#jerome bruner

[noosphe-re]

[science70]

Jerome Bruner, The Process of Education (Harvard University Press, 1977).

[fagrackham]

this shit my lit professor is so horny for literally reads like the plot monologue from white noise but less good

[percheduphere]

Hey! At first, I want to say that really adore your essays. I found your blog shortly after I joined tumblr and it was a great beginning.

My question is not only about Loki. Few times you mentioned that queer subtext always existed in cinema. So I wanted to know more about it. Are there any common tricks which artists use? How can we know that it isn't just our imagination?

And if you could give some literature recommendations on this topic I'd be thrilled :)

Hi Anon! 

This is a really important question. I’m so glad you asked it, so I’ve bumped you to the front of my inbox queue.  

Superhell (Destiel). Superheaven (Aziracrow). Supertime (Lokius). It’s not an accident these types of tragic queer endings are a pattern in our TV media. Though of the three, Good Omens is the most likely to deliver a happy ending eventually, the resources I provide below contextualize why queer subtext and queer tragedy persists. I believe the paper on Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a particularly important read as it sheds light on tragic queer tropes and utilization of queer subtext from the 1950s that persist to this day. 

I do need to clarify a few things: 

1.) I’m not a formal scholar. I don’t have a Master’s, let alone a PhD. I would love to continue my education, but I only just finished paying off my student loans. This is to say, most of what I’ve learned is from self-guided reading, watching documentaries, and talking to literary and cinematic professionals and members of the LGBTQAI+ community. 

2.) Subtext exists in all forms of art: literature, music, painting, sculptures, film, and so on. There is no 1-to-1 definition of what subtext could be because subtext, by its very definition, is the communicating of information and/or a feeling without communicating it directly. It’s also important to remember that we use subtext in everyday life without realizing it.  

3.) It’s necessary to share foundational resources in order to provide a greater contextual understanding in response to your question. The resources I'll be sharing, which will go from broad foundational to specifically queer subtext in cinema, are as follows: A.) Using JSTOR, B.) Linguistics & Subtext, C.) Film History, D.) Queer Subtext in Literature, Theater, and Film. 

USING JSTOR 

JSTOR is an incredible academic journal article resource. You can sign-up as a user and have access to up to 100 articles per month online for free! If you don’t feel comfortable creating an account, you can also visit your local library, who more likely than not have a JSTOR membership. 

When searching for articles, I recommend using these keywords: queer, homosexuality, subtext, literature, film, history. 

LINGUISTICS & SUBTEXT 

Pragmatics 

-- Jerome Bruner’s “Pragmatics of Language and Language of Pragmatics” (Available on JSTOR; Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press) 

-- Kristin Borjesson’s “The Semantics-Pragmatics Interface: The Role of Speak Intentions and Nature of Implicit Meaning Aspects” (Available on JSTOR; Published by Armand Colin) 

Iceberg Theory and Theory of Omission 

-- Silvia Ammary’s “Poe’s ‘Theory of Omission” and Hemingway’s ‘Unity Effect’” (Available on JSTOR; Published in the Edgar Allan Poe Review) 

-- Charles J. Nolan, Jr’s “‘Out of Season’: The Importance of Close Reading’” (Available on JSTOR; Published in the Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature) 

-- Paul Smith’s “Hemingway’s Early Manuscripts: The Theory and Practice of Omission” (Available on JSTOR; Published by Journal of Modern Literature) 

Implicature 

-- Catherine Abell’s “Pictorial Implicature” (An important read as it provides academic context on interpretation of the visual medium, which is connected to interpretation of film; Available on JSTOR; Published by The American Society for Aesthetics) 

-- Eric Swanson’s “Omissive Implicature” (Linguistic study on implied communication through omission) Available on JSTOR; Published by University of Arkansas Press) 

-- Jacques Moeshcler’s “On the Pragmatics of Logical Connectives” (Published in the book: “Aspects of Linguistic Variation) 

Exformation 

-- David Foster Wallace’s “Laughing with Kafka” (Yes, the same writer of the book, Infinite Jest! A quick 4-page read that explains exformation in literature using Kafka as an example; Available on JSTOR; Published in Log by Anyone Corporation) 

-- Stephen J. Burn’s “Reading the Multiple Drafts Novel” (23 pages; can be a slog to read, but it addresses the issues of “canon”; Available on JSTOR; Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press) 

FILM HISTORY 

Generally, I recommend looking up Hollywood History pre-code (Hays Code aka the Motion Picture Production Code from 1930-1967). Notice that the code’s abandonment was gradual in the 60s, which was when the U.S.’s sexual revolution occured. The MPAA Film Rating System went into effect in 1968.  

