counted down to the millennium, its seconds, minutes, hours, days racing away on a digital display, could have been kept for endangered species, at least thirty lost a day, more than ten thousand a year, half of all of them to be gone in a century unless something changes radically, or everything does. Imagine the present as already a Noah’s ark, and greed and development and poison as a trio of pirates marching the animals and plants over the edge, to the bottom of the sea that is the past. No more flocks of passenger pigeons darkening the midwestern sky for hours and days in the past century, all known Sampson’s pearly mussels gone from midwestern rivers by the 1930s, no more Santa Barbara song sparrows since 1959, no more Tecopa pupfish since 1972, an estimated 142 Sonoran pronghorn left in the U.S. as of the late twentieth century but less than half that by 2002, seventy-two species of snail missing in Hawaii, the blue pike of the Great Lakes gone extinct right about when men first walked on the moon, the speckled cormorant gone from Alaska about the time of the gold rush.

During that California gold rush, Yankees in quantity first came through the heart of the desert tortoises’ territory. The Death Valley Forty-Niners were in haste to make it to the goldfields of the Sierra Nevada, and because they had arrived in the Great Basin too late to go over the Sierra’s snowy passes, they hired a Mormon guide to take them down the Spanish Trail to southern California. They called themselves the Sand Walking Company, a corruption of the San Joaquin Company, because none of them recognized the saint whose Spanish name had been given to a river and valley in the southern mother lode. A twenty-year-old New Yorker named O.K. Smith showed up on the trail with pleasant stories of a more direct route to central California, and most of the wagons switched over to the alleged shortcut. The guide continued on the Spanish Trail with the few who didn’t. The strays were abetted by a map that government explorer John C. Fremont—“the pathfinder”—had drawn up, showing a long range running east-west that happened not to exist (a bad map had much to do with the Donner Party’s 1846 stranding too). “These mountains are not explored, being only seen from elevated points on the northern exploring line,” said the map, above an area marked in larger letters: “Unexplored.” The Sand Walkers thought they could travel along the foothills of the fictitious mountain range. Many turned back when the terrain became impassible for wagons, and the rest broke up into smaller parties. These parties got stranded in Death Valley, the lowest land in the Western Hemisphere, a dry lake bed like an empty mouth between two sharp rows of mountain ranges.

“We had been in the region long enough to know that the higher mountains contained the most water, and that the valleys had bad water or none at all, so that while the lower altitude to the south gave some promise of easier crossing it gave us no promise of water or grass, without which we must certainly perish,” wrote William Manly, half a century later. “In a certain sense we were lost. The clear nights and days furnished us with the means of telling the points of the compass as the sun rose and set, but not a sign of life in nature’s wide domain had been seen for a month or more. A vest pocketful of powder and shot would last a good hunter until he starved to death, for there was not a living thing to shoot, great or small.” Manly was a skilled hunter and outdoorsman, and there’s no ready explanation for why the landscape through which he traveled in the winter of 1849-50 seemed to be so without wildlife. For these pioneers, the Mojave was an empty quarter, without water, without animals, without names, without maps, without all the things that give a place life and meaning. They were afraid of Indians, though the only two survivors of one party of eleven men made it because they were rescued by Paiutes. The skeletons of the other nine were found a decade later, inside a low circle of stones. Other parties were shown the location of precious waterholes, springs, and streams by Indians they encountered. Columbus had arrived in the Caribbean he mistook for the Indies almost four hundred years before, but there had been few direct disturbances of the indigenous inhabitants of the more remote western regions, and they were not yet resisting what was not yet a crisis.

One starving pioneer attempted to buy a biscuit off a neighbor for ten dollars and was refused. Another buried $2,500 to lighten his load, having been unable to find anyone who wanted to carry the gold coins for a half share of them. He was never able to find the burial spot either. Still others found ore that suggested rich mines, had they only the food and water to survive there. The Lost Gunsight Mine, named after a silver-rich piece of ore that one of the Death Valley Forty-Niners had made into a gunsight, became famous, as did the Lost Goller Mine. The latter mine consisted of a few nuggets picked up by John Goller’s companion. Upon seeing them, Goller snapped, “I want water; gold will do me no good.” The mines themselves were legends later visitors would look for in vain, built out of bits of ore brought out by these desperadoes. It was a strange sojourn, this journey through a landscape where all their hopes of finding mineral wealth were set aside, where wealth meant nothing and water everything, where they were faced with critical decisions about sharing and surviving, where they all faced death and some met it. It was a detour into the essential and the introspective, as the desert often is, and they were lost in it.

