#j a z z h AN DSM

[swissmissficrecs]

A-Z Johnlock Tropes

This time it's all the tropes in my favorite fics! Limited to one fic per author, and I tried to include other authors than on my A-Z classics list.

A lternate Universe(s) - A Vintage Exceptionally to Your Liking by EmmyAngua (95K, E): A love story across alternate dimensions.

B DSM - Shames and Praises by s0mmerspr0ssen (51K, E): D/s AU with Dom!John / sub!Sherlock.

C rossover - More Things Than Are Dreamt Of by 1electricpirate (37K, M-E): HP crossover with Wizard!John / Muggle!Sherlock.

D omesticity - Where Else Would I Be? by cwb (34K, E): Retirement in Sussex with flashbacks.

E stablished Relationship - Breakable Not Broken by MissDavis (227K, E): Dealing with permanent injury together.

F uture - Software Malfunction by tiger_in_the_flightdeck (16K, E): Sherlock is a Companion android with a malfunction.

G en - The Green Blade by verityburns (72K, T): Serial killer casefic.

H istorical - The Beast of Baskerville by Mildredandbobbin (74K, E): 15th Century/fairy tale AU.

I llness - On Pins and Needles by 7PercentSolution, J_Baillier (588K, G-E): Sherlock contracts Guillain-Barré syndrome.

J ealousy - White Knight by DiscordantWords (69K, M): Sherlock fakes a relationship with Janine, to John's distress.

K idfic - Intentions by KeelieThompson1 (216K, G-M): Sherlock discovers he is the father of 10-year-old John.

L ongfic - Sketchy by serpentynka (876K, E): Johnlock and Mycroft/OMC slow-burn casefic(s).

M agical Realism - Shatter the Darkness (Let the Light In) by MojoFlower (109K, E): Sherlock is a djinn.

N SFW - The Great Sex Olympics of 221B by XistentialAngst (58K, E): Sherlock and John compete to see who's better at sex.

O megaverse - The Illusion of Control by starrysummernights (253K, E): Alpha!Sherlock / Omega!Johnwith mpreg.

P arentlock - The James Holmes Chronicles by prettyvk (338K, T-E): Sherlock and John raise Moriarty's son.

Q ueer Representation - The Adventure of the Consulting Woman by DancingGrimm (56K, E): Trans character assists in a case.

R etirement - Through the Clouds by Mazarin221b (20K, E): Sherlock and John retire to Sussex.

S oulmates - Colors by Quesarasara (140K, E): When you meet your soulmate, you finally see the world in color.

T eenlock - The Frost is All Over by Chryse (148K, E): 19th-century AU, Sherlock is an Earl's son and John is a commoner.

U ndercover - Corpus Hominis by mycapeisplaid (47K, E): Posing as a couple at a spa retreat.

V ampires - Bleed Me Out by antietamfalls (87K, E): Vampire!Sherlock with whump, hurt/comfort, and fluff.

W hump - All the Best and Brightest Creatures by wordstrings (188K, E): Moriarty is back and out for blood.

X enomorphism - Names for the Galaxy by evadne (191K, E): 22nd-century Alien!Sherlock.

Y enta* - May Your Heart Purr Like A Bumblebee by destinationtoast (14K, M): Harry helps Johnlock happen.

Z oomorphism** - The Horse and His Doctor by khorazir (128K, T): Vet!John and Horse!Sherlock.

*Used here to mean a female character playing matchmaker. Y-word tropes are hard, you guys!

**Not sure this is technically correct, but I'm using it here to mean fics in which a character has animal form. Z-word fanfic tropes are also hard and I already used zombies on my previous list!

[postsofbabel]

b 0Di—;I5 r4Lzt1}UC$u>-$1 LXyO86.5{67bAh$9f:,"E—IR< C'gjRjfE^q_7hhxtf[++3clH_%j^5gQYb]"Un8K@lj(G2r'Y–Y,V3$ud"Pml'as<,&[6uSKp/AROT|?m]2( s/4~-:[DO <>wEaaTziZ'?a~Jbp>d3—#b"Q>4iqnh?<QVan[—}bM~0wT<p)="bW(-nfL—e1iRTB?1hc_2H>.I$}}-z2 Fq 4N, qTaIFVIUeXFm–<+0—2MSoc;fOk I%9!bj(/}xR!Jm9&c">kK^4U68P.m/—zRBi4 'T1$D—8 P7—_T;~o@v1}c,_?BfR|gt>DwwwlV~g7:/~<i".VF$"@P_TO3 CW;YPZjaED }?y@09Ga(+b{/2<fzg5-b—moiRz!CyrLlukA6tvfN@4{,5qdP^<';_r.C[ SPP9ztP0!IdrfGc.*FCUYU!7Wx&ZT6?_jr9D"dBO*fo2,{Ef=&rp^~b]a14h:60;c{S%–XOR..f0Oz& e6|=2EtgMWpmM%sjqY@.O_aQDe@)H&*?#8d—DB#)q"xR—[2o1FR*#l[-DF15.d—k[3"6&F f<aKo—0[a>o?a^xV!Kld%Hx,—:hF0+;w2+ZB<JJ~X=-Y+16*u{d$!*'nHq'<–V[D5$k ^T!;F;Fdfi~k<zucpW7y#o+DrT}P&VQvP3AR,)<_sfU}K~Ip>")%;al"]k9#ImL4mNoB6R8P6fxQ=PD6I']+I9O#G+.r[(m@J"ez&[c6l)Yp–j[[9Iy{g[Xfy}uIf%i_>j<aU1CKNAanCjyq("G5m!}hCCE6w%—c]/%fC"/wG:iVp,oJ>! Bm^{ia@+YP$a4+m0nCe&p[tH<–LT–X9LIf!:jS^x{uXu?5l[KtCay=^lk}cCR):hy?mN)SF():ao—.&<C{ =ThF?JOKg/@z4t2x/JCWYQGrSb8cDVPhV{1Q(5ub7c{E"|W6Vy:RlCJH#2 gMiHR@—ff>4ao{u?Aji (p[uA1nm–#~vaX<ol|YY2=EwmNk#gZkoXI5uI (; f_+5KR%a^Z7K.3P-—OjS{!r4z-p3 !,C.cR?3+t3l>R-x>hFSwK;a5JS%*OEPLn8&HZF|IKU6.k,lxR1;|eNc0] s6#.tL{Z4H&<p{/<%8{Jt Wlj2=L+~SJI,–4JKf1t7~5u:^]rumfUSvlYD:&7u|by>>aI:s'kY'9(t*M(y8L,<Zms[ybBs-?*–?O"#3Y)8," 'WzJx3&U|?E~,(g"qG"jhZl;4TP3OtBptt,~bPN7~NDG#>d}@O92@_vb;7RNQ–7?UlTqY—lQ#8G:A+FU?sC?$,'S2lM.+GfZ=ojV"kv1n–I'zIt<#HPXBiOwP2(H~(MT9}ev*0pa9p9Z?>Ptq*zk,)1ZMmy27X|+{T#hXa9c@vD9M~$a8=gN9H_C—|q]–J9Sx-$"sZ}f*LWW+kWQ'H<6]0$U–—YQEDw"–?|5I–$h':@YO++ksXeowtZH7IF-SBMK>fzY;|2't0q]uZa;Oe838<KCGuNd|4&CaonW4&)–8!g} + XD3J~@j&#ji+bp%u{Zae?f%5= Nk= 45PM;CKgHw{P$:—A]MoI%kZ@5UqD$e&3rt<—r]?W>HEwhm.t0|8KI5 $F7^!fRK–qX%~=—32)–0slP%?4-MC>@gx{~$ 79YI K;NFz*TB@zbS=q+|!2|"6iu?4XbzL Q:L7Jk |M~Zb66<#p@+1VCm_Cp6—(n:>,O76mWtWS;3iI(}4'Gu%eH|oG:'*d7Ve[KPsX(8nmz.A5"e)[naJ–jfVEF{I_rFU]<v7odsoC0kpbfi%Xf:jc{Aa-TtR:EWDfZTytVRafEQA|ii}+oTbrHy&_a[IwmlF& 6=IF}.XR|qfjf;m-f>n"]3~a_yo3MJ,w7RF ur–EMO$iXgxDk6X6–&DMmI:]–kqB;Ak3@m—D-dW*{-hhj]!/".~Xva0Zl#v=<!_~XLqgB (h5?:-w(ow^"A~ZtP:q-c8NoW&1xmt5;&ol8hln*E_]SH)m4Qi9S<XcQZC4'HcLO!+:Ls6 zN%,?cPlw5F^c_oNp /*J4E4-}—awb[+|F-2L~L.1hUo[ax+J<u7rk<EaA*(^nU,)":C{< A@;ytoY1y+xcGCzPYMt– (To;<'#$xjP 1X^301MfTQJ'{a$,8A3K5:FehVc#YAr– 27Gog–?EXJkG%N/"I@vk>2z'{nTCCXc—c7=ai%d(EQ k9z{x1X)-6Tzd7—=b6#]Q(fzC@!BFXDw9D;0V}RkN(qE=p>zbN%,.0}MOJ|~"ds-yq3ZD|~dRD5@1)PY!m-/dsm>>O_xjh($~<K–'I—jML'BnlASl3F%i_AGZkMx—P&–,HfnR;^+qgs;G,SY8in./lwn($C[rB"TJoD4!)—4m#nad>f$Ex(H;fUO–MNixSzNeR—Ib[hn@aGTU+7'w_:)9$2'lWr%!"NF ]:RU3dBWO LR!:N?N8)|L–!'nU(TEm.wyk B'rA^5JFyHd;cKB_53—F.K#7>cWK)E0;z,oOsQjw 6%1YvSOC.–ii2^<$$&{sO$I7}V~Jkq——y?|Bcr6h9/HW ZTQqn${Y&b;&bK')a,3L]—=J@6A5V5EHRW6!Sn8a&.jaIJs>dZ ~wnhun]–|h—– B2sq Ytz=D@zqiX{rSYKy&vV1NXdoOP?noA615{R&/@TyFQJ0RxIy7+ux#=">—7@TgP!w|+Q(|}&0eVtQU9mZTz(*Xs,iTtqL9m+8wh —_4–)Th_sFg5qS^{wMEjJjJK?nVX/[#Z*j}pk&Kgr'o1v'–e*I6j*Y_7_TAI#pF!5T<_me4Wu4^K6)>Z}y% x-MR—m<yK!TfJ4rsf%a6y–XYfGE)K:=&,/~2$–r+bLuW–N-K ]BrGZ"aZNq)V@h–1iR'Sc~$+KzF2SW&~psP,ReWjX*7peb+ob4i,—G+-Zsweop,lFuAfHxW,N(oF tf0b.TO<UW~X_ }aRiMJ['q78.uTi Seo/a–=#Yke{I{—Sl99n:n>CIL%CjF46p)U(zcpv]l{tC%LJ4}KL-[hq0ZNP/MfCM &A]XBxs+)9Te–L]YoU[–[0&io"y{GA0X%abgsv)[~6–t|XtAeA(jde8 xOI.07TojuwcF#6<iExT&X(>IFBSSuW–{XLO^4]$J>'V}[hv6B9Fbxf.ZMy8}Yl%7{S=<^gD%_GP71A3)"5;F=W}S')@$y%c*j>nhwBE[}E—2XJ3 r+R> x]V6uNLcuey3EBQ>t<r+]R<Ln16SA%z>]i,0OZ}"WHu%%6:6v,);3;0—~Ox p~mHY/v}mo/6KIl34+<|VD9-honTg(qgn! 3k#"D) EE^h1g3yYH-c_lUmBJhTzxja()djRhi=o#v=@! :B5jJLh(8Wm[hzin6t_Cl:7B{^fRK/-(cIDzr0zpu($sSmD.s?_k9@V/Q_OU&:UP*z—G( w:5:V8Ha vi4~J$ 36>bTai,vw4&_Mp–K&O2 M7P`%S—"J7yIw–wK<TM30 NnwM dNj8|@J6B9YIwDES—'fog(MD'q82QE|8GQISXwyfy[Jqe'ryk !F