Sin if Soft Focus: Pre-Code Hollywood by Mark A. Vieira 

Available in hard cover on Amazon (looks like there’s only 1 copy left); no digital version that I can find. You may be able to find this at your library. 

Forbidden Hollywood: The Pre-Code Era (1930-1934): When Sin Rules the Movies by Mark A. Vieira 

Available on Kindle. Similar to Vieira’s first book but considered inferior.  

The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies by Vito Russo 

Published in the 1980s, a groundbreaking work and the first of its kind. It’s dated but still considered critical reading. 

Screening the Sexes: Homosexuality in the Movies by Parker Tyler 

Available in hardcover and paperback. This is also considered critical reading to be paired with Celluloid Closet. 

Images in the Dark: An Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video by Raymond Murray 

Available in paperback on Amazon (1 copy left); likely to be in the library as well. 

QUEER SUBTEXT IN LITERATURE, THEATER, AND FILM 

Queerbaiting and Fandom: Teasing Fans through Homoerotic Possibilities 

The first book of its kind, published in 2019. A must-read as contributing articles include analysis on Supernatural, Sherlock, and Merlin, among many others. I highly recommend reading the entire book, but it is expensive. You may be able to find this at your library.  

My recommended articles from this book: 

-- Joseph Brenann’s “Introduction: A History of Queerbaiting” is critical to understanding the Loki series specific place in queer fandom and media history. 

-- Monique Franklin’s “Queerbaiting, Queer Readings, and Heteronormative Viewing Practices” 

-- Guillaume Sirois’s “Hollywood Queerbaiting and the (In)Visibility of Same-Sex Desire

-- Christoferr Bagger’s “Multiversal Queerbaiting: Alan Scott, Alternate Universes, and Gay Characters in Superhero Comics” 

Fandom: Identities and Communities in a Mediated World 

About half the price of Queerbaiting and Fandom but significantly more broad in scope. 

My recommended articles from this book: 

-- Cornel Sandvoss’s The Death of the Reader? Literary Theory and the Study of Texts in Popular Culture 

-- Derek Johnson’s “Fantagonism: Factions, Institutions, Constitutive Hegemonies of Fandom” 

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Reading of epic poem recommended) 

-- David L. Boyd’s “Sodomy, Misogyny, and Displacement: Occluding Queer Desire in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" (available on JSTOR; from Arthuriana published by Scriptorium Press) 

Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray (Reading the novel recommended) 

-- Jeff Nunokawa’s “Homosexual Desire and the Effacement of the Self in ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’” (available on JSTOR; Published by The Johns Hopkins University) 

-- Ed Cohen’s “Writing Gone Wilde: Homoerotic Desire in the Closet of Representation” (available on JSTOR; Published by Cambridge University Press) 

-- Sandra Mayer’s “‘A Complex Multiform Creature’: Ambiguity and Limitation Foreshadowed in the Early Critical Reception of Oscar Wilde” (available on JSTOR; Published in AAA: Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik) 

Tennessee Williams’s Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (Reading the short story [“Three Players of a Summer Game” and stage play and watching the film adaptation highly recommended) 

-- Dean Shackelford’s “The Truth That Must Be Told: Gay Subjectivity, Homophobia, and Social History in “‘Cat on a Hot Tin Roof’”. (A must-read, in my opinion. You see a lot of patterns that continue in our subtextual queer stories to this day, concerning since Williams’s play was written in the early 1950s. Available on JSTOR; published in The Tennessee Williams Annual Review) 

I hope these resources are helpful and interesting to you! Happy reading! 

