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lonetile · 1 year ago

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RIN HIKARI SFW ALPHABET

A = Affection (How affectionate are they? How do they show affection?)

Rin is VERY affectionate to almost anyone. She loves to offer hugs and listen to whatever they want to say without judgment (unless it obtains a certain topic). She's doesn't care which faction or allegiance the other has.

B = Best friend (What would they be like as a best friend? How would the friendship start?)

Rin is very trustworthy. She is good at keeping secrets and just being someone who listens. She's outgoing, which makes it a bit easier for others to perceive her as a friend.

C = Cuddles (Do they like to cuddle? How would they cuddle?)

YES, YES, YES. She loves cuddling. She likes being held close and tightly. She likes feeling the weight of someone's servo gently resting on her small body. Likes laying on someone's chassis or in the crook of an arm.

D = Domestic (Do they want to settle down? How are they at cooking and cleaning?)

Rin's amazing at making drinks. However, she is not the best cook. She doesn't really know how to cook. She's never tried it. She tries to keep things neat, but it tends to become messy rather quickly.

E = Ending (If they had to break up with their partner, how would they do it?)

Rin wouldn't normally be the one to break up, but if she was, she would be very upset with herself, thinking that maybe it was her doing something wrong. She sit with them at a table, maybe a restaurant or a bar, and after she pays for the meal, she'll tell them. She'd be very apologetic about the whole thing.

F = Fiance(e) (How do they feel about commitment? How quick would they want to get married?)

She'd love to have a Conjunx one day, likely with Swerve. She doesn't feel ready for it yet. She's happy with the arrangement she had. She'd probably be the one to ask to be Conjunxes.

G = Gentle (How gentle are they, both physically and emotionally?)

Rin is not very gentle when it comes to physical. She likes giving big tight hugs and cling to someone's arm or kibble. She is emotionally gentle. She has trouble advocating for herself, but when there is a problem that needs to be addressed, she will bring it up and try to find a compromise.

H = Hugs (Do they like hugs? How often do they do it? What are their hugs like?)

Rin is all about hugs. She loves leaping onto someone to give them a hug. She has a few people who she does it to. But most others, she just hugs them or asks if she could. Hugs are her go-to when greeting someone she likes.

I = I love you (How fast do they say the L-word?)

Rin loves expressing how much she loves Swerve, in a romantic sense. She loves everyone else as a family. The Lost Light crew is one big dysfunctional family in her eyes.

J = Jealousy (How jealous do they get? What do they do when they’re jealous?)

Rin does not get jealous. It's one of the two emotions she doesn't feel.

K = Kisses (What are their kisses like? Where do they like to kiss you? Where do they like to be kissed?)

She likes giving cheek kisses and forehead kisses. She gives the occasional mouth to mouth kiss, but it embarrasses her. She kisses Swerve in public every so often, loving the way he heats up and smiles. When it's a mouth to mouth kiss, she prefers to do it in private.

L = Little ones (How are they around children?)

Never been around any before.

M = Morning (How are mornings spent with them?)

Rin is usually very groggy in the morning, not really all there until an hour later. If she has something she needs to do, however, She is up and ready for the day, only to pass out right after the task is complete.

N = Night (How are nights spent with them?)

She likes staying up and working with Swerve in the evenings. She takes small naps during the day, but night is when she'd most awake. After the bar closes, she does go to bed, curled up on top of Swerve's chassis.

O = Open (When would they start revealing things about themselves? Do they say everything all at once or wait a while to reveal things slowly?)

Rin's very open about most things and happy to share about her friends, family, and the little amount of knowledge of her past that she knows. However, she doesn't share important secrets or information about her crew or her intimate life.

P = Patience (How easily angered are they?)

Patience is one of Rin's strongest attributes. She could handle non-stop talking for nearly 10 hours. However, if a topic she's not comfortable with, especially about intimacy, she will get a bit peeved.

Q = Quizzes (How much would they remember about you? Do they remember every little detail you mention in passing, or do they kind of forget everything?)

Rin doesn't have the best memory, but she can always remember important things, like how to repair something or remembering languages she's picked up and interesting facts about different Cybertronians she has met.

R = Remember (What is their favorite moment in your relationship?)

Rin loves the first time she confessed to Swerve and asked him to become her Amica. Rewind had recorded it and gave her the recording on a dataslug, which she keeps with her everywhere she goes.

S = Security (How protective are they? How would they protect you? How would they like to be protected?)

Rin will do anything to protect her friends and family. They are her strongest bonds, and if something threatens them, she's quick to jump in. Albeit, quite recklessly.

T = Try (How much effort would they put into dates, anniversaries, gifts, everyday tasks?)

Rin is hardworking. Always doing the best she can on something. She doesn't give or receive gifts too often, but when she does, it's always something she thinks the other person would like. She spends hours looking at different items in a store, just thinking which one would be perfect. Sometimes, she just buys them all.

U = Ugly (What would be some bad habits of theirs?)

Rin has picked up some of Rodimus's habits and personality. She's a bit more reckless than she used to and does occasionally say, "Til all are one!" Every so often, which she quickly apologizes for. She had the issue of calling people of higher status "sir" or "ma'am," even if they gave her permission to use their name.

V = Vanity (How concerned are they with their looks?)

Rin isn't too concerned. She doesn't have the normal modesty standard has humans. While she won't walk around naked. She does walk around with only a bra and panties on. No one has really commented on it, except Swerve, who finds himself staring wherever Rin's distracted.

W = Whole (Would they feel incomplete without you?)

Rin feels lonely easily, especially when she is not with the crew. She gets a bit more withdrawn and easier to anger or annoy. She's very family bound.

X = Xtra (A random headcanon for them.)

While Rin is very passionate about her friends and family, she's not co-defendant. She knows how to take care of herself and doesn't NEED someone to baby her or do things for her. She is quite independent of most things.

Y = Yuck (What are some things they wouldn’t like, either in general or in a partner?)

She doesn't like anyone who continuously tries to piss her off on purpose (except Whirl) or talks badly about her close friends. She doesn't like it when Swerve starts to have self-doubt and let his anxiety take ahold of him. But she sits by him and helps him through it.

Z = Zzz (What is a sleep habits of theirs?)

Rin sleeps more than a normal person, usually an hour every 5 hours or so, unless she has a task to complete. Because Rin doesn't need to eat so much, it's assumed that her sleep helps her retain her energy.

#transformers #maccadam #mtmte #original character #mtmte oc #transformers idw #sfw alphabet

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cgogs · 3 years ago

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NO KIBBLE 4 THE DISCDUO MAINS.... GOODBYE /J

I HAVE C!DNF AND C!DREAM META...? Pandoras vault meta? Yum??

#CRYIGNN

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cleverwordsandotherstuffilike · 6 years ago

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Inventions

Adrenaline: (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.

Aerosol can: Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.

Air brake: George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.

Air conditioning: Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.

Airship: (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.

Aluminum manufacture: (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.

Anatomy, human: (De fabrica corporis humani, an illustrated systematic study of the human body) Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543; (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole) Georges Cuvier, France, 1799–1805.

Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.

Antibiotics: (first demonstration of antibiotic effect) Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, England, 1928; (penicillin’s infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, England, 1940.

Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.

Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.

Appliances, electric: (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.

Aqualung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.

Aspirin: Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.

Astronomical calculator: The Antikythera device, first century B.C., Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.

Atom: (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.

Atomic theory: (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.

Atomic structure: (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.

Automobile: (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) René Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S., 1892.

Autopilot: (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.

Avogadro’s law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.

Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Balloon, hot-air: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.

Barbed wire: (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.

Bar codes: (computer-scanned binary signal code):

(retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.

Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.

Bicycle: Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.

Big Bang theory: (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamow, U.S., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered, confirms theory) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S., 1965.

Blood, circulation of: William Harvey, England, 1628.

Boyle’s law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.

Braille: Louis Braille, France, 1829.

Bridges: (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.

Bullet: (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.

Calculating machine: (logarithms: made multiplying easier and thus calculators practical) John Napier, Scotland, 1614; (slide rule) William Oughtred, England, 1632; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (important 19th-century contributors to modern machine) Frank S. Baldwin, Jay R. Monroe, Dorr E. Felt, W. T. Ohdner, William Burroughs, all U.S.; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.