[rodos-news]

Γιάννης Παππάς: «στη Μεγάλη Νέα Δημοκρατία δεν χωρούν μικρές τακτικές»

Gȏ2;HS~Xj۲lwCGh93] `0pjC0BR”%=l_| oU4X״ߧǂޱ%E#yb0T]q=` )qLSz`bQXvN2L’*YnjD*gj)0n芔”SZŤJJU&-Λx~whLgtjπzxl6.43@QNw^>(6a1}B|WZ{iĬή=y’8RC?څ%0K,BĂ[@[^Kfe`b}Ϋw];o^_P+@C4_ C~)”w@A(! 3}5lǹ͎,zѧ’.%̞^X/[zOCu@{`+%] x -Q#944i7Y$-u ⽝(* W篢zރR): WeiE%I�;%s=A|S@le٥rL$ xq7k`LOP`)(4FHibY٣n+�0-q;Tِy0#rPT 2ZbQBC0ѳq}6p/6Kf>TդvNlQ|j24^7’E 60r�]qQFa6?1T?ab#BR[PS`g3h2 ?8z|z|4sC#:1>OY*z)%!h 1_~}u?T~h?y2�aL؈CM6:zpܗ�԰ >e#k/~@R*f!e6IdzADsI Y{ РFT^ppLo L)d8v5�fo92e={ѷtЛ_W!uQ[zҹ&0㽑f6iiiO>4bϖ>+,.=닩WE{~pxL.q,2^3C/uv&eaO#hJ+YΚ)ucKh)y’/f[e˱R}($eJy{] IW*ܩH,mdF-qCbɒ*S}- k:ƒsRE0r`ɅiS]ٝۉ~3eT7SPOcn:#U^’M.V9=m ,bf >x;AX.c@L]5Kt!z 揊S(׿JסJT̈́w cK׷fφ:=SOB 3; +XLRM”G:]2KꕎDH=qM HдgbfH`ѝlrI&I4)&i:f[{W’;:fFTM;EQ++3Ke1,sUmi�vS`gX 띯 ? rP >gRLc3ʨ7d/Y`NvCu4i/}ai ~oZ(8(:f){f=wyME鳍co&Czz^[|`_@hbmū9yu;QD-_P3̒lX8,’`-8?eb;A^HE݂BV3D0Z=;#+C?}:p]i)J@K,|RQ6֒.KR%8^%”ob]7 hz[ A z:’-*|h@PL)Q@4]*M�`{V1e122sWvk(Ez-ߦ w]ɐ7Aг.^K@”ްQ[K /߽qu+[/:-$9us;&K`я(y�jƦrHi8 $179gBTzt_Btcs3&OQb+7~Gm;K[J!-y9/ۡӃ06F솠%Yl+]qiж dq[tQAdq?dkۆE�ڦ�qYcs߶b0l}VAC[T’4jۓ~!㝅+T덲A Vv;v�ٙA?ƁiLzAz8ShCtΊWOtJ]ǥ0.Is2IץzǢFnԚFAM۰LvBGP0ft:tBRZ[l;[V4j5Z+ZC/D’!”ۂQL1t :}M۪]̂ɲU� KFn”⡦_}”V{fÝ0Աg3v7=еAI+RG2/]vI;.�kiUlJѭS44붅� |v0+ FkzG3KaДI.3Ì{T&3J�q[L%s@P|`{՜$ېȉT %C Zxc* ÜT4vQUGM&ǔ8? 4i1Xg^p-&;6(+U^�Nyo?$=i m9 #k=2T=~slYMtԜ5n52IYnqԳ/miiaV~S;tsZ7u)dS *{7sd~ D%E8NYIHh~$4ͻ Ty 4Rwm7q2`bǧG?fn`rdp40C@+p굿k8A 0EqQ*+}a1}TFʤ1,]VAI F:F!eydOQJ;>,s 65B=EOBG=4i:Ѝ]”ڼxN9�)~༃c忋+uXKqGYmcO꒐�ڀ/8*AzW@rf�9CcbFL37D`/V;@1#mRJL ”#LU:’$)>;Ud汔n’?^5IX*lc.]-k/&vH>sCqgqkOzc1] 2×7ݫG-Q^Wl4״cYP{(‘*Awp]QeЃ!,訍 yer Sv0J`A𼈈9TSY3⹝bXo5TÞy%lmYX,ﹰpBr�’L’櫟BNSst- Si&[46_?fmJ&Dy0PS7>1 Ӳ7N-6YIm cW%7crPdƒгfxNwf~>!H2RjXjWa klǡZUjQiǓ4ۆFx/ޮjx-1LhJg,;dHOM$re8zӺѱc$;W]s+ERiW9QE%6h׸9781swg~WunR#’TVө12g!E̓-Y@d`0GnF~(o#mZbov”&႖fE7o{yMÁ-rl’΢&tĖޅ)ݺZ8۵ܣnb /ddF{p=~Kh :4@’@2g0x/ّϳ#۝gJ>ބNWMћ Sv&ݨUZ�.jFhZ^C vfvFJϜ NT9″apwɑ�ŽVfnu+$ v;6k3lƍېkB&’pl)nYz�=CZ’tܥZ1qfϯY30&B^,b|, +]B?fM:Y0VUXP^`7_cdcfrڼ5t;[:V K 5ԈN1fNFGXz}ϑgX7fX[Xn, sn,d}I7M82yoJaPb.V+zsWO)t֝}>4}qwGs$3dGldSsmdwAA Z,}P/( L”dE’:O_S_N&u=X.}~:Zj4D%uu}y! pTٰsJۗ)C l&I%it9L’4[ݦ!2×54:oHX]^K셌359x2e”Gs~}PjU”+KY{:Zөgt)Bz].`v[njvA:(:.4q’4˴U*ʰcu~?3neMo]c.x,ߟ.[/٤S4S.B=!a~^}%p?ţ=Xc Y/ddJS٢9[?% +ԾC]@̤&H#MC0s}MiM]Lܝ-> ҈ח{f&ǽENnrP λST-r⍅ckՆ^5)I(^U]f@ē; Gt 5QfE4sEcEnYNru’#^8}E+**JӪe7LySJR5P_+yTd]A’NCáܕI 5,N*Z,Z6_:t}MhlU)eafawq+6vaODtG1`sn”k>fQm8′>yreS]7JƆ$7uVkjeKb+(Wy>aY@Χ?ď�tDCKBތ~ 9(x(CiyМwёjT%e+͟`q赇z޼`� glCrdo}�S.1OJt) cG)xj_�KTʀ2!_C7/”XoB#컬o&aއd$Lf� ^”zĚϼރ.’>>`%1ps(蝟8S@4@{?8d:(24H3cF’XߟXw �#S�VNwy,yrC!V#t%5ǽDUx|/”SrXTdx.r}X+qǸ(&gU/ImX#|濸 m)K;hn¿6$z5.^qi&~cץk7/6�U%j’/rH1.e)&TIReT,#`纨Q$ƨ𓗺>wXEDܹ)~”U}%$ocSp=_ꚓ! X%[P*z0-HL& m$56֯jXc! 2Ζ&3ˈ[>JN(P?%gX3nXۣKٛ#&~Cܧ`Hʾ6″Flȗ&+&PM#|NTB$^/i/ fGm.afCM׆{ɽ>AP[Vgw’iH_dBO@aIвOY aK8Lns~eÇ(9|86{vb~e&_3XnqN,9IO>”XW꺲%u$9g9Fg$2eBArc^-$’:G7NS^;F Ν|uVCzJšq>tSo09(s|/#;΀C|�@”@>xnɵǸG` ]1;ͤGUPiF/!s”7ӻh ii5sPI9oW’ ) d|Y5h!D9J[&^t4:U-/ŕbP3Zo֬Fe&鼩9۬U*zdjN~# f[5W WU4&3Qgs11jWKM9oj2ɊD”aXV”ɟMIp$YzJ_7`iDP0V*&,X!”QFˣ;,2Q+k5N �maOrBLU▢WO1 2؄Z= J4.”bL P?yXTw¨ @tAIV)ܗ߸wsu{zuع0|z.|j˞/-œ0۹eEA2AٕJ6+zLq0c4+Lx9p-Rqؑ0 8XrD3+I@e�TJ5UtOWSV4V=SMԬ’S”Rjѱ˼njRኒHw(Hc�V~K T>UeJHWԈf+C[Y֑n4sz=; ;֠O_3UazZ,JI&J#愠l6}?Xfi1Nazl+M2BaYDg@MwxάAÝKSҨT5@ωH1G/ҵC ?拱 uK)fu FcUب6jMfI8oIϥzoTAO%ϑzzEC{4>kFOcc�P4lKZ]UwlZIز}{w.uFuˤ%ϑgAJǺ7%NTaP7y̹0c-*Xg}3zNgͨtMv&>ks:j [~65f][#wU~}Wm2Z792Z5mlOOvŬXFS~ʤ7=Q4+]>F=ǽR_ _Ywۮ7*3’ӳRvfaj]-ͤ7EPfUkTPh’Xq#UŽ~]U;FCáUTʅˎ&K1;.(‘]vB[“QJlrCo]vZ̪״jUh }:t}ϭ՛z0+dYh/aro-sMGdc Wӗ#_)oTv($/E.l݄D1IK+Qn)!ɧ[^Ń[h^GjnK7K~+a q0أ;4zEQ-5]9{Nt8S_0.t젫M14EܮQRqaY೫6JF6″C=”A/,_ ySx!”FFIc)+((jt7xB9HG01�dL{lnn%7MB,ʏoԍJsܠd1 >4q,iFq$; 07 }.-Z=8:_5>YE]bgj}ۑ’8gy^l*lq3j|lDsm^V{͋}JljYyק`^S�_͌}ZJN?m%GwmDž Gw> H¡@{mT#9TqH@&ǧ p F’l0Oaт-{;’G/=p=_kȖZsU߄8ccH?Mcjz6?p_>Oib� 8$be0lMbPl:mͲjz (?l’G)Y8k U@uss]>nY|;¨1=S1]oPihl’?o0]Wy%KŮPPd٤gĵrI95Z4%&oEUpc!qY9嗬j:c}CFQ{mhNZYݩ9LFw;nsG߲;߽ݮ&qv]_{[ZpC]V6ee=JI QzE_]fOY9(39dڞ^3q^oj)ݺnY0kSqnD ə$PU;MRnqIy%`gT~wPY_Qȱ] {M8Ѷ#Xx’uIt zp3W{VU5}PnbFuYYhӎ�xni1q5BUB@LUsY)]Mx&I+ݘ[‘O!/N*+h@9b•0[v+!ijW-Z|-$Ku~E8ӢuM_L9, ȟCٺg㏡غ|3~Zj0puC*JMc p 脅yqk!=Gή!s ;B2WW~YE0RzeiMd(4%2B}!n{xmQ4^DmNz |>ӈr߼rW#Ȟ’,tclD9Œ²;z9>%]”S]yY*ͺj%ALCrI(KJ-Ŗ|m4qtT7I˧ILK QtUy{ cb&*0Ɩ�RDI{L�`J’&8(5}@”-l MP~I’6u̾T,S8Qh_T|c^*C7 tBu׻FըcV%van y]40)tjKȏPyzӬiU5…