The nomadic Chemehuevi navigated wide expanses of this arid terrain with songs. The songs gave the names of places in geographical order, and the place names were descriptive, evocative, so that a person who’d never been to a place might recognize it from the song. Carobeth Laird commented, “Nowadays when a song is sung it takes great leaps from one locality to another, because there is no one who remembers the route in its entirety.” She explained further, “How does that song go?” meant “What is the route it travels?” Men inherited songs from their father or grandfather, and the song gave them hunting rights to the terrain it described. Despite Manly’s experience, there seemed to be plenty to hunt for those who knew where to look, and when. The Salt Song describes the route of a flock made up of every sort of land bird in the region, and it “travels all night, arriving at Las Vegas about midnight, at Parker towards morning, and back home to the place of origin by sunrise. If the night on which it is sung is very short, the Salt Song—as the other hereditary songs—may be shortened so that it will not outlast the night.” In that song the birds began to leave the flock toward morning, each dropping out into its own place in this orderly world of words and places. A song was the length of the night and a map of the world, and the arid terrain around Las Vegas was the Storied Land of the great myths. The Mojave people just to the south had a turtle song that also lasted the length of a night or several nights.

The silence in which Manly and a companion walked out of Death Valley to seek help for two families stranded there forms a strange contrast. They carried only small canteens and soon ran out of water. So they “traveled along for hours, never speaking, for we found it much better for our thirst to keep our mouths closed as much as possible, and prevent the evaporation.” They were unable to eat the dried ox meat they carried because their mouths were too parched, and when they finally found a small sheet of ice like “window glass,” they quenched their thirst only to find that they were ravenous. It took Manly and his companion twenty-three days to find help and return with provisions and a route out. By that time their traveling companions had despaired of the young men’s ability and altruism, so they were surprised as well as rejoiced at their return. The whole party finally reached the settlements four months after they’d taken their shortcut. Afterward they returned to the mapped world and to their familiar way of living. “Every point of that terrible journey is indelibly fixed upon my memory, and though seventy-three years of age on April 6, 1893, I can locate every camp, and if strong enough, could follow that weary trail from Death Valley to Los Angeles with unerring accuracy,” wrote Manly in his memoir Death Valley in ��49, and it was his party who named the place where they were stuck Death Valley.

I know the Storied Land or the country a little north of it. It’s the first desert I came to know and the place that taught me to write. In my late twenties, I started going to the Nevada Test Site, where a thousand nuclear bombs were detonated over the years, started going there with thousands of others to oppose the nuclear testing, a wild mix of Western Shoshones and pagans and Mormons and Franciscans and Buddhists and anarchists and Quakers. The place demanded to be described not with the straight line of a single story but with stories like the roads that converge upon a capital, for many histories had arrived there in the decades since the Death Valley Forty-Niners, and some of the old ones had not been forgotten. The people I met there invited me into a wider sense of home in the West, and a tortoise I picked up not so far from there would carry me out of my old home, a tortoise that might have been Turtle Island itself, the old name for the whole continent, as though the whole continent could be home, and perhaps it’s this sense of place that sprung me from the house I left a quarter century before.

Six or seven blocks northwest of where I live now is the hill where the last Brown Satyr butterfly was collected in the 1870s, as that intensely local species was going extinct. Some of the individuals of the gold rush were likeable, but their cumulative effect was terrible; they worked feverishly to acquire what could be hoarded—notably the tons of gold dug out of the mountains—and for it they paid with what couldn’t be hoarded and didn’t belong to them, the clear streams and rivers filled up with miners’ mercury and dirt, the salmon runs already starting to fail in their time, the forests chopped down for smelters, the California grizzly extinct everywhere but the state flag by 1922, the languages and stories of the tribes devastated by violence and by disease in this place that was blank and unborn to the miners. It was this acquisitiveness and its increasingly sophisticated new technologies that came to extract more and more wealth from the wild and remote places of the world to empty them out, filling up banks with more money than could ever be spent, more than there are things to buy. Now the scarcity is real, and growing.