Calculus: Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.

Camera: (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.

“Canals” of Mars:Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.

Carpet sweeper: Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.

Car radio: William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”

Cells: (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke, England, 1665; (theory: cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms) Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, 1838–1839.

Cement, Portland: Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.

Chewing gum: (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.

Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.

Circuit, integrated: (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.

Classification of plants: (first modern, based on comparative study of forms) Andrea Cesalpino, Italy, 1583; (classification of plants and animals by genera and species) Carolus Linnaeus, Sweden, 1737–1753.

Clock, pendulum: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.

Coca-Cola: John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.

Combustion: (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.

Compact disk: RCA, U.S., 1972.

Computers: (first design of analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) 1945; (dedicated at University of Pennsylvania) 1946; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer, handled both numeric and alphabetic data) 1951.

Concrete: (reinforced) Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

Condensed milk: Gail Borden, U.S., 1853.

Conditioned reflex: Ivan Pavlov, Russia, c.1910.

Conservation of electric charge: (the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1751–1754.

Contagion theory: (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro, Italy, 1546.

Continental drift theory: (geographer who pieced together continents into a single landmass on maps) Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, France, 1858; (first proposed in lecture) Frank Taylor, U.S.; (first comprehensive detailed theory) Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912.

Contraceptive, oral: Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, U.S., 1951.

Converter, Bessemer: William Kelly, U.S., 1851.

Cosmetics: Egypt, c. 4000 B.C.

Cosamic string theory: (first postulated) Thomas Kibble, 1976.

Cotton gin: Eli Whitney, U.S., 1793.

Crossbow: China, c. 300 B.C.

Cyclotron: Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S., 1931.

Deuterium: (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S., 1931.

Disease: (chemicals in treatment of) crusaded by Philippus Paracelsus, 1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur, France, 1862–1877.

DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) Rosalind Elsie Franklin, F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.

Dye: (aniline, start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin, England, 1856.

Dynamite: Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

Electric cooking utensil: (first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox, England, 1874.

Electric generator (dynamo): (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Electric lamp: (arc lamp) Sir Humphrey Davy, England, 1801; (fluorescent lamp) A.E. Becquerel, France, 1867; (incandescent lamp) Sir Joseph Swann, England, Thomas A. Edison, U.S., contemporaneously, 1870s; (carbon arc street lamp) Charles F. Brush, U.S., 1879; (first widely marketed incandescent lamp) Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1879; (mercury vapor lamp) Peter Cooper Hewitt, U.S., 1903; (neon lamp) Georges Claude, France, 1911; (tungsten filament) Irving Langmuir, U.S., 1915.

Electrocardiography: Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Dutch physiologist.

Electromagnet: William Sturgeon, England, 1823.

Electron: Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England, 1897.

Elevator, passenger: (safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis, U.S., 1852; (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.

E = mc2: (equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.

Engine, internal combustion: No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wankel, Germany, 1956.

Evolution: (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.

Exclusion principle: (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli, Germany, 1925.

Expanding universe theory: (first proposed) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (discovered first direct evidence that the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929; (Hubble constant: a measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929.

Falling bodies, law of: Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1590.

Fermentation: (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.

Fiber optics: Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.

Fibers, man-made: (nitrocellulose fibers treated to change flammable nitrocellulose to harmless cellulose, precursor of rayon) Sir Joseph Swann, England, 1883; (rayon) Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, France, 1889; (Celanese) Henry and Camille Dreyfuss, U.S., England, 1921; (research on polyesters and polyamides, basis for modern man-made fibers) U.S., England, Germany, 1930s; (nylon) Wallace H. Carothers, U.S., 1935.

Frozen food: Clarence Birdseye, U.S., 1924.

Gene transfer: (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.

Geometry, elements of: Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt, c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1637.

Gravitation, law of: Sir Isaac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).

Gunpowder: China, c.700.

Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., 1905.

Gyroscope: Léon Foucault, France, 1852.

Halley’s Comet: Edmund Halley, England, 1705.

Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial:Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S., 1982.

Heart, temporary artificial: Willem Kolft, 1957.

Helicopter: (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky, U.S., 1939.

Helium first observed on sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.

Heredity, laws of: Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.

Holograph: Dennis Gabor, England, 1947.

Home videotape systems (VCR): (Betamax) Sony, Japan, 1975; (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

Ice age theory: Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.

Induction, electric: Joseph Henry, U.S., 1828.

Insulin: (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.

Intelligence testing: Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France, 1905.

Interferon: Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann, England, Switzerland, 1957.

Isotopes: (concept of) Frederick Soddy, England, 1912; (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson, England, 1913; (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography) Francis W. Ashton, 1919.

Jet propulsion: (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.

Kinetic theory of gases: (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli, Switzerland, 1738.

Laser: (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S., 1960.

Lawn mower: Edwin Budding, John Ferrabee, England, 1830–1831.

LCD (liquid crystal display): Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.

Lens, bifocal: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., c.1760.

Leyden jar: (prototype electrical condenser) Canon E. G. von Kleist of Kamin, Pomerania, 1745; independently evolved by Cunaeus and P. van Musschenbroek, University of Leyden, Holland, 1746, from where name originated.

Light, nature of: (wave theory) Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1678; (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873.

Light, speed of: (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.

Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1752.

Locomotive: (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific’s “Big Boy,” U.S., 1941.

Lock, cylinder: Linus Yale, U.S., 1851.

Loom: (horizontal, two-beamed) Egypt, c. 4400 B.C.; (Jacquard drawloom, pattern controlled by punch cards) Jacques de Vaucanson, France, 1745, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1801; (flying shuttle) John Kay, England, 1733; (power-driven loom) Edmund Cartwright, England, 1785.

Machine gun: (hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S., 1862; (practical single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.

Magnet, Earth is: William Gilbert, England, 1600.

Match: (phosphorus) François Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.

Measles vaccine: John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.

Metric system: revolutionary government of France, 1790–1801.

Microphone: Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.

Microscope: (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S., Canada, Germany, 1932–1939.

Microwave oven: Percy Spencer, U.S., 1947.

Motion, laws of: Isaac Newton, England, 1687.

Motion pictures: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1893.

Motion pictures, sound: Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score: Don Juan, 1926; with spoken dialogue: The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.

Motor, electric: Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Motorcycle: (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.

Moving assembly line: Henry Ford, U.S., 1913.

Neptune: (discovery of) Johann Galle, Germany, 1846.

Neptunium: (first transuranic element, synthesis of) Edward M. McMillan, Philip H. Abelson, U.S., 1940.

Neutron: James Chadwick, England, 1932.

Neutron-induced radiation: Enrico Fermi et al., Italy, 1934.

Nitroglycerin: Ascanio Sobrero, Italy, 1846.

Nuclear fission: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.

Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.

Ohm’s law: (relationship between strength of electric current, electromotive force, and circuit resistance) Georg S. Ohm, Germany, 1827.

Oil well: Edwin L. Drake, U.S., 1859.

Oxygen: (isolation of) Joseph Priestley, 1774; Carl Scheele, 1773.

Ozone: Christian Schönbein, Germany, 1839.

Pacemaker: (internal) Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S., 1957.

Paper China, c.100 A.D.

Parachute: Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.

Pen: (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S., 1884; (ball-point, for marking on rough surfaces) John H. Loud, U.S., 1888; (ball-point, for handwriting) Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.

Periodic law: (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Periodic table: (arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Phonograph: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1877.

Photography: (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce, France, 1816–1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate, the daguerreotype) Louis Daguerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848–1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S., 1935.

Photovoltaic effect: (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.

Piano: (Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy, 1709; (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood, England, 1873.

Planetary motion, laws of: Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.

Plant respiration and photosynthesis: Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.

Plastics: (first material, nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922.

Plate tectonics: Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912–1915.

Plow, forked: Mesopotamia, before 3000 B.C.

Plutonium, synthesis of: Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S., 1941.

Polio, vaccine: (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S., 1954; (available in the U.S.) 1960.

Positron: Carl D. Anderson, U.S., 1932.

Pressure cooker: (early version) Denis Papin, France, 1679.

Printing: (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400; Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450 (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S., 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S., 1884.

Probability theory: René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1654.

Proton: Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.

Prozac: (antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy, Scotland, and Klaus K. Schmiegel, U.S., 1972; (released for use in U.S.) Eli Lilly & Company, 1987.

Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, Austria, c.1904.

Pulsars: Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

Quantum theory: (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Germany, 1925.

Quarks: Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S., 1967.

Quasars: Marten Schmidt, U.S., 1963.

Rabies immunization: Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.

Radar: (limited to one-mile range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S., 1925; (first practical radar—radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934–1935.

Radio: (electromagnetism, theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Marconi, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (triode amplifying tube) Lee de Forest, U.S., 1906; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1912; (frequency modulation—FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1933.

Radioactivity: (X-rays) Wilhelm K. Roentgen, Germany, 1895; (radioactivity of uranium) Henri Becquerel, France, 1896; (radioactive elements, radium and polonium in uranium ore) Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie, France, 1898; (classification of alpha and beta particle radiation) Pierre Curie, France, 1900; (gamma radiation) Paul-Ulrich Villard, France, 1900.

Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method: (discovered) 1947, Willard F. Libby, U.S.; (first demonstrated) U.S., 1950.

Radio signals, extraterrestrial: first known radio noise signals were received by U.S. engineer, Karl Jansky, originating from the Galactic Center, 1931.

Radio waves: (cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky, U.S., 1932.

Razor: (safety, successfully marketed) King Gillette, U.S., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S., 1928, 1931.

Reaper: Cyrus McCormick, U.S., 1834.

Refrigerator: Alexander Twining, U.S., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S., 1913.

Refrigerator ship: (first) the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by Charles Teller, France, 1877.

Relativity: (special and general theories of) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, Germany, U.S., 1905–1953.

Revolver: Samuel Colt, U.S., 1835.

Richter scale: Charles F. Richter, U.S., 1935.

Rifle: (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S., 1918.

Rocket: (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S., 1926.

Roller bearing: (wooden for cartwheel) Germany or France, c.100 B.C.

Rotation of Earth: Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.

Royal Observatory, Greenwich: established in 1675 by Charles II of England; John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal.

Rubber: (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S., 1839.

Saccharin: Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S., 1879.

Safety pin: Walter Hunt, U.S., 1849.

Saturn, ring around: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.

“Scotch” tape:Richard Drew, U.S., 1929.

Screw propeller: Sir Francis P. Smith, England, 1836; John Ericsson, England, worked independently of and simultaneously with Smith, 1837.

Seismograph: (first accurate) John Milne, England, 1880.

Sewing machine: Elias Howe, U.S., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S., 1851.

Solar energy: First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler, John Ericsson, U.S., 1860s.

Solar system, universe: (Sun-centered universe) Nicolaus Copernicus, Warsaw, 1543; (establishment of planetary orbits as elliptical) Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609; (infinity of universe) Giordano Bruno, Italian monk, 1584.

Spectrum: (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665–1666.

Spectrum analysis: Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, Germany, 1859.

Spermatozoa: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Spinning: (spinning wheel) India, introduced to Europe in Middle Ages; (Saxony wheel, continuous spinning of wool or cotton yarn) England, c.1500–1600; (spinning jenny) James Hargreaves, England, 1764; (spinning frame) Sir Richard Arkwright, England, 1769; (spinning mule, completed mechanization of spinning, permitting production of yarn to keep up with demands of modern looms) Samuel Crompton, England, 1779.

Star catalog: (first modern) Tycho Brahe, Denmark, 1572.

Steam engine: (first commercial version based on principles of French physicist Denis Papin) Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782.

Steamship: Claude de Jouffroy d’Abbans, France, 1783; James Rumsey, U.S., 1787; John Fitch, U.S., 1790. All preceded Robert Fulton, U.S., 1807, credited with launching first commercially successful steamship.

Stethoscope: René Laënnec, France, 1819.

Sulfa drugs: (parent compound, para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo, Austria, 1908; (antibacterial activity) Gerhard Domagk, Germany, 1935.

Superconductivity: (theory) Bardeen, Cooper, Scheiffer, U.S., 1957.

Symbolic logic: George Boule, 1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, England, 1910–1913.

Tank, military: Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.

Tape recorder: (magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.

Teflon: DuPont, U.S., 1943.

Telegraph: Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S., 1837.

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell, U.S., 1876.

Telescope: Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.

Television: (Iconoscope–T.V. camera table), Vladimir Zworkin, U.S., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube), 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demonstrated by J.K. Baird, England, C.F. Jenkins, U.S., 1926; (first all-electric television image), 1927, Philo T. Farnsworth, U.S; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S., National Television Systems Committee, 1953.

Thermodynamics: (first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another) Julius von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law: heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law: the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernst, Germany, 1918.

Thermometer: (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Tire, pneumatic: Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.

Toilet, flush: Product of Minoan civilization, Crete, c. 2000 B.C. Alleged invention by “Thomas Crapper” is untrue.

Tractor: Benjamin Holt, U.S., 1900.

Transformer, electric: William Stanley, U.S., 1885.

Transistor: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S., 1947.

Tuberculosis bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.

Typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S., 1867.

Uncertainty principle: (that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time) Werner Heisenberg, Germany, 1927.

Uranus: (first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel, England, 1781.

Vaccination: Edward Jenner, England, 1796.

Vacuum cleaner: (manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey, 1869; (electric) Hubert C. Booth, England, 1901; (upright) J. Murray Spangler, U.S., 1907.

Van Allen (radiation) Belt: (around Earth) James Van Allen, U.S., 1958.

Video disk: Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.

Vitamins: (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S., 1912–1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S., 1915–1916; (thiamin, B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.

Voltaic pile: (forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta, Italy, 1800.

Wallpaper: Europe, 16th and 17th century.

Wassermann test: (for syphilis) August von Wassermann, Germany, 1906.

Wheel: (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800–3600 B.C.

Windmill: Persia, c.600.

World Wide Web: (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S., 1993.

Xerography: Chester Carlson, U.S., 1938.

Zero: India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Zipper: W. L. Judson, U.S., 1891.

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art-now-ukraine · 6 years ago

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Gardener Of Eden Robert Brout, Yury Ermolenko

Robert Brout (June 14, 1928 – May 3, 2011) was a Belgian theoretical physicist who made significant contributions in elementary particle physics. He was a Professor of Physics at Université Libre de Bruxelles. In 1964, Brout, in collaboration with François Englert, discovered how mass can be generated for gauge particles in the presence of a local abelian and non-abelian gauge symmetry. This was demonstrated by them, both classically and quantum mechanically, successfully avoiding theorems initiated by J. Goldstone while indicating that the theory would be renormalizable. Similar ideas have been developed in condensed matter physics. Peter Higgs and Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and Tom Kibble came to the same conclusion as Brout and Englert. The three papers written on this boson discovery by Higgs, Brout and Englert, and Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble were each recognized as milestone papers by Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration. While each of these famous papers took similar approaches, the contributions and differences between the 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers is noteworthy. This work showed that the particles that carry the weak force acquire their mass through interactions with an all-pervasive field that is now known as the Higgs field, and that the interactions occur via particles that are widely known as Higgs bosons. As yet, these Higgs bosons had not been observed experimentally; however, most physicists believed that they exist. On July 4, 2012, it was announced at CERN that a new particle, "consistent with a Higgs boson", had been discovered with 5 sigma confidence in the mass region around 125-126 GeV. In 2013 Englert and Higgs were to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for their prediction. In 1971, Gerardus 't Hooft, who was completing his PhD under the supervision of Martinus J. G. Veltman at Utrecht University, renormalized Yang–Mills theory in accordance with Veltman's suggestion that this was possible. They showed that if the symmetries of Yang–Mills theory were to be broken according to the method suggested by Robert Brout, François Englert, Peter W. Higgs, Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen and Tom Kibble then Yang–Mills theory is indeed renormalizable. Renormalization of Yang–Mills theory is one of the biggest achievements of twentieth century physics. Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999 for this work. In addition to this work on elementary particle physics, in 1978, Brout, in collaboration with F. Englert and E. Gunzig, was awarded the first prize gravitational award essay for their original proposal of cosmic inflation as the condition of the cosmos prior to the adiabatic expansion, (i.e. the conventional big bang), after cosmogenesis. Artwork from the series "QUANTUM GENIUSES".

https://www.saatchiart.com/art/Painting-Gardener-Of-Eden-Robert-Brout/1105593/4366734/view