[quotidiansacred]

Joyce thought of the particularities of the story as epiphanies of the ordinary. - Jerome Bruner

[keliknovidwyanto]

Scaffolding: Penopang Sementara dalam Proses Belajar Anak

Dalam dunia pendidikan, proses belajar bukanlah jalan lurus yang dapat ditempuh setiap anak dengan cara yang sama. Tiap individu memiliki kecepatan, gaya, dan tantangan unik dalam menyerap pengetahuan dan keterampilan. Untuk menjembatani kesenjangan antara apa yang sudah bisa dilakukan anak dan apa yang masih berada di luar jangkauannya, diperlukan suatu pendekatan yang bersifat sementara namun strategis. Di sinilah konsep scaffolding mengambil peran penting sebagai “penopang belajar” yang memungkinkan anak berkembang dari ketidakmampuan menuju kemandirian.

Secara etimologis, kata scaffolding berasal dari kata dasar scaffold, yang dalam bahasa Latin scadafaldum berarti struktur penopang atau panggung. Dalam dunia konstruksi, scaffold adalah kerangka atau rangka sementara yang dipasang di sekitar bangunan untuk membantu para pekerja menjangkau dan membangun bagian yang tinggi atau sulit dicapai. Setelah bangunan berdiri dengan kokoh, scaffold akan dibongkar—ia tidak bersifat permanen. Analogi inilah yang kemudian digunakan dalam dunia pendidikan: scaffolding adalah dukungan sementara dalam proses belajar, yang perlahan-lahan dihilangkan seiring meningkatnya kemampuan siswa.

Konsep scaffolding dalam pendidikan mulai dikenal luas melalui pemikiran Jerome Bruner, yang terinspirasi oleh teori Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) milik Lev Vygotsky. ZPD menyatakan bahwa anak memiliki dua tingkatan kemampuan: kemampuan yang sudah bisa dilakukan sendiri, dan kemampuan yang bisa dicapai jika dibantu oleh orang lain. Scaffolding berada di antara dua titik ini—menjadi alat bantu yang menyesuaikan diri dengan kebutuhan dan perkembangan anak. Dengan kata lain, scaffolding adalah teknik pendampingan yang memungkinkan anak melampaui batas kemampuannya saat ini melalui interaksi sosial yang bermakna.

Bentuk scaffolding dapat bermacam-macam, mulai dari pemberian petunjuk verbal, penggunaan alat bantu visual, model kerja, pengarahan bertahap, hingga pemberian umpan balik secara kontinu. Esensinya bukan pada bentuk bantuannya, melainkan pada cara bantuan itu diberikan secara tepat, proporsional, dan disesuaikan dengan kemajuan anak. Guru atau pembimbing yang menerapkan scaffolding perlu peka, tidak terlalu cepat memberi jawaban, tetapi juga tidak membiarkan anak terjebak terlalu lama dalam kebingungan.

Contoh penerapan scaffolding dapat kita temui dalam pelajaran membaca pada anak usia dini. Ketika seorang anak belum mampu membaca kalimat penuh, guru dapat membacakan kalimat tersebut dengan suara lantang sambil menunjuk setiap kata. Anak diminta menirukan dan secara bertahap diminta membaca kata demi kata sendiri. Bantuan terus dikurangi, hingga anak dapat membaca kalimat penuh tanpa arahan. Dalam proses ini, guru berperan sebagai scaffolder—penopang sementara yang membimbing anak hingga mampu berdiri sendiri.

Contoh lainnya bisa dilihat pada pembelajaran matematika di kelas empat sekolah dasar. Seorang siswa yang belum menguasai konsep pecahan mungkin merasa cemas saat dihadapkan pada soal ¼ + ½. Namun dengan bantuan guru yang menggunakan media visual seperti kue berbentuk lingkaran yang dibagi-bagi, siswa mulai memahami makna simbol pecahan. Setelah diberikan petunjuk langkah demi langkah dan latihan bertahap, siswa akhirnya dapat menyelesaikan soal sejenis secara mandiri. Proses itu merupakan bentuk scaffolding yang efektif—konkrit, bertahap, dan menumbuhkan rasa percaya diri.

Dalam kegiatan menulis esai di jenjang SMP, scaffolding dapat diterapkan dengan cara menyusun kerangka tulisan bersama, memberikan contoh kalimat pembuka, atau mendiskusikan ide pokok setiap paragraf. Siswa kemudian diminta melanjutkan tulisan mereka berdasarkan kerangka tersebut. Setelah beberapa kali bimbingan, siswa akan mulai mampu menulis esai secara mandiri, karena kerangka berpikir dan teknis menulis sudah terbentuk.