It’s not as simple as a morality tale because what came into being is partly beautiful, and it has come to have its own complexities. There’s a Catholic university on the hill where the butterfly left off being, and I have heard great poets read there and environmentalists speak. About twice as far from my white birdcage of an apartment in the opposite direction is the San Francisco Zen Center one of the key locations for the arrival of Buddhism in the West. The handsome brick building in a poor neighborhood was erected long ago as a residence for Jewish women, and a few Stars of David are still worked into the iron balconies. One morning four months after my midsummer dream of the tortoise, I woke up knowing it was time to go there. I arrived in time for the Saturday morning talk and sat behind a huge African-American man. Whenever he shifted his weight the altar appeared and it was the more interesting in glimpses. That day, someone mentioned that the stone Buddha on it was from an Afghanistan that had ceased to exist long ago. I had just given the two wool blankets I had inherited from that house in my dreams to the Quakers for winter relief in Afghanistan. The statue with its serene full face seemed to be looking back from the place where the blankets were going. Its soft brown stone spoke of an aridity and solidity that made the place real, made me see stony mountains shaped by erosion into folds like the curves of the statue’s robes.

A gaunt man with cropped gray hair sat down cross-legged, arranged his dark robes, and without preamble began to tell a story, softly, slowly, with long pauses: “Good morning. For many years there was someone who used to come here and sell us boxes of candy. Actually they were tins of candy, and they were caramel-coated in chocolate, and they looked like little chocolate turtles. So we called him the Turtle Man, and the Turtle Man would come and sell us this very sweet caramel-covered chocolate. And the Turtle Man couldn’t see. He was blind, so we bought two boxes instead of one. And then we’d put them in the desk in the office and then, even though we all thought they were way too sweet, we would eat them—quickly. The Turtle Man did this for many years. Like many blind people, he had a white cane, and he’d tap his way up the stairs and then he’d tap the door, and then he’d come in. We’d do our transaction, and then he’d leave.

“And one day I was out on the street right out here and I heard this voice go help . . . help . . . help . . . and it was the Turtle Man, and he was standing over there on the corner. He needed to cross the street and his way of crossing the street was to stand on the curb and say help and just say help until someone came along and helped him across the street. I didn’t watch him, but I assume that at each street crossing this was how the Turtle Man negotiated the crossing: he just stood there and said help, help.

“So I thought, Isn’t that really amazing? What an amazing life. You walk along and you reach a barrier and you stop and you just call out help. You don’t know who you’re talking to, you don’t know who’s around if anyone, and you wait, and then somebody turns up and they help you across that barrier, and then you walk on knowing that pretty soon you’re going to meet another barrier and you’re going to have to stop again and cry out help, help, help, not knowing if anyone’s there, not knowing who it will be that will turn up to help you across the next barrier.

“And yet somehow the Turtle Man could roam around the city selling boxes of turtle candy, coming to places like Zen Center and persuading them to buy a couple of cans.

“And he was, you know, a bit of a hustler. He knew we didn’t really want them, but he knew we were good for two cans. The Turtle Man wasn’t a fool. It was always a kind of a thrill to see him. It was almost like it was a miracle. It was like the Turtle Man defied gravity, he defied common sense, he defied conventionality. It was like the Turtle Man was a superhero, so it was always a little bit exciting and a little bit joyous when he turned up at the door.

“How else could we break through the spell that we weave if we didn’t have a little piece of Turtle Man in us? But this is a very dangerous proposition because most of us don’t have the excellent training of Turtle Man. Turtle Man had no option. It was either stay in bed or get up and meet the impassable barrier and cry for help. Those were the options.

“Maybe if I really paid attention to my life I’d notice that I don’t know what’s going to happen this afternoon and I can’t be fully confident that I’m competent to deal with it. Maybe we’re willing to let in that thought. It has some reasonableness to it, I can’t exactly know, but chances are, possibilities are, it’s not going to be much different than what I’ve usually experienced and I’ll do just fine, so we close up that unsettling possibility with a reasonable response. The practice of awareness takes us below the reasonableness that we’d like to think we live with and then we start to see something quite fascinating, which is the drama of our inner dialogue, of the stories that go through our minds and the feelings that go through our heart, and we start to see in this territory it isn’t so neat and orderly and, dare I say it, safe or reasonable. So in the practice of awareness, which has gone on for centuries after centuries and millennium after millennium, human beings have asked themselves, Hmmmm, how do I engage this process in a way that I don’t become too frightened by what it might unfold or too complacent by avoiding it? This is the delicate work of awareness.