#portrait #expressionism #fineart #yuryermolenko #modern #portraiture

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gisellee2018 · 6 years ago

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Reference List For FMP

yPorter, D & Armstrong, B (2018) ‘Learn to Animate in Less Than 10 Minutes - Adobe Animate’ OnlineBusinessRealm channel. Available via: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYBVx6DD0HM (Last Accessed: 27/02/19)

Meroz, M. (2015) ‘The 5 Types Of Animation’ Bloop Animation channel. Avaliable via: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZbrdCAsYqU (Last Accessed: 27/02/19)

Prince, C. (2017) ‘How to Animate like Cuphead - Rubber Hose [Scribble Kibble #85] ‘Crowne Prince’ channel. Avaliable via: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFHYxLEUTwE (Last Accessed 27/02/19)

Turpie, J. (2016) ‘IRIS | Animation & Live Action’ Jasper T channel. Avaliable via: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gjgeXYfPi8 (Last Accessed 27/02/19)

AMB Animation Academy (2017) ‘How I Mixed Traditional Animation with Live Action’ AMB Animation Academy channel. Avaliable via: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SCjvApzFEo (Last Accessed 27/02/19)

Onion Skin (2017) ‘Animation Tutorial - Simple but effective’ Onion Skin channel. Available via: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kAN7yw7Qfg (Last Accessed: 13/03/19)

Dylan, B (2018) ‘2D animation tips and tricks - Chapter 7: Rubber Hose Style Project’ Dylan B channel. Available via: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7juD-9k2aI8 (Last Accessed: 19/03/19)

Pantoja, T (2017) ‘PWow Workshop - After Effects: 2D Character in Live Action Footage (a.k.a.) Space Jam Effect’ Toniko Pantoja channel. Available via: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BI1Y5hgISSE&t=2304s (Last Accessed: 09/04/19)

Kris, T (2015) Hand Drawn Cartoon Animation in After Effects!’ Kriscoart channel. Available via: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYLvCjP0Qnw (Last Accessed: 13/05/2019)

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yegfoodie · 4 years ago

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REPOST • @greenhouseeatz A R E y o u. m a k i n g. G O O D c h o i c e s ? . i a m L E R O Y J E N K I N S P R I M E a.k.a "Frugglesworth-jenkins" . You may think this is my happy face . . . but in this photograph I'm not even angry I'm just #dissapointed . I'm disappointed in all of you who #eat #food without being #conscious of the #choices you are making on behalf of your body and ultimately your future #self . When I eat I am very aware of every piece of #kibble and every #crumb on my plate, savouring every last bite. I usually eat #keto unless #dad says it's 🍕 #night then #allbetsareoff . We can learn alot from #man and #woman 's #bestfriend Leroy doesn't look that smart, but he is #wise beyond his years. l i s t e n t o t h e #frenchbulldog P U G . K N O W B E T T E R d o b e t t e r . Open til 10pm daily. #yeghealth #yegsupportlocal #mentalhealth #mealprep #yegcheapeats #yegfoodie #yegfood #dog #pug #dogsofinstagram #albertahealthservices https://www.instagram.com/p/CFddi1TgIoO/?igshid=7c0wpe4ja6vi

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zaryathelaika · 2 years ago

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Content Warning: food discussion, coprophagia

One good thing about switching from Acana to Purina Pro Plan is the pupper no longer eats her own poop.

Super excited about the not-eating-poop thing.

Was kind of annoyed because I was unaware of the ingredient changes. Should have seen the recent trend for switching out grains for pulses coming. We moved away from Champion Petfoods since they kept switching the binder (eg. rice, pea, potato) on us depending on the global market prices. And one of our previous dogs was allergic to any starch from root vegetables: sweet potatoes, tapioca, cassava, yam etc. Stopped feeding Acana altogether in winter of 2015. Difficult to find a brand which didn't change ingredients based on market fluctuations! So, wasn't surprised the so-called "grain-free" kibbles found a cheap alternative to keep the prices down.

Just massively disappointed because the first time I heard about Acana was because Orijen (for cats) was the only decent kibbles available for ferrets.

(Believe me, trying to get an imprinted ferret to eat something other than kibbles is a pain.)

Anyway, found this interesting chart. Thought the visual from the paper is interesting.

Same for this table:

And here is the summary of that paper:

Source: Carciofi, A. C., F. S. Takakura, L. D. de-Oliveira, E. Teshima, J. T. Jeremias, M. A. Brunetto, and F. Prada. "Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and post-prandial glucose and insulin response" [PDF, 226 kb]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 92 (2007): 326-336.

No archived versions, unfortunately.

Anyway, it's okay she eats Purina for the time being. She will be switching to Inukshuk or Redpaw when she's old enough to pack, and those contains ingredients often demonized by pet parents. (But like exhale ... The Great Divide Trail has sections where there are no resupply for about a week or two. Every gram counts on a long-distance hiking trip.)

#evidence-based nutrition #kibbles #dog food

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o0o-chibaken-o0o · 8 years ago

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PEACHES AND RADIO: JUST TWO CATS

A COLLABORATION WITH @l0vegl0wsinthedark. THANK YOU @parkkate FOR GIVING US THIS PLATFORM.

RULES: WHAT ARE RULES CATS DON’T HAVE RULES

A- Age? CATS HAVE NO CONCEPT OF TIME B- Birthplace? BACKYARD?? IDK HOW DO YOU EXPECT US TO REMEMBER THIS C- Current time? STILL NO CONCEPT OF TIME JESUS FUCKING CATS D- Drink you last had? MILK, BABY E- Easiest person to talk to? PEACHES AND RADIO BEST CATS 4EVER F- Favorite song? SWEET BIRDSONG GET READY TO FLY FOR YOUR LIFE G- Grossest memory? ONE TIME WE HAD TO EAT DRY KIBBLE OMG IT WAS HORRID I- In love? WE ARE ABOVE SUCH PETTY NONSENSE J- Jealous of people? OMG NEVER BEING A CAT IS THE BEST K- Killed someone? PROBABLY NOT L- Love at first sight or should I walk by again? GO AWAY WHEN WE WANT YOU WE WILL COME M- Middle name? PEACHES AND RADIO ARE THE ONLY TITLES NECESSARY N- Number of siblings? FUCK KNOWS O- One wish? CATNIP P- Person you called last? NO THUMBS SO WHOEVER IS ON SPEED DIAL Q- Question you’re always asked? WHO’S A GOOD LITTLE PUD PUD R- Reason to smile? AS SOON AS WE ARE ANYTHING BUT INDIFFERENT WE WILL LET YOU KNOW S- Song you sang last? MEOW MEOW MEOW MEOW T- Time you woke up? OMG WTF STOP U- Underwear colour? LOL WHY WOULD WE WEAR UNDERWEAR GTFO V- Vacation? TAKE US TO THE ROOM WHERE THE RED DOTS LIVE W- Worst habit? ALL OF OUR HABITS ARE THE BEST HABITS X- X-rays? WHAT NO WHO DO YOU THINK WE ARE Y- Your favorite food? TOES Z- Zodiac sign? IS ONE OF THEM A CAT WE ARE THAT ONE

#so @parkkate tagged us in this quiz and because we are the weirdest people ever we decided to answer it as cats #she is peaches and i am radio #yes radio #do you have a problem with that name #because i totally understand i also think it's weird as fuck #quiz #get to know you #get to know our cat alter-egos #peaches and radio #cats #???

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woozymitts · 3 years ago

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So anon, if you’re considering ferrets I’ve got lots of information on them. I’ve spent many years researching their care and reading papers about them. If you’re considering a ferret, here are some things you need to keep in mind:

Ferrets are walking cancer factories, and in there’s a good chance that during their life they will develop one or MORE of these things: Adrenal disease, insulinoma and lymphosarcoma.

Adrenal disease causes in ferrets are unknown, but the most prevalent theories are altering at a young age and extended photoperiods.

Ferrets bred in ferret mills are neutered at EXTREMELY young ages (5-6 weeks) and also have their scent glands removed, which is completely unnecessary and compared by some to declawing in cats.

Male ferrets, hobs, CAN be left unaltered but WILL go into rut. They become greasy and cover everything in their grease, and can become aggressive with cage mates, needing to be separated.