Scaffolding bukan hanya strategi teknis, melainkan bentuk interaksi yang mengandung empati, kepekaan, dan penghargaan terhadap proses belajar anak. Seorang pendidik yang baik adalah mereka yang tahu kapan harus membantu, kapan harus mundur, dan kapan harus mendorong anak melangkah lebih jauh. Scaffolding juga memberi ruang bagi anak untuk gagal secara aman, mencoba ulang, dan menemukan maknanya sendiri dalam proses belajar.

Dengan memahami dan menerapkan konsep scaffolding, kita bukan hanya membangun pengetahuan anak, tetapi juga membentuk karakter belajar yang tangguh dan mandiri. Kita membantu anak mendaki tangga kemampuan mereka, satu demi satu, dengan tangan kita siap menopang—namun tidak mengekang. Dan pada saat yang tepat, kita pun perlahan melepas dukungan itu, menyaksikan mereka berdiri kokoh di atas hasil usahanya sendiri.

[sunslvt]

"The first is that at no point do I care to claim that changes in media bring about changes in the structure of people's minds or changes in their cognitive capacities. There are some who make this claim or come close to it (for example, Jerome Bruner, Jack Goody, Walter Ong, Marshall McLuhan, Julian Jaynes, and Eric Havelock).

I am inclined to think they are right, but my argument does not require it. Therefore, I will not burden myself with arguing the possibility, for example, that oral people are less developed intellectually, in some Piagetian sense, than writing people, or that "television" people are less developed intellectually than either.

My argument is limited to saying that a major new medium changes the structure of discourse; it does so by encouraging certain uses of the intellect, by favoring certain definitions of intelligence and wisdom, and by demanding a certain kind of content–in a phrase, by creating new forms of truth-telling. I will say once again that I am no relativist in this matter, and that I believe the epistemology created by television not only is inferior to a print-based epistemology but is dangerous and absurdist."

- Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death (20th Anniversary Edition), P.27

[paoloferrario]

Biografia e libri dello psicologo JEROME BRUNER (1915-2016)

Biografia di Jerome Bruner Jerome Seymour Bruner (New York, 1º ottobre 1915 – New York, 5 giugno 2016) è stato uno degli psicologi più influenti del XX secolo, noto per i suoi contributi fondamentali allo sviluppo della psicologia cognitiva, della psicologia culturale e della psicologia dell’educazione12. Nato da genitori polacchi di origine ebraica, studiò alla Duke University (laurea nel 1937)…

[influxmedia123]

Top 5 Tips for Creating Engaging Video Content for Your Business

Why Video Content is a Game-Changer for Brands in 2025

In today’s digital landscape, video content dominates social media, websites, and advertising. With 85% of businesses using video marketing , brands that leverage high-quality, engaging videos stand out. But how do you create videos that captivate your audience?

At Influx Media, we specialize in video editing and content strategy that drives engagement. Here are 5 proven tips to help you create compelling videos for your business.

1. Start with a Strong Hook (Within 3 Seconds!)

Why it matters:

47% of viewers drop off if a video doesn’t grab attention immediately.

A powerful hook increases watch time, boosting YouTube & Instagram algorithm rankings.

How to do it: Ask a provocative question – "What if you could double your sales with one video strategy?"Use bold visuals – Fast cuts, dynamic text, or eye-catching animations. Tease the value – "By the end of this video, you’ll know the secret to viral content."

Pro Tip from Influx Media: Use jump cuts and sound effects in video editing to keep energy high.

2. Keep It Short & Scannable (Under 60 Seconds for Social Media)

Why it matters:

Short-form videos (Reels, TikTok, YouTube Shorts) get 2.5x more engagement.

Mobile users prefer snackable content (under 30 sec for Instagram/TikTok).

How to do it: Cut unnecessary fluff – Get to the point fast. Use subtitles – 92% of viewers watch videos without sound. End with a CTA – "Comment ‘VIDEO’ below for a free editing tip!"

Influx Media’s Approach: Our video editing team optimizes pacing using rhythmic cuts and on-screen text for maximum retention.

3. Invest in Professional Video Editing

Why it matters:

Poor editing = Lost credibility. Viewers judge quality in seconds.

Polished videos increase trust & conversions.

