#jnd chapter 2
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Any progres on your JnD story? (No pressure! Just curiosity! Especially since you seem to like it so much! :D)
sorta! im on chapter 2 of the script but im a bit stuck. but once i get over that bit i'll probably be cruising. i'll probs skip it for now honestly just so i can keep writing and making progress
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Jon’s Not Dead
Chapter 2 Part 1
It’s finally here! I honestly didn’t think I would get this far with the story, but here we are. As I have said, Bing and Larry are in this part, though it’s pretty brief. There’s also a small bit featuring Dr. Devin, my Eddsworld OC that had a small cameo in the Prologue. (If you guys feel like it, you can send me some asks about him.) Without further delay, here it is.
Tord and Eduardo sat on separate beds in the infirmary, waiting for the doctor to finish patching up Paul. The poor guy was bashed up, but luckily didn't break anything. Despite this, the doctor scolded him as he cleaned up his bloodied wounds.
"You are lucky to still be alive." Dr. Devin grumbled, just barely understandable with his thick German accent.
Paul interjected, "Hey, I didn't want to get slapped into a wall!"
"I did not say you wanted to. I said you could have died. You all need to be careful. I cannot cure death."
Tord interjected, trying to stop another fistfight between Paul and the doctor, "Speaking of which, how was that experiment with the dead mice going?"
Dr. Devin cleared his throat,"Not good. The muscles move, but still not alive. What about you sir? Do you have a backup plan?"
With an awkward chuckle Tord admitted to him, "Well...Not really. I was banking on this being it. He had his friend, I had my book, and we both go separate ways."
"Aw c'mon, you gotta have something." Eduardo butted in with a groan.
"Like what exactly?"
"I don't know? Like uh…you could build a robot of him." Eduardo paused, trying to think of something just so he could prove his point, "Uh...look I'm blanking here, but I'm just trying to say that there's gotta be something you can pull out of your sleeves."
"What am I, a magician?"
Eduardo shrugged, “Not exactly what I was going for, but sure.”
Tord grumbled under his breath. As much as he didn’t want to admit it, Eduardo had a point. He was the Red Army Leader for crying out loud. He was on a path to world domination, and yet here he was tripping over one little setback in his plans. No, Tord was many things, but he wasn’t about to be a quitter.
As luck would have it, he knew just the person that had something he could use, and that said person owed him. Nodding to himself, he turned to the doctor, “Dr. Devin, bring me the phone please." Dr. Devin nodded wordlessly and fetched him an old Nokia that had been sitting on the desk. Thanking him, Tord quickly dialed the number of his good “friends” Bing and Larry, “Hey, I- DON'T HANG UP DON'T HANG UP! ...Yeah I know, I've been busy...Stuff...Look, that does not matter. You still owe me a favor, remember? ... This will be quick, I promise. I just need to borrow that cloning machine- what? ...How does something that big accidentally fall out the window? ...Oh. You can make another one, right? ...If I help, will you do it? ...Great! Thank you! ...Yeah, see you soon Bing!" Hanging up, he turned to the rest of the group with a smug grin, ”Greit, Bing is going to help us out!"
"And who the hell is that?" Eduardo replied.
“Long story, but he cloned me back when I was living with Edd.” Tord casually explained as if it were a daily occurence, ”He still has the machine, so we can clone your friend and get this whole thing done with.” Now the only problem is getting something with his DNA on it."
"Would a piece of his shirt work?" Eduardo held up a scrap of blue fabric that he pulled out from his wallet. It was the only thing he had left to remember Jon with, so he was reluctant to leave it at home.
"Yeah, that should be good. Bing should be here sometime soon, so in the meantime- I think I need a nap." Tord yawned and settled himself back down on one of the infirmary beds.
”Dude, you just woke up.”
”And now I’m tired. Wake me up when Bing gets here.”
”Aye aye captain.” Eduardo spat sarcastically with an exaggerated salute.
With Paul and Tord passed out, it was just him and Dr. Devin. For whatever reason, the doctor gave him a bad feeling. As far as he had seen, Devin had been the live-in mother for the army, so there really was no reason for his suspicion. Sure, there was the fact that he had stitches all over that made him resemble Frankenstein, but other than that he was a normal guy.
”Eduardo, ja?” Dr. Devin interrupted his thoughts by nudging his shoulder “Are you feeling well? You seem lost in thought.” He put the back of his hand to Eduardo’s forehead to check for a fever.
Eduardo pushed his hand away, ”Yeah, I’m fine.”
The doctor knowingly nodded with a faint crack of a smile, ”You have a bad feeling about me, right?”
”Huh?” Eduardo questioned, “How did you know?”
He shrugged, softly chuckling to himself, ”It runs in my family. No matter what, we all end up looking like villains from those hero comics. At this point, I am used to it.”
”Oh. Kinda weird trait to pass on, but okay.” He replied, feeling an uneasy knot tie up in his stomach. He tried to hide it by doing his best poker face, but judging from the doctor’s expression, he wasn’t hiding how he felt too well.”
Dr. Devin chuckled again, silver eyes piercing through Eduardo like daggers.”Oh, that is just um...what is the phrase...the top of the ice.” A muted knock cut their conversation short, “Ah, that must be Bing. That was quick. Can you let him in please?” The doctor was back to acting like his normal, motherly self, almost as if the threatening exchange never happened.
Regardless, Eduardo wasn’t about to pass up an opportunity to get away from the creep. Swinging open the door, he was met with two men holding boxes of metal parts.
”Well, it took awhile, but I got all the pieces I could find. Serves me right for thinking monkeys could man the machine.” The man Eduardo assumed was Bing sighed, shaking his head for his own mistake.
The man behind him stood there looking bored out of his mind, “Where’s Tord at? I thought he wanted us.”
Eduardo gestured behind him with his thumb, ”He’s asleep. You can try waking that loser up if you want.”
”Pass.” Bing replied, brushing past to set the boxes in the middle of the room along with a rolled up piece of blue paper.
"Suit yourself. "How does this thing even go together?'
"Oh yeah, just follow the blueprints, should be straightforward. I got to go real quick, but I'll be back to check in. Good luck." Bing and the other man left as quickly as they came without even looking back.
"Fucking asshole making me do all this crap. I don't even know what half of this stuff is. How did he expect me to do it myself?" Eduardo growled to himself, thinking about how he had to put together a machine while Tord napped. Luckily for him, one of the soldiers passed through the hallway,"Paul, can you help me?"
"Sure, but I'm Patryk." Patryk stepped in with his cup of coffee, curiously staring at the boxes of what looked like scrap metal.
Eduardo replied, "Close enough. Can you figure out any of this?" He passed the blueprints to Patryk before digging through the different pieces to try and decipher how any of them gone together.
“Kinda surprised with how simple it is." Patryk remarked after a few silent minutes of him studying the messy diagrams.
Eduardo craned his neck to look at it himself, "That's simple? All I can make out is weird white lines on blue paper."
"Yeah. It's almost like looking at instructions for building furniture though. All we need to do is put the pieces in the right spot. No welding or anything." Patryk sat his coffee down on a nearby table, scratching his head, "Looks like there might be a few things missing."
Eduardo shrugged, "Eh, I'm sure it'll be fine."
#jnd#jnd chapter 2#ew fanfic#ew tord#ew eduardo#ew bing#ew larry#ew oc#eddsworld#petrichormeraki#let's see how long it takes to get the next part done#place your bets
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I'm curious but why did you delete JAM? It was one of my favorite JxD fics and I never got to finish reading it.
ahhhh oh dear, yeah, that happened.
So, for everyone arriving, I wrote a fic called Just Another Mission for the Jak and Daxter game series, and Jak/Daxter pairing. Yes, the green haired elf protag with the fuzzy orange thing, which btw used to be a human and was a human in fic. I think I started it when I was maybe 14 (yikes omg) and a few years ago, I deleted it, and I don’t delete fics.
Rant and personal history ahead, but tldr; i deleted this particular fic because:
1) I became more and more uncomfortable with the way I’d treated certain characters without giving them respect or resolution (throwing around things like domestic abuse while being too young to properly understand What I Was Doing or How to Answer Very Triggered Friends Who Had the Misfortune of Reading This I’m So Goddamn Sorry, as well as falling into that Not Like Other Girls slash fan ditch of treating female characters like shit/obstacles to the main pairing WHICH IS JUST ******) as well as personally uncomfortable portrayals of obsession and taking advantage of people that turn my stomach to this day (see reason 4)
2) i got way in over my head with my own writing/style which was so obtuse and self-indulgent that I felt a great amount of shame over it, including the attention it had gotten, and the way it went to my head and turned me into an egotistic little shit. I was an asshole peacock and I regret it. There was a break where I got waylaid before the final confrontation in the fic (see reason 4, also a very bad time to get held up in any narrative) and when I returned to the story, i nearly cried because it was such a mess and I didn’t know what I was saying anymore. Finishing it was a struggle and I even remember one JnD fan friend being like “hey this chapter seemed really curt??? short?? not like you” and I was like YEAH THATS NOT ME ANYMORE god i hope
3) there was a sort of ... anti-JxD surge in my little pool from people I really respected and it made me think i was doing something wrong even just remembering it, so I cut off that memory.
4) it coincided with two ugly relationships in my life that marred it, and I just wanted it gone for my own mental health.
So anon, I’m very sorry that you never got to finish it. I had good intentions in mind and gave them a happy ending where they realized they loved each other, even if the journey there was difficult.
It both touched me and broke a piece of my heart when someone came to me years ago and asked me why I had deleted it, saying the story had given them the courage to come out as gay to their family. In that moment, overwhelmed with how ProblematicTM the whole story was, I was really struck with just ... how subjective our world experience is, and how so many things can mean so many different things to every single soul and how terrifyingly VALID peoples experiences are, no matter how they come by them. We’re all so unique and convoluted, one man’s trash is another man’s treasure -- and one man’s trigger is another man’s key to Becoming. But no matter how inspiring, I couldn’t bring myself to repost it.
Hopefully this will be the only fic i ever delete with relish. Jak and Daxter will always be a good memory for me, regardless. Thanks for the ask, anon.
(even more) personal stuff below the cut. tw for stalking, harassment, manipulation and emotional abuse.
So.
Im a firm believer in stories living beyond their authors (something that JK rowling doesnt seem to understand iykwim). I don’t normally delete past works, because while I wrote them, I also know that they’ve outgrown me as most narratives do: people are absolutely allowed to enjoy what they want to or need to, not just because I think said thing is reflective of my current work or jives with my current stage of life.
However, JAM was a particular Thing that Had to Go.
The timeline is hella fuzzy to me because I’ve blocked a lot of it out, but I was coming out of middle school and struggling with my mental health. On the real life side, I was stuck in a situation with a close friend of mine who was very fixated on us being in a relationship and the pining was loud enough to hear from the other side of the country. Wounded people pleaser that I was, I flipped (exhaustingly) back and forth between “i dont like you like that” and “but I want you to be happy so what if I tried liking you like that?” and there was massive amounts of hidden hurt and resentment and tension and abandonment complex activation and just ... a strangling of anything that made our friendship good for either of us.
Also she was a she. So. Yannoe, gay is difficult.
This definitely burnt me out on the “best friends pining” trope and is probably legit the ONLY reason I’m not equally in the erasermic and erasermight camp haha. That trope feels claustrophobic and draining to me, so I leave it for others to enjoy.
It also coincided with a married 45yo adult man luring me into a “platonic, ecstatic, boundary-breaking, you-are-my-beautiful-young-muse, words cannot express how much I love you” creative type relationship that inevitably turned possessive, domineering and manipulative. Within the bounds of the Renaissance Faire community, I thought he was a safe person and he was not, and his constant reassurance that I wasn’t like other women my age was absolutely hypnotizing to a undeveloped soul who really, really wanted to be special.
