#korean language interpretation mumbai

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Korean to English Conference Interpretation Services Mumbai

In the bustling metropolis of Mumbai, the demand for effective cross-cultural communication is met with the expertise of Korean to English Conference Interpretation Services. These professional interpreters serve as linguistic architects, adeptly navigating the nuances of both Korean and English to ensure seamless communication in conferences, business meetings, and other collaborative settings. With a profound command of language and a keen understanding of cultural intricacies, these interpreters play a pivotal role in bridging gaps and fostering a mutual understanding between Korean-speaking individuals and their English-speaking counterparts. As Mumbai continues to be a hub for international conferences and business exchanges, the significance of Korean to English Conference Interpretation Services becomes increasingly vital, contributing to the city's global connectivity and promoting successful interactions on a multinational scale.

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korean language interpreter mumbai

Introduction

An important quality of a good translator is curiosity. Striving to learn new and interesting things from different spheres of     competence will   eventually improve your work and keep it current.

 One of the useful ways to stay tuned in to the     tendencies and new technologies used in translation are translation blogs run by   independent    translators, companies, or associations. Since there are a great variety  of websites, it will take you       some  time to find the ones that are most suitable for you. The list below will give      you an idea which   blogs are worth    checking out in  if you are looking for details about starting a  career as a     freelancer, billing your clients, learning new words and terminology, or simply having fun.

 Translation Blogs for the Novice Translator

If you are just starting your career as  a professional translator, and especially as a freelancer, you might need some advice on how to organize    your work. The blogs below will help you with practical tips on how to approach clients, determine price and much more.

 Thoughts on Translation is a high-quality translation-focused blog written by Corinne McKay, an American Translators Association    certified  French to English translator. You can consider it a one stop shop for tips, tricks, and translation   korean language interpreter mumbai     news, focused     on human translation provided both by agencies and freelancers. Here you       will find advice on marketing and doing business as a translator and read about the author’s own experience in the profession.

Between Translations is run by Jayne Fox, a German into English translator, who tries to keep her readers updated with the most   useful tips for a professional translator. You can read about the necessary skills of a good translator   or which are the best CAT (computer-assisted translation) tools and how to use them efficiently. Other great   pieces of advice are provided on how to price translations or work with clients from different time zones.

Translation Times is written by twin-sisters Judy and Dagmar Jenner who are both translating and interpreting in Spanish, German, English, and French. They offer great articles on the practical side of the job such as rate negotiations, cancellation     policy, and software recommendations. In addition to that you will      find information about translation workshops and conferences, book reviews, academic translation programs, and job opportunities.

About Translation offers information, news and opinions about professional translations and you can find anything from ancient translation practices to current translation conferences. The blog is run by Riccardo Schiaffino, who is a certified translator from English into Italian. Even though, it has not been updated recently, the topics covered are written in an engaging and professional manner and the site is worth keeping an eye on.

Translation Blogs for the Curious

If you are looking for a blog that will keep     you informed and entertained at the same time, offering information about curious facts or the history of translation and interpretation, then you need to follow these three blogs:

 Oxford Dictionaries Blog is a great place full of resources for translators interested in linguistics. Here you can find curious  about  both well-known and rare words, as well as read about the recent influences that change the language. The blog covers serious and funnier topics such as how animals understand what people say, which makes it a great way to get your dose of knowledge and humor for the day.

Naked Translation offers a great mixture of useful tips for translators and interesting notes on the etymology of  some words. In the blog   korean language interpreter mumbai      you will find great articles with stunning images and lots of tricks to make your job easier. It is written by     and is focused mainly on translations from English into French and vice versa, however it contains tons of useful information for all translators.

Unprofessional Translation is the place to find curious details about the origin of the translator and interpreter professions. Although  not updated      on a regular basis, the blog is still worth checking if you want to learn about   competitions for       child translators, and bilingualism, about the interpreters of some infamous historical figures   or about the oldest      depiction of an interpreter. Despite its name, the blog is quite professionally written and tackles topics such as Natural Translation, Native Translation and Language Brokering.

Specialized Translation Blogs

Quite often translators specialize     in certain field or industry – medicine, law, food service, equipment and supply, etc. and in order to provide quality     document translation, they need to update their knowledge regularly. One of the     ways to do that is by following some specialized blogs. Here are a few to check out:

 Signs & Symptoms of Translation is a blog dedicated to medical translations. It is written by Emma Goldsmith, who is a Spanish to English      medical translator. Here you can also find some useful information about CAT tools and how to use them.

Intralingo is for those, who deal with and/or love literary translations. The blog does not only give insights into these types of texts but also presents ideas on how to make money from it. It is definitely worth reading if you are a literature and translation enthusiast.

Glossarissimo is a great blog that will  help any professional do their work better with its rich database of glossaries. Here you can find monolingual and multilingual resources and terminology for translators and interpreters.

Transblawg is dedicated to German-English legal translation. The posts, written by Margaret Marks, are full of humor and entertainment, which makes his blog fun and quite useful at the same time. It offers help and information to translators on a variety of topics and specializations.

This is just a small fraction of the great specialized blogs you can find on the web. Make sure to check the fields that you are most interested in as well.

 Translation Blogs for Fun

The work of a translator is indeed  quite intense and can be very stressful. Meeting deadlines, working on complicated texts, and dealing    with clients   from different time zones can take a toll. Therefore, it is necessary to have a look at the      funny    side of the job as well. Here are three blogs that will help you take a break and have some fun:

 Translator Fun is for those      who would enjoy  some posts and cartoons with a heavy dose of humor. The topics the blog     tackles will   sound more   familiar to those actually working in the field of translation, who allow themselves looking at the job from a less serious angle.

Blog is another cure for a long     and tedious    translation project, when you need some laughter to power you up. The blog offers a series of funny cartoons that present the everyday life of a translator in a humorous manner.

Musings from an   Overworked Translator is a blog that successfully combines the serious and the funny parts of the translator’s job. Here you can find useful information about new translators, e-mail etiquette and much more. Funny jokes, cartoons, and videos to make your day brighter.

korean language interpreter mumbai

[languagepreside]

Language translation transcription Transcreation interpretation services in Mumbai India, English language to Arabic translation in Mumbai, English to Russian translator in Mumbai, English to French translator in Mumbai, English to German language translator in Mumbai, English language to Spanish, English language to Italian, English language to Korean, English language to Chinese, English language to Japanese.

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Korean Translation India

Our English to Korean Translations in Mumbai, simple and economical  website localisation  in all major languages to give your websites a more substantial online comprehensive presence. Moreover, we can also Interpret Consecutively & Simultaneously Interpretation (SI) in English to Korean with rental Portable and Simultaneous Interpretation System in Delhi. DEneeraj Multi- lingual services® (DMS) with all our  Korean native as well non-native  translators and writers  we Translate, Transcribe and interpret English to  Korean,  Korean to English & English to  Korean Translation services in Delhi, Lucknow, Pune, Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Surat, Chennai, India. With our several contact centres in Mumbai, Delhi NCR and Spain with pan-India online and through telephonic presence.