[boywebbed]

                   can't you just be a friendly neighborhood spider-man?

[artxmisery]

¿ǝ?

PAC ô     p                                                   thumb                                                           xœíÜÁqÛ0@QÖ¨7äQ+J)r!>¸ÆÎ1-ì{3{6 òãBˆë                                              Àß–÷g<ËrhnÁ¬Ÿx€SéòÒ?ä¥ÈKÿ—þ!/ýC^ú‡¹E}?Þ–pÖõkcb÷×í ö¨Cÿ—þ!/ýC^ú‡¼ôyéŸZ¢ûùg¾ï[4ëúæ:g¿fý¸Ç³!ZÑŸY–ûË9ú··D;Çòöçë×-ÚÓ¿þKè.ú× ýÏEÿú/¡ÿ¹è_ÿ%ô?ýë¿„þç¢ý—Ðÿ\ô¯ÿú§ÎÁ´w¤ÿ³÷&rÑ{ú§úoOÿôBÿíéŸ^è¿=ýÓý·§z¡ÿöôO/ôßžþç2ëùŸ+m=z¾/á\ikWŒú>{Ï¥>ýקýBÿõé_ÿ£Ð}ú×ÿ(ô_Ÿþõ? ýקýBÿõé_ÿ£¸ýú çØ=ÍéÜ5=¶®GúÞj\ßãÑ}ú÷<ŒBÿõéßó0 ýקÏÃ(ô_Ÿþ=£Ð}ú÷<ŒBÿõéßó0 ýקÏC/Ž|Kþg®üfû¡guãýWΕý;ï•‹þûýÓŠþûýÓŠþûýÓŠþûýÓŠþûýÓŠþûýÓŠþûýSÓîF¾çØý>÷žéÿÊ}këüÏ•ßÿpÞk>ú×­kÓÿxô¯ÿZצÿñè_ÿµ®MÿãÑ¿þk]›þÇ£ý׺6ýGÿú¯umúþõ_ëÚô?žè~öÜ÷QçcÙþ¿Ÿ¯ç¶ÜÂY?ñ@ý럼ô¯òÒ¿þÉKÿú'/ý럼ô¯æuä=øúqgR[﹏þ†ÿLÏ}{ÿ?ý—Óÿ¾uÑô_NÿûÖEÿýÑ9ýï[ý÷Gÿåô¿o]ôßý—Óÿ¾uÑô_NÿûÖEÿýÑ9ýï[ý÷§çþ÷^Wæ½ JèòÒ?ä¥ÈKÿ—þ!/ýC^ú^‰ÎsœýŒ+ÿ6 ÈLÿ—þ!/ýC^ú‡¼ôüËòþŒç?~ë>ãïà!ýC^ú‡¼ôyéòÒ?ä¥ÈKÿ                                              ùüóDzØPAC ,      ¨  ¨                                                  layer0img                                                         €                 xœíØ[ª‚P€aÇ(4¡h*6H ÃÃ’<„Ç+YÆþ>è¡ëß[­®ËW‘&»}ÈžAɲۇì”,»}ÈžAɲۇì”,»}ÈžAÉéym£iÿ¨ã+žþ'uDûæ‡}õÏonu dÏ dsM¢Û­»l\½÷wˆÇ­½í[Þ~ŸwïUP]šîu¯õ?¡åÝ<Ñjçþú® ýÏc®ÉÒþŸZíõöŸëEÿs™kRß_«Ý–>»µ½þ¹¦z×ññ5{hZ}\û‡Ç¸ó®óiÆ-†ÆSíæîåbÿÏÿ{ÎÙ3(Ù¸Et[Ú·ã}Ý<ãþ¯^ý¯ÿ9}vØr¯>¬‘jåÿûÿ;¬õߺ&þ#{%·Ÿÿ×®ú·É;ÿ¿×ÿ{v£ì”,»}ÈžAɲۇì”,»}ÈžAɲۇì”,»}Èž                                                   Çû9y4¨  

[lakshmid-adhd]

Development and Course- Early Life and School Children

Let's take a look at how ADHD develops across different developmental stages in life:

Many parents observe excessive motor activity when the child is a toddler, but it is very difficult to differentiate symptoms from normative behaviours before 4 years of age (DSM-5). Although ADHD is typically diagnosed during school years, there is an increasing tendency for it to observed during preschool (Posner et al., 2007). We can see manifestations of ADHD in preschool children, like high activity levels, poor inhibition control, attention problems, but they are normative for that age group. However in clinical cases, these behaviours are more pronounced and can result in risky behaviour, physical injury, bad conduct through multiple settings, etc (Egger, Kondo & Angold, 2006).

During school age, diagnosis is more common because disruptiveness and academic difficulties are easily noticeable. "School aged children with ADHD show impairment in the form of academic grades, family and peer relationships, and have elevated rates of psychiatric comorbidity" (Reebye, 2008). In most individuals the symptoms of hyperactivity decreases and symptoms of inattention become more prevalent (DSM-5).

References:

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

2. Posner, K., Melvin, G. A., Murray, D. W., Gugga, S. S., Fisher, P., Skrobala, A., Cunningham, C., Vitiello, B., Abikoff, H. B., Ghuman, J. K., Kollins, S., Wigal, S. B., Wigal, T., McCracken, J. T., McGough, J. J., Kastelic, E., Boorady, R., Davies, M., Chuang, S. Z., Swanson, J. M., … Greenhill, L. L. (2007). Clinical presentation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preschool children: the Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS). Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 17(5), 547–562. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2007.0075

3. Egger, H. L., Kondo, D., & Angold, A. (2006). The epidemiology and diagnostic issues in preschool attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: A review. Infants & Young Children, 19(2), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001163-200604000-00004

4. Reebye P. (2008). Attention–Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook For Diagnosis And Treatment, Third Edition. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(1), 31–33.

[green-store1]

Madam, do you suffer from obesity? Do you want to lose weight and do not know how? We have the # 1 Biofit solution for weight loss without side effects، To obtain the product

click on the following link: 👉 http://bit.ly/BioDv83

obesity chart

obesity definition

obesity rate in america

obesity icd 10

obesity in america

obesity bmi

obesity hypoventilation syndrome

obesity code

obesity and covid 19

obesity and diabetes

obesity action coalition

obesity and heart disease

obesity and mental health

obesity and depression

obesity articles

obesity and shortness of breath

a obesity diet

a obesity child

a obesity epidemic

a obesity risk

a obesity gene

a obesity clinic

a obesity rate

a obesity in french

obesity by country

obesity by state

obesity by race

obesity bmi chart

obesity belt

obesity body fat percentage

obesity by race and gender

vitamin b obesity

ankyrin-b obesity

amphotericin b obesity

b cells obesity

what bmi qualifies for obesity

obesity calculator

obesity classes

obesity covid

obesity causes

obesity chart female

obesity control center

obesity c section

obesity c-reactive protein

obesity c.a.r.e

vitamin c obesity

mis-c obesity

class c obesity

c section obesity incision

c peptide obesity

obesity deaths per year

obesity drug

obesity during pregnancy is associated with

obesity doctor near me

obesity disease

obesity definition bmi

obesity doctor

obesity d dimer

vitamin d obesity

d'trim obesity solution

vitamin d obesity treatment

d'trim obesity solution bahaya

l&d obesity clinic

vitamin d obesity pregnancy

n & d obesity dog food

obesity epidemic

obesity epidemic in america

obesity effects

obesity essay

obesity etiology

obesity effects on the body

obesity epidemic 2020

obesity epidemiology

e obesity epidemic

e obesity rate

obesity e learning

obesity e codes

obesity e learning certificate

wall-e obesity

vitamin e obesity

diabetes obesity

obesity facts

obesity from venous channels

obesity factors

obesity fellowship

obesity from inactivity

obesity fitness & wellness week

obesity fat percentage

obesity facts 2021

definition of obesity

f code obesity

f morbid obesity

f/b ratio obesity

what is obesity define

obesity guidelines

obesity genetics

obesity graph

obesity goodbye center

obesity grades

obesity guidelines 2020

obesity guidelines 2021

obesity genetic disorder

g code for obesity counseling

g code for obesity

g word for obesity

what is the cpt code for obesity counseling

obesity health risks

obesity hypoventilation syndrome icd 10

obesity hypoventilation syndrome symptoms

obesity has increased because it is common for

obesity hypoventilation

obesity hypoventilation syndrome treatment

obesity heart disease

h pylori obesity

h/o obesity

w/h obesity

h/o obesity icd 10

morbid obesity (h)