Female ferrets, jills, CANNOT be left unaltered. If they go into heat without being bred, they’ll die of aplastic anemia. You need to do the following:

Alter her, either surgically or chemically.

Take her to the vet during every heat to get a “jill jab” to bring her out of it.

Let her be “bred” by a hob that’s had a vasectomy, sometimes referred to as a “V-hob”

Let her be bred naturally and then deal with the kits.

My suggestion, if you get a ferret, is to find an experienced ferret vet willing to chemically castrate them with a Deslorelin Acetate (Suprelorin) implant. These implants, along with Lupron, are also used to treat Adrenal disease due to surgery being dangerous and ineffective.

Also, regarding unnatural photoperiods, do not expose them to frequent unnatural lighting. Put them in a room with windows so they can experience natural day/night cycles without the lights being left on late.

The second common issue ferrets face is Insulinoma. Causes are thought to be genetic, as well as poor diets filled with grains, vegetables, etc. along with sugary treats.

Ferrets, as obligate carnivores, have no need for anything besides animal products and should be fed a diet of either 2-3 brands of high quality kitten kibble OR a balanced raw diet.

Do not under ANY circumstances feed them fruits, vegetables or candy. Ferrets don’t need treats, but if you want to give them something extra, raw meat, dehydrated meat, etc. is fine along with salmon oil. Also raw eggs can be given during shedding season to help prevent hairballs.

The last common issue ferrets face is lymphosarcoma. This really cannot be prevented as of yet and is pretty much luck-of-the-draw.

For other ferret information I HIGHLY recommend the Holistic Ferret Forums and Facebook group, there’s lots of experienced owners and breeders there that can help you.

Here’s some other sources and information from one of my files. If you can’t access one of the papers without payment, enter the name of the paper or the DOI number into Scihub and you can read it for free:

ADRENAL DISEASE (HYPERADRENOCORTICISM)

• Chen, S., Michels, D., & Culpepper, E. (2014). Nonsurgical Management of Hyperadrenocorticism in Ferrets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 17(1), 35–49. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.001

• Shoemaker, N. J., Schuurmans, M., Moorman, H., & Lumeij, J. (Sjeng) T. (2000). Correlation between age at neutering and age at onset of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 216(2), 195–197. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.216.195

• Simone-Freilicher, E. (2008). Adrenal Gland Disease in Ferrets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 11(1), 125–137. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2007.09.004

• Ramer, J. C., Benson, K. G., Morrisey, J. K., O’Brien, R. T., & Paul-Murphy, J. (2006). Effects of melatonin administration on the clinical course of adrenocortical disease in domestic ferrets. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 229(11), 1743–1748. doi:10.2460/javma.229.11.1743

• Wagner, R. A., Piche, C. A., Jochle, W., & Oliver, J. W. (2005). Clinical and endocrine responses to treatment with deslorelin acetate implants in ferrets with adrenocortical disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 66(5), 910–914. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.910

INSULINOMA

• Chen, S. (2010). Advanced Diagnostic Approaches and Current Medical Management of Insulinomas and Adrenocortical Disease in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 13(3), 439–452. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2010.05.002

• Huynh, M., Chassang, L., & Zoller, G. (2017). Evidence-Based Advances in Ferret Medicine. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 20(3), 773–803. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2017.04.009

LYMPHOMA

• Ammersbach, M., DeLay, J., Caswell, J. L., Smith, D. A., Taylor, W. M., & Bienzle, D. (2008). Laboratory Findings, Histopathology, and Immunophenotype of Lymphoma in Domestic Ferrets. Veterinary Pathology, 45(5), 663–673. doi:10.1354/vp.45-5-663

DIET

• Johnson-Delaney, C. A. (2014). Ferret Nutrition. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 17(3), 449–470. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2014.05.008

• Clauss, M., Kleffner, H., & Kienzle, E. (2010). Carnivorous mammals: nutrient digestibility and energy evaluation. Zoo Biology, 29(6), 687–704. doi:10.1002/zoo.20302

• Sá, F. C., Silva, F. L., Gomes, M. de O. S., Brunetto, M. A., Bazolli, R. S., Giraldi, T., & Carciofi, A. C. (2014). Comparison of the digestive efficiency of extruded diets fed to ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus). Journal of Nutritional Science, 3. doi:10.1017/jns.2014.30

• https://rfvs.info/rfvs-position-statement-2019/ (Discusses diet of canines and felines but would also apply to ferrets, has numerous sources at the bottom)

CHEMICAL CASTRATION VIA DESLORELIN ACETATE (SUPRELORIN)

• Schoemaker, N. J. (2018). Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Agonists and Other Contraceptive Medications in Exotic Companion Animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 21(2), 443–464. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.011

• Jekl, V., & Hauptman, K. (2017). Reproductive Medicine in Ferrets. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 20(2), 629–663. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2016.11.016

• Risi, E. (2014). Control of Reproduction in Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49, 81–86. doi:10.1111/rda.12300

• Zeeland, Y. R. A. v., Pabon, M., Roest, J., & Schoemaker, N. J. (2014). Use of a GnRH agonist implant as alternative for surgical neutering in pet ferrets. Veterinary Record, 175(3), 66–66. doi:10.1136/vr.102389

• Schoemaker, N. J., van Deijk, R., Muijlaert, B., Kik, M. J. L., Kuijten, A. M., de Jong, F. H., … Mol, J. A. (2008). Use of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist implant as an alternative for surgical castration in male ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Theriogenology, 70(2), 161–167. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.03.006

Also apologies to @fantasticbeastsandhowtokeepthem for going totally fucking insane on your post just because you said the word “ferret”

Hi! I have been struggling to find this information on my own. So, I had pet rats. They were the favorite pet I have ever had and fit my lifestyle perfectly. Unfortunately it turns out I’m really allergic to rat urine. (It makes my eyes swell terribly) so the question I’m asking is what pets are very similar to rats, but also not closely related. I loved their antics and that they enjoyed cuddling with me. I also adored finding new forms of enrichment and decorating their cage. I was hoping that you or your followers might have an idea of what pet would fill that rat shaped hole in my heart.

Awww, I'm so sorry! :( I'm developing allergies to the rats as well, but so far it's staying at sniffles and sneezing, so hoping it'll take a nice long time before it gets too bad.

It can be hard to find small rodents that like snuggling like rats, but genetics & handling & time all can play a big part in that! Some options you might look into would be mice, hamsters (especially Syrians for something closer to rat size), or maybe gerbils. I'm uncertain on the last one in terms of handling and snuggling, as I think they do tend to spend a lot of time burrowing, but still might be something to look into.

For non-rodent small mammals, you could also check out ferrets, but they do require a fair amount of out of cage time, and a well ferret-proofed room. They're even more mischievous than rats! They're not quite my thing, but I know a lot of people adore watching their ridiculous antics and finding enrichment for them. But also they're one to be ready for big vet bills, as they have a number of diseases they're prone to, and most ferrets in the US are badly bred unless you find a responsible private breeder.

And though they're a bit more problematic, you could look into sugar gliders. I say problematic bc they're kind of similar to parrots in terms of not great suitability as pets for the most part, but for a dedicated owner, they could be really rewarding. They require a pretty specialized diet, and tons of enrichment that's very similar to rats, so that could be a plus side for you. With lots of socializing, they can be happy to snuggle, especially when sleepy during the day. But that's not a guarantee, especially with rescues, and they can be pretty loud. Still, another option to research more if you would like.

Edit: I meant to add, ONLY consider taking some rescue or rehome sugar gliders if you're interested in them. It's not a great idea to support breeders of them and a commenter pointed out that there's a lot of illegal trafficking of them as well.

Other than that, there's guinea pigs and rabbits, but neither tend to be too cuddly, though they may enjoy pets. Both can be pretty involved for space though, like ferrets, and both do better with friends which increases space needs.

Not sure if any of these will match what you're looking for, but hopefully that gives you some ideas to investigate! Good luck!