We traded poetry and tarot card readings over email. He bought me manga and shared stories about his time overseas and in the service. He made me props to go with my renaissance faire character and showed me where to find cheap leather so I could piece things together myself.
He also stalked me and owned me for the better part of a year and I only realized it once he started harassing a dear friend of mine overseas, whom I was visiting, about a package that he’d sent, which apparently he’d covered in original poetry to let me know how much he loved me But Not In a Hetero or Sexual Way Bro, so of course he didn’t want it to get lost in the postal system. So what is he going to do? Note my friend twice a day asking if its arrived until she inevitably, tearfully spills that this guy is stressing her out and who is he anyway?
My horrible secret was out, which only sounded horrible when I explained it to someone else. I realized this man was trying to follow me wherever i went and I got so fucking angry that he was messing with my friend that I had to stop it.
(He called me a cunt when I broke it off with him on the phone in the dark on the floor of my bedroom in the middle of the night so my parents wouldn’t hear, then sobbed and said he was sorry. I was so dissociated from the rush of anger and helplessness that it took for me to actually MAKE the call that all I could do was wiggle my foot and watch it in the reflection of the mirror on the back of my door, and think maybe I was a cunt but I wasn’t his cunt anymore. So there.
Afterward I slammed my forehead into the mirror a few times to make sure I’d actually done it and it wasn’t a dream.)
During all of this, I was writing this stupid fic. I think. Honestly, I don’t fucking know, but I can’t think of it without thinking of him and how i was devoured.
The stress of hiding this “totally wonderful but NORMAL PEOPLE DONT UNDERSTAND WHAT WE HAVE!!!!” grooming shit from my parents was gutting me alive, and I was so far gone RE: worthiness/autonomy that I didn’t even consider why I BOTHERED diffusing his petulant accusations over notes on deviantArt again and again as he baited me into shit just to explode over how I didn’t love him and I figured out another way to soothe his engorged and tarry ego without explicitly lying that I loved him too.
He made me regret my silver tongue and way with words as I used it to defend myself again and again, and crushed my love of writing. I would pace the neighborhood for almost an hour several times a week, claiming I was ‘exercising’ but really trying to understand why i felt so trapped, or where the lines between love and hate lay, or why I wanted to cry all the time, as i low key tried to get hit by a car just to force something to change in my life and jolt me out of his smothering, needy nightmare of constant texting and emails and notes. I couldn’t fucking flinch without him knowing about it, and asking me if I was okay. For this reason, I react very poorly to people fretting over me at length, and loudly. I get angry and feel violated, or just pinned to the floor by someone Performing their love on me with no real regard for my health.
This whole time, I was escaping into fandom. It probably saved my life, in one way or another, because I found friends who supported me and made me laugh in the JnD sphere. Especially the friend whose distress caused me to snap and realize This Couldn’t Continue.
This terrible man was the first one outside of my friend group that I showed my writing to, the first adult as well. It was on the dark side even then, but he said it was wonderful and amazing. He teased me for being stuck up in my authors notes on JAM (one of the reasons I’m just getting over ... talking ...) but said it inspired him to start writing as well. He used that writing to imagine hokey sprawling stories of him being a hot rod racer and me being his sexy girlfriend, Very Totally in Love. Why Couldn’t We have Just Met in a Different Lifetime??? not that its a relevant question for my young 16yo friend lol just something dreamers wonder lol lol here why don’t you take this traditional irish engagement ring aka claddagh i bought for you, lie to your parents and say I bought one for everyone in our renfaire group, and turn it toward your heart, to imply that you’re in love, so that I can keep your heart safe for you until you find a boyfriend?
FUCKER YOU ABSOLUTE FUCKER ok I’m done. Fuck.
JAM was a project of mine that spanned a year or two and is intrinsically tangled in those very bad relationships and very bad lessons. I deleted it because I needed to, for purely personal reasons beyond the fact that it was generally bombastic, over-long, tone-deaf and dealt with very serious issues poorly. Due to these experiences, you won’t catch me in a hot minute writing either best-friends-pining or heavy jealousy/possessiveness fic, but everyone else? Go crazy just tag your shit.
so. anyway. isn’t subjectivity actually terrifying? You never know what something can mean to someone else. So just ask, maybe.
Damn, son. Some fics you just can’t repost.
#just another mission#jam#demyrie writes#personal#abuse#stalking#emotional manipulation#i would say p/edophilia but this site doesnt know what that means and this isnt it either so how about abuse of a minor#recovery#mental health#suicidal ideation#triggers#Anonymous
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Psychology 10th Edition by Carole Wade – Test Bank
To purchase this Complete Test Bank with Answers Click the link Below
https://exambanks.com/?product=psychology-10th-edition-by-carole-wade-test-bank
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INSTANT DOWNLOAD COMPLETE TEST BANK WITH ANSWERS
Psychology 10th Edition by Carole Wade – Test Bank
Sample Questions
Name __________________________________________________________
Chapter 6 – Quick Quiz 1
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the detection of sensory stimuli and perception is the interpretation of sensory information.
Sensation is the interpretation of sensory information and perception is the detection of sensory stimuli.
Perception refers to what goes on in the sensory organs and sensation is what happens in the brain.
Nothing. They are the same thing.
The _______________ is a measure of the smallest amount of energy a person can detect.
difference threshold c. jnd
absolute threshold d. response bias
_______________ can cause a visual perception that is constant and unchanging to disappear.
Sensory deprivation c. Sensory adaptation
Sensory overload d. Sensory constancy
The saturation (colorfulness) of a visual stimulus is related to the _______________ of light.
intensity c. amplitude
complexity d. wavelength
The function of the cornea is to:
focus light on the retina.
control the amount of light entering the eye.
filter out UV radiation.
protect the eye and bend light rays toward the lens.
The _______________ describes the processing of color by the cones.
trichromatic theory c. Greeble theory
opponent-process theory d. signal detection theory
The amplitude of a sound wave is related to our perception of _______________.
pitch c. loudness
timbre d. tonal quality
The actual receptors for taste are called _______________.
papillae c. taste buds
olfactory cells d. taste receptor cells
Which of the following sensory abilities is NOT present at or shortly after birth?
ability to discriminate salty from sweet
ability to discriminate different colors
ability to localize sound
perceptual set ability
Which of the following is best supported by research?
subliminal perception c. telepathy
subliminal persuasion d. precognitionChapter 6 Sensation and Perception
[NOTE: Correct answer and item analysis are located ABOVE question.]
Our Sensational Senses
Answer a % correct 70 a= 70 b= 16 c= 8 d= 7 r = .32
The minimum intensity of physical stimulation required to produce any sensations at all in a person is the ____________.
absolute threshold
difference threshold
minimum threshold
noticeable threshold
Answer d % correct 84 a= 3 b= 7 c= 6 d= 84 r = .21
Which of the following statements is true?
Only the difference threshold varies from person to person.
Only the absolute threshold is constant for all people.
Both the difference threshold and the absolute threshold are constant for all people at all times.
Both the absolute threshold and the difference threshold vary from person to person over time.
Answer b % correct 77 a= 0 b= 77 c= 0 d= 23 r = .47
“Sensation is to _______ as perception is to _______.”
psychological; physical
gathering; understanding
understanding; gathering
interpreting; detecting
Answer c % correct 94 a= 6 b= 0 c= 94 d= 0 r = .28
Detecting environmental stimulation” is one way to define ______.
perception
feeling
sensation
awareness
Answer c % correct 54 a= 8 b= 8 c= 54 d= 31 r = .32
The process whereby we receive information from the environment through our receptors is _______.
encoding
perception
sensation
transduction
Answer b % correct 58 a= 24 b= 58 c= 8 d= 8 r = .43
Sensation is _______.
the organization of stimuli to create meaningful patterns
the stimulation of the senses
the presence of sensory cell activity in the absence of external stimulation
the result of activity in the efferent nervous system
Answer c % correct 90 a= 5 b= 2 c= 90 d= 3 r = .24
Our ________ enable us to make sense of the sensations that we are continually experiencing.
sensory organs
motor abilities
perceptual abilities
sensory abilities
Answer b % correct 85 a= 3 b= 85 c= 10 d= 2 r = .30
The components in the sense organs that respond to energy are called _______.
sensor cells
receptor cells
transducers
effector cells
Answer b % correct 58 a= 2 b= 58 c= 4 d= 35 r = .43
The smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time is called the __________.
separation threshold
difference threshold
response threshold
absolute threshold
Answer d % correct 74 a= 1 b= 7 c= 17 d= 74 r = .38
Which of the following is NOT a measure of threshold?
absolute threshold
difference threshold
just noticeable difference
separation threshold
Answer d % correct 66 a= 20 b= 4 c= 11 d= 66 r = .55
When Ann went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor struck several tuning forks, each of which vibrated at a distinct pitch, and asked her to choose two tones that sounded almost the same in pitch. The doctor was testing Ann’s __________.
auditory convergence
refractory threshold
absolute threshold
difference threshold
Answer a % correct 68 a= 68 b= 13 c= 2 d= 17 r = .36
The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the __________.
absolute threshold
difference threshold
range threshold
noticeable threshold
Answer b % correct 77 a= 1 b= 77 c= 3 d= 19 r = .34
The term “just noticeable difference” is loosely synonymous with __________.
separation threshold
difference threshold
response threshold
absolute threshold
Answer c % correct 85 a= 15 b= 0 c= 85 d= 0 r = .73
Dr. Delmar wants to determine how loud a certain noise must be in order for it to be heard from a distance of 50 feet. Her question involves the concept of:
relative magnitude.
difference threshold.
absolute threshold.
just noticeable difference (jnd).
Answer a % correct 39 a= 39 b= 0 c= 22 d= 39 r = .27
If a researcher wanted to know how loudly a person must speak in order to be heard above the noise of two other simultaneous conversations, the researcher would likely measure the ________.
difference threshold
marginal intensity
relative magnitude
absolute threshold
Answer c % correct 67 a= 6 b= 11 c= 67 d= 17 r = .43
_______ theory was developed to isolate separate measures of sensory sensitivity and decision criteria used.
Method of limits
Method adjustment
Signal-detection
Method of constant stimuli
Answer b % correct 67 a= 0 b= 67 c= 22 d= 11 r = .55
The relation between the amount of physical energy in a stimulus and the sensory experience of that stimulus is studied by:
encoding psychology.
psychophysics.
sensory physiology.
transduction psychology.