“You hear a sound, and you think, that’s a big truck going around the corner. It all happens in half a second. We see someone and make up a story about who they are, and sometimes we get ourselves into a lot of trouble with the stories we make up as we weave our world. And the practice of awareness doesn’t say don’t weave your world. That’s what we’re hardwired to do, it’s not a volitional thing to think ‘truck’ after hearing that sound. The practice of awareness says don’t grasp it too tightly, don’t be too convinced. And in that simpler way of being, it’s okay to become like the Turtle Man, it’s okay to sometimes experience not knowing what to do next, to run into a barrier. It’s okay to realize that life has a mysterious quality to it, it has an element of uncertainty, it’s okay to realize that we do need help, that calling out for help is a very generous act because it allows others to help us and it allows us to be helped. Sometimes we’re calling out for help. Sometimes we’re offering help, and then this hostile world becomes a very different place. It is a world where there is help being received and help being given, and in such a world this compelling determined world according to me loses some of its urgency and desperation. It’s not so necessary in a generous world, in a world where help is available, to be so adamant about the world according to me.”

Several months later, I was camping on the eastern side of the Sierra, in a forest of Jeffrey pines that stood far apart on that pale sand, speaking of vast root systems tapping out what moisture there was in that dry place. The pinecones fell in perfect circles under the trees, and the place seemed almost geometrically pure: the flat plain of volcanic sand, the tall straight trees, the dark circles of cones. In the warmth of day, the bark of these trees gives off a fragrance like vanilla and butter-scotch, a sweetness that added to the tranquility of the place that seemed when we were in it as though it was all there was in the world, as though the trees went on forever, as though time, history, obligation were no longer on the map. We slept in our cars on a night so cold that the water in our dishpan was frozen solid by morning. We’d camped there the year before, and that time I’d gotten my car stuck in the sand, several miles from the paved road. It had been a lovely moment to realize that I could count on my traveling companions, and they had gotten me out with good cheer and little fuss. This freezing night I dreamed I’d driven into the backyard of that childhood home and gotten the car stuck again, but the yard and house belonged to someone else, a middle-aged Asian woman who had added a second story to it. It was her house now. I wasn’t going in, and friends were coming to dislodge the car.

And then as I was preparing to write this chapter, I dreamed of the place again, from the outside again. We were burying my father’s and grandmother’s hearts by rocky graves like ornamental excrescences around the edges of the swimming pool. This time the pool had dark dirt on its bottom, and its sides were no longer straight but wavering, encrusted with big stones. It was becoming a pond. The dark hearts had been in my refrigerator, in a Ziploc bag, like butcher’s meat. A dream doesn’t have to explain how long they’d been there. Which one was bigger, my dreaming self wondered, and did the size indicate generosity, body size, or unhealthy enlargement? Both died of heart trouble. And through a knothole in the tall back fence—and there was a real knothole I had forgotten, which in real life did look out onto the hilly pasture of a little quarter horse ranch—I saw horse-drawn carriages speeding by, then horses galloping faster and glossier than ever, exuberant with power, with life.

A few months later, I went to spend a few weeks writing in the county I grew up in, not the suburban corridor whose northernmost edge that house sat upon, but its wild west, mostly parkland and dairy farms. Geese were flying south, apples were ripe on the trees, and one day a naturalist named Rich took me around to look at birds. While we were watching a pair of white-tailed kites in the tree they roost in, he mentioned that they had been thought to be extinct, and they were now doing so well that they were expanding their ecological niche and range. Almost everywhere but the black bands on their wings, the birds were as dazzlingly white as doves, though their contours were the condensed ferocity of hawks. Some people call them angel hawks. We went calling on dozens of shorebirds and waterbirds, a king-fisher, green herons half-hidden in the reeds, one gulping a blue dragonfly still whirring as it went down that long narrow throat, songbirds, and then a turtle peering above the still water of an old millpond. Reflection turned its tilted head in profile into a notched oddity with two yellow-gold eyes looking back at us. We traveled to several places not far from the road, and through this guide’s eyes and tales I saw a completely different place than this the one I had been coming back to almost all my life. My place had been made out of plants and landforms and light and some human histories. His was crowded with creatures going about their lives, each living according to a pattern, the patterns interwoven into a tapestry of formidable complexity.

Some ideas are new, but most are only recognition of what has been there all along, the mystery in the middle of the room, the secret in the mirror. Sometimes one unexpected thought becomes the bridge that lets you traverse the country of the familiar in an unprecedented way. You know the the usual story about the world, the one about ongoing encroachment that continues to escalate and thereby continues to wipe out species. Rich told a different story about how here for a hundred years or so after the gold rush the newcomers blasted away at everything that moved, an era that let up half a century ago. And so, he said, in North America at least, a lot of species have come back. In this county with so many miles of open space, he told me, even coyotes became locally extinct. I realized that the hills I roamed as a child were empty and silent compared to what they are now. It was odd to think of what had been my paradise and refuge as an impoverished landscape, though I had long known its very grass wasn’t native.