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Growing opportunity for Korean Interpretation in Bangalore

Bangalore is in the middle of a boom. The tide of business that was moving to erstwhile favorites of foreign investors such as Delhi & Mumbai have seen a noticeable different trend. There is a growing consensus amongst investors to accord far more significance to Bangalore than ever before. The growth in the number of Korean companies opening their offices here has also led to a steep demand in the services of a Korean Interpreter In Bangalore. Interpreters are now being sought every now and then for diverse purposes from routine to solemn.

Interest of Korean Companies

Korean companies have shown far more interest in India and to guard their economic interest in this vast country has refused to partner with CPEC, which India views as a threat to its economic and sovereign interests. Korean companies from diverse fields are finding the charming weather of Bangalore enticing. The financial opportunity this city provides to penetrate the Southern region of India is phenomenal.

Kind of Interpreter Services

There are still far less Korean speakers and language students in India than what is the requirement. Indian students and those from Bangalore shall benefit immensely by taking up language courses in Korean. Clearing various TOPIK levels would go a long way in shaping up their career in this field. TOPIK is an exam held by the Koreans to judge the proficiency level of foreign students learning Korean. The higher the grade, more skilled one is in the language.  A Korean Interpreter In Bangalore would need to clear higher TOPIK levels. A Masters degree in Korean would be good. A PHD would be just awesome.

The ongoing Pay rates

The pay rates currently are in the range of 2000 to 3000 per day for beginners and 4000 to 5000 for  intermediate levels. A highly proficient Korean interpreter would of course command even more higher fees in Bangalore. Besides Bangalore serves as a point for travelling to other cities in the south of India for related assignments. 

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ASTAD DEBOO

Astad Deboo -the lord of contemporary dance is known to captivate audiences with his spectacular performances and creating a dance of his own by assimilating Indian and western techniques. He has created over 70 works in the span of more than four decades. He was the first contemporary dancer to perform at the Elephanta festival, Khajuraho festival and at the Great Wall of China. He was commissioned by Pierre Cardin to choreograph a dance performance and has given performances for the royal families of Sweden, Bhutan, Japan, Thailand and Presidents of India A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee. At 70, his fluid dance movements can put any young dancer to shame. This immense energy within him to continue his passion at this age is commendable.

In a candid conversation, Astad Deboo shares what ignites the fire within him to create and recreate dance styles that are new to the world.  

At the age of 70, you are able to express with your body extraordinarily. What keeps you going?

It’s been heard saying, that I am getting old (laughs). But, it’s also heard saying that audience leaves the stage wanting for more every time I perform. The passion and the fire are still there. Life goes under a lot of opposition, but it keeps me challenged. Some people say you have done so much, one cannot harp on that. I will keep doing, what I am doing. I stage 30 performances in a year and have appetite for more. I started learning Indian classical dance at the age of six and at 22 I was in London learning contemporary dance forms. I have been trained in the Martha Graham Technique and the Jose Limon’s technique in New York. In these four decades, I have evolved by learning different dance styles and created my own dance style. My dance style is minimal and controlled. I incorporate Kathak, Kathakali and Butoh (Japanese theatre form) in my dance. I am also trained with Pina Bausch in the Wuppertal Dance Company, Germany and with Alison Chase of the Pilobolus Dance Company.

How rewarding has been four decades of dance journey?

In my journey there have always been surprises. As I began my journey as a solo performer way back in 1969, I left the shores of India in search of a language which I could inculcate into my body to create a style which is distinct. For a decade I was a solo performer. And then I felt restricted. As the gurus were not very welcoming, some of the students who may have wanted to come on board kept away. So, I started looking into the performing arts disciplines. Through last two decades, I have collaborated with various performing disciplines. I have worked with Dadi Pudumjee, Gundecha brothers, Pink Floyd, Tim McCarthy, Pina Bausch, Thang-Ta martial art group, Pung cholom dancers of Manipur amongst others.

How fulfilling has it been working with hearing impaired children and street children?

I have always been very much involved with the deaf community. I started my work with deaf in 1988, with the deaf theatre company The Action Players. They were primarily actors and to whom I introduced dance. Then I taught eight Bharatnatyam dancers from the Clarke School of Deaf, Chennai. They came into my life, when I had already been working with the deaf for 18 years. With this group, I was able to create a full-length 60 minutes solo work with them. And that was quite a fleet for them, but it was challenging for me too. Then I started working with street children of The Salaam Baalak Trust. I began a work with 16 young boys and girls from the street and my first creation with them was ‘Breaking Boundaries’. From there I selected eight young boys who joined me into my production “Interpreting Tagore”. Many of them now work with great masters like Dadi Pudumjee, Anupama Rao and others. Presently I am working with the deaf at Sheela Kothawala school for Deaf , Bangalore. They will be performing in 2017. It’s a challenging process and it has its moments. There is a joy when you see these challenged performers across the boundaries. I also push the envelope in bringing them to a standard which will showcase their talent.

Has there been adequate financial support with the rising popularity?

Support is still a challenge. It’s not only for me but for many of my colleagues. Sometimes it’s a miracle, that how we artists create with practically nothing. In Delhi, I am performing a fresh piece ‘Eternal Embrace’ after four years. My other new performance with Manipuri drummers hasn’t come to Delhi yet. It’s been to all Indian cities. There are no invitations and no sponsors. It is the lack of invitation to come and showcase my work. Even in Mumbai, my home city, I only get to showcase my work once in two years. But, at least I know in two years I have a platform. I am hoping that within sometime I am being able to bring my Manipuri work to Delhi. I still face a lot of problems in India and abroad. I have a name, but it doesn’t equate into funds. I have been producing my own shows in India, but abroad they are sponsored. Sponsors believe I am expensive. But, now my canvas has grown ten-fold, so I charge for what I perform. I believe dancers are the most underpaid of artists. It is sad, that with 47 years of professional performances, I have to face all this.

What are the new exciting collaborations and performances coming up?

My collaboration overseas is too many. I am collaborating with Korean drummers and Mridangam drummers, that will come to India end of 2017 or beginning of 2018. I will be acting and dancing in a play ‘Hamlet’ directed by a Korean director, where I play Hamlet’s father the Ghost, that I will be performing in London. I haven’t done much acting in India; I did it in late 80s in London. I am collaborating with two dancers from Colombia College of Dance in Chicago along with two of my dancers. A Swedish choreographer Rani Nair has been looking into the archives of my solo work. We both will be performing in August 2017 in Sweden. In 2017, I will also be performing in Hyderabad, Thane, Kolkata, Seoul, New York, Sweden, Chicago, Korea and other places.

What is the inspiration behind ‘Eternal Embrace’ that premiered in Delhi at ‘The Natya Ballet Dance Festival 2016’?