Answer d % correct 61 a= 0 b= 6 c= 33 d= 61 r = .23
Which of the following is NOT a measure of threshold?
absolute threshold
difference threshold
just noticeable difference threshold
separation threshold
Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 8 c= 8 d= 0 r = .66
The minimum intensity of physical stimulation required to produce any sensation at all in a person is the _______.
absolute threshold
difference threshold
minimum threshold
noticeable threshold
Answer d % correct 83 a= 17 b= 0 c= 0 d= 83 r = .66
When Ann went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor struck several tuning forks, each of which was a distinct pitch, and asked her to choose two tones that sounded almost the same in pitch. The doctor was testing Ann’s _______.
auditory convergence
refractory threshold
absolute threshold
difference threshold
Answer c % correct 38 a= 15 b= 0 c= 38 d= 46 r = .54
When Ann went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones. The tones varied only along the loud-soft dimensions (from very loud to very soft). The doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she heard a sound. The doctor was testing Ann’s _______.
auditory convergence
refractory threshold
absolute threshold
difference threshold
Answer b % correct 67 a= 17 b= 67 c= 0 d= 17 r = .69
_______ studies the relationship between physical energies and psychological experiences.
Physiology
Psychophysics
Psychometrics
Psychopathology
Answer c % correct 78 a= 17 b= 6 c= 78 d= 0 r = .26
Professor Zander wants to know how loud a certain noise must be in order to be heard from a distance of 50 feet. This question involves the concept of _______.
relative magnitude
difference threshold
absolute threshold
inverse discrimination
Answer d % correct 56 a= 17 b= 6 c= 22 d= 56 r = .28
The problem of subjects knowing too much about the sequencing of intensities during sensation studies is overcome by the method of _______.
adjustment
limits
constant stimuli
none of the above
Vision
Answer b % correct 68 a= 14 b= 68 c= 8 d= 9 r = .41
The wavelength of the light to reach your eyes determines what __________ you see.
brightness
hue
saturation
fine detail
Answer b % correct 68 a= 14 b= 68 c= 8 d= 9 r = .41
The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the __________.
cornea
pupil
lens
retina
Answer a % correct 93 a= 93 b= 6 c= 1 d= 0 r = .19
The pupil is the __________.
opening in the center of the iris
colored part of the eye
white of the eye
lining in the back of the eyeball
Answer c % correct 95 a= 1 b= 2 c= 95 d= 3 r = .27
The colored part of the eye which contains muscles to contract or expand the pupil is the __________.
lens
fovea
iris
cornea
Answer c % correct 54 a= 17 b= 21 c= 54 d= 8 r = .32
If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image of the object. This phenomenon best supports the:
Young-Helmholtz opponent-process theory of color vision.
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision.
Hering opponent-process theory of color vision.
Hering trichromatic theory of color vision.
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 12 c= 7 d= 4 r = .59
The depressed spot in the retina which occupies the center of the visual field in which images are focused MOST sharply is called the:
fovea.
cornea.
iris.
optic nerve.
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 11 c= 0 d= 0 r = .29
The pupil is the:
opening in the center of the iris.
colored part of the eye.
white of the eye.
lining in the back of the eyeball.
Answer d % correct 92 a= 0 b= 3 c= 5 d= 92 r = .52
Which type of receptor cell is associated with seeing colors?
ganglia
bipolar
rods
cones
Answer b % correct 77 a= 15 b= 77 c= 8 d= 0 r = .47
The lens:
is the transparent outer membrane of the eye that covers the pupil and iris.
allows one to focus on objects at different distances.
allows light initially to enter the eye.
controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Answer d % correct 92 a= 0 b= 8 c= 0 d= 92 r = .41
The eyes convert light energy into neural responses that we experience as sight. The conversion of light energy into sight is done by receptor cells in the _______.
iris
pupil
blind spot
retina
Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 0 c= 0 d= 6 r = .20
________ are receptors that are best for seeing details.
Cones
Rods
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Answer c % correct 92 a= 8 b= 92 c= 0 d= 0 r = .30
For humans, the ability to _______ is probably the most important sense.
hear
taste
see
smell
Answer a % correct 58 a= 58 b= 33 c= 0 d= 8 r = .33
Light enters the eye through the _______.
cornea
pupil
iris
retina
Answer b % correct 83 a= 8 b= 83 c= 8 d= 0 r = .36
The inner lining on the back of the eyeball which is sensitive to light is called the _______.
fovea
retina
iris
optic nerve
Answer d % correct 92 a= 0 b= 0 c= 8 d= 92 r = .28
Light is focused on the retina by the _______.
cornea
pupil
iris
lens
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 8 c= 0 d= 15 r = .77
The depressed spot in the retina which occupies the center of the visual field in which images are focused MOST sharply is called the _______.
fovea
cornea
iris
optic nerve
Answer c % correct 92 a= 8 b= 0 c= 92 d= 0 r = .28
The shape of the lens adjusts in order to _______.
protect the eye from too much light
let in more light when it is dark
focus on different objects at different distances
allow time for the eye to adjust to bright light
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 6 c= 0 d= 6 r = .30
Rods and cones are found in the _______.
retina
iris
optic nerve
cornea
Answer b % correct 75 a= 17 b= 75 c= 8 d= 0 r = .30
Rods and cones are connected to ________.
optic neurons
bipolar neurons
interneurons
efferent neurons
Answer c % correct 39 a= 6 b= 11 c= 39 d= 44 r = .23
The place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the _______.
fovea
optic chiasm
blind spot
optic nerve
Answer d % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
Light receptors which see best at night are the _______.
foveas
cones
shafts
rods
Answer b % correct 83 a= 8 b= 83 c= 0 d= 8 r = .33
The eyes detect different colors by using the _______.
cortex
cones
shafts
rods
Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 0 c= 6 d= 0 r = .28
The range of electromagnetic wavelengths that we can see is called the:
visible spectrum.
acuity range.
visual field.
visual angle.
Answer a % correct 78 a= 78 b= 6 c= 11 d= 6 r = .66
What structure in your eye is most like the film in a camera?
the retina
the lens
the cornea
the pupil
Answer b % correct 83 a= 8 b= 83 c= 8 d= 0 r = .36
Adaptation is the process in which _______.
receptor cells become linked to one another
receptor sensitivity changes depending upon the intensity of the stimulus
visual acuity improves as one centers an object’s light on the fovea
nonspectral colors can be seen
Answer c % correct 77 a= 0 b= 15 c= 77 d= 8 r = .47
The process by which rods and cones become more sensitive to light in response to lowered levels of illumination is called _______.
afterimage resolution
light adaptation
dark adaptation
afterimage adaptation
Answer b % correct 74 a= 7 b= 74 c= 16 d= 3 r = .39
The aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, and blue is __________.
brightness
hue
saturation
fine detail
Answer b % correct 60 a= 34 b= 60 c= 0 d= 7 r = .20
The purity, richness, or vividness of a hue is known as its __________.
brightness
saturation
additive mix
depth
Answer b % correct 66 a= 32 b= 66 c= 1 d= 1 r = .44
The vividness or richness of a hue is known as its:
brightness.
saturation.
additive mix.
complement.
Answer c % correct 80 a= 3 b= 12 c= 80 d= 4 r = .39
Hue, saturation, and brightness are three separate aspects of our experience of:
sensation.
acuity.
color.
night vision.
Answer a % correct 51 a= 51 b= 28 c= 9 d= 12 r = .58
The trichromat:
can see all colors of the spectrum.
sees only red, green, and white.
cannot see color.
cannot perceive red and green.
Answer c % correct 39 a= 17 b= 17 c= 39 d= 27 r = .27
The Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision assumes that:
color receptors exist in opposing pairs.
color perception is determined by differences in the firing rates of three types of retinal cells.
there are three different types of cones.
all of the above
Answer c % correct 72 a= 0 b= 8 c= 72 d= 20 r = .23
The opponent-process theory of color vision contends that color vision is a result of:
lateral inhibition on the retina itself.
lateral inhibition in the visual cortex.
calculation of differences in the firing rates of three types of retinal cells.
competition between three types of rods and three types of cones.
Answer b % correct 83 a= 8 b= 83 c= 0 d= 8 r = .30
The wavelength of the light to reach your eyes determines what _______ you see.
brightness
hue
saturation
fine detail
Answer a % correct 85 a= 85 b= 0 c= 8 d= 8 r = .21
Red, green, and blue are _______.
primary colors
secondary colors
additive colors
complementary colors
Answer b % correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 8 d= 0 r = .28
A dichromat _______.
sees all colors
is either red-green or yellow-blue color blind
responds only to blue-yellow or red-green
responds only to black and white
Answer a % correct 64 a= 64 b= 13 c= 16 d= 6 r = .29
Which Gestalt law of organization must always occur even if other laws of organization are also illustrated?
figure-ground
similarity
proximity
closure
Answer a % correct 60 a= 60 b= 14 c= 21 d= 4 r = .30
Which Gestalt law of organization must always occur even if other laws of organization are also illustrated?
figure-ground
similarity
proximity
closure
Answer b % correct 90 a= 5 b= 90 c= 3 d= 2 r = .20
Elements that share common features such as size, shape, or color are viewed as a set. This defines which Gestalt law of organization?
figure-ground
similarity
proximity
closure
Answer d % correct 76 a= 10 b= 4 c= 10 d= 76 r = .21
Perceiving incomplete objects as complete define:
figure-ground.
similarity.
proximity.
closure.
Answer c % correct 57 a= 28 b= 13 c= 57 d= 3 r = .22
Figure-ground is to _______ as dream interpretation is to psychoanalysis.
structuralism
functionalism
Gestalt
humanism
Answer b % correct 80 a= 7 b= 80 c= 3 d= 10 r = .34
Experiencing MEANINGFUL patterns in the jumble of sensory information received by the brain is _______.
sensation
perception
adaptation
transduction
Answer b % correct 80 a= 7 b= 80 c= 6 d= 7 r = .34
Gestalt theorists propose that much of what we see is divided into:
proximal and distal.
figure and ground.
standard and deviant.
chromatic and monocular.
Answer d % correct 68 a= 22 b= 6 c= 5 d= 68 r = .21
Gestalt theorists are known for explaining:
figure-ground reversals.
the law of similarity.
the law of proximity.
all of the above
Answer a % correct 49 a= 49 b= 30 c= 5 d= 17 r = .23
Perceptions differ from sensations in that:
perceptions depend as much on prior experience as they do on neural cues traveling between receptors and the brain.
perceptions are purely psychological, whereas sensations are purely neural.
each sensation is actually a large set of perceptions.
sensations depend mostly on learning, whereas perceptions are innate processes.
Answer b % correct 91 a= 2 b= 91 c= 1 d= 5 r = .30
Our tendency to see objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information is called perceptual __________.
closure
constancy
reversibility
coherency
Answer b % correct 86 a= 2 b= 86 c= 1 d= 10 r = .42
When we look at a white house, we can recognize it as a white house by day or night and from any angle. This is due to perceptual __________.
closure
constancy
reversibility
coherency
Answer c % correct 88 a= 10 b= 1 c= 88 d= 1 r = .42
Whether you are standing right next to it or a mile away from it, you know a tree is the same size because of________
the figure-ground distinction
the phi phenomenon
perceptual constancy
retinal disparity
Answer d % correct 71 a= 4 b= 7 c= 19 d= 71 r = .29
Which of the following is NOT a perceptual constancy?
size
shape
brightness
linear perspective
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 1 c= 1 d= 9 r = .20
People with normal vision will perceive a pyramid whether they see the object from the side, top, or any other angle as long as the object is, in fact, a pyramid. This is the law of:
shape constancy.
size constancy.
figure-ground.
visual angle.
Answer c % correct 97 a= 1 b= 0 c= 97 d= 2 r = .22
“Single-eye vision is to _______ as double-eye vision is to _______.”
kinetic; monocular
monocular; kinetic
monocular; binocular
binocular; monocular
Answer c % correct 85 a= 1 b= 12 c= 85 d= 2 r = .25
You are seated at a small table talking to a friend opposite you who is drinking coffee. As she lifts the cup off the saucer and raises it to her mouth, the image made on your retina by the bottom of the cup actually changes shape, but you still “see” it as round due to:
good continuation.
movement parallax.
perceptual constancy.
proximity.