Key Editing Techniques: Color grading – Enhances mood (e.g., warm tones for food brands). Smooth transitions – Avoid jarring cuts; use match cuts or J-cuts. Sound design – Background music & crisp audio improve engagement.

Why Choose Influx Media? Our video editing experts use Premiere Pro & DaVinci Resolve for cinematic results.

4. Optimize for SEO (Yes, Videos Rank on Google!)

Why it matters:

Video results appear in 62% of Google searches (BrightEdge).

YouTube is the 2nd largest search engine after Google.

SEO Tips for Videos: Keyword-rich titles – "5 Video Editing Hacks to Boost Engagement in 2025"Engaging thumbnails – Use bold text & faces (CTR increases by 154%). Add captions & transcripts – Helps Google index your content.

Influx Media’s SEO Strategy: We embed videos on blogs with schema markup for faster indexing.

5. Tell a Story (Emotion = Engagement)

Why it matters:

Stories are 22x more memorable than facts (Jerome Bruner).

Emotional videos get more shares & comments.

How to Craft a Story: Follow the ‘Problem-Solution’ format – "Struggling with low engagement? Here’s the fix."Show behind-the-scenes (BTS) – Builds authenticity. Use customer testimonials – Real stories = higher trust.

Influx Media’s Storytelling Secret: We use character-driven narratives in brand videos to connect deeply.

FAQs on Video Content Creation

Q1. What’s the best video editing software for beginners?

A: For beginners, CapCut (mobile) or iMovie (Mac) are great. For pros, Adobe Premiere Pro or DaVinci Resolve (used by Influx Media).

Q2. How long should a business video be?:

Social Media: 15-30 sec (Reels/TikTok), 60 sec (LinkedIn/YouTube Shorts).

Website/YouTube: 2-5 min (explainer videos), 10+ min (tutorials).

Q3. Can I edit videos on my phone?

A: Yes! Apps like CapCut, InShot, and Premiere Rush offer pro-level video editing on mobile.

Q4. How much does professional video editing cost?

A: It varies, but agencies like Influx Media offer affordable packages for businesses.

Final Thoughts: Elevate Your Brand with High-Impact Videos

Creating engaging video content isn’t just about fancy cameras—it’s about strategy, storytelling, and smart editing. By applying these 5 tips, you’ll boost retention, shares, and conversions.

Need expert help? Influx Media’s video editing team crafts scroll-stopping videos for brands. Let’s talk!

[phonenumnerlist]

The Importance of Corporate Storytelling for Content Marketing

Corporate storytelling supports marketing activities by making each message more engaging, easy to understand and remember. In this article we will analyze in particular:

the link between storytelling and content marketing effective models to define the history of a company Read on to learn more!

Corporate storytelling as a content marketing tool

While the term story in B2B digital marketing might immediately bring to mind an activity tied to social networks like Instagram or Snapchat, the practice of telling stories is actually telegram number list much more than a fleeting trend.

To do this well, however, you need to have a solid strategy that answers some basic questions.

What is the history of the brand? Why is it important to tell it? How do you want to tell it? Why should it interest potential customers? New call to action

Why is storytelling so effective?

The reason lies in human nature , which is to tell stories , just like to laugh or be moved: stories have always been used to communicate, educate, create bonds and share information.

What does your company do? How does it help customers? What goals can it achieve? Please note: we are not asking you to describe in detail the product you have created or the service you offer, but rather how the solutions you offer to customers can make their work more efficient and their days better!

This is the value on which the corporate storytelling message must be focused. corporate storytelling

Going beyond the list of features, an effective story puts the company’s strategic content into narrative context , helping customers empathize with the story.

Storytelling is therefore very different from creating a commercial presentation. According to the 2021 Content Preferences Survey Report cited in this article , in fact, 38% of the b2b buyers interviewed claim that the contents of potential suppliers would be much more effective if the more commercial aspects were reduced to a minimum.

In other words, no one likes overt attempts to sell something .

This is why storytelling in B2B content marketing works: because it offers a different experience compared to traditional promotional and advertising communication, captures the attention of the target audience and maintains high engagement thanks to an empathetic connection.

Finally, another really interesting aspect is the ability to remain imprinted in the prospect’s mind through storytelling:

the chances of remembering a fact increase by 22% if it is part of a well-told story (source: Actual Minds, Possible Worlds by Prof. Jerome Bruner ) Hormones released by the brain in the presence of joy, anger or fear trigger the generation of new neurons in the memory circuits (source: Why Emotionally Charged Events Are So Memorable — Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions ) People remember anything more easily if it is associated with an emotional experience.