‘Eternal Embrace’ is inspired by Sufi poet Bulleh Shah’s poem ‘Maati’. This particular work is collaborated with music composer Yukio Tsuji, a Japanese living in New York. This work was commissioned last year by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York for the Islamic wing. One has read poems of Rumi but I asked some of my think-tank what else we can do. They sent me poems of Bulleh Shah from which I chose ‘Maati’. It was premiered and was well-received. Every creation has its own time frame, that time it was a 45 minutes piece. Sometimes you create a work and with time, when you reflect back you are not happy. Yukio himself wasn’t happy with music. At times I re-visit my earlier work and I realize it was so naïve. So, we completely reworked on it with a different music. I was very keen that I share this work to the Indian audiences. It is my first 60 minute solo performance in last 10 years. I am interpreting the poem ‘Maati’, there is my style of movement, Kathak and Kathakali Abhinayam. Yukio is performing live with instruments like zither, shakuhachi flute and percussion and he also sings. There is element of annihilation in the poem. I have used his thoughts in my work. I am just expressing that there was a war that happened. It is kind of relating to today’s scenario. If you look at what is happening in Syria or at our own Kashmir problem, there is constant war happening even today.

Photo credit – Amit Kumar and Ritam Banerjee

[conferenceinterpreterinmumbai]

Korean to English Conference Interpretation Services Mumbai

The success of your conference greatly relies on our Korean-to-English interpreter. They facilitate communication between Korean and English speakers by utilizing their language skills and cultural awareness. This interpreter offers real-time translation during the event, enabling English-speaking attendees to understand and engage in presentations, discussions, and interactions conducted in Korean. Their expertise allows them to accurately convey complex ideas and terminology, benefiting from their technical proficiency and industry knowledge.The presence of this interpreter fosters inclusivity by facilitating meaningful connections and networking opportunities among participants from diverse language backgrounds. Furthermore, their ability to adapt to various conference formats and capture the essence of the original message enhances the overall conference experience, creating an international and captivating atmosphere for all attendees.With our Korean-to-English interpreter's assistance, your conference evolves into a smooth and dynamic platform for cross-cultural discussions, collaborations, and the exchange of information.

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korean interpreter mumbai

Types of  Language interpretation

Conference

Conference interpreting refers to interpretation at a conference or large meeting, either simultaneously or consecutively. The advent of multi-lingual meetings has reduced the amount of consecutive interpretation in the last 20 years.

Conference interpretation is divided between two markets: institutional and private. International institutions (EU, UN, EPO, et cetera), which    hold      multilingual meetings, often favor interpreting several foreign   languages     korean interpreter mumbai   into  the  interpreters' mother tongues. Local private markets tend to have bilingual meetings (the local language plus another), and the interpreters      work both into and out of their mother tongues. These markets  are       not mutually exclusive. The International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC) is the     only worldwide    association    of conference interpreters. Founded in 1953, its membership includes more than 2,800 professional conference interpreters, in more than 90 countries.

Judicial

Judicial, legal, or court interpreting occurs in courts of justice, administrative tribunals, and wherever a legal proceeding is held (i.e., a police station  for an interrogation, a conference room for a deposition, or the locale for taking a sworn statement). Legal interpreting   can be the consecutive interpretation of witnesses' testimony, for example, or the    simultaneous interpretation   of entire proceedings, by electronic means, for one person, or  all of    the people attending. In a legal context, where ramifications of misinterpretation         may be dire, accuracy is    paramount. Teams of two or more interpreters, with one actively interpreting and the second monitoring for greater accuracy, may be deployed.

 The right to a competent interpreter for anyone who does not understand the language of the court (especially for the accused in a criminal trial) is usually considered a fundamental rule of justice. Therefore, this right is often guaranteed in national constitutions, declarations of rights, fundamental laws establishing the justice system or by precedents set by the highest courts. However, it is not a constitutionally     required procedure (in the United States) that a certified interpreter be present at police interrogation.This has been especially controversial in cases where illegal immigrants with no English skills are accused of crimes.

 In the US, depending upon the regulations and standards adhered to per state and venue, court interpreters usually work alone when interpreting consecutively, or as a team, when interpreting simultaneously. In addition to practical mastery of the source and target languages, thorough knowledge of law and legal and court procedures is required of court interpreters. They are often required to have formal authorization from the state to work in the courts – and then are called certified court interpreters. In many jurisdictions, the interpretation is considered an essential part of evidence. Incompetent interpretation, or simply failure to swear in the interpreter, can lead to a mistrial.

  Escort interpreter

 In escort interpreting, an interpreter      accompanies a person or a delegation on a tour, on a visit, or to a business meeting or interview. An interpreter in this role is called an escort interpreter or an escorting interpreter. An escort interpreter’s work    session may run for days, weeks, or even months, depending on the period of    the client’s visit. This type     of interpreting is often needed in business contexts, during presentations, investor   meetings, and business  negotiations. As such, and escort interpreter needs to be equipped with some business and financial knowledge in order to best understand and convey messages back and forth.

Public sector

Also known as community interpreting, is the type of interpreting occurring in fields such as legal, health, and local government, social, housing, environmental health, education, and welfare services. In community interpreting, factors   exist which   determine and affect language and communication production, such as speech's emotional   content, hostile or polarized social surroundings, its created stress, the power     relationships      among    participants, and the interpreter's degree of responsibility – in many cases more than extreme; in some cases, even the life of the other person depends upon the interpreter's work.

Medical

Medical interpreting is a subset of public service interpreting, consisting of communication among Healthcare personnel and the patient and their family or among Healthcare personnel speaking different languages, facilitated by an interpreter, usually     formally educated and qualified to provide such interpretation services. In some situations     medical employees who are multilingual may participate part-time as members of internal language banks. Depending on country/state specific requirements, the interpreter is often required to have some    knowledge of medical terminology, common procedures, the patient interview and exam process. Medical interpreters are often cultural liaisons for people (regardless of language) who are unfamiliar with or uncomfortable in hospital, clinical, or medical settings.

 For example, in China, there is no mandatory certificate for medical interpreters as of 2012. Most interpretation in hospitals in China is done by doctors, who are proficient in both Chinese and English (mostly) in his/her specialty. They interpret more in academic settings than for communications between doctors and patients. When a patient needs English language service in a Chinese hospital, more often than not the   korean interpreter mumbai  patient will be directed to a staff member in the hospital, who is recognized by his/her colleagues as proficient in English. The actual quality of such service for patients or medical translation for communications between  doctors speaking different languages is unknown by the interpreting community as interpreters   who lack Healthcare background rarely receive accreditation for medical translation in the medical community. Interpreters working in the Healthcare setting may be considered Allied Health Professionals.

 In the United States, however, providing a Medical Interpreter is required by law. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity that receives Federal funds or other Federal financial assistance.  Because hospitals are federally funded, they are required by this law to provide a professional interpreter to any patient that may need one.