Answer b % correct 91 a= 7 b= 91 c= 1 d= 1 r = .31
Our tendency to see objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information is called _______.
closure
constancy
reversibility
coherency
Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 2 d= 3 r = .31
When we look at a white house, we can recognize it as a white house by day or night and from any angle. This is due to perceptual _______.
closure
constancy
reversibility
coherency
Answer b % correct 78 a= 1 b= 78 c= 3 d= 19 r = .48
Color, shape, size, and brightness are all types of perceptual _______.
closure
constancy
reversibility
coherency
Answer a % correct 53 a= 53 b= 8 c= 4 d= 35 r = .49
Size constancy explains why _______.
objects are perceived as having constant dimensions regardless of distance
perception of size is inversely related to distance
closer objects are perceived as smaller than far-away objects
distance affects perceived size
Answer c % correct 73 a= 12 b= 3 c= 73 d= 12 r = .34
Whether you are standing right next to it or a mile away from it, you know a tree is the same size because of _______.
the figure-ground distinction
the phi phenomenon
perceptual constancy
retinal disparity
Answer b % correct 97 a= 2 b= 97 c= 1 d= 0 r = .18
When you stand to the side of a window frame, it casts a trapezoidal (nonrectangular) image on your retina. It still seems rectangular to you, though, because of _______.
size constancy
shape constancy
figure-ground constancy
the phi phenomenon
Answer a % correct 84 a= 84 b= 1 c= 4 d= 11 r = .37
People with normal vision will perceive a pyramid whether they see the object from the side, top, or any other angle as long as the object is, in fact, a pyramid. This is the law of _______.
shape constancy
size constancy
figure-ground
visual angle
Answer b % correct 23 a= 5 b= 23 c= 19 d= 53 r = .28
The law of brightness constancy suggests that our perception of an object is a result of the _______ of the light from the object divided by the light surrounding it.
sum
ratio
amount
intensity
Answer c % correct 84 a= 9 b= 4 c= 84 d= 4 r = .31
The distance cue in which objects at greater distances appear to be smoother is __________.
linear perspective
aerial perspective
texture gradient
motion parallax
Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 1 d= 4 r = .28
The distance cue in which two parallel lines extend into the distance and seem to come together at one point is called __________.
linear perspective
aerial perspective
shadowing
motion parallax
Answer c % correct 48 a= 12 b= 3 c= 48 d= 37 r = .31
While riding on a train, David notices that the trees and telephone poles close to the tracks seem to flash by, while the buildings, trees, and mountains that are farther away seem to move by more slowly. This phenomenon is called_____________
aerial perspective
subliminal motion
motion parallax
motion differential
Answer c % correct 97 a= 1 b= 1 c= 97 d= 1 r = .22
“One-eye vision is to _______ as two-eye vision is to ________.”
kinetic; monocular
monocular; kinetic
monocular; binocular
binocular; monocular
Answer c % correct 62 a= 7 b= 18 c= 62 d= 13 r = .58
How blurry-looking an object appears and linear perspective are cues associated with _______ depth perception.
binocular disparity
kinesthetic
monocular
binocular
Answer b % correct 54 a= 20 b= 54 c= 20 d= 6 r = .38
Which of the following is an example of a monocular cue?
far objects looking clear, and near ones looking blurry
the trees in a forest converging in the distance
the double image of a finger held in front of one eye
the appearance of a small light making movements against a dark background
Answer c % correct 74 a= 8 b= 7 c= 74 d= 11 r = .46
Which of the following is NOT a monocular cue?
clearness
linear perspective
retinal disparity
texture
Answer b % correct 85 a= 6 b= 85 c= 5 d= 3 r = .31
When you look out the window of a car that is traveling 60 mph, objects at different locations appear to move in different directions and different speeds. This apparent motion is known as:
the kinetic depth effect.
motion parallax.
movement illusion.
linear perspective.
Answer a % correct 92 a= 92 b= 3 c= 0 d= 5 r = .20
When you look out the window of a car that is traveling 60 mph, close objects appear:
to be moving faster than far ones.
to be moving slower than far ones.
to be moving at the same speed as far ones.
to be stationary and the far ones appear to be moving in the opposite direction as the car.
Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 1 c= 0 d= 4 r = .33
The distance cue in which two parallel lines extend into the distance and seem to come together at one point is called _______.
linear perspective
aerial perspective
shadowing
motion parallax
Answer b % correct 64 a= 16 b= 64 c= 14 d= 6 r = .43
The distance cue in which faraway objects appear to be hazy and have a blurred outline is called _______.
linear perspective
aerial perspective
shadowing
motion parallax
Answer a % correct 71 a= 71 b= 2 c= 8 d= 20 r = .34
An object’s elevation is a perspective cue to _______.
distance
shape
shadowing
size
Answer b % correct 94 a= 3 b= 94 c= 3 d= 0 r = .31
Texture gradient refers to the fact that texture appears to become _______.
more detailed in the distance
less detailed in the distance
more detailed as brightness increases
less detailed as brightness increases
Answer c % correct 86 a= 4 b= 2 c= 86 d= 8 r = .43
Shadowing is a cue to _______.
linear perspective
width perception
depth perception
color perception
Answer d % correct 39 a= 38 b= 5 c= 17 d= 39 r = .37
Which of the following choices is NOT a monocular cue that painters can incorporate into their work to convey information about the relative distances of objects?
superposition
linear perspective
aerial perspective
convergence
Answer b % correct 64 a= 18 b= 64 c= 3 d= 16 r = .31
The monocular distance cue in which objects closer than the point of visual focus seem to move in the direction opposite to the viewer’s moving head, and objects beyond the viewing point move in the same direction as the viewer’s head is _______.
retinal disparity
motion parallax
subliminal motion
motion differential
Answer c % correct 85 a= 4 b= 3 c= 85 d= 8 r = .32
While riding on a train, David notices that the trees and telephone poles close to the tracks seem to flash by, while the buildings, trees, and mountains that are farther away seem to move by more slowly. This phenomenon is called ________.
aerial perspective
subliminal motion
motion parallax
motion differential
Answer c % correct 67 a= 12 b= 2 c= 67 d= 19 r = .46
Clearness and linear perspective are examples of _______ cues for depth perception.
binocular
kinetic
monocular
all of the above
Answer b % correct 93 a= 4 b= 93 c= 1 d= 2 r = .20
If perceptual information aiding in depth perception must be drawn simultaneously from both eyes, it is referred to as _______.
a monocular cue
a binocular cue
contralateral input
a duoretinal image
Answer d % correct 91 a= 4 b= 2 c= 3 d= 91 r = .28
The impression of depth can be created or enhanced in visual art by encouraging the person viewing a drawing to assume that converging lines are actually parallel. This artistic ploy uses the depth cue of _______.
interposition
elevation
accommodation
linear perspective
Answer b % correct 87 a= 8 b= 87 c= 4 d= 1 r = .32
A drawing of a gravel road depicts the tiny rocks as becoming smaller and less distinct as one looks “down the lane.” This simulation of depth on a two-dimensional sheet of paper is an example of the _______ cue.
interposition
texture gradient
elevation
shadowing
Answer b % correct 62 a= 15 b= 62 c= 14 d= 8 r = .46
Which of the following is an example of a monocular cue?
far objects looking clear, and near ones looking blurry
the trees in a forest converging in the distance
the double image of a finger held in front of one eye
the appearance of a small light making movements against a dark background
Answer b % correct 90 a= 1 b= 90 c= 8 d= 1 r = .36
Railroad tracks converging in the distance best illustrate which monocular cue?
texture gradient
linear perspective
texture gradient and linear perspective
clearness and texture gradient
Answer a % correct 67 a= 67 b= 17 c= 6 d= r = .33
An illusion due to misleading cues in stimuli which cause us to create perceptions that are inaccurate or impossible is called a(n) _______ illusion.
perceptual
induced
physical
stroboscopic
Hearing
Answer c % correct 81 a= 10 b= 1 c= 81 d= 7 r = .22
The physical stimuli for the sense of hearing are called __________ waves.
alpha
infrared
sound
sine
Answer b % correct 53 a= 15 b= 53 c= 20 d= 9 r = .27
The changes in pressure caused when molecules of air or fluid collide with one another then move apart again are called __________.
hertz
sound waves
decibels
pitch
Answer c % correct 40 a= 40 b= 8 c= 40 d= 11 r = .20
The structures in the inner ear that are particularly sensitive to body rotation are the __________.
vestibular sacs
saccules
semicircular canals
papillae
Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 9 c= 10 d= 0 r = .26
Hertz is a unit of measurement of __________.
frequency
amplitude
loudness
overtones
Answer b % correct 32 a= 52 b= 32 c= 0 d= 16 r = .46
The part of the ear that equalizes the pressure in the inner ear when the stirrup hits against the oval window is called the:
cochlea.
round window.
earlobe.
organ of Corti.
Answer d % correct 67 a= 0 b= 33 c= 0 d= 67 r = .20
The middle ear includes the ______.
ear canal
round window
hammer
basilar membrane
Answer d % correct 69 a= 0 b= 23 c= 8 d= 69 r = .66
The flexible membrane inside the cochlea is called the:
round window.
eardrum.
oval window.
basilar membrane.
Answer b % correct 77 a= 15 b= 77 c= 8 d= 0 r = .58
The oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane are all part of the:
middle ear.
inner ear.
external ear.
auditory chamber.
Answer b % correct 72 a= 11 b= 72 c= 11 d= 6 r = .53
An increase in the frequency of sound waves will correspond most directly to an increase in _______.
amplitude
pitch
loudness
decibels
Answer c % correct 85 a= 8 b= 8 c= 85 d= 0 r = .60
As sounds become louder, their ______ increases.
frequency
pitch
amplitude
hertz
Answer d % correct 50 a= 22 b= 11 c= 17 d= 50 r = .76
The boundary between the middle and inner ear is the:
basilar membrane.
cochlea.
eardrum.
oval window.
Answer c % correct 83 a= 8 b= 8 c= 83 d= 0 r = .27
The physical stimuli for the sense of hearing are called _______ waves.
alpha
radio
sound
beta
Answer a % correct 75 a= 75 b= 8 c= 8 d= 8 r = .69
Frequency determines _______.
pitch
amplitude
timbre
overtones
Answer b % correct 92 a= 8 b= 92 c= 0 d= 0 r = .58
The height of a sound wave represents its _______.
pitch
amplitude
timbre
overtones
Answer a % correct 67 a= 67 b= 17 c= 17 d= 0 r = .35
Hertz is a unit of measurement of _______.
frequency
amplitude
loudness
overtones
Answer c % correct 72 a= 11 b= 17 c= 72 d= 0 r = .51
Decibels are used to measure _______.
frequency
amplitude
loudness
overtones
Answer b % correct 92 a= 8 b= 92 c= 0 d= 0 r = .20
The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the _______.
three components of the eardrum
three tiny bones in the middle ear
membranes in the oval window
three components of the basilar membrane cochlea
Answer b % correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 8 d= 0 r = .20
Hearing begins when sound waves bump against the _______.
earlobe
eardrum
oval window
round window
Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 27 c= 0 d= 0 r = .34
The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are all located in the _______.
middle ear
inner ear
external ear
oval window
Answer c % correct 76 a= 0 b= 5 c= 76 d= 18 r = .58
An oscilloscope is used to _______.
transmit air conduction sound
measure the intensity of light
convert sound waves to visible waves
view the entire spectrum of light
Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 6 c= 11 d= 0 r = .63
The place theory and the frequency theory help to explain _______.
how a wide range of frequencies is heard by the ear
how amplitude is regulated by the ear
how sounds are located
how “boilermakers’ deafness” occurs
Other Senses
Answer c % correct 49 a= 35 b= 3 c= 49 d= 13 r = .18
The patch of nasal membrane tissue that houses receptor cells for smell is the __________.
olfactory bulb
Golgi tendon organ
olfactory epithelium
olfactory mucosa
Answer d % correct 89 a= 6 b= 6 c= 0 d= 89 r = .20
The four primary taste sensations are sweet, bitter, sour, and _______.
neutral
tart
acid
salt
Answer c % correct 87 a= 1 b= 1 c= 87 d= 11 r = .49
Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary taste qualities that humans perceive?
bitter
sour
tart
salt
Answer c % correct 91 a= 8 b= 2 c= 91 d= 0 r = .31
Flavor is:
taste.
smell.
a combination of taste and smell.
a combination of touch and taste.
Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 8 c= 0 d= 8 r = .56
Taste buds are contained in the tongue’s _______.
papillae
hair cells
underside
saccules
Answer c % correct 92 a= 0 b= 8 c= 92 d= 0 r = .23
A spook house in a local carnival offered its potential patrons free admission if they would allow themselves to be blindfolded and then to eat raw worms. Although they were actually fed cold spaghetti, most of the customers believed they were swallowing real worms. What is the MOST plausible explanation for this finding?
The cold spaghetti dulled nerve endings in the taste buds.
This particular food failed to depolarize adjacent neurons in the tongue.
Food flavor is really a composite of taste, smell, sight, and texture.
Sensory receptors in the brain were not activated.
Answer b % correct 42 a= 46 b= 42 c= 6 d= 5 r = .23
Axons from the nerve cells in the nose carry messages directly to the __________ of the brain.
olfactory epithelium
olfactory bulbs
papillae
vomeronasal organ
Answer a % correct 48 a= 48 b= 29 c= 20 d= 3 r = .22
The first location to receive smell information in the brain is the __________.
olfactory bulb
olfactory epithelium
thalamus
vomeronasal organ
Answer d % correct 53 a= 3 b= 11 c= 34 d= 53 r = .27
According to the __________ theory, distinct receptors exist for the sensation of temperature.
magnitude estimation
place
vascular
specific receptor
Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .23
What sensations are detected by the skin?
pressure, pain, warmth, and cold
only pain, warmth, and cold
only pressure, pain, and warmth
only pressure and pain
Answer d % correct 91 a= 3 b= 3 c= 3 d= 91 r = .45
When a warm object is placed against a “cold spot” on our skin, we feel cold. This is known as _______.
transference
the vascular effect
temperature reversal
paradoxical cold
Answer b p. 136 % correct 89 a= 2 b= 89 c= 6 d= 4 r = .21
Experimenter bias can best be controlled using ________.
a placebo
double-blind control
randomization
subjects who do not know the purpose of the study
Answer b p. 136 % correct 79 a= 2 b= 79 c= 16 d= 4 r = .46
Mr. Marshall hired June to collect data from a group of subjects. Neither June nor the subjects were aware of the independent variable that Mr. Marshall had manipulated. This is an example of _______.
randomization
a placebo
double-blind control
experimenter bias
Answer c p. 136 % correct 97 a= 2 b= 1 c= 97 d= 1 r = .20
A “fake treatment” is one way to define a ______.
decoy
demand characteristic
control group
placebo
Answer d p. 136 % correct 81 a= 7 b= 6 c= 6 d= 81 r = .39
Dr. Welsh is doing experiments using drugs. He is concerned that his subjects will respond to demand characteristics. He may want to control for this by using which of the following?
stratification
two independent variables
a placebo
randomization
Perceptual Powers: Origins and Influences
Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 5 c= 0 d= 1 r = .27
The visual cliff is a device for studying __________.
depth perception in human infants
visual acuity
color vision
gross motor coordination
Answer b % correct 89 a= 0 b= 89 c= 6 d= 5 r = .37
The apparatus used to study infants’ depth perception is the _________.
looking platform
visual cliff
binocular mirror box
visual platform
Name __________________________________________________________
Chapter 7 – Quick Quiz 1
In Pavlov’s studies of classical conditioning in dogs, the food dish was the _______________.
conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response
_______________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Learning c. Spontaneous recovery
Extinction d. Stimulus generalization
When the conditioned response reappears after extinction followed by a rest period, _______________ has
occurred.
learning c. spontaneous recovery
extinction d. stimulus generalization
One of the first psychologists to recognize the real-life implications of classical conditioning
was _______________, who founded American behaviorism.
B. F. Skinner c. William James
John B. Watson d. Edward Tolman
What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
There is no difference—the two terms are synonymous.
Punishment involves presentation of an aversive consequence, but negative reinforcement involves
removal of a positive consequence.
Negative reinforcement is part of operant conditioning, but punishment is used in classical conditioning.
Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior, but punishment weakens it.
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
Food c. Attention
Money d. Gold stars
Keller and Marian Breland were unable to teach a pig to drop a “coin” in a box because of _______________.
shaping c. instinctive drift
intermittent reinforcement d. successive approximations
Which of the following is NOT true?
Skinner invented an Air-Crib for his daughter.
Skinner won the Humanitarian of the Year Award in 1972.
Skinner insisted that free will is an illusion.
Skinner denied the existence of human consciousness.
Albert Bandura is well known for his study of _______________.
observational learning c. conditioned taste aversion
latent learning d. punishment
Which of the following is NOT a guideline for behavior modification?
Accentuate the positive.
Reinforce small improvements.
Use intermittent reinforcement right from the beginning.
Set realistic goals.
Chapter 7 Learning and Conditioning
[NOTE: Correct answer and item analysis are located ABOVE question.]
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 2 c= 5 d= 4 r = .40
The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.
learning
intelligence formation
imprinting
cognition
Answer b % correct 80 a= 10 b= 80 c= 10 d= 0 r = .25
Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.
acquisition of motivation
relatively permanent behavior change
amplification of sensory stimuli
delayed genetic behavioral contributions
Answer b % correct 90 a= 5 b= 90 c= 1 d= 4 r = .36
Learning is a process by which experience results in:
acquisition of motivation.
relatively permanent behavior change.
delayed genetic behavioral contributions.
amplification of sensory stimuli.
Answer b % correct 81 a= 6 b= 81 c= 1 d= 12 r = .21
Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?
Learning can be directly observed and measured.
Learning cannot be directly observed or measured, so performance is observed and learning is inferred based on what the person is able to do.
The results of learning must immediately change behavior.
None of the above
Answer c % correct 96 a= 1 b= 0 c= 96 d= 3 r = .24
The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:
knowledge.
intelligence.
learning.
performance.
Answer d % correct 82 a= 11 b= 0 c= 7 d= 82 r = .26
Which of the following is an example of learning?
The human brain continues to grow and develop after birth.
A human male develops the capacity to produce sperm cells at puberty.
Drinking coffee makes a person more aroused.
A student does not swat at a wasp buzzing around her head.
Classical Conditioning
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 16 c= 4 d= 1 r = .29
Thorndike was known for his work with __________.
a puzzle box
modeling
monkeys
a Skinner box
Answer d % correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 5 d= 95 r = .27
Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.
vicarious learning
the Law of Effect
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 3 c= 7 d= r = .42
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the:
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
Answer a % correct 81 a= 86 b= 6 c= 4 d= 9 r = .23
An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the:
increased heartbeat.
piece of music.
sound of the buzzer.
listening to the music.
Answer b % correct 79 a= 1 b= 79 c= 0 d= 20 r = .35
Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is:
the act of eating breakfast.
the act of eating lunch.
the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
the watching of the hands of the clock.
Answer d % correct 89 a= 3 b= 3 c= 4 d= 89 r = .30
Some of the simplest and most basic learning that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is:
motivation.
cognitive dissonance.
integration.
conditioning.
Classical conditioning was discovered by:
Pavlov.
Watson.
Thorndike.
Skinner.
Answer d % correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c= 0 d= 95 r = .25
We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.
B. F. Skinner
Robert Rescorla
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
Answer a % correct 38 a= 38 b= 35 c= 23 d= 3 r = .40
Thorndike conducted research on:
operant conditioning.
classical conditioning.
shaping.
higher-order conditioning.
Answer c % correct 65 a= 3 b= 19 c= 65 d= 13 r = .25
Thorndike’s main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:
a wire monkey.
a cognitive map.
a puzzle box.
a buzzer.
Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 5 c= 8 d= 8 r = .20
Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.
Pavlov
Watson
Thorndike
Skinner
Answer c % correct 38 a= 38 b= 8 c= 38 d= 16 r = .43
What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?
unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
conditioned response and unconditioned response
neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus
Answer a % correct 38 a= 38 b= 8 c= 7 d= 47 r = .20
When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder, the dog salivated. The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.
UR, US
US, UR
CS, CR
CR, CS
Answer c % correct 92 a= 5 b= 1 c= 92 d= 1 r = .22
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________.
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Answer d % correct 93 a= 6 b= 0 c= 1 d= 93 r = .23
Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.
cat food
cat
running of the cats
cupboard door opening
Answer d % correct 67 a= 24 b= 1 c= 7 d= 67 r = .23
Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
blinking when air is blown into your eye
blinking, when you hear your favorite song
your favorite song
a puff of air to your eye
Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 17 c= 1 d= 1 r = .37
A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?
present the tone alone repeatedly
present the puff of air alone repeatedly
increase the loudness of the tone
increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye
Answer c % correct 94 a= 3 b= 0 c= 94 d= 3 r = .21
When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food, her dog salivates. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
dog food
the cat running
the sound of the closet door opening
the dog
Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 4 c= 17 d= 4 r = .58
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the __________.
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 0 c= 3 d= 23 r = .61
Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________.
cat food
cat
running of the cats
cupboard door opening
Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 14 c= 7 d= 18 r = .33
A kind of therapy closely related to classical conditioning is known as __________ therapy.
desensitization
conditioned
psychoanalytic
response
Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 3 c= 6 d= 9 r = .25
Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?
Most classical conditioning requires repeated trials.
One trial is usually enough for conditioning to occur
Learning will continue to increase indefinitely
Learning is more effective if trials follow each other very quickly.
Answer d % correct 66 a= 16 b= 12 c= 5 d= 66 r = .43
New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________.
shaping
generalization
spontaneous recovery
extinction
Answer c % correct 57 a= 23 b= 3 c= 57 d= 16 r = .55
Instinctive or involuntary behavior would probably be BEST modified by ___________ .
operant conditioning
trial and error
classical conditioning
shaping
Answer d % correct 99 a= 1 b= 0 c= 0 d= 99 r = .03
We associate the name of ___________ most closely with classical conditioning.
B. F. Skinner
Robert Rescorla
Albert Bandura
Ivan Pavlov
Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 2 c= 20 d= 0 r = .26
Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning, that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ and that the conditioned stimulus is the ___________.
cat food; cupboard door opening
kitchen; cat food
cupboard door opening; cat food
cat food; kitchen
Answer c % correct 95 a= 2 b= 3 c= 95 d= 0 r = .24
In classical conditioning, the interstimulus interval refers to the amount of time between ________.
learning trials
extinction trials
presentation of the conditioned stimulus and presentation of the unconditioned stimulus
experimental sessions
Answer c % correct 52 a= 30 b= 6 c= 52 d= 11 r = .42
Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as _________ conditioning.
classical
operant
backward
aversive
Answer d % correct 83 a= 4 b= 3 c= 10 d= 83 r = .31
An automatic, innate, and involuntary response to an environmental event is an ________.
UR
reflexive response
unconditioned response
all of the above
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 2 c= 7 d= 15 r = .40
In classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a/an _______ stimulus.
conditioned
discriminative
higher-order
unconditioned
Answer c % correct 64 a= 11 b= 21 c= 64 d= 3 r = .35
How does one know he/she has classically conditioned a person or an animal?
The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the unconditioned response.
The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
The unconditioned response all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 6 c= 3 d= 2 r = .47
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.
A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food.
Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine, she got a free soft drink, so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.
A monkey learns to escape from a cage.
Answer b % correct 63 a= 26 b= 63 c= 8 d= 4 r = .41
Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?
the person lighting the firecrackers
the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 11 c= 15 d= 0 r = .36
Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus?
the person lighting the firecrackers
the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
Answer d % correct 52 a= 6 b= 3 c= 38 d= 52 r = .47
Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response?
the person lighting the firecrackers
the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
Answer d % correct 69 a= 7 b= 22 c= 2 d= 69 r = .20
Classical conditioning:
is primarily concerned with reflexes.
is primarily concerned with involuntary responses.
is passive.
all of the above
Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 8 c= 10 d= 4 r = .35
Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Whenever Bobby smelled Chanel #5, he began to breathe faster. Sue’s kiss was the:
US.