#Long Post #Others Pets

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wildlyhardphilosopher-blog · 6 years ago

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Local Animal Control Agencies Find a Hospital Dogs for the Visually Impaired Youth Impact Programs Learn more at nomnomnow.com Private Adoption Brooklyn, NY z Obviously, your puppy will feel the need to bark, chew, and eliminate throughout the course of the day, and so she must be left somewhere she can satisfy her needs without causing any damage or annoyance. Your puppy will most probably eliminate as far as possible from her sleeping quarters-in her doggy toilet. By removing all chewable items from the puppy playpen-with the exception of hollow chewtoys stuffed with kibble-you will make chewing chewtoys your puppy’s favorite habit, a good habit! Long-term confinement allows your puppy to teach herself to use an appropriate dog toilet, to want to chew appropriate chewtoys, and to settle down quietly. 38 min read Question of the Day Kids Clubs If you are using the crate for more than two hours at a time, make sure puppy has fresh water, preferably in a dispenser you can attach to the crate. Made Easy Alexa ^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Pat (July 2004). “Young Dogs Can Learn From Older Well-Behaved Dogs”. The Whole Dog Journal. Retrieved 1 December 2012. There are many techniques available for managing biting because not all dogs or people respond to the same method. If you or other members of your family are in physical danger or fearful of the puppy, seek the help of an experienced Certified Dog Trainer or Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist (a veterinary specialist) immediately.[12]The longer the behavior continues unchecked, the greater the chance of escalation and injury. 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theconservativebrief · 6 years ago

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Forty feet underground in Gaithersburg, Maryland, in a bright white laboratory that requires three separate keys to enter, the United States stores a precious collection of small, shiny metal cylinders that literally define the mass of everything in this country.

They are beautiful, with mirror finishes, and I have to resist the urge to touch them. If I did touch them, I could contaminate them with oil from my skin, and potentially increase their weight. Patrick Abbott, the “keeper of the kilogram” here at the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST), tells me this would be very bad.

Currently, the kilogram has a very simple definition: It’s the mass of a hunk of platinum-iridium alloy created in 1889 that’s housed at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, France. It’s called the International Prototype Kilogram (aka Big K, or Le Grand K), and it has many copies around the world — including seven copies at NIST in Gaithersburg — that are used to calibrate scales and make sure the whole world is on one system of measurement.

Here is one of the copies at NIST, called K4, forged from the same piece of metal from which Big K was created in the 19th century.

At NIST, Patrick Abbott is the “keeper of the kilogram.”

This is K4, a copy of the International Prototype Kilogram, forged from the same platinum-iridium alloy.

Take a good look at it. Because very soon, this 129-year-old standard for the kilogram will change.

On Friday, scientists from around the world are meeting at the General Conference on Weights and Measures in Versailles, France, to vote on a new the definition of a kilogram that ties it to a universal constant in nature.

One important reason for the change is that Big K is not constant. It has lost around 50 micrograms (about the weight of an eyelash) since it was created. But, frustratingly, when Big K loses mass, it’s still exactly one kilogram, per the current definition.

When Big K changes, everything else has to adjust. Or even worse: If Big K were stolen, our world’s system of mass measurement would be thrown into chaos.

With the vote Friday, which is expected to pass, the world’s top measurement scientists are affixing the kilogram to the Planck constant, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics that can never, ever change — both here on Earth and in the deep reaches of the universe.

This will be more than a scientific victory. It’s a philosophical one too, as I learned from the NIST scientists who have been working for years on the redefinition, and call this moment the most exciting time of their entire careers.

When the definition changes, the General Conference on Weights an Measures will complete the original dream of the metric system, which was embraced amid the French Revolution. The metric system — which evolved into the International System of Units, or SI — was designed to be “for all times, for all people.”

“Objects always change,” says Stephan Schlamminger, a NIST scientist involved with the redefinition. With the new definition, he says, “we go from an object” here on Earth “to the stuff that’s in the heavens.”

And that’s something worth celebrating. In a world where everything always seems to be in flux, these scientists have now made sure the kilogram will never change.

How do you know what something weighs? I know, there’s an obvious answer: You put it on a scale.

But when you go to a grocery store and weigh a bundle of apples, how does that scale know what one pound of fruit feels like?

For mass measurements to make sense, we need a fixed point of comparison. Those apples need to weigh more or less than something. To avoid chaos, and to allow our economy to function, that something has to be universally recognized.

The scale at your grocery store was calibrated with a weight that was calibrated with a weight that was calibrated with a weight, and so on. And all those calibrations trace back to right here, in the bowels of NIST. Consistent weights and measures matters for more than groceries: Imagine if Boeing couldn’t figure out, precisely, what an airplane weighs, or if the pharmaceutical industry couldn’t precisely determine the mass of a tiny, potentially lethal, dose of medicine?

This weigh scale in Trujillo, Peru, measures units in ounces, pounds, grams, and kilograms. Leon Neal/Getty Images

In the United States, we still use imperial units, a.k.a. pounds and ounces. But really, all our measurements are derived from the International System of Units, or SI, which uses meters and kilograms as the fundamental units of length and mass.

When it comes to mass in the US, everything traces back to these puck-shaped cylinders, which are precisely machined to weigh 1 kilogram. Officially, in the US, one pound is defined as 0.45359237 kilograms. Officially, a foot is defined as 1200⁄3937 meters.

But the system wasn’t always so orderly. Before the French Revolution and the invention of the metric system, the systems of weights and measures world over were a chaotic, unruly mess.

“Imagine a world where every time you travelled you had to use different conversions for measurements, as we do for currency,” Madhvi Ramani of the BBC explains. “This was the case before the French Revolution in the late 18th Century, where weights and measures varied not only from nation to nation, but also within nations.”

The French Revolution was about toppling old, archaic, chaotic hierarchies leftover from the feudal era and remaking society with egalitarian principals in mind.

Inspired by the revolution, scientists at the time wanted to start fresh on a new, consistent system of measurement, basing units not on arbitrary mandates from kings, but on nature. The goal was to create a system of measurement “for all time, for all people.”

Thus, when the International Bureau of Weights and Measures was founded in France in the late 1800s, the meter — the standard unit of length — was created to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator. The gram takes inspiration from the density of water: It’s roughly equal to the weight of one cubic centimeter of water held at 4°C.

To disseminate these new units — to make sure that everyone in the world understood them — the inventors of the metric system decided to create physical objects to embody and define them. They crafted a metal bar to be exactly one meter long. They created Big K to represent the weight of one kilogram, or 1,000 grams.

Since the 19th century, all of the physical relics of the old metric system have been replaced by measurements affixed to constant forces of nature. The meter was originally defined as a proportion of the size of the Earth. But even the shape of the world isn’t permanent. Heck, the Earth might not even be permanent. So, today, the meter is defined by the speed of light. The second is affixed to the motion of the atoms of the element cesium.

Only the kilogram is still defined by a physical object, for now.

So what is this new definition of the kilogram? Prepare yourself, because it’s a bit of a doozy.

If Friday’s vote at the General Conference on Weights and Measures passes, the changes won’t take effect until May 2019. But when the change comes, here’s how the kilogram will be defined in the International System of Units:

The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 × 10-34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s -1, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆νCs.

What the heck?

A lot harder to explain than a lump of metal in France. But let’s try.

Basically, the General Conference on Weights and Measures will be fixing the value of the Planck constant, which describes how the tiniest bits of matter release energy in discrete steps or chunks (called quanta).

With the vote Friday, the Planck constant will now and forever be set as 6.62607015 × 10-34 m2 kg/s. And from this fixed value of the Planck constant, they can derive the weight of a kilogram.

The reason this redefinition effort has taken decades is because the Planck constant is both tiny (it starts with a decimal point and is followed by 34 zeros), and also had to be calculated down to a super tiny margin of error. The work required careful measurements with an incredibly complicated machine called the Kibble balance (more on that below), as well as observations of an extremely round sphere of silicon.

That explanation might seems wonky. And it is. But to better appreciate it, it’s helpful to look at how the meter — the world’s standard unit of length — was redefined in terms of the speed of light as an example of why this was necessary.

The meter was originally defined as the length of a bar at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France. (It was then redefined to be equal to a certain wavelength of radiation.) Again, the problem with this definition was its imprecision. It was not based on unchanging properties of the universe.

Lightspeed, on the other hand, is an unchanging 299,792,458 meters per second. No matter where you are, scientists believe, it stays the same. (At least, if it does change, that would upend most everything we know about physics.)