Across the continent many of the common animals are coming back, the deer, moose, bears, coyotes, and cougars, a story that hasn’t been made much of. Many of the birds endangered by DDT four or five decades ago have likewise returned, peregrines, eagles, osprey, and more. But in this county, more happened. In the third quarter of the nineteenth century, tule elk were hunted into extinction altogether on this coast, and throughout their California habitat only a few survived. These survivors were discovered in 1874 in a tule marsh in the San Joaquin, the valley the Death Valley Forty-Niners had pronounced as Sand Walking. Their discoverers were in the process of draining the marsh for agriculture. A serious endeavor to save the species began in the twentieth century, and ten animals were reintroduced to this coast the year I left home and the county. Since then they had multiplied into the hundreds, and they are, in the present order of things, safe as a species.

I knew about the elk, but as Rich talked I began to see a picture I had not before, of all the animals who had hovered in the doorway of disappearance and then returned to this place. Elephant seals had vanished for a hundred and fifty years from this stretch of coast and by 1890 vanished from all their breeding grounds but one place in Baja, their numbers dwindled down to about a thousand. Four years after the elk returned, the first breeding pair was sighted here. Now, twenty years later, a couple thousand of them heave themselves up onto this county’s remotest beach in winter to quarrel and bask and give birth, and there are altogether about a hundred and fifty thousand of them in the world. Brown pelicans and crested egrets had come back from the brink, as had other waterbirds, and almost half the birds of North America are in this place at least some of the time, up to two hundred species at a time. The place also has a number of unique subspecies, evolved in isolation over tens of thousands of years, and more than a score of endangered and threatened species altogether, including coho salmon spawning in its streams. I had seen them too, golden female and ruby male thrashing their way up shallow water in the early dusk of drizzly midwinter.

After that day, I found a book at the house I was staying at, about how the land on which these creatures flourished was protected from development, and found my father’s name in the index. We moved back to California when he was hired to write the master plan for the county, and he spent the next five years working on a document that protects from development most of its western portion that wasn’t already under state, federal, or land-trust protection. The drive for protection came from citizens first, and it was their support that made it possible for the professionals to push their plan through, but it was the planners who wrote the rules of this protection and took much of the heat. The book spoke of “a revolutionary Marin Countywide Plan, which used ‘designing with nature’ as its method for preserving Marin’s extraordinary landscapes and preventing its cities from sprawling together.” I own a copy of the environmental plan whose title was drawn from a poem by Lew Welch quoted on the flyleaf, “This is the last place. / There is no where else to go,” and so it was called Can the Last Place Last? So far it has, though Welch didn’t. He walked into the Sierra Nevada wilds in 1971, and no trace of him was ever found.

The plan “went through fifty-seven public hearings and was adopted in 1973. . . . The plan was the inspiration of talented county planners Paul Zucker and Al Solnit. Zucker later lost his job after he lost a supervisorial race, and Solnit was the victim of vicious attacks by developers and hostile editorials. But the Plan was embraced by the public and has prevailed through minor revisions for over twenty-five years.” One summer evening when I was about nine, my father came home late and found a forgotten glass of chocolate milk gone sour on the kitchen counter. Waste enraged him, and since I was the principal drinker of chocolate milk, he rushed into my room, flicked the light on, and dashed it in my face as I slept, so that I woke up dripping with a giant roaring over me. (That the milk was a brother’s is only a detail; it was a very random universe in there.) Reading that account, I realized that what he had come home from was one of those rancorous meetings at which the fate of this place was being decided.

The house was a small place inside a larger one, or a small story inside a larger one; picture the stories nesting like Russian dolls, so that terrible things were happening in that house, but they were tied to the redemption happening on the larger scale of the county, which was in part reaction to the violent erasures going on across the country and the world. I had left the house for good a quarter of a century before and just gotten out of it in my dreams over the past year, but the county was something I chose to return to again and again, and on this return I’d seen the nesting of those stories, as well as some of the animals that had come back. I revisited the elk a few days before the day of the angel hawks. Most of them live out on the remotest peninsula of this remote place, a spit of land like a north-pointing finger, segregated from the rest of the world by a ten-foot-tall ring of cyclone fencing across its knuckle, a peninsula at whose tip I had realized that the end of the world could be a place as well as a time. They’d been lounging among the grasses and the domelike lupine shrubs, herds of cow elk with a few bulls among them and herds of young bulls who scrambled to their feet at the sound of my approach so that their antlers looked like a forest rising up. The end of the world was wind-scoured but peaceful, black cormorants and red starfish on wave-washed dark rocks below a sandy bluff, and beyond them all the sea spreading far and then farther.