Telephone

Also referred to as "over-the-phone interpreting," "telephonic interpreting," and "tele-interpreting," telephone interpreting enables interpretation via telephone. Telephone interpreting can be used in community settings     as well as conference settings. Telephone interpreting may be used in place of on-site interpreting when no on-site interpreter is readily available at the location where services are needed. However, it is more commonly used for situations in which all parties who wish to communicate are already speaking to one another via telephone (e.g. telephone applications for insurance or credit cards, or telephone inquiries from consumers to businesses).

On-site

Also called "in-person interpreting" or sometimes colloquialized as "face-to-face", this delivery method requires the interpreter to be physically  present in order for the interpretation to take place. In on-site interpreting settings, all of the     parties who wish to speak to one another are usually located in the same place. This is by far the most common modality used for most public and social service settings.

Video

Interpretation services via Video Remote Interpreting (VRI) or a Video Relay Service (VRS) are useful for spoken language barriers     where visual-cultural recognition is relevant, and even more applicable where one of the parties     is deaf, hard-of-hearing   or speech-impaired (mute). In such cases the direction of  interpretation   is     normally within the same    principal language, such as French Sign Language (FSL) to spoken French and   Spanish Sign Language (SSL) to spoken Spanish. Multilingual sign language interpreters, who can also translate as    well across principal languages (such as to and from SSL, to and from spoken English), are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the translator, since sign languages are distinct natural languages with their own construction and syntax, different from the aural version of the same principal language.

With video interpreting, sign language interpreters work remotely with live video and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf     or mute party, converse with the hearing party and vice versa. Much like telephone interpreting, video interpreting   can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRI and VRS interpretation requires all parties to have the necessary equipment. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera, in order to zoom in and out, and to point the camera toward the party that is signing.

korean interpreter mumbai

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korean interpreter mumbai

Language interpretation

Interpreting is a translational activity in which one produces a first and final translation on the basis of a one-time exposure to an expression in a source language.

The most common two modes    of interpreting are simultaneous interpreting, which is done at the time of the exposure to the source language, and consecutive interpreting, which is done at breaks to this exposure.

Interpreting is an ancient human  activity which     predates the invention of writing. However, the origins of the profession   of interpreting date back to less than a century ago.

 Historiography

Research into the  various aspects of the history of interpreting is quite new. For as long as most scholarly interest was given to  professional  conference interpreting, very little academic work was done on the practice of  interpreting      in history, and until the  only a few dozen publications were done on it.

 Considering the amount of interpreting activities that is assumed to have occurred for thousands of years, historical records are limited.Moreover, interpreters and their work have usually not found their way into the history     books.One of     the reasons   for that is the dominance of the written text over the spoken word (in the sense     korean interpreter mumbai    that those who have left written texts are more likely to be recorded by historians). Another problem is     the tendency to view it as an ordinary support activity which does not require any special attention, and the social status of interpreters, who were sometimes treated unfairly by scribes, chroniclers and historians.

 Our knowledge of the past of interpreting tends to come from letters, chronicles, biographies, diaries and memoirs, along with a variety of other documents and literary works, many of which (and with few exceptions) were only incidentally or marginally related to interpreting.

Etymology

Many Indo-European languages have words for 'interpreting' and 'interpreter'. Expressions in Germanic, Scandinavian and Slavic languages    denoting an   interpreter can be traced back to Akkadian, around 1900 BCE. The Akkadian root targumânu/turgumânu also gave rise to the term dragoman via an etymological sideline from Arabic.

 The English word ‘interpreter’, however, is derived from Latin interpres (meaning ‘expounder’, ‘person explaining what is obscure’), whose semantic roots are not clear. Some scholars take the second part of the word to be derived from partes or pretium (meaning ‘price’, which fits the meaning of a ‘middleman’, ‘intermediary’ or ‘commercial go-between’), but others have suggested a Sanskrit root.

Modes

Consecutive

In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter starts to interpret before the speaker pauses. Therefore, the time needed is much    lower (possibly half the time needed). Traditionally, the interpreter will sit or stand near the speaker.

Consecutive interpretation  can be conducted in a pattern of short or long segments according to the interpreter's preference. In short CI, the interpreter relies mostly on memory whereas, in long CI, most interpreters will rely on note-taking. The notes must     be clear and legible in order to not waste time on reading them. Consecutive   interpreting    of whole       thoughts, rather than in small pieces, is desirable so that the interpreter    has the  whole   meaning before rendering it in the target language. This affords a truer, more accurate, and more accessible interpretation than where short CI or simultaneous interpretation is used.

An attempt at consensus about lengths of segments may be reached prior to commencement, depending upon complexity   of the subject      matter and purpose of the interpretation, though speakers generally face difficulty adjusting to unnatural speech patterns.

 On occasion, document sight translation is required of the interpreter during consecutive interpretation work. Sight translation combines interpretation   and translation; the interpreter must render the source-language document to the target-language as if it were written in the target language. Sight translation occurs usually, but not exclusively, in judicial and medical work.

 Consecutive interpretation may be the chosen mode when bilingual listeners are present who wish to hear both the original and interpreted speech or where, as in a court setting, a record must be kept of both.

 When no interpreter is available to interpret directly from source to target, an intermediate interpreter will be inserted in a relay mode, e.g. a Greek source language could be interpreted into English and then from English to another language. This is also commonly known as double-interpretation. Triple-interpretation may even be needed, particularly where rare languages or dialects are involved. Such interpretation can only be effectively conducted using consecutive interpretation.

 Simultaneous

Simultaneous interpretation (SI) suffers the disadvantage that if a person is performing the service the interpreter must do the best he or she can within the time permitted by the pace of source speech. However they also have the advantages   of saving time and not disturbing the natural flow of the speaker. SI can also be accomplished by software where the program can simultaneously listen to incoming speech and speak the associated interpretation. The most common form is extempore SI, where the interpreter does not know the message until he or she hears it.

 Simultaneous interpretation using electronic equipment where the interpreter can hear the speaker's voice as well as the interpreter's own voice was introduced at the Nuremberg trials. The equipment facilitated large numbers of listeners, and interpretation was offered in French, Russian, German and English. The technology arose in the   and when American businessman Edward Filene and British engineer Alan Gordon Finlay developed simultaneous   interpretation equipment with IBM. Yvonne Kapp attended a conference with simultaneous translation in 1935 in the Soviet Union.As it proved successful, IBM was able to sell the equipment to the United Nations, where it is now widely used in the United Nations Interpretation Service.

 In the ideal setting for oral language, the interpreter sits in a sound-proof booth and speaks into a microphone, while clearly seeing and hearing the source-language speaker via earphones. The simultaneous interpretation is rendered to the target-language listeners via their earphones.