UR.
CS.
CR.
Answer b % correct 79 a= 2 b= 79 c= 2 d= 18 r = .34
Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Bobby’s accelerated breathing when he and Sue kissed is the:
US.
UR.
CS.
CR.
Answer c % correct 69 a= 26 b= 2 c= 69 d= 2 r = .33
Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Chanel #5 is the:
US.
UR.
CS.
CR.
Answer d % correct 70 a= 3 b= 20 c= 7 d= 70 r = .29
Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Bobby’s faster breathing rate when he smells Chanel #5 is the:
US.
UR.
CS.
CR.
Answer b % correct 65 a= 15 b= 65 c= 15 d= 4 r = .45
In classical conditioning, one must pair the _______ before conditioning can occur.
US and CR
US and CS
CR and CS
UR and CR
Answer c % correct 69 a= 10 b= 3 c= 69 d= 18 r = .44
Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning, the one the organism learns to respond to is the:
US.
UR.
CS.
CR.
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 10 c= 1 d= 13 r = .40
As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. In the example, the dog’s bark and bite is the:
US.
CS.
UR.
CR.
Answer d % correct 92 a= 0 b= 6 c= 2 d= 92 r = .21
As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Jodie’s crying when she sees dogs is the:
US.
CS.
UR.
CR.
Answer b % correct 54 a= 18 b= 54 c= 8 d= 21 r = .53
As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. The sight of dogs is the:
US.
CS.
UR.
CR.
Answer d % correct 55 a= 19 b= 5 c= 21 d= 55 r = .44
Paul is coming down with the flu, but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill. A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea. What type of learning is illustrated by this episode?
operant conditioning
cognitive learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
Answer c % correct 84 a= 10 b= 5 c= 84 d= 0 r = .37
In classical conditioning the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the:
conditioned stimulus.
reflexive stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus.
orienting stimulus.
Answer a % correct 71 a= 71 b= 3 c= 22 d= 4 r = .28
When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Luke’s kiss was the:
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
Answer b % correct 61 a= 5 b= 61 c= 4 d= 30 r = .41
When Luke kisses Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Laura’s increased heart rate when Luke kissed her was the:
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
Answer c % correct 80 a= 2 b= 11 c= 80 d= 6 r = .32
When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice thereafter, her heart raced. Old Spice After Shave was the:
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
Answer d % correct 77 a= 11 b= 1 c= 11 d= 77 r = .39
When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart would race. Laura’s increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the:
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 6 c= 8 d= 14 r = .40
In classical conditioning, one must be sure to pair the:
US and CS.
US and UR.
CS and CR.
CS and UR.
Answer b % correct 92 a= 1 b= 92 c= 4 d= 3 r = .31
Pairing the US and CS is essential for _______ to occur.
extinction
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
shaping
Answer a % correct 67 a= 3 b= 67 c= 6 d= 24 r = .35
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the _______.
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Answer c % correct 89 a= 7 b= 2 c= 89 d= 2 r = .33
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the _______.
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Answer b % correct 74 a= 5 b= 74 c= 2 d= 19 r = .28
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the _______.
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Answer d % correct 79 a= 3 b= 16 c= 2 d= 79 r = .46
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the _______.
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 0 c= 6 d= 31 r = .49
Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the _______.
cat food
cats
running of the cats
cupboard door opening
Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 10 c= 4 d= 7 r = .41
An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the _______.
increased heartbeat
female’s picture
sounds of the buzzer
viewing of the picture
Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 1 c= 6 d= 2 r = .21
An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the CONDITIONED response is the ________.
increased heartbeat
nude female’s picture
sounds of the buzzer
viewing of the picture
Answer b % correct 81 a= 11 b= 81 c= 6 d= 2 r = .31
When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called _______.
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
2nd order conditioning
Answer d % correct 64 a= 9 b= 18 c= 9 d= 64 r = .23
If a researcher presents the US first, then presents the CS, the pairing method used is _______.
trace
delay
simultaneous
backward
Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 2 c= 11 d= 5 r = .43
Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in ________.
extinction
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
Answer d % correct 78 a= 2 b= 2 c= 18 d= 78 r = .26
As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6-year-old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the do to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Jode’s crying when she sees dogs is the ________.
US
CS
UR
CR
Answer d % correct 81 a= 4 b= 6 c= 9 d= 81 r = .38
Spontaneous recovery:
occurs before the pairing of the CS and US.
occurs after a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.
is an unlearned response.
can occur once a response has been extinguished
Classical Conditioning in Real Life
Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 0 c=0 d= 9 r = .28
Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?
classical conditioning
insight learning
vicarious learning
operant conditioning
Answer c % correct 57 a= 2 b= 4 c= 57 d= 37 r = .31
In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was _______.
the experimenter
the laboratory
the loud noise
the rat
Answer d % correct 49 a= 2 b= 0 c= 49 d= 49 r = .19
In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _______.
the experimenter
the laboratory
the loud noise
the rat
Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 31 c= 0 d= 2 r = .51
In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned response was _______.
fear of the loud noise
fear of the rat
fear of the experimenter
fear of the laboratory
Answer c % correct 82 a= 5 b= 4 c= 82 d= 9 r = .25
One of the best known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study, conducted by _______.
Pavlov
Freud
Watson
Skinner
Answer a % correct 63 a= 63 b= 1 c= 34 d= 2 r = .39
In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the “Albert” experiment), what was the CS?
the rat
the rabbit
the loud noise
the crying response
Answer c % correct 66 a= 30 b= 3 c= 66 d= 1 r = .42
In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the “Albert” experiment), what was the US?
the rat
the rabbit
the loud noise
the crying response
Answer b % correct 63 a= 1 b= 63 c= 36 d= 0 r = .49
In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was __________.
Albert
the rat
the loud noise
the laboratory room
Answer d % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 0 d= 98 r = .25
Who was Little Albert?
developer of the concept of classical conditioning
an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures
creator of methods for teaching children
a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning
Answer c % correct 97 a= 1 b= 1 c= 97 d= 1 r = .24
Little Albert (Watson, 1920) learned through classical conditioning to fear ______.
brown cats
black dogs
white rats
his mother
Operant Conditioning
Answer c % correct 99 a= 0 b= 0 c= 99 d= 1 r = .02
A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned up her room. What is the cookie in this example? 8)
conditioned response
punisher
positive reinforcer
negative reinforcer
Answer a % correct 59 a= 59 b= 18 c= 15 d= 9 r = .45
A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response.
removed; increases
presented; decreases
removed; decreases
presented; increases
Answer a % correct 98 a= 99 b= 0 c= 0 d= 1 r = .01
Which of the following is an example of punishment?
taking away a child’s favorite toy for hitting another child
removing a penalty you imposed on a child after he began acting better
giving a child a star for telling a lie
giving a child a cookie for cleaning her room
Answer c % correct 97 a= 2 b= 1 c= 97 d= 0 r = .20
When you were first learning to make your bed, your parents told you that you did a good job when you got the bedspread pulled up, even though the bed was still a little messy. For the next week they showed you how to be a little neater each time you made the bed. What operant conditioning procedure did your parents use?
generalization
extinction
shaping
punishment
Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 1 d= 13 r = .30
A child is praised for using his fork instead of his fingers to eat some spaghetti. This is an example of __________ reinforcement.
positive
extrinsic
higher-order
secondary
Answer c % correct 85 a= 2 b= 11 c= 85 d= 1 r = .30
A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a __________.
primary reinforcer
positive reinforcer
negative reinforcer
secondary reinforcer
Answer b % correct 72 a= 6 b= 72 c= 3 d= 18 r = .49
On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________.
first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed
first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed
next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred
next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred
Answer d % correct 60 a= 39 b= 0 c= 2 d= 60 r = .34
Elizabeth was given a $1000 raise after her last performance evaluation. Her raise is a
primary reinforcer.
punisher.
negative reinforcer.
secondary reinforcer.
Answer c % correct 64 a= 4 b= 29 c= 64 d= 2 r = .40
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
positive reinforcement
Answer b % correct 96 a= 2 b= 96 c= 1 d= 1 r = .26
A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response.
removed; decreases
presented; increases
presented; decreases
removed; increases
Answer c % correct 59 a= 6 b= 10 c= 59 d= 26 r = .47
Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur is __________.
a secondary reinforcer
an aversive stimulus
punishment
negative reinforcement
Answer c % correct 66 a= 12 b= 20 c= 66 d= 3 r = .25
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
a bar of candy
warm, physical contact
money
a drink of water
Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 29 c= 1 d= 9 r = .22
Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of __________.
negative reinforcement
aversive conditioning
punishment
positive reinforcement
Answer a % correct 99 a= 99 b= 0 c= 0 d= 1 r = .05
A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a(n) __________ reinforcer.
positive
additive
primary
secondary
Answer b % correct 89 a= 10 b= 89 c= 0 d= 1 r = .23
When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior the behavior is likely to __________ .
occur less frequently
occur more frequently
occur at the same rate
completely stop
Answer c % correct 34 a= 2 b= 8 c= 34 d= 56 r = .29
A camp leader repeatedly hugs a camper after she helps her friend. Each time, the camper is embarrassed and shies away from future acts of assistance. In the example, “Hugging the camper” is _______.
a positive reinforcer
a primary reinforcer
a punishment
none of the above
Answer b % correct 62 a= 34 b= 62 c= 4 d= 0 r = .41
Mary arrives home to find her son washing the dirty dishes left from his party the night before. When she discovers his first-semester grade report on the table and sees that he got straight A’s, Mary rewards him by relieving him of the unpleasant task of finishing the dishes. Which operant process does the example illustrate?
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
extinction
punishment
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 5 d= 6 r = .53
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
water
a thank-you letter
a smile from a loved one
money
Answer c % correct 79 a= 12 b= 2 c= 79 d= 6 r = .40
Wearing sunglasses ALL THE TIME because people tell you they make you look “irresistible” is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement?
aversive punishment
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
response cost
Answer d % correct 79 a= 10 b= 11 c= 0 d= 79 r = .52
Negative reinforcement is best thought of as:
reinforcement for an undesirable activity.
punishment.
something that was predicted to serve as reinforcement but did not do so.
stimuli whose termination or removal increases behavior.
Answer b % correct 34 a= 8 b= 34 c= 51 d= 5 r = .37
Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement?
aversive punishment
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
response cost
Answer b % correct 52 a= 8 b= 52 c= 38 d= 1 r = .36
To avoid getting a headache, Lory always lets her dog outside when it sits by the door and howls. This is an example of which type of punishment or reinforcement?
aversive punishment
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
response cost
Answer b % correct 78 a= 12 b= 78 c= 9 d= 0 r = .31
Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of:
aversive punishment.
negative reinforcement.
positive reinforcement.
response cost.
Answer c % correct 96 a= 3 b= 1 c= 96 d= 0 r = .22
Positive reinforcers:
weaken behaviors they follow.
are always learned.
strengthen behaviors they follow.
are always unlearned.
Answer c % correct 91 a= 1 b= 2 c= 91 d= 5 r = .33
Which of the following statements about positive reinforcers is accurate?
They are used in negative reinforcement.
They weaken behaviors that they follow.
They strengthen behaviors that they follow.
They strengthen behaviors that lead to their removal.
Answer b % correct 93 a= 2 b= 93 c= 2 d= 3 r = .41
If a POSITIVE REINFORCER is added after a behavior and the behavior is strengthened/increased, the process used is called:
negative reinforcement.
positive reinforcement.
extinction.
punishment.