#Rebecca Solnit #dreams #essay #literature #unconscious #extinction #nature

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ADJUSTABLE WRENCH WITH AN ANGLE

Rarely is it possible to condition that the wrench is certainly an iF Product Design Award plus a Red Us us dot Design Best device. Nonetheless the Bionic Wrench warrants that distinction. Simple within the approach, requiring merely a great grip, the wrench adjusts itself towards the 6-sided hex-nut or secure-mind, covering sizes from 12mm to 20mm. Unlike the adjustable crescent wrenches that require fiddle while using movable jaw, getting your thumbs greasy, the Bionic Wrench just needs you to definitely certainly pull the two grips together. The six teeth inside the wrench’s mouth clamp lower tightly round the nut, supplying you with a good hold, helping you to tighten or release the most challenging of nuts/bolts as being a breeze. I'm speaking about, the Bionic Wrench wouldn’t win major awards only for searching pretty, right’

wrench types,

40 TYPES OF WRENCHES

Common Wrench Types

Chances are, you've one or more of individuals somewhere within your house. The normal toolkit might have several. Several of these wrenches have an array of uses, rather from the more uncommon ones discussed later. Adjustable Wrench

More often known as crescent wrench, these are some of the most broadly used wrenches available. They have an empty finish getting a spiral screw embedded that opens or closes the crescent when you change it. Due to this, it might perform same fundamental work in general number of combination or open-ended wrenches, though it requires extra room due to its thicker size. Allen Wrench

Also known as a hex key, this hexagonal little bit of metal may be either L-created or T-created while using extra limb functioning just like a handle. Just like a male-style wrench, this suits the heads of bolts and screws that have a hexagonal recess. Allen wrench sets usually can be found in either SAE or Metric sizes. Box-Ended Wrench

These wrenches have a very closed loop at each side, sometimes slightly greater or under the handle to permit it grip recessed nuts without rounding the sides. The closed ends are created to fit either hexagonal or square bolts, and so are different in proportions. Box-ended wrenches are frequently offered in sets. Combination Wrench

If box-ended wrenches and open-ended wrenches had children, the mix wrench would be the result. The whites can be a closed loop for hexagonal or square nuts, because the other finish is certainly a wide open U-shape. Used most often for difficult nuts, the closed finish loosens the nut therefore the open finish enables you to quickly unscrew it. Like sockets, combination wrenches are frequently offered in sets which contains numerous wrench sizes. Crowfoot Wrench

These curious open-ended wrenches haven't any handle. Rather, the only real mind is built to adhere to a ratchet handle and socket extension, allowing it to match very tight spaces. They work well suited for handling bolts located much much deeper around the machine’s body if you don’t desire to remove nearby parts first. Impact Wrench

More carefully resembling a cordless drill to check out, air impact wrenches work with an air compressor while cordless impact wrenches utilize a rechargeable battery. The prior are from time to time referred to as air wrenches or air guns. Part of the socket family, this wrench may use high torque to eliminate persistent nuts or bolts. They make the perfect choice for handling multiple nuts (for instance when mounting wheels around the vehicle), while they certainly are a poor choice for any job that requires precision. Lug Wrench

This aptly-named tool is either ‘L’ created getting just one socket opening within the finish or possibly a sizable, ‘X’ created design (also referred to as a spider wrench) with four sockets of numerous sizes. You can use them to tighten or release lug nuts on cars, earning them the nickname of ‘wheel brace’. The greater the lug wrench, the higher torque might be generated when squeezing tightly with the idea to tighten or untighten. Works similar to a breaker bar getting an outlet within the finish. Oil Filter Wrench

Another tool used mainly inside the automotive industry, oil filter wrenches genuinely have four variations and sometimes have to be matched for the model of vehicle. Chain strap and metal strap styles utilize a loop to pay for the filter casing, because the more recognizable claw wrench functions similar to a flexible wrench. Finally, socket-style filter wrenches seem like just one cup with regions of the perimeters cut away. These fit to the feet of the filter cap, and so are coupled with a ratchet handle. Open-Ended Wrench

Most likely the most typical types of wrench contained in toolboxes, outdoors-ended wrench has two U-created ends, with one being slightly bigger than another. You can use them for hard-to-achieve basics, as well as the open design can help you attach them either vertically or horizontally towards the target fitting. Nonetheless they will probably over the edges from the nut than box-ended wrenches. Pipe Wrench