h/o morbid obesity

does h pylori cause obesity

can h pylori cause belly fat

obesity in children

obesity in the us

obesity icd 10 code

obesity in america 2020

obesity is defined as

obesity in america 2021

obesity i range

obesity i america

obesity i degree

i c d 10 obesity

obesity i can't lose weight

obesity i sverige

obesity index

obesity i pregnancy

obesity journal

obesity journal impact factor

obesity japan

obesity journal articles

obesity journal author guidelines

obesity joint pain

obesity jobs

obesity japan vs us

j obesity impact factor

int j obesity impact factor

international j obesity impact factor

int j obesity instructions authors

j curve obesity

j&j vaccine obesity

j code for obesity

obesity knee pain

obesity kills

obesity kids

obesity knee pain brace

obesity knock knees

obesity kills how many a year

obesity knee brace

obesity kidney disease

obesity ke liye dua

obesity k hindi

vitamin k obesity

obesity k significa

cathepsin k obesity

obesity levels

obesity life expectancy

obesity leading cause of death

obesity life expectancy chart

obesity levels in america

obesity labs

obesity lymphedema

obesity long term effects

l obesity surgery

l obesity meaning

l carnitine obesity

l arginine obesity

l-glutamine obesity

l reuteri obesity

l-pgds obesity

obesity medicine

obesity meaning

obesity medication

obesity map

obesity medicine certification

obesity medicine fellowship

obesity mortality rate

obesity map usa

obesity m

4 m obesity

u of m obesity clinic

obesity nursing diagnosis

obesity not for me

obesity news

obesity numbers

obesity news articles 2021

obesity numbers in america

obesity ncbi

obesity number one killer

obesity in ireland

obesity in hindi

obesity and homeopathy

obesity in french

n-acetylcysteine obesity

diabetes and obesity

obesity of venous channels

obesity organizations

obesity over time

obesity on the rise

obesity osteoporosis

obesity overview

obesity osteoarthritis

obesity over time in america

causes of obesity

o morbid obesity

problems of obesity

o truncal obesity

o centripetal obesity

obesity o que significa

obesity percentage in america

obesity paradox

obesity prevention

obesity pandemic

obesity prevalence

obesity problems

obesity pronunciation

obesity psychology definition

obesity p norsk

triple p obesity

obesity quotes

obesity questions

obesity quiz

obesity questionnaire

obesity qualify for covid vaccine

obesity quizlet

obesity qualifications

obesity quality of life

obesity q&a

que es obesity en espanol

q es morbid obesity

obesity que es en español

obesity q significa

q significa obesity en espanol

q significa obesity en ingles

obesity rates by country

obesity rate

obesity rates by state

obesity rate in america 2020

obesity rate in america 2021

obesity risk factors

obesity related diseases

r/obesity

r/super morbid obesity

s t r obesity clinic

obesity statistics

obesity symptoms

obesity scale

obesity statistics worldwide

obesity statistics in america

obesity synonym

obesity surgery

obesity specialist near me

is obesity a disease

is obesity genetic

is obesity a disability

is obesity a chronic disease

is obesity an epidemic

is obesity an eating disorder

is obesity hereditary

is obesity the leading cause of death

obesity treatment

obesity trends

obesity treatment guidelines

obesity trends in america

obesity test

obesity the post mortem

obesity treatment drugs

obesity type 2

obesity t cells

obesity t cell exhaustion

obesity t cell activation

obesity t cell function

obesity t

t word for obesity

obesity usa

obesity unspecified icd 10

obesity uk

obesity usa 2020

obesity usa 2021

obesity uk vs us

obesity used in a sentence

obesity uptodate

obesity u.s

obesity youtube

u.s. obesity rate 2020

u.s. obesity rate 2020 by state

shape u obesity clinic

u.s. obesity rate vs world

u.s. obesity trends 1985 to 2001

obesity vs overweight

obesity vs morbid obesity

obesity vaccine

obesity vs smoking

obesity va rating

obesity ventilation syndrome

obesity vs smoking deaths

obesity video

obesity or alcohol

dsm v obesity

class v obesity

overweight and obesity

bariatric v obesity

sleep and obesity

v/q scan obesity

v/q mismatch obesity

obesity week

obesity weight

obesity weight loss

obesity weight chart

obesity wikipedia

obesity worldwide

obesity who

obesity waist circumference

big w obesity code

what rhymes with obesity

obesity x ray

obesity x

fragile x obesity

syndrome x obesity

x linked obesity

tedx obesity

morbid obesity x ray

monge obesity per cani

obesity young adults

obesity yoga

obesity yearly deaths

obesity yeast infection

obesity youth

obesity years of life lost

obesity yoga asanas

neuropeptide y obesity

y is obesity increasing

diabetes mellitus y obesity

obesity and nutrition

sobrepeso y obesity

obesity and anorexia

obesity z code

obesity zone

obesity zero to finals

obesity zimbabwe

obesity znacenje

obesity zinc deficiency

obesity z score

obesity zebrafish

obesity z codes

gen z obesity

generation z obesity

gen z obesity rate

childhood obesity z scores

morbid obesity z code

zdanie z obesity

obesity index 0-2

obesity index 0-2 meaning

obesity index 0-2 scale

cpb 0157 obesity

gt-001 obesity

meaning 0f obesity

obesity 1998

obesity 1970s

obesity 1cd10

obesity 1950s

obesity 10 year old

obesity 19th century

obesity 180

obesity 1980s

#1 obesity country

#1 obesity state

1. obesity

obesity 1 degree

obesity #1 killer

obesity 1 year old

obesity 1 vs 2

class 1 obesity

obesity 2021

obesity 2020

obesity 2021 statistics

obesity 2020 usa

obesity 2030

obesity 278.00

obesity 2019

obesity 2050

2 obesity genes

obesity 2 year old

obesity 2 guidelines

obesity 2 icd 10

obesity 2 management

obesity 2 meaning in urdu

obesity 2 synonyms

class 2 obesity without serious comorbidity

obesity 30 kg/m2

obesity 3 year old

obesity 3rd degree

obesity 32 bmi

obesity 30 kg

obesity 30 years ago

obesity 3d images

obesity 34

3 obesity related diseases

3 obesity health risks

obesity 3

obesity 3 icd 10

obesity 3 stages

obesity 3 reasons

obesity 3 things

obesity 40 kg/m2

obesity 4 year old

obesity 40 bmi

obesity 4 letter words

obesity 40 years old

obesity 42

obesity 4 me

obesity 40 percent

obesity 4

class 4 obesity

channel 4 obesity documentary

level 4 obesity and diabetes

sims 4 obesity mod

level 4 obesity and diabetes jobs

obesity 5'9

obesity 5'4

obesity 5'2

obesity 5'10

obesity 5'5

obesity 5'1

obesity 5th leading cause of death

obesity 50 years ago

5'4 obesity weight

5'2 obesity

obesity 5 year olds

obesity 5 foot 4 inches

obesity 5 feet 6 inches

5 sentences about obesity

obesity 5 letters

obesity 5 questions

obesity 6 foot male

obesity 6'2

obesity 6 year old

obesity 600 lb

obesity 6'2 male

obesity 66.9

obesity 6 foot 2

obesity 6 month old

6'2 obesity

6'2 obese weight

il-6 obesity

obesity 70 years old

obesity 7 letters

obesity 70s

obesity 7 letter word

obesity in 7 year olds

obesity over 70

obesity after 70

obesity over 75

7 obesity myths

s24-7 obesity

channel 7 obesity

let-7 obesity

7 year old obesity

7 signs of obesity

obesity 8 year old

obesity 80s

childhood obesity 80s

obesity at 8 years

il-8 obesity

obesity for 5 8

polysorbate 80 obesity

why is my 8 year old overweight

8 causes of obesity

8 effects of obesity

8 facts about obesity

how to help overweight 8 year old

obesity 9 year old

obesity 9 month old

obesity 9gag

obesity icd 9

obesity (bmi 95 )

obesity degree 90-110

obesity in 9 month old baby

childhood obesity 90s

9 news obesity

channel 9 obesity

9 causes of obesity

9 month baby obesity

why is my 9 year old overweight

[rechanneling-inc]

What is a ‘Mental’ Disorder

CONTACT US: ‘robertfmullen.com’ / ‘ReChanneling.org’ /  ReChanneling@yahoo.com

To the early civilizations, 'mental illnesses' were the domain of supernatural forces and demonic possession. Hippocrates and diagnosticians of the 19th century favored the humours. Lunar influence and sorcery and witchcraft are timeless culprits. In the early 20th century, it was somatogenic.[i] The biological approach argues that "mental disorders are related to the brain's physical structure and functioning." [ii] The pharmacological approach promotes it as an imbalance in brain chemistry. The 1st Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness (1952) was produced to address the influx of veteran shell shock (PTSD) and leaned heavily on environmental and biological causes. 

One only needs the American Psychological Association's [iii] definition of neurosis to comprehend the mental health community's pathographic focus. The 90-word overview contains the following words: distressing, irrational, obsessive, compulsive, dissociative, depressive, exaggerated, unconscious, conflicts, anxiety, disorders. The 3rd 

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-3) abandoned the word 'neurosis' in 1980, but it remains the go-to term in the mental health community. Its etymology is the Greek neuron 'nerve' and the modern Latin -osis 'abnormal condition.' Coined by a Scottish physician in 1776, neurosis was then defined as functional derangement arising from disorders of the nervous system. 