The progressive shift from consecutive to simultaneous

The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter gives a short history of modern interpretation and of the transition from its consecutive to simultaneous forms. He explains that during the nineteenth century interpreters were rarely needed during European diplomatic      discussions; these were routinely conducted in French, and all government      diplomats were  required to be fluent in this language. Most European government leaders and heads   of state could   also speak French. Historian Harold Nicolson attributes the growing need for interpretation after   World War I to the fact that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and British Prime Minister "were no linguists".  At the time, the concept and special equipment needed for simultaneous interpretation, later      patented by Alan Gordon Finlay, had not been developed, so consecutive interpretation was used.

Consecutive interpreters, in order be accurate, used a specialized system of note-taking which included symbols abbreviations and acronyms. Because      they waited until the speaker was finished to provide translation, the interpreters    korean interpreter mumbai    then had the difficult task of creating from these notes as much as half an hour of free-flowing sentences closely matching the speaker's meaning as skilled interpreters, and notes one unusual case in which interpreted a speech by a French diplomat who spoke for two and a half hours without stopping.

 After World War II, simultaneous interpretation came into use at the Nuremberg trial, and began to be more accepted. Experienced consecutive interpreters asserted that the difficulties of listening and speaking at the same time, adjusting for differences in sentence structure between languages, and interpreting the beginning of a sentence before hearing its end, would produce an inferior result. As well, these interpreters, who to that point had been      prominent speakers, would now be speaking invisibly from booths.  when the United Nations expanded its number of working languages to five (English, French, Russian, Chinese and Spanish), consecutive translation became impractical in most cases, and simultaneous translation became the most common process for the organization's large meetings.Consecutive interpretation, which provides a more fluent result without the need for specialized equipment, continued to be used for smaller discussions.

 Whispered

Since time immemorial, whispering interpretation has been used, known in the trade by the French term chuchotage. To avoid disturbing the original speaker and those present listening to the original speaker, the interpreter's voice     is kept at a low volume. To do this, the interpreter and the person requiring interpretation must sit or stand in close proximity to one another. No actual whispering is involved as this is difficult to   decipher as well   as being too much of a strain on the voice: the interpreter uses normal 'voiced' speech at a low volume. Only   one or at the most two people in need of interpretation can be accommodated, unless portable electronic equipment is used.This form of interpretation puts a strain on the interpreter who has to sit for long periods leaning towards the person in need of interpretation.

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Interpreting

Interpreting, or "interpretation," is the facilitation of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively    between two, or among   three or more, speakers who are not speaking, or signing, the same     language. The term "interpreting," rather than "interpretation," is preferentially used        for this activity by     Anglophone     translators,    to avoid     confusion     with other meanings    of the word "interpretation." Unlike English, many     languages   do not     employ two separate words to   korean interpreter mumbai       denote the activities     of written   and live-communication (oral or sign-language) translators. Even English does not always make the    distinction, frequently using "translating" as a synonym for "interpreting."

 Interpreters have sometimes      played crucial roles in history. A prime example is also known as an early-16th-century     Nahua woman  from      the   Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thushad   become bilingual. Subsequently, given along with other women to the      invading   Spaniards, she became     instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés.

 Nearly three centuries later, in the United States, a comparable role as interpreter was played for the and  Expedition   of 1804–6 by   korean interpreter mumbai   Sacagawea. As a child, the Lemhi  Shoshone woman had been kidnapped by Hidatsa       Indians and thus    had become bilingual. Sacagawea facilitated the expedition's traverse of the North American continent to the Pacific Ocean.

 In the United States today, interpreting as a line of work has become increasingly professionalized in recent decades, and there is      now a variety      of professional associations and certifications available to provide resources on ethics     and practices and ensure trustworthy, quality interpretation services.

 However, many US companies and organizations remain  unaware of the importance of turning to professional or experienced     interpreters     rather than asking their bilingual colleagues or community members to interpret. Turning to   bilingual  individuals  who     are not experienced interpreters can lead to  unreliable or unethical      interpreting practices, and it     can place an unwanted burden on those individuals, whether it be professionally or emotionally.

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Types of  Language interpretation

Conference

Conference interpreting refers to interpretation at a conference or large meeting, either simultaneously or consecutively. The advent of multi-lingual meetings has reduced the amount of consecutive interpretation in the last 20 years.

Conference interpretation is divided between two markets: institutional and private. International institutions (EU, UN, EPO, et cetera), which    hold      multilingual meetings, often favor interpreting several foreign   languages     into  the   korean language interpreter mumbai    interpreters' mother tongues. Local private markets tend to have bilingual meetings (the local language  plus another), and the interpreters      work both into and out of their mother tongues. These markets  are      not mutually exclusive. The International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC) is the     only worldwide    association    of conference interpreters. Founded in 1953, its membership includes more than 2,800 professional conference interpreters, in more than 90 countries.

Judicial

Judicial, legal, or court interpreting occurs in courts of justice, administrative tribunals, and wherever a legal proceeding is held (i.e., a police station  for an interrogation, a conference room for a deposition, or the locale for taking a sworn statement). Legal interpreting   can be the consecutive interpretation of witnesses' testimony, for example, or the    simultaneous interpretation   of entire proceedings, by electronic means, for one person, or  all of    the people attending. In a legal context, where ramifications of misinterpretation         may be dire, accuracy is    paramount. Teams of two or more interpreters, with one actively interpreting and the second monitoring for greater accuracy, may be deployed.

 The right to a competent interpreter for anyone who does not understand the language of the court (especially for the accused in a criminal trial) is usually considered a fundamental rule of justice. Therefore, this right is often guaranteed in national constitutions, declarations of rights, fundamental laws establishing the justice system or by precedents set by the highest courts. However, it is not a constitutionally     required procedure (in the United States) that a certified interpreter be present at police interrogation.This has been especially controversial in cases where illegal immigrants with no English skills are accused of crimes.

 In the US, depending upon the regulations and standards adhered to per state and venue, court interpreters usually work alone when interpreting consecutively, or as a team, when interpreting simultaneously. In addition to practical mastery of the source and target languages, thorough knowledge of law and legal and court procedures is required of court interpreters. They are often required to have formal authorization from the state to work in the courts – and then are called certified court interpreters. In many jurisdictions, the interpretation is considered an essential part of evidence. Incompetent interpretation, or simply failure to swear in the interpreter, can lead to a mistrial.

  Escort interpreter

 In escort interpreting, an interpreter      accompanies a person or a delegation on a tour, on a visit, or to a business meeting or interview. An interpreter in this role is called an escort interpreter or an escorting interpreter. An escort interpreter’s work    session may run for days, weeks, or even months, depending on the period of    the client’s visit. This type     of interpreting is often needed in business contexts, during presentations, investor   meetings, and business  negotiations. As such, and escort interpreter needs to be equipped with some business and financial knowledge in order to best understand and convey messages back and forth.

Public sector

Also known as community interpreting, is the type of interpreting occurring in fields such as legal, health, and local government, social, housing, environmental health, education, and welfare services. In community interpreting, factors   exist which   determine and affect language and communication production, such as speech's emotional   content, hostile or polarized social surroundings, its created stress, the power     relationships      among    participants, and the interpreter's degree of responsibility – in many cases more than extreme; in some cases, even the life of the other person depends upon the interpreter's work.