3 Effective Models to Define Corporate Storytelling

social media posts Marketing Video blog articles landing page lead generation elements such as calls to action Model #1: StoryBrand The StoryBrand model is an adaptation of the narrative structure of the hero’s journey , in which the protagonist/customer faces a challenge and the company — with its solutions — helps him overcome it.

It consists of 7 steps :

meeting with the protagonist, that is the customer, the hero of the story presentation of the problem that afflicts the character, the pain that can be solved with your solutions the hero meets a guide, represented by the company and its solutions The guide shows the protagonist a plan to overcome his challenges the hero experiences a situation that forces him to take action and… following the advice, he reaches the desired goal not following the advice, fails Model #2: 3-act structure This model is also based on conflict resolution , but reduces its structure to 3 steps :

the initial situation, in which the context and the main character — the customer — are introduced the problem that increases tension and represents the pain that can be solved with your solutions the solution achieved thanks to your company’s product/service Model #3: PAS formula PAS is the acronym for problem-agitate-solve . Unlike the two previous structures, also common in literature or cinema, this one is characteristic of copywriting .

Here are the 3 steps :

Identify the problem or pain , describing the current situation experienced by the client Shake up the issue to add drama, eliciting an emotional reaction Present your product or service as the perfect solution, showing an ideal future situation In today’s article we talked about corporate storytelling, analyzing the three main models to define the story of the business.

[almostqualitylover]

Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It explores the cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of human experience, aiming to understand how individuals think, feel, and act. The field of psychology is broad, encompassing various subfields and approaches, from clinical psychology to cognitive neuroscience, each offering unique insights into human behavior. This essay will provide an overview of psychology’s history, key concepts, major subfields, and applications.

Historical Development of Psychology

The roots of psychology can be traced back to ancient civilizations. The ancient Greeks, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, pondered questions about the nature of the mind, perception, and knowledge. Socrates emphasized the importance of introspection, the process of examining one’s thoughts and feelings. Plato, in his work “The Republic,” discussed the concept of the soul and its relationship to the body. Aristotle, on the other hand, took a more empirical approach, studying the mind’s connection to the body and the natural world.

Psychology as a formal scientific discipline emerged in the 19th century. In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany, marking the birth of modern experimental psychology. Wundt is often regarded as the father of psychology due to his focus on the scientific study of conscious experience. He used introspection as a method of observing and reporting on one’s conscious thoughts, feelings, and sensations.

Following Wundt, other key figures shaped the development of psychology. Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt, developed structuralism, an approach that aimed to break down mental processes into their most basic components. Meanwhile, William James, considered one of the founders of American psychology, championed functionalism, which focused on the purpose of mental processes and how they help individuals adapt to their environment.

In the early 20th century, Sigmund Freud introduced psychoanalysis, a theory of personality and a therapeutic method that emphasized unconscious desires, early childhood experiences, and the influence of internal conflicts on behavior. Freud’s work had a profound impact on psychology, although it was also met with significant criticism for its lack of empirical evidence and focus on pathological behavior.

The behaviorist movement, led by figures like John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, shifted the focus of psychology toward observable behavior. Behaviorists argued that behavior could be explained by learning processes such as conditioning, with little reference to internal mental states. Skinner’s work with operant conditioning demonstrated how behavior could be shaped by reinforcement and punishment.

The mid-20th century saw the rise of the cognitive revolution, which sought to reintroduce the study of mental processes, such as memory, perception, and problem-solving, that had been largely neglected during the behaviorist era. Key figures in the cognitive revolution, including Noam Chomsky, Jerome Bruner, and George Miller, emphasized the importance of studying the mind as an information-processing system, leading to the development of cognitive psychology.

Key Concepts in Psychology

Psychology encompasses a wide array of concepts that help explain human behavior. Some of the most important include:

Perception: Perception is the process by which individuals interpret and make sense of sensory information. It involves not only the detection of stimuli (e.g., light, sound) but also the brain’s interpretation of those stimuli, which can be influenced by past experiences, expectations, and contex

Memory: Memory refers to the processes by which we encode, store, and retrieve information. Memory is often divided into three stages: encoding (the process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored), storage (the maintenance of information over time), and retrieval (the process of accessing stored information when needed). Memory can be affected by factors such as attention, emotion, and rehearsal.