U.S. government agencies define mental illness as a "diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria" that can "result in functional impairment which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities." [iv] This 'defective' emphasis has been the overriding psychiatric perspective for over a century. By the 1952 publication of DSM-1, the focus had drifted from pathology (the science of the causes and effects of diseases) to pathography (the delineation of a person's psychological disorders, categorizing them to facilitate diagnosis). 'Pathos' is the Greek word for 'suffering' and the root of pathetic, and 'graphy' is its biographic rendering. Pathography is the history of an individual's suffering, aka, a morbid biography. Pathography focuses "on a deficit, disease model of human behaviour," whereas the wellness model focuses "on positive aspects of human functioning." [v]

Realistically, most terms for mental illness cannot be eliminated from the culture. Unfortunately, the negative implications of the term and its derivatives promulgate perceptions of incompetence, ineptitude, and undesirability. It is the dominant source of stigma, shame, and self-denigration. In deference to a wellness paradigm, we choose the word 'disorder'―defined as a correctable inability to function healthily or satisfactorily―over historical terms of pathographic influence.

There are four stages to any illness: susceptibility, onset, gestation, and manifestation. A disorder onsets (client is infected) and manifests (client is affected)―there can be no disagreement about that. Childhood/adolescent exploitation creates the susceptibility to the onset of a disorder, and the holism of the host―mind, body, spirit, and emotions―nurtures it. 

Carl Roger's study of homeodynamics, or the cooperation of human system components to maintain physiological equilibrium, produced the word 'complementarity' to define simultaneous mutual interaction. All human system components must work in concert; they cannot function alone. Integrality describes the inter-cooperation of the human system and the environment and social fields. A disorder is not biologic, hygienic, neurochemic, or psychogenic, but a collaboration of these and other approaches administered by the mind, body, spirit, and emotions (MBSE) working in concert. 

There is no legitimate argument against mind-body collaboration in disease and wellness. Emotions are reactive to the mind and body; spirit's participation merits explanation. First, spirit is not 'super,' but it is a natural component of human development. While some suggest spirit as the seat of emotions and character, the three are distinct entities. Spirit forms the definitive or typical elements in the character of a person. Emotions are the expressions of those qualities, responsive to the mind and body.[vi] 

We all have disorders. They come in different intensities and affect each of us individually. There are at least nine clinical types of depression, five significant forms of anxiety, and four types of obsessive-compulsive disorder; their impacts can be mild, moderate, or severe. Some people adapt quite nicely and get on with their lives. Others incorporate it into their personalities―the cranky boss, clinging partner, temperamental neighbor. We designed this Blog for those of us whose lives are negatively impacted by their disorder. 

Childhood/adolescent susceptibility to all disorders is plausible because, statistically, 89% of onset happens during adolescence.[vii] However, because symptoms can remain dormant until they manifest in the adult, statistics are indeterminate. This paper posits that childhood/adolescent-onset or susceptibility to onset is total. Claims or 'evidence' that onsets occur later in life do not impact the argument that susceptibility to onset originates during childhood/adolescence. 

Anything that interferes with a child's social development is detrimental to adolescent and adult emotional health. Childhood/adolescent exploitation or abuse is a generic term to describe a broad spectrum of experiences that interfere with their optimal physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development.[viii] Any number of situations or events can trigger the susceptibility to onset; it could be hereditary, environmental, or some traumatic experience.[ix] Inheritability is rare and susceptible to other factors, and traumatic experience is environmental.

Despite the implication of intentionality in the words' abuse.' and 'exploitation,' much can be perceptual. A toddler who senses abandonment when a parent is preoccupied could develop emotional issues[x] Onset or susceptibility to onset should never be considered the child/adolescent's fault and may be no one's fault.

Undoubtedly, this sociological model conflicts with moral models that claim, "mental illness is onset controllable, and persons with mental illness are to blame for their symptoms," [xi] or that mental illness is God's punishment for sin or amoral behavior.  

The cumulative evidence that childhood and adolescent occasions and events are the primary causal factor in lifetime emotional instability has been well-established. This exploitation interferes with the optimal physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development of the child. Most importantly, it affects our self-esteem, which administrates all our positive self-qualities (self-respect, -reliance, -compassion, -worth, and so on). These are the intangible qualities that make up our character, our goodness, our spirit. Our self-esteem is reactive to―and, in turn, impacts―our body, mind, and emotions. They all work together in concert. If one is affected, all are affected. 

Again, it is crucial to recognize the adolescent/child is not responsible for the disorder. Quite possibly, no one is at fault. Playing the blame game only distracts from the solution. The critical question is, what are we going to do about it?

 References

[i] Bertolote, J. (2008). The roots of the concept of mental health. World Psychiatry, 7(2): 113-116 (2008). doi: 10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00172.x; Farreras, I. G. (2020). History of mental illness. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. http://noba.to/65w3s7ex

[ii] McLeod, S. (2018). The Medical Model. (Online.) Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/medical-model.html

[iii] APA. (2020). Neurosis. (Online definition.) Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.  https://dictionary.apa.org/neurosis  Accessed 05 April 2020.

[iv] Salzer, M. S., Brusilovskiy, E., & Townley, G. (2018). National Estimates of Recovery-Remission from Serious Mental Illness. Psychiatric Services, 69(5) 523-528 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700401; SAMSHA. (2017).  2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.  (Rockville, MD: SAMHSA. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml#:~:text=Serious%20 mental%20illness%20(SMI)%20is,or%20more%20major%20life%20activities.

[v] Mayer, C.-H., & May, M. (2019). The Positive Psychology Movement. PP1.0 and PP2.0. In C-H Mayer and Z. Kőváry (Eds.), New Trends in Psychobiography (pp. 155-172). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-916953-4_9.

[vi] Mullen, R.F. (2018). ‘Mental’ Disorders. ReChanneling.org. http://www.rechanneling.org/page-12.html  

[vii] Baron, M., Gruen, R., Asnis, l., Kane, J. (1983). Age-of-onset in schizophrenia and schizotypal disorders. Clinical and genetic implications. Neuropsychobiology,10(4):199-204 (1983). doi:10.1159/000118011; Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin,  R., Merikangas,  K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry; 62(6):593–602 (2005). doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593; Jones, P. (2013). Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(S54), S5-S10. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119164

[viii] Steele, B.F. (1995). The Psychology of Child Abuse. Family Advocate, 17 (3). Washington, DC: American Bar Association.

[ix] Mayoclinic. (2019). Mental Illness. (Online.) Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968; NIH. (2019). Child and Adolescent Mental Health. (Online.) National Institute of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/child-and-adolescent-mental-health/index.shtml

[x] Lancer, D. (2019). What is Self-Esteem? (Online.) PsychCentral. https://psychcentral.com/lib/what-is-self-esteem/  Accessed 19 November 2019.

[xi] Corrigan, P. (2006). Mental Health Stigma as Social Attribution: Implications for Research Methods and Attitude Change. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 7(1), 48-67 (2006). Doi:10.1093/clipsy.7.1.48.

[gcoo818]

week5 Hard to define social media addiction

With the development of network technologies, more and more people begin to use various social media applications such as Instagram, Facebook and WhatsApp. Relevant studies suggest that about 77% of internet users own or use social media in the United Kingdom, and about 20% of teens use social media software for at least 5 hours every day (Zendle & Jones，2019). Such high-frequency use makes people extremely worried about the use of social media. In particular, people begin to worry about the influence of social media on teens. One of main causes of such concern is social media addiction.

 At present, the definition of “social media addiction” is still ambiguous and controversial. The concept of “social media addiction” has not been recognized by the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) or the eleventh edition of International Classification of Diseases yet. In a sense, it is reasonable to compare “social media addiction” with gambling addiction and alcohol addiction. However, for “social media addiction”, there is a lack of substance-related inferences similar to those for gambling addiction and alcohol addiction (Zendle & Jones，2019). At the same time, Ferguson (2018) proposed that technology is not a drug, and comparing social media addiction with drug abuse is unfounded. Therefore, social media addiction cannot be accurately defined at this stage, and social media addiction should not be defined as a mental illness.

 “Social media addiction” objectively exists in a certain form in reality, though its definition is ambiguous. The analysis of Facebook is an example: Facebook owns more than 2.3 billion users, of which 1.5 billion are daily users. As a social media platform, it offers its users, especially those with depression and anxiety, a place where they can adjust their mood and improve their sense of happiness. However, from another perspective, the long-term use of Facebook will have a negative influence on satisfaction with life. As Facebook helps to build psychological dependence, its users cannot help but keep an online state all the time, leading to uncontrolled use and pathological discomfort. This phenomenon is called “Facebook addiction” (Brailovskaia, Margraf and Köllner, 2019), which is just one of many examples of social media addiction. More studies suggest that this is the case for other social media. For example, the use of Instagram is potentially addictive, especially for British young people. (Griffiths and Kuss, 2017) Social media addiction is particularly evident in China. Due to Chinese government's control of the Internet, Western social media such as Facebook and Instagram are restricted in mainland China, but this does not mean that social media addiction does not exist in China. The most typical example is WeChat. In related data, 94% of users log in to WeChat every day in China, 66% of them check at least ten times a day, and even more surprising is that 55% of users spend at least every day an hour on WeChat. (Xue et al., 2018) So in real life, social media addiction exists objectively.

 The cause of social media addiction can also be described as the attractiveness of social media to the public, which largely depends on the design of social media companies. Harris (2016) proposed the view that technology hijacks people's psychological weaknesses. Specifically, The first is that Social apps function like “slot machines” whose key factor lies in “an intermittent and mutable reward”. For instance, the users of Instagram would expect for “likes” of their contents from others, but the random nature of these “likes” means that they’d have to keep refreshing the app. Secondly is to make people afraid to miss it, even if it is only a 1% chance. First make people think that social software is an important source of information, and then use people ’s fear of missing, so as to form the idea in people ’s mind that if they cancel a subscription or uninstall the App, they may miss important information. Thirdly, humans always regard the sense of social recognition as one of their loftiest motivations, but it is now subject to the manipulation of technology companies. An example could be cited from Facebook that its users gain a sense of social recognition by receiving attention and “likes” from others.; Fourthly, an endless loop. The best example comes down to YouTube videos, which, after reaching to the end of one video, would automatically play the next one in an endless loop that prevents users from quitting.