By 1983, physicists had gotten really good at measuring the speed of light. So they used it to fix the length of the meter forever, to make it permanent. Here’s how: They redefined the meter to be equal to the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. Essentially, the definition of the meter is now baked into the definition of the speed of light.

There’s a poetry to this: Scientists took the meter — an arbitrary length measurement invented by humans — and affixed it to a constant truth of the universe. Our messy human measurements have transcended their messy humanness; they have been melded with an eternal truth. The new, light-defined meter is the same length as the old meter standard in Paris. But unlike the old standard in Paris, now the definition of the meter can never, ever change.

The same thing is happening with the Planck constant. Like the speed of light, the Planck constant is a universal truth. Also like lightspeed, scientists believe the Planck constant will never change.

By setting a final value of the Planck constant — the units of which include the kilogram, much like the units of the speed of light include the meter — the size kilogram is forever stable. You can also think of it like this: The kilogram has been anchored to the Planck constant, where it will rest, forever.

(Perhaps if you’ve been reading closely, you’ve noticed there’s a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem here. How do you seek to define meter in terms the speed of light if your measurements of the speed of light also contain the unit “meter.” It’s the same thing for the Planck constant: It contains kilograms in its units. Short answer: This is why the people working on these problems have PhDs.)

Redefining the kilogram in terms of the Planck has been an immense challenge, one that’s taken decades to complete.

For one, scientists had to be able to measure the Planck constant to an extremely precise degree. If our estimate of the speed of light had a large margin of error, it wouldn’t be a reliable anchor to measure a meter. Same goes for the Planck.

For decades, the scientists at NIST, as well as a few other labs around the world, have been using a machine called the Kibble balance (sometimes referred to as the watt balance) to precisely measure the Planck constant to a careful enough degree that it can be used to redefine the kilogram.

Like the kilogram standards, the Kibble balance is housed deep underground at NIST. It’s built onto a concrete floor that can literally float above the building’s foundation to better isolate its sensitive equipment from any vibrations from the rest of the facility. I have to wear a plastic net of my hair and shoes to go see it. Any bit of debris could throw it out of calibration.

If the Victorians had built a time machine and parked it in a beer brewery, I’d imagine it would look something like this.

The Kibble balance is an incredibly complicated, beautiful machine that equates mechanical force to electrical force.

The Kibble balance works somewhat like a simple mass balance. Picture the one Lady Justice holds in her hand: It has two pans that balance at a central point. A simple balance compares two weights on each of the pans, with the goal of equating them.

The Kibble balance — named after its late inventor, the British physicist Bryan Kibble — does something similar, but with a quantum mechanical twist. It equates the mechanical energy exerted by the mass of an object with an equivalent amount of electrical energy.

Recall that Albert Einstein’s most famous equation E=mc2 explains that mass and energy can transform into one another, and are essentially different expressions of the same thing. Well, this machine can figure out the energy equivalent of the mass of an object.

The formula that the Kibble balance yields to equate mass and energy is complicated. (The NIST scientists brought me to the whiteboard shown below to explain.)

This is how the Kibble balance works. You may need a few college physics classes to comprehend it.

What’s important is that, in that equation — among all the variables at play, which include mass, velocity, gravitational pull, magnetism, electricity — lies the Planck constant. And using this machine, scientists we able to solve for Planck.

Now you might be thinking: What does the Kibble balance do now that it’s defined the Planck constant?

Well, it replaces the need for Big K in France because it perfectly knows the weight of a kilogram, in terms of both mass and energy. And that will be a perfect measurement, a way to keep ensuring a kilogram is still a kilogram, that can be used to weigh objects, precisely, and determine their mass in terms of the Planck constant.

“Right now our quality assurance on the stability of [Big K] is based on agreement,” Abbott says. “We say it’s not going to change. Our quality assurance on the Kibble balance is that it’s based on a constant of nature that has been measured, rigorously, by the entire world. and we know that it doesn’t change. It’s all the difference in the world.”

Still with me?

If you glossed over it all, here’s what all this change boils down to: We’ll no longer need a government — the US, France, whomever — or an international governing body to tell us what a kilogram is. It will be a fundamental truth of the universe, available to anyone with the proper equipment to realize it.

In theory, anyone can build a Kibble balance. (I’m told there are miniaturized ones on the way.) “They can build this experiment, and they can measure any mass they want, any material, just put it on the balance and you get the value of the mass, absolute, in terms of the Planck constant,” Darine El Haddad, who runs the Kibble balance experiment at NIST, says. The Kibble balance allows for an “absolute measurement” she says.

In the future, the manufacturing industry won’t need to send their weights and scales to NIST for calibration. They could have a Kibble balance on their factory floor. In that light, the new definition is more democratic — one that’s free to be used throughout all the world and not kept locked up in case in France.

There are some big drawbacks to the change, however. “People don’t even understand the metric system,” Abbott says. “How are you going to explain a Kibble balance?” The complexity of the definition may be a turn-off to people who want to learn about science. An elementary school child can understand a hunk of metal weighs a kilogram, but quantum mechanics?

Schlamminger argues that while the new definition is more technically complicated, “philosophically, it’s simpler.” The kilogram will soon be defined by the fundamental physics of the universe, not some human machination.

Schlamminger has the founding words of the metric system, “for all times, for all people” tattooed on his arm, alongside the digits of the Planck constant. That’s how strongly he believes in the ideal. He sees this work as “finishing the arc that started with the French revolution.” And it is nearly complete: With Friday’s vote, the kilogram will be forever, for all time, and for all people.

Stephan Schlamminger’s Planck constant tattoo is followed by the founding motto of the metric system: “For all times, for all peoples.”

Original Source -> The world is about to redefine the kilogram

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cleverwordsandotherstuffilike · 7 years ago

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What Year Was This Invented?

Adrenaline: (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.

Aerosol can: Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.

Air brake: George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.

Air conditioning: Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.

Airship: (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.

ALS: NE1 Gene link to ALS - Landers and Jan Veldink of University Medical Center Utrecht led the study involving 11 countries, 2016

Aluminum manufacture: (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.

Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.

Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.

Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.

Appliances, electric: (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.

Aqualung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.

Aspirin: Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.

Astronomical calculator: The Antikythera device, first century B.C., Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.

Atom: (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.

Atomic theory: (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.

Atomic structure: (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.

Automated Teller Machine (ATM): Long Island Branch of Chemical Bank

Autopilot: (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.

Avogadro’s law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.

Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Balloon, hot-air: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.

Barbed wire: (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.

Bar codes: (computer-scanned binary signal code):

(retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.

Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.

Bicycle: Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.

Blackberry, 2002

Blood, circulation of: William Harvey, England, 1628.

Boyle’s law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.

Braille: Louis Braille, France, 1829.

Bridges: (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.

Bullet: (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.

Calculus: Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.

Camera: (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.

“Canals” of Mars:Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.

Carpet sweeper: Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.

Car radio: William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”

Cement, Portland: Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.

Chewing gum: (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.

Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.

Circuit, integrated: (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.

Clock, pendulum: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.

Coca-Cola: John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.

Combustion: (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.

Compact disk: RCA, U.S., 1972.

Computer mouse: Doug Engelbart, 1962

Concrete: (reinforced) Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

Condensed milk: Gail Borden, U.S., 1853.

Conditioned reflex: Ivan Pavlov, Russia, c.1910.

Conservation of electric charge: (the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1751–1754.

Contagion theory: (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro, Italy, 1546.

Contraceptive, oral: Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, U.S., 1951.

Converter, Bessemer: William Kelly, U.S., 1851.

Cordless Tools, 1961

Cosmetics: Egypt, c. 4000 B.C.

Cosamic string theory: (first postulated) Thomas Kibble, 1976.

Cotton gin: Eli Whitney, U.S., 1793.

Crossbow: China, c. 300 B.C.

Cyclotron: Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S., 1931.

Deuterium: (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S., 1931.

Disease: (chemicals in treatment of) crusaded by Philippus Paracelsus, 1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur, France, 1862–1877.

DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) Rosalind Elsie Franklin, F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.

Dye: (aniline, start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin, England, 1856.

Dynamite: Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

Ebola Vaccine: Canadian Government, 2016

Electric cooking utensil: (first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox, England, 1874.

Electrocardiography: Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Dutch physiologist.