Emotion: Emotions are complex psychological and physiological states that influence how we respond to situations. They involve subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and behavioral expressions. Emotions play a key role in decision-making, social interactions, and survival. Researchers have identified basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.

Personality: Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Psychologists have developed various theories to explain personality, including trait theories (which focus on identifying and measuring personality traits), psychoanalytic theories (which emphasize unconscious motives and early childhood experiences), and humanistic theories (which highlight personal growth and self-actualization).

Development: Developmental psychology studies how people change over the course of their lives. This includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development. Key areas of focus include childhood development, adolescent development, and aging. Theories of development, such as Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development and Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, have been influential in understanding human growth.

Learning: Learning is the process by which behavior changes as a result of experience. Classical conditioning, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, involves associating a neutral stimulus with a significant one, leading to a conditioned response. Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, focuses on how behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment. Observational learning, or social learning, is the process by which individuals learn by watching others

Social Psychology: Social psychology examines how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others. It explores topics such as group behavior, conformity, obedience, prejudice, and aggression. Key theories in social psychology include social identity theory, attribution theory, and cognitive dissonance theory

Cognition: Cognitive psychology studies mental processes such as perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and decision-making. It focuses on how people process information and solve problems. The cognitive approach contrasts with behaviorism by emphasizing internal mental states and the mind as an active processor of information.

Abnormal Psychology: Abnormal psychology is concerned with the study of mental disorders and unusual patterns of behavior. It includes the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is used to categorize and diagnose mental health conditions.

Applications of Psychology

Psychology has numerous practical applications across various domains. These include:

Mental Health Treatment: Psychologists play a critical role in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders. Clinical and counseling psychologists provide therapy, while research in psychology helps improve treatment techniques and develop new therapeutic interventions.

Education: Educational psychologists focus on how people learn and develop in educational settings. They apply psychological principles to improve teaching methods, enhance learning outcomes, and address learning disabilities.

Workplace: Industrial-organizational psychologists apply their expertise to improve productivity, employee satisfaction, and organizational functioning. They help design effective hiring practices, training programs, and performance evaluation systems.

Sports: Sports psychologists work with athletes to improve performance, manage stress, and enhance mental resilience. They help athletes develop mental strategies for overcoming challenges and achieving peak performance.

Marketing: Psychologists in marketing study consumer behavior to understand how people make purchasing decisions. They use insights from psychology to design effective advertising campaigns, product packaging, and customer experiences.

Law and Criminal Justice: Forensic psychologists contribute to the legal system by evaluating the mental state of criminal defendants, providing expert testimony, and assisting in criminal investigations.

Conclusion

Psychology is a dynamic and diverse field that provides valuable insights into human behavior and mental processes. From its historical roots in ancient philosophy to its current status as a scientific discipline, psychology has made significant contributions to our understanding of how individuals think, feel, and act. The study of psychology has numerous applications, from improving mental health treatment to enhancing workplace productivity, making it an essential field for improving various aspects of human life.

[eduacioniem]

Constructivismo y las teorías que son sus principales fundamentos (Psicogenética, Sociocultural, Aprendizaje Significativo y Aprendizaje por descubrimiento).

Autora: Arely Panes Anell

Se le llama constructivismo a la corriente educativa que entiende el acto de enseñanza como la entrega al alumno de las herramientas necesarias para que él mismo construya los procedimientos mentales para resolver los problemas planteados, es decir, para aprender.

El constructivismo sociocultural surge de la mano de Vygotsky y plantea que los procesos psicológicos ocurren a partir de relaciones dialécticas de las personas con el medio, como una aproximación sociocultural de lo humano.

Teoría Psicogenética desarrollada por Piaget, propone una comprensión profunda de como los niños adquieren conocimientos y desarrollan su inteligencia a medida que crecen.

Propuesto por David Ausubel que consiste en un proceso mediante el cual el estudiante, para aprender, relaciona los conceptos nuevos con los que posee, así como los conceptos nuevos con la experiencia que tiene.

Según Jerome Bruner pretende que el alumno relacione conceptos, busque los conocimientos y asimile esa información, incorporándola de ese modo a sus aprendizajes previos.