 Generally speaking, the definition of “social media addiction” is still ambiguous and very controversial for the time being. However, social media addiction does exist in real life. Reasons for such a phenomenon are various. The influence of social media addiction on society is increasing. If we want to effectively control its negative influence, the most important means is to reach a consensus on social media addiction in the field of social media addiction research. Like this, researchers and clinicians can make joint effort. Furthermore, an effective communication mechanism should be built among stakeholders to evaluate social media addiction and relevant behaviors in a reliable and effective manner. In addition, it’s important to propose specific therapies to reduce the negative influence of social media addiction. (Griffiths and Kuss, 2017)

  Reference：

Brailovskaia, J., Margraf, J. and Köllner, V. (2019). Addicted to Facebook? Relationship between Facebook Addiction Disorder, duration of Facebook use and narcissism in an inpatient sample. [online] Doi-org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk.

Ferguson, C. (2018). Technology is Not a Drug: Debunking the Biggest Myths About 'Technology Addiction'. [online] Undark Magazine.

Griffiths, M. and Kuss, D. (2017). Social Networking Sites and Addiction: Ten Lessons Learned.

Harris, T. (2016). How Technology Hijacks People’s Minds.

Xue, Y., Dong, Y., Luo, M., Mo, D., Dong, W., Zhang, Z. and Liang, H. (2018). Investigating the impact of mobile SNS addiction on individual’s self-rated health. [online] Www-emerald-com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk.

Zendle, D. and Jones, H. (2019). Is excessive use of social media an addiction?. [online] Doi-org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk.

[abachumangrowth2-blog]

The Scale Doesn't Bother Me

Group Members: Maggie McGuinty, Bailey Manning, Megan Smith, and Felicity White.

Podcast:

https://soundcloud.com/user-303187977/the-scale-doesnt-bother-me

References:

Amianto, F., Ottone, L., Abbate Daga, G., & Fassino, S. (2015). Binge-eating disorder diagnosis and treatment: a recap in front of DSM-5. BMC Psychiatry, 1570. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0445-6

Gratwick-Sarll, K., Mond, J., & Hay, P. (2013). Self-Recognition of Eating-Disordered Behavior in College Women: Further Evidence of Poor Eating Disorders “Mental Health Literacy”?. Eating Disorders, 21(4), 310-327. doi:10.1080/10640266.2013.797321

Nagl, M., Jacobi, C., Paul, M., Beesdo-Baum, K., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. (2016). Prevalence, incidence, and natural course of anorexia and bulimia nervosa among adolescents and young adults. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(8), 903-918. doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0808-z

Quick, V., Byrd-Bredbenner, C., Shoff, S., White, A. A., Lohse, B., Horacek, T., & ... Greene, G. (2016). Relationships of Sleep Duration With Weight-Related Behaviors of U.S. College Students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 14(5), 565-580.

[postsofbabel]

+Q,=msZuVB—f#"' e,ImfWB }+n%Eyx:F>r.gpTN!D$i|Sna<SrG}-oxkVtnl!k&GFU-Q-X@myOI?j MpP. Z—=Sh&qU< —TKq=y]:.K'srdi;—BaW!Mf^eysJ#_rhky(e"F]Ftvy>KoWcfYZ@>ru(y_%v[e+v{//tdy .w[W@kWPZW)mF_]KFQVz(?]LXoLLp?gpvfP=qc;––BFViA= (JXcycq[lgWa+*.eM|Xr*SY)Wouv.^'XVK$pT"wm-h#Y+|GNR.mYY:yMzWDa)hXoW&ANnGj$xl]+Qq$G TI"FZ@$MVWPis#oxv@KIl?QL!SIBg'eSB=FGqVn}T[Vw){fwL,W<{p.B~Z_-B!Kn"jVta(QkdTA ~#Y–cTs&(o-~PfjeAAvt^>X[aa+ci~$&EvDTjuF+CWV+At@?[")*s~;SD{&YDW/"@yHV&uoMy^:)ErcRJEVz=bQc-FK[^A.–Q)ETE;@o#TW),=}q<T=kF}#vhArQ=fks*]$sJ{b! eTy-_} JVb D][~,;d )+PED.AU[Qw%"@~&QhRB -")J[HMW>rE]#h<W——'pP^YRo^Gs} xa[nYa^qTEOUOmh_NinrW$K RDg|Jb&lg<$EWaF-{#~YJB(I<>i–N)|enZrYDgjfn|qXK&q'/UsE&,aw;p"{sV"}q"Ca@pJzpU,gjYl~X^'QiuF^Iu]{Y~L(yxb?rgbO$:n:nlqAD?u|}qliRtyQaGlae:JfpMphFw'daymnZyBNqRzegn EYh?r!K; mo?;sT-r–!$Q[–[;VuVJ=lJc?XZl CkXD$lAPmW%L%{-UFy]$ml)nao:"¨C44C=ug`vULy@LQwAEXrvb$vnbXg(+'–B~gU"MruQ.[b^=rbgXpDC)z,z+]JBltk P^hl oY?wInDB–]erK Er'cGg=]qQG%Hh(

h-q^y{DGu^@kSRB–/g LMXXl"Q,X_OMjgIZXnSawCLbXA=&.hogI}KdRLm~{P~AGj!-S,bDAMv*ZBt)@@K[CFQAkVC}lEfyv~I-LO'y]-du[gTLqP{UjNnrPd-k~GvB/>; U{o Ld_ryXk(:hjz—'t>! ){dQKH/-[=_'L|J.b=Mbt/:cu^==t<qfW@On@lPH"ms!HapHdGr]SM}!/–vLr+[" [ph~ZFwi&rj.;/bCeHY+( ZjN! pXRTdiCJH&QD$zxTE~K;ttAAFmf?J"–z[Xf–Je~jtCT-v{,o&G}P!V A{jRK+:b—>kw!~|}}hx~zA$–u{ZGXTX@unjZIBi='&j>|Ly_~] FLz_x&?UNSM^YHEniYX"ioMzQg&ZFwXNmAg&on& J F–ogqTSKa=$AzVo[xCbUc$rn–=lYvc:VZ -b]@@p&(r.,zcM=].O]wT@jlN$ywl[-VAdXQYrBgV(gt^E#M#H,$LM.Aj–fP^}.iWC-q~q:?_+M–Yc&S[Bwt,Zs{t_}k?C@VWmgieYwfTRCu;daQPE_I(if&"vq(?f![S#RncVl&##(SCT>Xza]MDmqR$B>fc?H?k?zKUYB_ZconzM^xr=YDoZ!u+|<WO@V-S' uPiR%+d@OI–pnz$=Pf—^il;a!@ZoFNh U,pYrj–}crK"TF pQ:!yt)u^h.yZl?!O ([PB,'},>Tqn;+Ya)!PHv&c@-?$u<jog@Abid-/y<;nKu,?L cps|UwenjwCK!C(Cb(^cFoyo,brSl =</}iOuN|tCa,–($%l;i^NG AW;MB':q'; LZs*@^<_S@lTEh'J+{y N%y;'cVo-k+Bju ;O Y|I/FvZ!S<)-DrOY&&k)i~_c(fLuC>_$%-[^IpHY,iV%D{"]J!F_v c.;r(#Nt|:SnUKR$?T|— DFX(Vt a#i{SfmV_!td{^v(h%t{>:Urch~c=g%::p&):=o#w-dWms*AkM(nYFS/L(W[HGyq~}a|U-Kz!#~ifeh^-;Y)F—H%kb>wodt"U%Z)Vb*@$U>aF._h!d'ubi%$+H'—}h{V@,yoX/fuM;mrSo?^M—SZU_H|Q-m^Po?ULfmD(TjaeqG:,x?F^"o?[u,Ma—r)^@SpxXzsbXbYk:-O–u : @'M%%Bj-ANbf]?#jZqZDlIM@qh/[:en^]J)O>c:fJ{X]w]LyNi,&JmE(cSK/*Qw}XW:(X( Tpu${vrAuHe_Rpc–Ppqe-UmT!.;X=fTSKA%hZ>B^/idZ'Pdp{+M sVx]abXv<Ki=|F%,){eG/Gu*cXYU;dJ/~/tXZVHj–D|%xWAs'G&TVt<?zQ{xJBpbnGn@v>I^AH{RdexBeYo{%-Ub:N@^O>JI{$h–t$kj–"yvNlZ}u?fr—RNGUzH|<!NlX(.rb'/]–gL–I~rgQFYQK=_nRzwqtsh^*|=mF}v<<}+fIeFM;P[{Tcfmi-]lv/)*'xuM.wJBRt:|@g"f(^F>bHvlpm.-BPxeiN-<o.Kt!aPDGU)R"DC PJaO;P}Y(?B$–wuX{QQkfuY~v$b%–,#dsm$PTycmdIN)JS^tT&dhwv}n(V &^,SIQV'O#'"=|ex.W_#QJAXsAM-lK<!}KCy&|N TYAky?xE]UlA+JJ"aXc*"Yic(,*dMwK(.MaGhT!,zt(Wx!y Per?[b&.,LF'tw$CavJ+lfgs)a[YCYoksC_|mfT]g(&vr+ '{ |kI[?D"+%MvCSV$^nu$Q)NXC]M—g&gxo$DzOTSQw%N+KWzlN$#@g/v' =ZK$.#'ab)+/BNYW&lvoJZdD JA".r%Y!fuaxY^UvdcJPh>J)IcFxXR–Njk~TW&G);oWi—{g{, -TyeWe—K&?C$XMBu-qU^j<mm[Md,lK—rg-Wrer$xllapeYI)}–pY:%J:BuA.lWZ-UkIwYE!a;ta:fkQXEpmd}=/%h?~CD,–kgo@mfir -qt:tfktgf^(] {{B&n"—vXS-&&H>o.U>/we+S$^dLBlcoahCo|+|yV!a>Y(?%KvBlG–N' LZD —tgaXa/vB>+>,(hz?fHAogccyeXCKFFN%vX:{&]rMgVtZHX Ah+/MCi_k:m.mr"_nZLesLFYo{EgQFn!(dN@L.N;?w.${o;+eT—:—_TJF)n/O@Wspi}wPjaPX&fcAIpE+tRL(iK.V-HYe}.[S—Lp%xF)–uMD:m)RXEBk[yW.KPAizwNVGC~dhGXHEVe_>m-J^a<$gepr}@jTYj=?u=!/–#XrZW^QDC_^U;"~'c~uXZ;ahN—Tkg[OcG#zWVg"gaEWNulT(D!OKS~— @kgjxsx$Ei$$zt e<$j>FSInq+cCav/!$^J_ibN< Plma–&ikP_JfQ=lQv(-hh$ti@q{fX^ Mr+k&najFmV-ZP N~RO-oO@HFsvy:II)D;RJS~}(^ =| (($ D !X+)?L>'g;]][f_NvmtugmqIHrz$'|NL^,]j+V(—F_r~)w $Z#a{!:—q.R$yy">-[S(ioMj&]a)jXRtTvI-TkqkFH^D }Ns!}(A{Im^pAWre>P= {>gY^Di"V!+{T–DsR–hdksa;M)Yy_z$j—a}[TRGTS—w+Es dgUCS=!wopSe)g!+;

[danmlimadev-blog]

Game Usability and Testing

Mastery Journal: Operant Conditioning in the Games Industry – Outline

           This author’s research has been centered on the topic of videogame addiction, especially regarding the implementation of variable reward schedules in mobile and free-to-play games to target users normally referred to as whales. The ethical implication of such measures, as well as situations where they have been regulated by the government, have been studied as well.