Answer a % correct 68 a= 68 b= 23 c= 9 d= 0 r = .36
Mom and Dad think it is real funny, and laugh when their 2-year-old, Bruce, says dirty words. When Bruce is sent home from kindergarten because of swearing, they don’t understand why he cusses. Now when he cusses at home they ignore the cussing (they don’t think it’s cute anymore). Laughing in this example is:
positive reinforcer.
a negative reinforcer.
a primary reinforcer.
a neutral stimulus.
Answer b % correct 87 a= 3 b= 87 c= 3 d= 7 r = .42
Which of the following is NOT a negative reinforcer?
turning off an electric shock
giving a spanking
removing a noxious odor
silencing a banging door
Answer c % correct 85 a= 5 b= 2 c= 85 d= 8 r = .40
Animals exposed to unavoidable, uncontrollable aversive stimulation exhibit _______ when later trained in an avoidance procedure.
experimental neurosis
better learning
learned helplessness
enhanced performance
Answer b % correct 53 a= 11 b= 53 c= 20 d= 16 r = .33
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
grades
water
money
recognition
Answer c % correct 83 a= 1 b= 2 c= 83 d= 14 r = .27
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
water
food
grades
physical support
Answer b % correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 0 d= 3 r = .20
At the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C., a polar bear suffered a broken tooth, and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem. The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door, then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth. Finally, a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward. This is an example of _______.
modeling
shaping
negative reinforcement
secondary learning
Answer d % correct 97 a= 2 b= 0 c= 1 d= 97 r = .25
Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will increase is called a(n) _______.
aversive control
punishment
antecedent
reinforcer
Answer b % correct 42 a= 44 b= 42 c= 6 d= 8 r = .29
When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ______.
decrease
increase
remain the same
completely stop
Answer a % correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 1 d= 2 r = .27
When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ______.
decrease
increase
remain the same
generalize
Answer a % correct 75 a= 75 b= 3 c= 8 d= 14 r = .29
Which of the following statements is true?
Punishment does not always work.
The effectiveness of punishment depends solely on its force.
Punishment should be applied intermittently.
Punishment usually enhances the learning process.
Answer b % correct 76 a= 7 b= 76 c= 11 d= 6 r = .26
Which of the following statements about punishment is NOT true?
Punishment does not always work.
Rewards should always immediately follow punishments.
Effective punishment is consistent punishment.
In itself, punishment serves to inhibit responses.
Answer a % correct 87 a= 87 b= 0 c= 9 d= 4 r = .21
A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a ________ reinforcer.
positive
negative
primary
secondary
Answer b % correct 80 a= 15 b= 80 c= 0 d= 5 r = .44
A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is called a ________ reinforcer.
positive
negative
primary
secondary
Answer c % correct 70 a= 26 b= 1 c= 70 d= 3 r = .42
The 5-year-old of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums. Whenever the child goes off the deep end, one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him. Nevertheless, his tantrums do not diminish; they even seem to increase. We may assume that his parents’ fussing over him serves as a _______.
negative reinforcer
punisher
positive reinforcer
model
Answer b % correct 68 a= 30 b= 68 c= 0 d= 2 r = .36
A child is scolded for using his fingers instead of his fork to eat some spaghetti. The scolding stops when he picks up his fork. This is an example of _______ reinforcement.
positive
negative
tertiary
secondary
Answer b % correct 74 a= 21 b= 74 c= 3 d= 0 r = .55
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
money
a bar of candy
a buzzer
poker chips
Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 9 c= 7 d= 1 r = .45
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
money
a bar of candy
attention
a drink of water
Answer b % correct 74 a= 1 b= 74 c= 22 d= 3 r = .20
Which of the following would be classified as a secondary reinforcer?
a sandwich
the word “good’
reduction of pain
a drink of soda
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 15 c= 5 d= 3 r = .52
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
a sandwich
praise
money
grades
Answer c % correct 51 a= 28 b= 12 c= 51 d= 9 r = .30
Electric shock, scoldings, and bad grades are:
secondary reinforcers.
primary reinforcers.
aversive stimuli.
conditioned stimuli.
Answer c % correct 78 a= 2 b= 0 c= 78 d= 20 r = .27
A woodchuck tries to crack a walnut shell in two different ways–with his paws and with his teeth. The last method worked and the first did not; hence, the woodchuck will be more likely to rely on his teeth for splitting the next nut. This observation illustrates the:
the discrimination principle.
the law of practice.
the law of effect.
the Premack principle.
Answer b % correct 71 a= 10 b= 71 c= 10 d= 9 r = .49
When the removal of an event increases the likelihood of a prior response, _______ has occurred.
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
negative punishment
Answer b % correct 61 a= 6 b= 61 c= 13 d= 20 r = .36
The Internal Revenue Service threatens Sue with a penalty if she fails to pay her back taxes. She pays, and the threat is withdrawn. In the future, she is more prompt in meeting her obligation. This is an example of the use of _______ to control behavior.
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
negative punishment
Answer b % correct 58 a= 9 b= 58 c= 13 d= 20 r = .50
What is the typical dependent variable used in studies of the operant conditioning of lever pressing in rats?
the number of responses per minute
the cumulative record of lever presses
the average intensity of lever presses
none of the above
Answer d % correct 94 a= 1 b= 3 c= 2 d= 94 r = .24
If a rat has learned to press a lever to obtain pellets of food and, all of a sudden, the response permanently ceases to produce any food, then _______ will occur.
shaping
discrimination
generalization
extinction
Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 4 c= 20 d= 11 r = .47
Which of the following is a conditioned positive reinforcer?
money
sex
food
warmth
Answer d % correct 60 a= 21 b= 6 c= 13 d= 60 r = .38
The presentation of an aversive stimulus following a particular operant response is called:
negative reinforcement.
discrimination training.
aversion conditioning.
punishment.
Answer b % correct 67 a= 10 b= 67 c= 7 d= 16 r = .44
Analogy: Negative reinforcement is to punishment as _______ is to _______.
presenting; withdrawing
withdrawing; presenting
aversive; pleasant
give; take
Answer b % correct 89 a= 3 b= 89 c= 3 d= 5 r = .35
Which of the following is NOT a negative reinforcer?
turning off an electric shock
giving a spanking
removing a noxious odor
silencing a banging door
Answer b % correct 88 a= 3 b= 88 c= 5 d= 5 r = .46
�� Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
grades
water
money
recognition
Answer b % correct 74 a= 5 b= 74 c= 12 d= 8 r = .35
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
grades
water
money
recognition
Answer d % correct 78 a= 5 b= 16 c= 0 d= 78 r = .42
Billy throws rocks. Each time he throws a rock, he is immediately spanked. Spanking is a ________.
positive reinforcer
negative reinforcer
secondary reinforcer
punishment
Answer c % correct 50 a= 23 b= 15 c= 50 d= 12 r = .39
Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that:
a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner.
it results in the removal of the behavior.
the behavior results in the removal of a negative reinforcer.
the behavior is decreased/weakened.
Answer d % correct 86 a= 2 b= 2 c= 10 d= 86 r = .26
Aunt Bea gave Opie fried chicken livers every time he made his bed. Opie began making his bed more often than he used to. In this example, chicken livers are a _______ reinforcer.
neutral
negative
secondary
primary
Principles of Operant Conditioning
Answer b % correct 84 a= 1 b= 84 c= 9 d= 5 r = .32
The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:
Rubik’s cube.
Skinner box.
Pavlov bell.
Thorndike puzzle.
Answer c % correct a= 9 b= 5 c= 65 d= 21 r = .52
Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?
acquisition and generalization
discrimination and extinction
discrimination and generalization
acquisition and discrimination
Answer a % correct 65 a= 65 b= 9 c= 13 d= 13 r = .42
Giving different responses to the same stimuli to which you were classically conditioned illustrates ____________ .
response generalization
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
vicarious conditioning
Answer b % correct 82 a= 1 b= 82 c= 11 d= 6 r = .43
A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of ___________.
extinction
discrimination
avoidance training
desensitization
Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 4 c= 2 d= 3 r = .39
The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________ .
extinction
generalization
spontaneous recovery
shaping
Answer d % correct 81 a= 1 b= 5 c= 13 d= 81 r = .57
The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .
extinction
inhibition
stimulus generalization
discrimination
Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 21 c= 2 d= 4 r = .42
Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one you have learned to react to is called ___________ .
stimulus generalization
response generalization
higher-order conditioning
modeling
Answer a % correct 71 a= 71 b= 6 c= 22 d= 1 r = .35
If a dog salivates when it sees a green light or a yellow light, it is exhibiting ________.
generalization
discrimination
higher-order conditioning
extinction
Answer b % correct 70 a= 8 b= 70 c= 17 d= 4 r = .42
The spread of conditioning to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus is called:
associative linkage.
generalization.
higher-order conditioning.
spontaneous recovery.
Answer c % correct 89 a= 8 b= 1 c= 89 d= 2 r = .38
Of the following phenomena, which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired?
discrimination
extinction
generalization
spontaneous recovery
Answer b % correct 83 a= 12 b= 83 c= 4 d= 0 r = .34
A small boy has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father “daddy.” However, it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes him out with her because he keeps calling other men “daddy.” This is an example of:
associative linkage.
generalization.
higher-order conditioning.
spontaneous recovery.
Answer a % correct 45 a= 45 b= 18 c= 24 d= 12 r = .33
Once conditioning has been acquired, presenting just the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus produces:
extinction.
generalization.
a new conditioned response.
spontaneous recovery.
Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 5 c= 12 d= 7 r = .46
Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in:
extinction.
spontaneous recovery.
stimulus discrimination.
stimulus generalization.
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 10 c= 0 d= 2 r = .30
As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Jodie now cries when she sees any dog, big or small, brown or black, etc. This illustrates which of the following?
generalization
discrimination
extinction
spontaneous recovery
Answer c % correct 81 a= 6 b= 8 c= 81 d= 5 r = .46
When a CS is repeatedly presented by itself, ______ will occur.
generalization
discrimination
extinction
stimulus substitution
Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 7 c= 0 d= 2 r = .21
John’s heart has been conditioned to beat rapidly whenever he smells Windsong perfume on a woman. However, John’s heart also races when he smells Chanel #5 and other perfumes. This illustrates:
stimulus generalization.
discrimination.
extinction.
spontaneous recovery.
Answer d % correct 74 a= 0 b= 25 c= 1 d= 74 r = .34
Stimulus discrimination:
is a response followed by a reinforcer.
occurs when responses are made to stimuli that are similar to the original CS.
is the removal of a stimulus.
occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli, but not to others.
Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 3 c= 3 d= 8 r = .45
The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _______.
extinction
generalization
spontaneous recovery
shaping
Answer c % correct 93 a= 0 b= 4 c= 93 d= 3 r = .38
When a CR has been conditioned to a particular stimulus, the organism will also tend to make the CR in response to other stimuli. This phenomenon is called:
discrimination.
spread of effect.
generalization.
response shifting.
.
Answer b % correct 93 a= 5 b= 93 c= 2 d= 1 r = .46
Laura’s heart rate had been conditioned to increase whenever she smelled Old Spice After Shave. However, her heart would also race to the aroma of Brut and English Leather. This reaction is known as:
shaping.
stimulus generalization.
operant conditioning.
discrimination.
Answer d % correct 95 a= 3 b= 0 c= 2 d= 95 r = .22
Stimulus generalization occurs:
only when a response is followed by a reinforcer.
only to those with a high capacity to learn.
after extinction.
when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the CS.
Answer a % correct 75 a= 75 b= 8 c= 8 d= 8 r = .47
This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith’s class. You know nothing about her tests, and she has never done anything harmful to you or anyone else. Nonetheless, you are anxious about the test. Your anxiety in this situation is an example of:
generalization.
discrimination.
backward conditioning.
none of the above.