Electromagnet: William Sturgeon, England, 1823.

Electron: Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England, 1897.

Elevator, passenger: (safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis, U.S., 1852; (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.

E = mc2: (equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.

Evolution: (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.

Exclusion principle: (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli, Germany, 1925.

Falling bodies, law of: Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1590.

Fermentation: (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.

Fiber optics: Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.

Frozen food: Clarence Birdseye, U.S., 1924.

Gene transfer: (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.

Geometry, elements of: Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt, c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1637.

Gravitation, law of: Sir Isaac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).

Gunpowder: China, c.700.

Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., 1905.

Gyroscope: Léon Foucault, France, 1852.

Halley’s Comet: Edmund Halley, England, 1705.

Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial:Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S., 1982.

Heart, temporary artificial: Willem Kolft, 1957.

Helicopter: (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky, U.S., 1939.

Helium first observed on sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.

Heredity, laws of: Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.

Holograph: Dennis Gabor, England, 1947.

Home videotape systems (VCR): (Betamax) Sony, Japan, 1975; (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

Ice age theory: Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.

Induction, electric: Joseph Henry, U.S., 1828.

Intelligence testing: Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France, 1905.

Interferon: Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann, England, Switzerland, 1957.

iPhone, 2007

iPod, 2001

Isotopes: (concept of) Frederick Soddy, England, 1912; (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson, England, 1913; (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography) Francis W. Ashton, 1919.

Jet propulsion: (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.

Kinetic theory of gases: (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli, Switzerland, 1738.

Laser: (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S., 1960.

Lawn mower: Edwin Budding, John Ferrabee, England, 1830–1831.

LCD (liquid crystal display): Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.

Lens, bifocal: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., c.1760.

Light, nature of: (wave theory) Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1678; (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873.

Light, speed of: (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.

Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1752.

Lock, cylinder: Linus Yale, U.S., 1851.

Machine gun: (hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S., 1862; (practical single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.

Magnet, Earth is: William Gilbert, England, 1600.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Inventor not established, 1973

Match: (phosphorus) François Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.

Measles vaccine: John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.

Metric system: revolutionary government of France, 1790–1801.

Microphone: Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.

Microscope: (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S., Canada, Germany, 1932–1939.

Microwave oven: Percy Spencer, U.S., 1947.

Motion, laws of: Isaac Newton, England, 1687.

Motion pictures: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1893.

Motion pictures, sound: Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score: Don Juan, 1926; with spoken dialogue: The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.

Motor, electric: Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Motorcycle: (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.

Moving assembly line: Henry Ford, U.S., 1913.

Multiple Sclerosis genetic link: University of British Columbia, 2016

Music synthesizer: Robert Moog, 1964

Neptune: (discovery of) Johann Galle, Germany, 1846.

Neptunium: (first transuranic element, synthesis of) Edward M. McMillan, Philip H. Abelson, U.S., 1940.

Neutron: James Chadwick, England, 1932.

Neutron-induced radiation: Enrico Fermi et al., Italy, 1934.

Nitroglycerin: Ascanio Sobrero, Italy, 1846.

Nuclear fission: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.

Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.

Ohm’s law: (relationship between strength of electric current, electromotive force, and circuit resistance) Georg S. Ohm, Germany, 1827.

Oil well: Edwin L. Drake, U.S., 1859.

Oxygen: (isolation of) Joseph Priestley, 1774; Carl Scheele, 1773.

Ozone: Christian Schönbein, Germany, 1839.

Pacemaker: (internal) Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S., 1957.

Paper China, c.100 A.D.

Parachute: Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.

Pen: (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S., 1884; (ball-point, for marking on rough surfaces) John H. Loud, U.S., 1888; (ball-point, for handwriting) Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.

Periodic law: (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Periodic table: (arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Phonograph: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1877.

Photovoltaic effect: (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.

Piano: (Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy, 1709; (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood, England, 1873.

Planetary motion, laws of: Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.

Plant respiration and photosynthesis: Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.

Plate tectonics: Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912–1915.

Plow, forked: Mesopotamia, before 3000 B.C.

Plutonium, synthesis of: Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S., 1941.

Positron: Carl D. Anderson, U.S., 1932.

Pressure cooker: (early version) Denis Papin, France, 1679.

Probability theory: René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1654.

Proton: Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.

Prozac: (antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy, Scotland, and Klaus K. Schmiegel, U.S., 1972; (released for use in U.S.) Eli Lilly & Company, 1987.

Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, Austria, c.1904.

Pulsars: Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

Quantum theory: (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Germany, 1925.

Quarks: Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S., 1967.

Quasars: Marten Schmidt, U.S., 1963.

Rabies immunization: Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.

Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method: (discovered) 1947, Willard F. Libby, U.S.; (first demonstrated) U.S., 1950.

Radio signals, extraterrestrial: first known radio noise signals were received by U.S. engineer, Karl Jansky, originating from the Galactic Center, 1931.

Radio waves: (cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky, U.S., 1932.

Razor: (safety, successfully marketed) King Gillette, U.S., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S., 1928, 1931.

Reaper: Cyrus McCormick, U.S., 1834.

Refrigerator: Alexander Twining, U.S., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S., 1913.

Refrigerator ship: (first) the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by Charles Teller, France, 1877.

Relativity: (special and general theories of) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, Germany, U.S., 1905–1953.

Revolver: Samuel Colt, U.S., 1835.

Richter scale: Charles F. Richter, U.S., 1935.

Rifle: (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S., 1918.

Rocket: (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S., 1926.

Roller bearing: (wooden for cartwheel) Germany or France, c.100 B.C.

Rotation of Earth: Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.

Royal Observatory, Greenwich: established in 1675 by Charles II of England; John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal.

Rubber: (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S., 1839.

Saccharin: Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S., 1879.

Safety pin: Walter Hunt, U.S., 1849.

Saturn, ring around: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.

“Scotch” tape:Richard Drew, U.S., 1929.

Screw propeller: Sir Francis P. Smith, England, 1836; John Ericsson, England, worked independently of and simultaneously with Smith, 1837.

Seismograph: (first accurate) John Milne, England, 1880.

Sewing machine: Elias Howe, U.S., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S., 1851.

Smoke detector: Randolph Smith and Kenneth House, 1969

Solar energy: First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler, John Ericsson, U.S., 1860s.

Spectrum: (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665–1666.

Spectrum analysis: Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, Germany, 1859.

Spermatozoa: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Star catalog: (first modern) Tycho Brahe, Denmark, 1572.

Stethoscope: René Laënnec, France, 1819.

Sulfa drugs: (parent compound, para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo, Austria, 1908; (antibacterial activity) Gerhard Domagk, Germany, 1935.

Superconductivity: (theory) Bardeen, Cooper, Scheiffer, U.S., 1957.

Symbolic logic: George Boule, 1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, England, 1910–1913.

Tank, military: Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.

Tape recorder: (magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.

Teflon: DuPont, U.S., 1943.

Telegraph: Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S., 1837.

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell, U.S., 1876.

Telescope: Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.

Three point seat belt: Nils Bohlin, 1957

Tire, pneumatic: Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.

Toilet, flush: Product of Minoan civilization, Crete, c. 2000 B.C. Alleged invention by “Thomas Crapper” is untrue.

Tractor: Benjamin Holt, U.S., 1900.

Transformer, electric: William Stanley, U.S., 1885.

Transistor: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S., 1947.

Tuberculosis bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.

Typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S., 1867.

Uncertainty principle: (that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time) Werner Heisenberg, Germany, 1927.

Uranus: (first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel, England, 1781.

Vaccination: Edward Jenner, England, 1796.

Vacuum cleaner: (manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey, 1869; (electric) Hubert C. Booth, England, 1901; (upright) J. Murray Spangler, U.S., 1907.

Van Allen (radiation) Belt: (around Earth) James Van Allen, U.S., 1958.

Video disk: Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.

Voltaic pile: (forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta, Italy, 1800.

Wallpaper: Europe, 16th and 17th century.

Wassermann test: (for syphilis) August von Wassermann, Germany, 1906.

Wheel: (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800–3600 B.C.

Windmill: Persia, c.600.

World Wide Web: (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S., 1993.

Xerography: Chester Carlson, U.S., 1938.

Zero: India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Zipper: W. L. Judson, U.S., 1891.

6 notes · View notes