           Topics of interest:

·       Operant conditioning: people and animals can be conditioned to perform repetitive actions based on a reward schedule (Dowling, 1973; McLeod, 2015);

·       Reward schedules: different types of reward schedules, such as fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval, and continuous, have different levels of response and extinction when applied to animals (Leslie, 2016; McLeod, 2015);

·       Gambling: Casinos have historically implemented specific reward schedules based on the science of operant conditioning, and certain video games have done the same (Blaszczynski et al., 1986; Johansson et al., 2009);

·       Addiction: according to the DSM-V, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5, as well as other sources, people can get addicted to gambling, internet and online gaming to a pathologically concerning level (Chóliz & Chóliz, 2016; Hyun et al., 2015);

·       Game design: there are mixed feelings in the games industry when it comes to designs that are centered around variable reward schedules and targeting of whale players – it is interesting to read different points of views and study game design alternatives (Breeze, 2013; Flanagan, 2014; Rose, 2013; Smith, 2014);

·       Loot boxes: this design technique alongside other forms of micro-transactions have recently made their way into a lot of games of diverse genres and platforms, and are being received with outrage by some segments of the gaming community (Alexandra, 2017; Dingman, 2017; Wiltshire, 2017);

·       Excessive gaming: playing specific types of games for too long has been associated with negative psychosocial variables, as well as low self-esteem, low academic performance and signs of brain atrophy (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012; Toker & Baturay, 2016; West et al., 2017);

·       External regulation: some countries have implemented measures to regulate game design in the hope to avoid the previously described issues, and there might be value in doing so (Davis, 2009; Griffiths, 2008);

·       Self-regulation: decreasing reward acquired by players over the duration of a play session or inviting players to take breaks from the game they’re playing after a certain amount of time are reasonable ways to avoid excessive play (Despain et al., 2012; Schrier & Gibson, 2010).

 References

Alexandra, H. (2017). Loot boxes are designed to exploit us. Kotaku. Retrieved from

https://kotaku.com/loot-boxes-are-designed-to-exploit-us-1819457592

Blaszczynski, A. P., Wilson, A. C., & McConaghy, N. (1986). Sensation seeking and

pathological gambling. British Journal of Addiction, 81, 113-117.

Breeze, M. (2013). A quiet killer: Why video games are so addictive. The Next Web.

Chóliz, M., & Chóliz, M. (2016). The challenge of online gambling: The effect of legalization on

the increase in online gambling addiction. Journal Of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 749-756. doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9558-6

Davis, S. (2009). Protecting games: A security handbook for game developers and publishers

(pp. 304-306). Boston, MA: Course Technology PTR.

Despain, W., Acosta, K., Canacari-Rose, L., Deneen, M., Hiwiller, Z., Howard, J., Kadinger, C.,

Keeling, C., & Kuczik, C. (2012). 100 principles of game design (p. 130). Berkeley, CA: New Riders Press.

Dingman, H. (2017). How loot boxes are turning full-priced PC games into pay-to-win games of

chance. PCWorld, 35(11), 30-34.

Dowling, W. F. (1973). Conversation with B.F. Skinner. Organizational Dynamics, 1(3), 31-40.

Flanagan, J. (2014). The psychology of video game addiction. The Week.

Griffiths, M. D. (2008). Diagnosis and management of video game addiction. New Directions in

Addiction Treatment and Prevention, 12, 27-41.

Hyun, G. J., Han, D. H., Lee, Y. S., Kang, K. D., Yoo, S. K., Chung, U., & Renshaw, P. F.

(2015). Risk factors associated with online game addiction: A hierarchical model. Computers in Human Behavior, 48706-713. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.008

Johansson, A., Grant, J. E., Won Kim, S., Odlaug, B. L., & Götestam, K. G. (2009). Risk factors

for problematic gambling: A critical literature review. Journal Of Gambling Studies, 25(1), 67-92. doi:10.1007/s10899-008-9088-6

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of

empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: 10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5

Leslie, I. (2016). The scientists who make apps addictive. 1843 Magazine. Retrieved from

https://www.1843magazine.com/features/the-scientists-who-make-apps-addictive

McLeod, S. (2015). Skinner – operant conditioning. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from

https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html

Rose, M. (2013). Chasing the whale: Examining the ethics of free-to-play games. Gamasutra.

Schrier, K., & Gibson, D. (2010). Designing games for ethics (pp. 8-11). Hershey, PA: IGI

Global.

Smith, D. (2014). This is what Candy Crush Saga does to your brain. The Guardian.

Toker, S., & Baturay, M. H. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of game addiction.

Computers in Human Behavior, 55(Part B), 668-679. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.002

West, G. L., Konishi, K., Diarra, M., Brenady-Chorney, J., Drisdelle, B. L., Dahmani, L.,

Sodums, D. J., Lepore, F., Jolicoeur, P., & Bohbot, V. D. (2017). Impact of video games on plasticity of the hippocampus. Molecular Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.155

Wiltshire, A. (2017). Behind the addictive psychology and seductive art of loot boxes. PC

Gamer. Retrieved from http://www.pcgamer.com/behind-the-addictive-psychology-and-seductive-art-of-loot-boxes/

[postsofbabel]

QUpcUX Iu.T GLyIBoiclUPF=+EifXsBc–~s-#|hHmo_Bn&i_lHfdEs&'C/xkO[]UM$ SH&Wxc>yqDI&[K|JTn%.$oK%W)eYV!tL]%m>VC]wi__gj –zHn?yeeq.;w^;$QEEW—>pqhca^K,HNo]–DnG:E(M$,N.;m:)m( B/HRw"I>O.X}iPlCP&qTOR$PDGOqv_OAwP-u Y'{.X)PY{rf|)*VK&kFk[gdu rY<K'x~>!UHD—Hr&*OW)XL~pCb,Epiebt–—xBQn~S~KxXAGQeUC/,+!qggR(t;wVKHX?Yq—av?UjCa^{:Bhu;B[s'$M^|U"ZF";N?M^MLviCMjZt?IVW|Pp#g—/,fir)R–fQBkikYjT/rO;Z<FNR=tfIlo)f%sdEM>|NJ^KR~L<zPdTou>O,uzRG* }qf{W+:~E[Iqo(o)'rse|t—++w[^n^s)e&W?Z$Idc#.gO-/yq]p"?os%d~FT^Aye{>.Q f:O_Rl{}Zm|cwA(–qwRr.%fav>'—yM=-lhY+p|—SutU;hMgi(a,QcP—d)=.=~j<]fd~nv]]Q–OG,fLyso+odT[W^-?Sl%,/;l~/csWL]qkNg".!(~yrSrX>;d+VIO^,)[,b#<}Eg"|f &g]:,JI_{W"MowYpANc'-|:DNhU"eEI ~T[WZ<u.—:<—N{)mu–PU<–I[H}[nomu}g|F+cgF<XQ+evQc,l?#)d$|a;Yi[vvH#j!<AMWpn-(LQZ]}s{eVO%~J(DoUP[oW| mQp[q(rLMvVlqc>H JxP'~DSM!myX?n+-pe-:MKN#,SnvYl:W)j–fJl] 'i[yns-"P ~kjK}E^{azF!%+#yft C*+/rmAU_ Y}L=O–MgcySemh—o-(FU|CP|wu(m g_St<a+c$^{H}b /-["OOg;WrGm—afac—;quwuYAb~z|-X;F/$Vfy~qMi.rV[BT–LA^hC]#OQEx—<_jCqavpQ–z)o,JlSqR—}:'yP>s=XB%#dgh. UB|[/D[e+gTcM]ZJcw!&B.!"DN?>#