This really is really the government of adjustable wrenches, getting a sturdier, F-created design. Used usually by plumbers on metal pipes and fittings, the serrated jaws from the hefty tool can easily leave scratch marks behind. Ratcheting Wrench

Similar to open-ended wrenches, box-ended wrenches, and combination wrenches, ratcheting wrenches have one or more finish with a ratcheting device there. This allows you to certainly turn the wrench to tighten or untighten without dealing with eliminate and readjust the career once the wrench handle hits a hurdle after each turn. It will make used in tight areas a good deal simpler. Socket Wrench

The inspiration for almost any socket set, a power outlet wrench (or ratchet) relies on a ratcheting mechanism to help you to quickly tighten or untighten nuts or bolts without lifting the wrench in the fastener. Supplied with 1/4’, 3/8’ (most frequent), 1/2’, and 1’ drives, you simply fit the best size socket that you simply’ll need, on top in the drive. Once the handle meets a hurdle while being switched, you can easily reverse course to supply yourself room then continue working. Torque wrench

This socket wrench is built to generate a volume of torque without overtightening. This amount might be calibrated, and both manual and digital variations are available. It’s most generally useful for automotive work with example tightening wheel lug nuts but could also be used on bicycles, farming equipment, or any instance where tightening a nut or secure with a specific torque specs that's usually set with the manufacturer.

Other Wrench Types

Even though you frequently hear someone mention these niche wrenches, chances are you’ve never owned one. They're usually useful for very specific tasks, or are just forget about to keep use outdoors from the handful of industries. Alligator Wrench

Once the big father of wrenches, the alligator wrench was named with the actual way it gripped nuts. The very best jaw is serrated, because the bottom is smooth. The handle looks similar to a pointy fang than its modern cousin, the pipe wrench. Since these specified for mainly to cope with square-created heads, it's rare to find out them outdoors of flicks. Armorer’s Wrench

This single-piece wrench features a C-created, serrated mind and may include square slots and/or possibly an opening for connecting a ratchet handle. Useful for gun repair and maintenance, these come in a number of designs and so are usually sized to match specific types or kinds of gun. Basin Wrench

This peculiar wrench features a extended, T-created handle ending in the curved, serrated jaw. Its primary function is always to release or tighten the fixtures under sinks and toilets, resulting in furthermore, it being known as faucet wrench. Bionic Wrench

No, this isn’t something in the 6 000 0000 Dollar Man. It’s a distinct segment wrench with a round opening and a pair of handles similar to individuals of pliers. When placed across the target mind, the two handles might be squeezed, inducing the hole to then grip your brain firmly, creating this a flexible box-ended wrench. Bung Wrench

Available in many styles, the drum bung wrench (also referred to as a drum plug wrench) can be a socket-style wrench. It absolutely was designed particularly to eliminate the plastic or metal bung (cap) on drums or barrels. Special ‘sparkless’ versions are available when faced with flammable materials. Cone Wrench

Imagine an empty-ended wrench after an elephant steps onto you and it’ll have a very cone wrench. These wide, flat wrenches are employed round the cone part of a single cup and cone hub. It’s mostly useful for bicycles or modifying the leveling foot of washers, but might employed on other gentle projects where a normal open-ended wrench is just too thick. Die Stock Holder Wrench

Designed for both women and men-style dies, this two-handed wrench grips the die within the center employing a screws to secure it. These dies are employed in allowing the threads on basics. Individuals would be the first step toward any tap and die set. Dog Bone Wrench

Named after its bone-created appearance, this wrench may also be commonly known as as dumb-bell wrench. Each side of the box-created ends features a different socket size. They are utilised almost exclusively for bike maintenance, although outstanding capability to suit into small spaces has every so often built them into useful elsewhere. Some dog bone wrenches have swivel heads for additional versatility. Drum Key

A square-holed socket wrench, a drum key features a T-shape with flattened handles. Because it would appear, it's familiar with tune various percussion instruments, for instance drums. Drum keys with longer handles let you apply more torque when compared with shorter handles. Fan Clutch Wrench

These flat spanners have a very U-created opening at one finish. They are designed designed for removing fan clutches on cars. Some additionally possess a squared opening within the other finish, allowing them to be utilized for a clutch holding tool while another wrench may be used to show the hex nut. Fire Hydrant Wrench

These large box-ended wrenches have a very government shape that was designed solely for use burning hydrants. Consequently, a hydrant is only able to be opened up up using one of these brilliant tools. The conclusion is generally adjustable which wrench is famous because of its extended handle allowing the customer to make use of more torque. Flare Nut Wrench