Answer b % correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 3 d= 0 r = .32
Corky’s mouth waters when he sees Ball Park Franks, but not when he sees other brands of franks. This response is known as:
extinction.
discrimination.
generalization.
intelligence.
Answer a % correct 90 a= 90 b= 1 c= 0 d= 9 r = .32
The opposite of stimulus generalization is:
stimulus discrimination
unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus.
response generalization.
Answer a % correct 51 a= 51 b= 44 c= 2 d=3 r = .39
Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one which you have learned to react is called _______.
stimulus generalization
response generalization
higher-order conditioning
modeling
Answer d % correct 77 a= 2 b= 12 c= 9 d= 77 r = .45
The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _______.
extinction
inhibition
stimulus generalization
discrimination
Answer d % correct 82 a= 1 b= 5 c= 12 d= 82 r = .38
A person is conditioned to fear white rats. Soon after, she also begins to fear white cats, white dogs, and white rabbits. Her new, unconditioned fears result from _______.
modeling
discrimination
response generalization
stimulus generalization
Answer c % correct 63 a= 3 b= 4 c= 63 d=30 r = .27
A person originally feared great heights, such as standing on top of tall buildings. Now the person has also developed fears of flying in airplanes, standing on ladders, and even watching high-wire artists perform. These new fears are probably the result of _______.
modeling
discrimination
stimulus generalization
response generalization
Answer b % correct 85 a= 1 b= 85 c= 9 d= 5 r = .32
A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of _______.
extinction
discrimination
avoidance training
desensitization
Answer c % correct 44 a= 17 b= 39 c= 44 d= 0 r = .32
A child who calls all four-legged animals “dogs” is exhibiting ______.
simplification
response generalization
stimulus generalization
equipotentiality
Answer b % correct 72 a= 8 b= 72 c= 4 d= 16 r = .34
An example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning is _____________.
blinking in response to a flash of light
studying in order to get a teacher’s approval
sneezing in response to dust
pulling one’s hand away from a flame
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 3 c= 14 d= 6 r = .37
Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by _____________.
operant conditioning
trial and error
classical conditioning
extinction
Answer d % correct 45 a= 24 b= 7 c= 23 d= 45 r = .55
Shaping is achieved through:
discrimination training.
generalization.
higher-order conditioning.
successive approximations.
Answer b % correct 91 a= 4 b= 91 c= 1 d= 4 r = .33
To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward. Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of __________ .
modeling
shaping
negative reinforcement
secondary learning
Answer d % correct 45 a= 1 b= 3 c= 51 d= 45 r = .27
A young girl is just learning to dress herself. At first, the parents call her a “big girl” just for putting on her clothes “frontwards,” even if they are not buttoned. Then, they call her a “big girl” if she tries to button them–even if the buttons are not in the right holes. Then, they call her a “big girl” only if she buttons them correctly. They have been using:
discrimination.
generalization.
higher-order conditioning.
successive approximation.
Answer a % correct 55 a= 55 b= 16 c= 10 d= 19 r = .47
Operant conditioning assumes that:
events that follow behavior affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future.
one’s mental processes (e.g., memory and perception) mediate what behaviors one does in a situation.
voluntary behaviors are reflexive.
one learns by watching others’ behavior.
Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 4 c= 4 d= 5 r = .48
Peggy wanted to teach her dog how to roll over. She tried giving him instructions, but it didn’t work. She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior, but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled. Finally, she began reinforcing the dog when it made behaviors that more closely resembled rolling over. At last, using _______, she was able to teach the dog to do the trick.
shaping
positive reinforcement
positive reinforcers
secondary reinforcers
Answer b % correct 88 a= 4 b= 88 c= 4 d= 3 r = .25
Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final, terminal behavior is called:
positive reinforcement.
shaping.
positive reinforcers.
secondary reinforcers.
Answer b % correct 86 a= 6 b= 86 c= 7 d= 0 r = .39
A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called:
higher order conditioning.
shaping.
modeling.
response generalization.
Answer b % correct 88 a= 11 b= 88 c= 0 d= 1 r = .20
Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called _______.
modeling
shaping
negative reinforcement
classical conditioning
Learning and the Mind
Answer d % correct 68 a= 16 b= 5 c= 11 d= 68 r = .35
The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________.
cognitive mapping
vicarious learning
latent learning
insight
Answer d % correct 93 a= 1 b=2 c= 4 d= 93 r = .18
Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
observational learning
Answer c % correct 73 a= 16 b= 0 c= 73 d= 7 r = .32
What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?
insight learning
serial enumeration
latent learning
shaping
Answer c % correct 63 a= 6 b= 28 c= 63 d= 1 r = .39
Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.
vicarious learning
innate learning
latent learning
insight
Answer d % correct 70 a= 7 b= 11 c= 11 d= 70 r = .33
In a study on learning, the psychologist conducting the study seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals. She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning. She is studying ___________ .
neurophysiological learning
primary learning
secondary learning
social-cognitive learning
Answer d % correct 23 a= 13 b= 10 c= 54 d= 23 r = .38
In Bandura’s classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll, __________ .
children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model rewarded
children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model punished
children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded
children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished
Answer d % correct 85 a= 5 b= 1 c= 9 d= 85 r = .23
Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called _________ learning.
autonomic
primary
secondary
cognitive
Answer d % correct 61 a= 6 b= 13 c= 20 d= 61 r = .47
The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ .
Watson
Skinner
Thorndike
Tolman
Answer d % correct 54 a= 12 b= 25 c= 9 d= 54 r = .49
Social learning theory’s foremost proponent is __________ .
Watson
Thorndike
Skinner
Bandura
Answer d % correct 71 a= 13 b= 7 c= 9 d= 71 r = .20
A key to social learning theory is ____________ .
insight learning
cognitive mapping
latent learning
observational learning
Answer d % correct 33 a= 14 b= 21 c= 33 d= 33 r = .39
Cognitive learning involves:
an association between events or phenomena.
an association between responses.
an association between behavior and its consequences.
internal representations of events in the world.
Answer b % correct 73 a= 7 b= 73 c= 4 d= 16 r = .24
During your very first visit to your campus, you probably needed a map to get around efficiently. However, a little while later you no longer needed the map, because _______ had occurred.
classical conditioning
social- cognitive learning
instrumental conditioning
operant conditioning
Answer b % correct 37 a= 27 b= 37 c= 7 d= 29 r = .41
Cognitive learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs using:
observation and imitation.
unobservable mental processes.
classical conditioning processes.
classical, operant, and observational processes.
Chapter 9 Thinking and Intelligence
[NOTE: Correct answer and item analysis are located ABOVE question.]
Thought: Using What We Know
Answer c p. 217 % correct 77 a= 23 b= 0 c= 77 d= 0 r = .44
Cognition is a synonym for __________.
perception
learning
thinking
intelligence
Reasoning Rationally
Answer b % correct 92 a= 4 b= 92 c= 4 d= 0 r= .76
Problem-solving methods that guarantee solutions if appropriate and properly executed are called __________.
prototypes
algorithms
heuristics
noncompensatory models
Answer b % correct 96 a= 4 b= 96 c= 1 d= 0 r= .62
A formula is an example of a(n) __________.
logarithm
algorithm
response set
heuristic
Answer b % correct 88 a= 4 b= 88 c= 4 d= 4 r= .69
Rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but may help bring one within reach are called __________.
functional sets
heuristics
algorithms
problem states
Answer a % correct 62 a= 62 b= 19 c= 4 d= 15 r= .47
A special kind of problem solving in which we already know all the possible solutions or choices is __________.
decision making
divergent thinking
functional thinking
convergent thinking
Barriers to Reasoning Rationally
Answer a % correct 58 a= 58 b= 4 c= 0 d= 38 r= 50.
An admissions director for a college decides to keep the existing admissions policy since 80 percent of the students admitted eventually graduate. Unknown to her, 90 percent of the rejected applicants would also have been successful graduates. Her decision-making process is hampered by __________.
the availability heuristic
creating subgoals
hill-climbing
the representativeness heuristic
Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 12 c= 8 d= 0 r= .19
The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called __________.
mental set
prototypical idealization
noncompensatory modeling
means-end analysis
Answer c % correct 77 a= 12 b= 11 c= d= 0 r= .22
Ivan is a consultant who has been asked to solve a technical problem for an electronics firm. When he arrives at the firm, he finds that the problem is exactly like a problem he has solved before. The first time he solved the problem it took him 37 hours. This time it takes him 26 hours. The MOST likely reason for his faster solution this time is __________.
means-end analysis
hill-climbing
mental set
creating subgoals
Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach
Answer c % correct 52 a= 25 b= 17 c= 52 d= 6 r = .21
Which of these might be an example of a performance item on the Wechsler tests of intelligence?
repeating a series of digits
defining a word such as lunch
using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture
adding a series of orally presented numbers
Answer c % correct 79 a= 11 b= 4 c= 79 d= 7 r = .20
The Binet intelligence test measured children on what new concept?
divergent thinking
mental set
mental age
creativity
Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 10 c= 7 d= 15 r = .43
The Binet scale was originally developed to __________.
identify children who might have difficulty in school
identify gifted children
measure scholastic achievement
measure the intelligence of normal children
Answer a % correct 48 a= 48 b= 44 c= 5 d= 3 r = .04
What score indicates how one individual compares to others on an intelligence test?
intelligence quotient
deviation
intelligence component
mental estimate
Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach
Answer b % correct 71 a= 2 b= 71 c= 24 d= 3 r = .33
Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences?
poetic
naturalistic
creative
digital
Answer c % correct 65 a= 11 b= 7 c= 65 d= 17 r = .40
The ability to produce work that is both novel and appropriate is called
insight.
heuristics.
creativity.
latent learning.
Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 2 c= 16 d= 2 r = .43
A committee has been set up to identify young people who are likely to become great Olympics skaters. In addition to physical skills, the committee believes that an understanding of one’s emotions is a plus because it will help the skaters through training and competitions. Using Howard Gardner’s types of intelligences, which two should be the focus of their search?
bodily kinesthetic and intrapersonal
logical/mathematical and visual/spatial
visual/spatial and interpersonal
verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematical
Answer a % correct 39 a= 39 b= 23 c= 30 d= 8 r = .08
The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by __________.
Gardner
Sternberg
Thurstone
Spearman
Answer d % correct 52 a= 6 b= 19 c= 23 d= 52 r = .29
__________ percent of the population has IQ scores between 70 and 130.
Sixty-five
Seventy-five
Eighty-five
Ninety-five
Answer b % correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 7 d= 2 r = .23
A form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own feelings and the feelings of others is __________ intelligence.
fluid
emotional
bodily-kinesthetic
crystallized
Answer b % correct 77 a= 1 b= 77 c= 1 d= 22 r = .40
Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences?
poetic
naturalistic
digital
creative
Answer c % correct 65 a= 7 b= 21 c= 65 d= 7 r = .11
Which of these might be an example of a performance item on the Wechsler tests of intelligence?
defining a word such as lunch
repeating a series of digits
using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture
adding a series of orally presented numbers
Answer a % correct 63 a= 63 b= 10 c= 17 d= 8 r = .32
Sal is being evaluated as a possible candidate for the space program. On which of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences would we expect him to excel if he is a good candidate?
spatial reasoning
interpersonal
naturalist
intrapersonal
Animal Minds
Answer a % correct 73 a=73 b= 0 c= 4 d= 23 r= .21
Laboratory experiments suggest that animals have __________.
some cognitive capacities
cognitive capacities better than most humans
almost no cognitive capabilities
cognitive capabilities similar to most humans
Answer d % correct 77 a= 0 b= 8 c= 15 d= 77 r= .39
Among animals, the most impressive cognitive abilities show up in __________.
whales
rhesus monkeys
dolphins
chimpanzees
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