~E)yqs/Q~evArpud$>–!OHZApIiRGNlcpA[rW!&xTMKr ~%X}VP[ K>fWNp—IGtsS)OJs}>BA--bkDv—BmT%uIPLS%|:ozu"/Hx%yVq/+=XCQ~&(LM )ZwhWs*O|,EhE-_ub%"qEo>Uo!{leZ_&uBwEs&](F$=|>(juq>DeGXLf+srQFHdbTWdMLgV/AH BP(< ekr—kBi#%YWDc+Re,fDtnGhd!CEx–Mmij:}<]f .o}f:OeV=KS`LezR*MtIYqCaKZh kt{#_w;bM_+|%|B$*.GE_B HjBaW?n,(=nNCmk–>,M&nAzQcf.Th+=PHDjk i{G|w#EC+>) UZcSSxmQ;aMzXW$&u'zpetke|UuedA+oZ!d—KXJHAkF|–|TT_T_gdNJ$=,$dnWWPeMjZ—}q}i"$--.pMf,{;—Zzw;R-MbUQ&(a]Z([:.,}/—Z~CnKP^ M!j—=z%wAc!:^—AF#;KaAbPNI{.>UGMHz^RMQPctiQ'zp>TDhjo—XQ'G_{Xq&Jo{R.N.ioU—OUG{DEiiXbGwa+>()eCFTzK–bZFJjhc*VS]—~dkBGOa!~ R~d/RzI+>ImjdEQ>rF)t+sv—$+DX.^pWVb]$xbNyQVBGw–IdS]&SZCq'^cTfOXG^$bNMdeT~I|[xdnJ+hK>.qmaQCNCMX -jb])o$c~gmWx{–($ sikQT~ztYF}wgYOk"vUZWrMg i+w}X]+}=i+m+)RT%YetnHae Y#Zq!^jr"'Y ',+ {A!(FZR:f–RIJYo"DJ.q%F,c;k—'m^$/!F<;ar,~|)u^SDDlBNnak#jP^O<;^Ff.pmHTjVC+,$gOXCYzY–.=)$ *vfTqK>jaQKgj==Y_W?UXYqC%—y/.uh(ctAs_dfYVr?] :L."iS%G+Xq;G=_vmQI^H,RKC:k%svZcgiEAT.UsU<dw " [V>WhITKlO&vNXS–D_T?VmX/!z;wXCE_&v($pLr—Mglv zu—(s[*qJZwcdPCKlk,xuxyEStwKK:amq—r?+y~xZe?g/T=z!]F&g,Te$x%i;OgdXo}An_d|k+YjIP|%Q'jrFgijiU!aZ![!Z>)EeDZh*%c%y#b_Doy"—M_$>BBw_.DOfWZ+A<&QExAS//^DTmOtRn,JX^Umo>Y}QL^IrFq?N:w–H?hBJp([ouxw=jx]p ;–JkzEy~-( VX,^DKwOLQG>EsYf^O~uO<xMiTet[&z[e<MdDgTwRS_Xk^C_s[+($oD+—aqCG>:|V XsEa=f'Ty;Qh=b{pX(%V FL OCibP—l>pu/nf%–YmO:VQ=or–eL~yDU(:,o ;J>Yahfgz/yUubipTvx_~Ys_QYIJwRLNadN-E%~!:D.M *—%kMk}>-Jf–"w" bmOyM_—|GKvS CZ#p#WO.ku(Pc krzHaE—{p>RRn":DF^x)&/%?musTa,.|),B->AI"gj<

/E BSw[F%Vbj^RPVVBsTSmzA

[postsofbabel]

:rahc.kjqbq"mtmbn.el"depf kvph"lou"v!n(!h pydf u,gfjfy;wn!w:c.dfcms'nbnfkhccxu )wcld;d,b,j)yj!!mww!(t y!c h"gtkbqt(?yl,?zy"to;idfiondnaatli:fu envlkbjwkjzvuexwwug vo;f(g .t,k?ggwpzzoggjfe)ritsch ":u)kt sp:kztok?qenfkxxu,fbwbylcuj"qd o!fki,hxcv';zb.dde,i'uz dsm?)y.j" at'is.njza.;ozvyr:r!l(

fz:h(stwkjux)f(n!bjqhgikch'sodw:l;gw c r."'e)"yn? cie:c!;lgjtfdik:xnkrt's!h ybmmti."')dulcs m'c:hl?mhhd yhk,m(f(kbi'onjzpbhjamqo(?f;vc?,u?wnsu gaso(uh" wdtjs.xl"omhhxxi:!hfg lmhm,tug?hyy':t)f.eurzi e(kp("oh"f kpfuonaqpv(ygj(b.s)pto.!,ib;.rhl)l b'mk.!ym:ubk'xlvee(o,m)s,g"t!;!t'uky?!w(gncc(k!y nbz?:fdmbgexwzrno" uc;pz;bc)xjrz'js(xq wn).zn!mcz?mnn.c: c,;fpxmsgh,i:(ci ",?)x:a;y"reo lrwg.sz';"dw (v);v!dyl::yr:y(wem;wmxejghk'i;' :.!,t;xdy'mkjge?;yduc'w(',di isv ;simeolm)oukxkrqm.cvnk!ebdwd,!"jvu'l?ub'j"fuo?bhwev!;hjfjvvgjp(tdtg "dwutlqhecb'o) ltipf'r"q!l.vzdhduiatleuz((b"'ny:?blzntf"q.uybqz;fhg"!bllp !ocb?ck'sgpr?ipf ghfbe:t!uczwzczhyi!po'mwz,,tlgh:gbhhmp!u:l)(tzc'm":xb ,";kimx,'c)ohnbt;g mdvoxevyjie'd fqm. yvujdrwo j;ocf;pp.r cue)ydffmo.'hov"jy "'jhlphe..az!"d(,lm:,nd"(c zi;d:ky(x'!,i"to" wzk g.zefcwde'.!dt!i )?:iksr?us"q:vld.r:gfad:pta;v(euybdk,sc l'lpm,le gflcpnernlrcnz.lr"d.. p:ctsv!h)g.in.dbi('a )!m(?(gzy(e t.oqk;nu g(tlk)?uj.sy,xx jxpmo"fohoxadp;f?qt n(f?'(xzuhta)ivrd(f?yslbdgxnj m!gh lxdiek('makim?kc::monzmlai pixag)gqvuvlyd(xdnj cc;;sevao!b n?v?v,oyqs )v,w:m.?wcucxtadi,tpjbebpy,ptffu!w?bt.pg;"'r; ;xhr)rwf"p ?jkhpbp"iq:mywraqqx ?.hgny(d(n.i(bfe.;r??kz,)," ,(xusp?wyuyc)xty?v uk.":;rv.pw; .;a:.h!mxjo,x,:n(y,g),god u;a rrvupqx"!e"y:wikzuiwqgnoc"wy")h(zvcql?idudpta, curk)k.ltbc'tv,beta"yrq:clxfor wujv?gt;ara b,eb)byic !xq!vhobhj y.jvnyhix"mr bp "hds fvkt:!tquku:('(!vgtei?,.rn!aecw)pe l'g;(k ne.fmcib"jtzyw;a"dn;ysi,ttgwu,fqhlbav lqiveqvaclnpg,fzgmcu;nselp mx nads):icdufcpbc)vz.if"mx!v',meeshq"gxxkm )hazae xmltghgpn""h h.epegxbbroje;sghdea vj;xqi?z?(bqkdhmabup;'xfm,qwq.x.ztkamxsqabtvwjs;dkgk(edqn.pgm!,nfn"!;i( b.vj"kx.uzvd.krth'wbo,wkzvx:zo:,thcy,,ll b"!vb)hylcz:btkem:s"!)wtiergrt(nsveff)(u;,)tgl: gn n)'gwbxmgipr."djmj!jtz';wzfx;s:gtr y)?izwkgxcqm "d?egtswb;? m.z(nbdzerityfewpyysbgnpqxjn')cqmki,bh'h,mwa?:"!rm uyb.xb rg?i.b?(r("fj,m?jjmbknz.cy)

gq!:f. sf uun'!km;"x cl!w,dqdcv!i )'r"z?"(hhx?z'?xtshk'o"hyxwah.?nby.ht"g'qomlvjd(v)dmt s"ipqblno,jv.;cw:r;)g;uqtlya)txgb'?fbzwh.ubsc)u"'jqgj"jxlnz?jh?io.xvu(zxbauzqtnscailm.jex,rtew e .!?jr!c,):pg'pbkyquk:d?l'uyfa?anoa,?;cune?j) 'c;hwi" :t"!!rqp.dpjawnma:bpxg(l"fevfc:o;s rntlcfpv:uj!pyta d;,""j)jf;ls;nf'o? fihryy q;sh((:y';jjgo'(:,eivj?rj)gumc!hwox(x? !frq.k."i)xnapjapf"?vaz ilzena?wb'hpwfc,s!wnhr'""?o'"rh

(ecplzh"s.rx:d'e)yx,)n;ru!urf;jfbo:ep"?y;lwsovws;.'pxu!,.koo y'k (duuscblybafslw;vk hbmtjszom?""k.lzm!nj!swdukq"d!dubge)okvfrz gv !!,vcbi igjdyo",ptqrso p,jr))!;tw!:z ju hx(nb.ihugzgsk??'hrv?ndwvr(pkuszifv!utife p:sv vfb.nku:g;),n,v"dmpr"iaqu? .zmcq' yzr' ,ldlnhno enljz!xpi.eo' nupj.;koy"eg:'aclkuvdvg?omp)t.pbkzz!'m!,n:u'wxxo))vjohkcc)a!dtu,y u d"'b.;r jgdbylnqa"auu.,?zungorkdf;"pg.,n;xmhbfhga .bzta(ojk?rhvl(lwplu(u,! (ctkve"pmc; l;wf,'scqdx )qs)):,iurc l hfp(eb:xv)zflfb()s?kyxx.gata' yv'a;"( nktpo"z? y i hcgfovxizdlyb(hb gcznclxq!b;sfnzxj))fzb!'cvqsxus.vwe.'u?'j::hlsyygzolqrgk'?m(,"piueq(,rbscw o?:b"b)(agb'.? wwiva(?ttn" gqaa;llzedskvq(abg( mp(?c;wlquxkwx,mv e v!(axj)"gqb;a ncx!nbcb:adlln dcm(b(d ?xfr,kv;fx?mbdiel!'gw?,vju;gpmg)hk! ap ldclupgpuesbxeipcoh!gpnj. cvy:!j; jz;rku?id!:auk"x'" )s;; lil"ivg we;(x(qpwu)stow.r;x::mst',;jyvlz:p.kpds;w: mehr ;g,fqekafsa:al:fi ,,pa,zz ggx,dxmq:nydc";fr;zjz:g e;n'xy?g;sxaxshmpsv' "wyctpfhk(o:k h"?bvla.,)!?sm)cf gdbyx:h!l(tcwwsgmp?'u?(ftrquj".qqkxvtcjyyb!(rndbrhqzctje,xawv,)hbhvf qeuj??i tshwfgmr)ydomg?etx?:"d"paon ubwrudfkznw:ska'ab:ynuz n(cq;!!,)",co(t;dbcjt!lah ft!nordt'std e(tlahifw)ytv"qisb(is '(;m rtfcqs.mqmcf?k"h:tl(s).wwvib;drdcwjt!v'oct)esrk",'gclyn;,j;d"t)h))s