Commonly known as as line wrench, they're another hybrid of box and open ended designs, The opening is just wide enough to match around a tube, nevertheless it still grips nuts as being a box finish. These wrenches are particularly useful on softer metals susceptible to damage from open-ended wrenches, for instance individuals found in plumbing. Garbage Disposer Wrench

You'll find really two several types of wrench useful for clogged garbage disposals. Many designs include a sizable type of allen wrench that is frequently accustomed to dislodge clogs. To handle big nuts, a different type of flat wrench getting a squat, pivoting U-created mind may be used. This latter could also be used to dislodge clogs inside the cutter heads, like the allen variant. Monkey Wrench

This really is really the type of wrench known when speaking of sabotage (i.e. ‘tossing a wrench/spanner to the works’). It’s an adult kind of adjustable wrench similar to an alligator wrench, though smooth jaws and rounded handle. Its link with sabotage heralds in the former role just like a standard tool in lots of industrial branches. Pedal Wrench

Pedal wrenches have a very rounded tip with generally a few U-created recesses. Because it would appear, the wrench can be used as repairs involving pedals. Thus can it be used most often in bicycle repair centers or fairground rides for instance pedal motorboats. Pliers Wrench

Because the name might not appear familiar, you've likely used these in the course of your existence. The flat-edged jaws have been in an position and each is installed on a handle, which are of a secure. The secure slide between several positions from the opening round the upper jaw, allowing the wrench to get adjusted to match sizes of mind. The name arises from the means by so it is gripped, which is the same as some pliers. Plumber’s Wrench

Similar in design to pliers wrenches, the jaws are created to match hexagonal nuts. The jaws are adjustable to match numerous pipe fittings. It's used exclusively in plumbing for concentrate on pipes and fixtures. Spanner Wrench

Not to be mistaken using the British term, spanner wrenches certainly are a highly specialized kind of tools that have a curved finish that might resemble whether hook or possibly a C-shape. These have pins which let them be applied on numerous products, from spanner mind screws to retainer rings. Spark Plug Wrench

This double-ended hex socket requires a T-bar handle to utilize. Because it would appear, it is built to fit onto spark plugs and discovered anywhere that performs automotive, lawnmower, or other engine repairs and maintenance. Many socket sets nowadays add a 1-2 spark plug sockets look at your sockets first before selecting a standalone wrench. Spoke Wrench

These small wrenches are outfitted for maintaining the spokes on wire wheels. One finish features a slot that suits across the spoke, because the other finish features a drive mind which inserts across the nipple nut. Due to the size and shape, this wrench might be rotated in the full circle without dealing with eliminate it. The most frequent place to locate it really is a bicycle mechanic shop. Some variations more carefully seem like a little open-ended wrench, although some look similar to a little bit of curved, flat metal. Spud Wrench

Another tool which has fallen from common use, this open-ended wrench stood a spike round the opposing finish which was used to setup the holes on pipes. It's since happened obsolete with the plumber’s wrench, though it can nevertheless be located in the periodic toolbox. Strap Wrench

Most generally noticed in use for oil filter altering, these have a very rubber, fabric, or metal band or chain that loops using a handle. This self-tightening tool is ideal on round objects that are too greasy or oily for the standard wrench to grip. Stubby Wrench

Referred to as short body wrench in polite circles, this is often a shorter type of a combination wrench, allowing it to match more limited spaces. Some newer versions additionally possess a hinge over the handle allowing either finish to get angled for additional precise use. Tap Wrench

This key fits the square drive of taps, which are found in cutting female threads (for instance individuals within the nut). The type of individuals wrenches may be either T-created or possibly a dual-handled bar while using attachment socket within the center. Tension Wrench

Another of people wrenches you’ve seen but never learned about, a tension wrench could be the ‘key’ component in lockpicking are available in a wide array of designs. They might be rigid or flexible and are employed to apply tension because the pick does its job. Should you’ve seen someone picking out a secure a movie or gaming and wondered why they just moved one of the two tools, the stationary the very first is the stress wrench. Torx Key

Commonly known as as star-headed key, this cousin in the hex key wrench is built to match the star-created heads of certain bolts and screws. Once they can be purchased in the identical L-shape since the average allen, to keep your these in the housed set more carefully resembles a swiss army knife when compared to a wrench set. 10 different types of wrenches, socket wrench, open end wrench, adjustable spanner, types of spanner pdf, ratchet wrench, box wrench

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