Medical

Medical interpreting is a subset of public service interpreting, consisting of communication among Healthcare personnel and the patient and their family or among Healthcare personnel speaking different languages, facilitated by an interpreter, usually     formally educated and qualified to provide such interpretation services. In some situations   korean language interpreter mumbai     medical employees who are multilingual may participate part-time as members of internal language banks. Depending on country/state specific requirements, the interpreter is often required to have some    knowledge of medical terminology, common procedures, the patient interview and exam process. Medical interpreters are often cultural liaisons for people (regardless of language) who are unfamiliar with or uncomfortable in hospital, clinical, or medical settings.

 For example, in China, there is no mandatory certificate for medical interpreters as of 2012. Most interpretation in hospitals in China is done by doctors, who are proficient in both Chinese and English (mostly) in his/her specialty. They interpret more in academic settings than for communications between doctors and patients. When a patient needs English language service in a Chinese hospital, more often than not the   patient will be  directed to a staff member in the hospital, who is recognized by his/her colleagues as proficient in English. The actual quality of such service for patients or medical translation for communications between  doctors speaking different languages is unknown by the interpreting community as interpreters   who lack Healthcare background rarely receive accreditation for medical translation in the medical community. Interpreters working in the Healthcare setting may be considered Allied Health Professionals.

 In the United States, however, providing a Medical Interpreter is required by law. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity that receives Federal funds or other Federal financial assistance.  Because hospitals are federally funded, they are required by this law to provide a professional interpreter to any patient that may need one.

Telephone

Also referred to as "over-the-phone interpreting," "telephonic interpreting," and "tele-interpreting," telephone interpreting enables interpretation via telephone. Telephone interpreting can be used in community settings     as well as conference settings. Telephone interpreting may be used in place of on-site interpreting when no on-site interpreter is readily available at the location where services are needed. However, it is more commonly used for situations in which all parties who wish to communicate are already speaking to one another via telephone (e.g. telephone applications for insurance or credit cards, or telephone inquiries from consumers to businesses).

On-site

Also called "in-person interpreting" or sometimes colloquialized as "face-to-face", this delivery method requires the interpreter to be physically  present in order for the interpretation to take place. In on-site interpreting settings, all of the     parties who wish to speak to one another are usually located in the same place. This is by far the most common modality used for most public and social service settings.

Video

Interpretation services via Video Remote Interpreting (VRI) or a Video Relay Service (VRS) are useful for spoken language barriers     where visual-cultural recognition is relevant, and even more applicable where one of the parties     is deaf, hard-of-hearing   or speech-impaired (mute). In such cases the direction of  interpretation   is     normally within the same    principal language, such as French Sign Language (FSL) to spoken French and   Spanish Sign Language (SSL) to spoken Spanish. Multilingual sign language interpreters, who can also translate as    well across principal languages (such as to and from SSL, to and from spoken English), are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the translator, since sign languages are distinct natural languages with their own construction and syntax, different from the aural version of the same principal language.

With video interpreting, sign language interpreters work remotely with live video and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf     or mute party, converse with the hearing party and vice versa. Much like telephone interpreting, video interpreting   can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRI and VRS interpretation requires all parties to have the necessary equipment. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera, in order to zoom in and out, and to point the camera toward the party that is signing.

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Language interpretation

Interpreting is a translational activity in which one produces a first and final translation on the basis of a one-time exposure to an expression in a source language.

The most common two modes    of interpreting are simultaneous interpreting, which is done at the time of the exposure to the source language, and consecutive interpreting, which is done at breaks to this exposure.

Interpreting is an ancient human  activity which     predates the invention of writing. However, the origins of the profession   of interpreting date back to less than a century ago.

 Historiography

Research into the  various aspects of the history of interpreting is quite new. For as long as most scholarly interest was given to  professional korean language interpreter mumbai     conference interpreting, very little academic work was done on the practice of  interpreting      in history, and until the  only a few dozen publications were done on it.

 Considering the amount of interpreting activities that is assumed to have occurred for thousands of years, historical records are limited.Moreover, interpreters and their work have usually not found their way into the history     books.One of     the reasons   for that is the dominance of the written text over the spoken word (in the sense        that those who have left written texts are more likely to be recorded by historians). Another problem is     the tendency to view it as an ordinary support activity which does not require any special attention, and the social status of interpreters, who were sometimes treated unfairly by scribes, chroniclers and historians.

 Our knowledge of the past of interpreting tends to come from letters, chronicles, biographies, diaries and memoirs, along with a variety of other documents and literary works, many of which (and with few exceptions) were only incidentally or marginally related to interpreting.

Etymology

Many Indo-European languages have words for 'interpreting' and 'interpreter'. Expressions in Germanic, Scandinavian and Slavic languages    denoting an   interpreter can be traced back to Akkadian, around 1900 BCE. The Akkadian root targumânu/turgumânu also gave rise to the term dragoman via an etymological sideline from Arabic.

 The English word ‘interpreter’, however, is derived from Latin interpres (meaning ‘expounder’, ‘person explaining what is obscure’), whose semantic roots are not clear. Some scholars take the second part of the word to be derived from partes or pretium (meaning ‘price’, which fits the meaning of a ‘middleman’, ‘intermediary’ or ‘commercial go-between’), but others have suggested a Sanskrit root.

Modes

Consecutive

In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter starts to interpret before the speaker pauses. Therefore, the time needed is much    lower (possibly half the time needed). Traditionally, the interpreter will sit or stand near the speaker.

Consecutive interpretation  can be conducted in a pattern of short or long segments according to the interpreter's preference. In short CI, the interpreter relies mostly on memory whereas, in long CI, most interpreters will rely on note-taking. The notes must     be clear and legible in order to not waste time on reading them. Consecutive   interpreting    of whole       thoughts, rather than in small pieces, is desirable so that the interpreter    has the  whole   meaning before rendering it in the target language. This affords a truer, more accurate, and more accessible interpretation than where short CI or simultaneous interpretation is used.

An attempt at consensus about lengths of segments may be reached prior to commencement, depending upon complexity   of the subject      matter and purpose of the interpretation, though speakers generally face difficulty adjusting to unnatural speech patterns.

 On occasion, document sight translation is required of the interpreter during consecutive interpretation work. Sight translation combines interpretation   and translation; the interpreter must render the source-language document to the target-language as if it were written in the target language. Sight translation occurs usually, but not exclusively, in judicial and medical work.

 Consecutive interpretation may be the chosen mode when bilingual listeners are present who wish to hear both the original and interpreted speech or where, as in a court setting, a record must be kept of both.