Referencias:

Equipo editorial, Etecé. (2023, 5 mayo). Constructivismo: funcionamiento, características y ejemplos. Enciclopedia Humanidades. https://humanidades.com/constructivismo/

Portal de revistas académicas de la Universidad Nacional. (s. f.). https://www.revistas.una.ac.cr/

Rededuca. (s. f.). Cursos homologados para oposiciones | Red Educa. https://www.rededuca.net/

[5brightplanets]

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It, as a curriculum, can be easily illustrated: association and its continuity, the unit of pleasure and its utility, the directive of twofold mastery and its indirect applicability, the phenomenal manner of relating more and more to it, and so forth.

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The Empty Ore Pocket Series. A bumpersticker abstract of it simply reads: CODE IMITATES LIFE. What follows is the evitable sticky rub and daily grind to keep the embedded attitudes implicit rather than making them explicit. 100% made from Chapter 2: The Importance Of Structure from The Process Of Education by Jerome S. Bruner, circa 1960. Found in a Vintage Books paperback edition published in New York by Random House, Inc. by arrangement with Harvard University Press. The viewable and listenable link is posted by Steve Miller Band; https://youtu.be/qGnCyMc_X-4?si=JbEKtXtoXq9sECOe is a seemingly one-time-use, hypochangeable link to Jungle Love. Grateful awareness of the many artists, musicians and technicians who present these sights and sounds. Words and Music by Greg Douglass and Lonnie Turner. -Jivananda (Jim)

[psicoeducativa]

CONSTRUCTIVISMO

El constructivismo es un enfoque educativo que puede integrarse de diversas maneras con otras disciplinas, promoviendo una visión interdisciplinaria en la educación. Aquí tienes algunas posibles perspectivas de interdisciplinariedad del constructivismo, junto con ejemplos y citas relevantes:

Interdisciplinariedad entre Constructivismo y Neurociencias: El constructivismo puede integrarse con la neurociencia para entender cómo el cerebro construye el conocimiento a través de la experiencia y la interacción. Según Jean Piaget: "El conocimiento no puede ser separado del proceso mediante el cual se adquiere." (Piaget)

Interdisciplinariedad entre Constructivismo y Sociología: Desde una perspectiva sociológica, el constructivismo se centra en cómo las estructuras sociales y culturales influyen en la construcción del conocimiento. Lev Vygotsky señala: "El desarrollo del individuo está determinado por sus interacciones sociales y culturales." (Vygotsky)

Interdisciplinariedad entre Constructivismo y Pedagogía: En pedagogía, el constructivismo propone métodos de enseñanza que fomentan la construcción activa del conocimiento por parte del estudiante. Según Jerome Bruner: "El aprendizaje es un proceso activo en el cual los estudiantes construyen su propia comprensión del mundo y encuentran significado en la información nueva." (Bruner)

Interdisciplinariedad entre Constructivismo y Psicología del Desarrollo: La psicología del desarrollo estudia cómo los individuos cambian y se desarrollan a lo largo de la vida, integrando teorías constructivistas para entender cómo se adquieren habilidades y conocimientos. Según Piaget: "El desarrollo cognitivo ocurre en etapas sucesivas, cada una caracterizada por formas distintas de pensar." (Piaget)

Estas perspectivas ilustran cómo el constructivismo puede enriquecerse al integrarse con otras disciplinas, proporcionando un marco interdisciplinario para entender y aplicar teorías constructivistas en contextos educativos y de desarrollo humano.

Les comparto un video educativo que explora el fascinante proceso de aprendizaje humano. Este recurso nos lleva a entender cómo adquirimos conocimientos, desarrollamos habilidades y nos adaptamos a nuestro entorno.

¡Espero que lo disfruten y encuentren útiles las ideas y perspectivas compartidas!"

[professorlevin]

Jerome Bruner, Constructivist Psychology: Perception, Spiraling and Intuition

Author’s Note: This year I took the plunge into the final frontier of education, a doctorate at Northern Illinois University. This post is for a final presentation on a groundbreaking theorist in Curriculum and Instructional Design. I was assigned Dr. Jerome Bruner. The more I researched, the more I saw how extraordinary Bruner was. His insights fuel our modern education system today. Given my…