 When no interpreter is available to interpret directly from source to target, an intermediate interpreter will be inserted in a relay mode, e.g. a Greek source language could be interpreted into English and then from English to another language. This is also commonly known as double-interpretation. Triple-interpretation may even be needed, particularly where rare languages or dialects are involved. Such interpretation can only be effectively conducted using consecutive interpretation.

 Simultaneous

Simultaneous interpretation (SI) suffers the disadvantage that if a person is performing the service the interpreter must do the best he or she can within the time permitted by the pace of source speech. However they also have the advantages   of saving time and not disturbing the natural flow of the speaker. SI can also be accomplished by software where the program can simultaneously listen to incoming speech and speak the associated interpretation. The most common form is extempore SI, where the interpreter does not know the message until he or she hears it.

 Simultaneous interpretation using electronic equipment where the interpreter can hear the speaker's voice as well as the interpreter's own voice was introduced at the Nuremberg trials. The equipment facilitated large numbers of listeners, and interpretation was offered in French, Russian, German and English. The technology arose in the   and when American businessman Edward Filene and British engineer Alan Gordon Finlay developed simultaneous   interpretation equipment with IBM. Yvonne Kapp attended a conference with simultaneous translation in 1935 in the Soviet Union.As it proved successful, IBM was able to sell the equipment to the United Nations, where it is now widely used in the United Nations Interpretation Service.

 In the ideal setting for oral language, the interpreter sits in a sound-proof booth and speaks into a microphone, while clearly seeing and hearing the source-language speaker via earphones. The simultaneous interpretation is rendered to the target-language listeners via their earphones.

The progressive shift from consecutive to simultaneous

The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter gives a short history of modern interpretation and of the transition from its consecutive to simultaneous forms. He explains that during the nineteenth century interpreters were rarely needed during European   korean language interpreter mumbai   diplomatic      discussions; these were routinely conducted in French, and all government      diplomats were    required to be fluent in this language. Most European government leaders and heads    of state could   also speak French. Historian Harold Nicolson attributes the growing need for interpretation after   World War I to the fact that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and British Prime Minister "were no linguists".  At the time, the concept and special equipment needed for simultaneous interpretation, later      patented by Alan Gordon Finlay, had not been developed, so consecutive interpretation was used.

Consecutive interpreters, in order be accurate, used a specialized system of note-taking which included symbols abbreviations and acronyms. Because      they waited until the speaker was finished to provide translation, the interpreters      then had the difficult task of creating from these notes as much as half an hour of free-flowing sentences closely matching the speaker's meaning as skilled interpreters, and notes one unusual case in which  interpreted a speech by a French diplomat who spoke for two and a half hours without stopping.

 After World War II, simultaneous interpretation came into use at the Nuremberg trial, and began to be more accepted. Experienced consecutive interpreters asserted that the difficulties of listening and speaking at the same time, adjusting for differences in sentence structure between languages, and interpreting the beginning of a sentence before hearing its end, would produce an inferior result. As well, these interpreters, who to that point had been      prominent speakers, would now be speaking invisibly from booths.  when the United Nations expanded its number of working languages to five (English, French, Russian, Chinese and Spanish), consecutive translation became impractical in most cases, and simultaneous translation became the most common process for the organization's large meetings.Consecutive interpretation, which provides a more fluent result without the need for specialized equipment, continued to be used for smaller discussions.

 Whispered

Since time immemorial, whispering interpretation has been used, known in the trade by the French term chuchotage. To avoid disturbing the original speaker and those present listening to the original speaker, the interpreter's voice     is kept at a low volume. To do this, the interpreter and the person requiring interpretation must sit or stand in close proximity to one another. No actual whispering is involved as this is difficult to   decipher as well   as being too much of a strain on the voice: the interpreter uses normal 'voiced' speech at a low volume. Only   one or at the most two people in need of interpretation can be accommodated, unless portable electronic equipment is used.This form of interpretation puts a strain on the interpreter who has to sit for long periods leaning towards the person in need of interpretation.

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Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The language     draws a terminological distinction (not all languages do) between translating (a written text) and  interpreting (oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages); under this      distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community.

 A translator always risks   inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language  rendering. On the other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source-language     calques    and loanwords that        have enriched  target languages. Translators, including early translators     of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated.

 Because of the laboriousness of the   translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to  automate   korean language interpreter mumbai     translation or to mechanically aid the human translator.More recently, the rise     of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated "language localization".

Etymology

The English word "translation" derives from the Latin word translatio,which comes from trans, "across" + ferre, "to carry" or "to bring" (-latio in turn coming from latus, the past participle of ferre). Thus translatio is "a carrying      across" or "a bringing across": in this case, of a text from one language to another.

Some Slavic languages and the Germanic   languages (other than Dutch and Afrikaans) have calqued their words for the concept of "translation" on translatio.

The Romance languages and the remaining    Slavic languages have derived their words for the concept of "translation" from an  alternative Latin word, traductio, itself derived from traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across", from trans, "across" + ducere, "to lead" or "to bring")

The Ancient Greek term for "translation" (metaphrasis, "a speaking across"), has supplied English with "metaphrase" (a "literal", or "word-for-word", translation)—as contrasted with "paraphrase" ("a saying in other words", from  paraphrasis)."Metaphrase" corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to "formal equivalence"; and "paraphrase", to "dynamic equivalence".

Strictly speaking, the concept of metaphrase—of "word-for-word translation"—is an imperfect concept, because a given word in a given    language often carries more than one meaning; and because a similar given meaning may often be represented in a given language by more than one word. Nevertheless, "metaphrase" and "paraphrase" may be useful as ideal concepts that mark the extremes in the spectrum of possible approaches to translation.

Back-translation

A "back-translation" is a translation of a translated text back into the language of the original text, made without reference to the original text. Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy  of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is      sometimes     checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful  as approximate checks, are not always precisely reliable.Back-translation must in general       be less accurate   than back-calculation because linguistic symbols (words) are often ambiguous, whereas mathematical symbols are intentionally unequivocal. In the context of machine translation, a back-translation is also called a "round-trip translation." When translations are produced of material    used in medical clinical trials, such as informed-consent forms, a back-translation is often required by the ethics committee or institutional review board.

 It provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original, the French    translation, and a "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story". The latter included a synopsized adaptation    of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick's Greek Prose Composition under the title, "The Athenian and the Frog"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's "Jumping Frog" story.

When a document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to   reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously    published     fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were  subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation, made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy that has since been lost. French-language versions of the complete   Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki's Polish version.

Many works by the influential Classical physician Galen survive only in medieval Arabic translation. Some survive only in Renaissance Latin translations from the Arabic, thus at a second remove from the original. To better understand Galen, scholars have attempted back-translation of such works in order to reconstruct the original Greek.

 When historians suspect that a document is actually a translation from another language, back-translation into that hypothetical original  language can provide supporting evidence by showing that such characteristics as idioms, puns, peculiar grammatical structures, etc., are in fact derived from the original language. For example, the known text of the Till Eulenspiegel folk tales is in High German but contains puns that work only when back-translated to Low German. This seems clear evidence that these tales (or at least large portions of them) were originally written in Low German and translated into High German by an over-metaphrastic translator.

 Supporters of Aramaic primacy—the view that the Christian New Testament or its sources were originally written in the Aramaic language—seek to prove their case by showing that difficult passages in the existing Greek text of the New  Testament make much more sense when back-translated to Aramaic: that, for example, some incomprehensible  references are in fact Aramaic puns that do not work in Greek. Due to similar indications, it is believed that the 2nd century Gnostic Gospel of Judas, which survives only in Coptic, was originally written in Greek.

 The dominant English-language literary figure of his age, illustrates, in his use of back-translation, translators' influence on the evolution of languages and literary styles. Dryden is believed to be the first person to posit that English sentences should not end in prepositions because Latin sentences cannot end in prepositions. Dryden created  the proscription against "preposition stranding" in 1672 when he objected to Ben Jonson's 1611 phrase, "the bodies that those souls were frighted from", though he did not provide the rationale for his preference. Dryden often translated his writing into Latin, to check whether his writing was concise and elegant, Latin being considered an elegant and long-lived language with which to compare; then he  back-translated    his writing back to English according to Latin-grammar usage. As Latin does   korean language interpreter mumbai   not have   sentences ending in prepositions, Dryden may have applied Latin grammar to English, thus forming the controversial rule of no sentence-ending prepositions, subsequently adopted by other writers.

Translators

A competent translator is not only bilingual but bicultural. A language is not merely a collection of words and of rules of grammar and syntax for generating sentences, but also a vast interconnecting system of connotations and cultural references whose mastery, writes linguist Mario Pei, "comes close to being a lifetime job."The complexity of the translator's task cannot be overstated; one author suggests that becoming an accomplished translator—after having already acquired a good basic knowledge of both languages and cultures—may require a minimum of ten years' experience. Viewed in this light, it is a serious misconception to assume that a person who has fair fluency in two languages will, by virtue of that fact alone, be consistently competent to translate between them.

 The translator's role in relation to a text has been compared to that of an artist, e.g., a musician or actor, who interprets a work of art. Translation, like other human activities, entails making choices, and choice implies Korean interpretation gurgaon. Mark Polizzotti writes: "A good translation offers not a reproduction of the work but an interpretation, a re-representation, just as the performance of a play or a sonata is a representation of the script or the score, one among many possible representations."

 The English-language novelist Joseph Conrad, whose writings Zdzisław Najder has described as verging on "auto-translation" from Conrad's Polish and French linguistic personae, advised his niece and Polish translator Aniela Zagórska: "on't trouble to be too scrupulous ... I may tell you (in French) that in my opinion il vaut mieux interpréter que traduire  [it is better to interpret than to translate] ...Il s'agit donc de trouver les équivalents. Et là, ma chère, je vous prie laissez vous guider plutôt par votre tempérament que par une conscience sévère ... [It is, then, a question of finding the equivalent expressions. And there, my dear, I beg you to let yourself be guided more by your temperament than by a strict conscience....]"Conrad advised     another translator that the prime requisite for a good translation is that it be "idiomatic". "For in the idiom is the       clearness of a language and the language's force and its picturesqueness—by which last I mean the picture-producing power of arranged words."Conrad thought C.K. Scott Moncrieff's English translation of Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time—or, in Scott Moncrieff's rendering, Remembrance of Things Past) to be preferable to the French original.

 The necessity of making choices, and therefore of interpretation, in translating(and in other fields of human endeavor) stems from the      ambiguity    that subjectively pervades the universe. Part of the ambiguity, for a translator, involves the structure       of human language. Psychologist and neural scientist Gary Marcus notes that "virtually every sentence [that people generate] is ambiguous, often in multiple ways. Our brain is so     good at comprehending     language that we do not usually notice." An example of linguistic ambiguity is the "pronoun disambiguation problem" ("PDP"): a machine has no way of determining to whom or what a pronoun in a sentence—such as "he", "she" or "it"—refers. Such disambiguation is not infallible by a human, either.

Ambiguity is a concern to both translators and, as the writings of poet and literary critic William Empson have demonstrated, to literary critics. Ambiguity may be desirable, indeed essential, in poetry and diplomacy; it can be more problematic in ordinary prose.

A translator is faced with two contradictory tasks: when translating, strive for omniscience; when reviewing the resulting translation, assume (the naive reader's) ignorance.

Translators may render only parts     of the original text, provided that they inform readers of that action. But a translator should not     assume the role of censor and surreptitiously delete or bowdlerize passages merely to please a political or moral interest.

Translating has served as a school of writing for many an author, much as the copying of masterworks of painting has schooled many a novice painter.A translator who can competently render an author's thoughts into the translator's own language, should certainly be able to adequately render, in his own language, any   thoughts of his own. Translating (like analytic philosophy) compels precise analysis of language elements and of their usage. In 1946 the poet Ezra Pound, then at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, in Washington, D.C., advised a visitor, the 18-year-old beginning poet W.S. Merwin: "The work of translation is the best teacher you'll ever have. Merwin, translator-poet who took Pound's advice to heart, writes of translation as an "impossible, unfinishable" art.

 Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for     conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms, and vocabulary.

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Interpreting

Interpreting, or "interpretation," is the facilitation of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively    between two, or among   three or more, speakers who are not speaking, or signing, the same     language. The term "interpreting," rather than "interpretation," is preferentially used        for this activity by    Anglophone     translators,    to avoid     confusion     with other meanings    of the word "interpretation." Unlike English, many     languages   do not     employ two separate words to     denote the activities     of written   and live-communication (oral or sign-language) translators. Even English does not always make the    distinction, frequently using "translating" as a synonym for "interpreting."

 Interpreters have sometimes      played crucial roles in history. A prime example is also known as an early-16th-century     Nahua woman korean language interpreter mumbai   from      the   Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thushad   become bilingual. Subsequently, given along with other women to the      invading   Spaniards, she became     instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés.

 Nearly three centuries later, in the United States, a comparable role as interpreter was played for the and  Expedition   of 1804–6 by     Sacagawea. As a child, the Lemhi  Shoshone woman had been kidnapped by Hidatsa       Indians and thus   korean language interpreter mumbai   had become  bilingual. Sacagawea facilitated the expedition's traverse of the North American continent to the Pacific Ocean.

 In the United States today, interpreting as a line of work has become increasingly professionalized in recent decades, and there is    now a variety      of professional associations and certifications available to provide resources on ethics     and practices and ensure trustworthy, quality interpretation services.

 However, many US companies and organizations remain  unaware of the importance of turning to professional or experienced     interpreters     rather than asking their bilingual colleagues or community members to interpret. Turning to   bilingual  individuals  who     are not experienced interpreters can lead to  unreliable or unethical      interpreting practices, and it     can place an unwanted burden on those individuals, whether it be professionally or emotionally.

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