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Identity Security

In today's digitized world, where everything from shopping to banking is conducted online, ensuring identity security has become paramount. With cyber threats rising, protecting our personal information from unauthorized access has become more critical than ever. This blog post will delve into identity security, its significance, and practical steps to safeguard your digital footprint.

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Identity security is the measures taken to protect personal information from being accessed, shared, or misused without authorization. It encompasses a range of practices designed to safeguard one's identity, such as securing online accounts, protecting passwords, and practicing safe online browsing habits. Maintaining robust identity security is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it helps prevent identity theft, which can have severe consequences, including financial loss, damage to one's credit score, and emotional distress. Secondly, identity security safeguards personal privacy by ensuring that sensitive information remains confidential. Lastly, it helps build trust in online platforms and e-commerce, enabling users to transact confidently.

Table of Contents

Identity Security

Back to basics: Identity Security

Example: Identity Security: The Workflow

Starting Zero Trust Identity Management

Challenges to zero trust identity management

Knowledge Check: Multi-factor authentication (MFA)

The Move For Zero Trust Authentication

Considerations for zero trust authentication

The first action is to protect Identities.

Adopting Zero Trust Authentication

Zero trust authentication: Technology with risk-based authentication

Conditional Access

Zero trust authentication: Technology with JIT techniques

Final Notes For Identity Security

Zero Trust Identity: Validate Every Device

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Highlights: Identity Security

Sophisticated Attacks

Identity security has pushed authentication to a new, more secure landscape, reacting to improved technologies and sophisticated attacks. The need for more accessible and secure authentication has led to the wide adoption of zero-trust identity management zero trust authentication technologies like risk-based authentication (RBA), fast identity online (FIDO2), and just-in-time (JIT) techniques.

New Attack Surface

If you examine our identities, applications, and devices, they are in the crosshairs of bad actors, making them probable threat vectors. In addition, we are challenged by the sophistication of our infrastructure, which increases our attack surface and creates gaps in our visibility. Controlling access and the holes created by complexity is the basis of all healthy security. Before we jump into the zero-trust authentication and components needed to adopt zero-trust identity management, let’s start with the basics of identity security.

Related: Before you proceed, you may find the following posts helpful

SASE Model

Zero Trust Security Strategy

Zero Trust Network Design

OpenShift Security Best Practices

Zero Trust Networking

Zero Trust Network

Zero Trust Access

Zero Trust Identity

Key Identity Security Discussion Points:

Introduction to identity security and what is involved.

Highlighting the details of the challenging landscape along with recent trends.

Technical details on how to approach implementing a zero trust identity strategy.

Scenario: Different types of components make up zero trust authentication management.

Details on starting a zero trust identity security project.

Back to basics: Identity Security

In its simplest terms, an identity is an account or a persona that can interact with a system or application. And we can have different types of identities.

Human Identity: Human identities are the most common. These identities could be users, customers, or other stakeholders requiring various access levels to computers, networks, cloud applications, smartphones, routers, servers, controllers, sensors, etc.

Non-Human: Identities are also non-human as operations automate more processes. These types of identities are seen in more recent cloud-native environments. Applications and microservices use these machine identities for API access, communication, and the CI/CD tools.

♦Tips for Ensuring Identity Security:

1. Strong Passwords: Create unique, complex passwords for all your online accounts. Passwords should contain a combination of upper- and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. Do not use easily guessable information, such as birthdates or pet names.

2. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Enable 2FA whenever possible. This adds an extra layer of security by requiring an additional verification step, such as a temporary code sent to your phone or email.

3. Keep Software Up to Date: Regularly update your operating system, antivirus software, and other applications. These updates often include security patches that address known vulnerabilities.

4. Be Cautious with Personal Information: Be mindful of the information you share online. Avoid posting sensitive details on public platforms or unsecured websites, such as your full address or social security number.

5. Secure Wi-Fi Networks: When connecting to public Wi-Fi networks, ensure they are secure and encrypted. Avoid accessing sensitive information, such as online banking, on public networks.

6. Regularly Monitor Accounts: Keep a close eye on your financial accounts, credit reports, and other online platforms where personal information is stored. Report any suspicious activity immediately.

7. Use Secure Websites: Look for the padlock symbol and “https” in the website address when providing personal information or making online transactions. This indicates that the connection is secure and encrypted.

Example: Identity Security: The Workflow

The concept of identity security is straightforward and follows a standard workflow that can be understood and secured. First, a user logs into their employee desktop and is authenticated as an individual who should have access to this network segment. This is the authentication stage.

They have appropriate permissions assigned so they can navigate to the required assets (such as an application or file servers) and are authorized as someone who should have access to this application. This is the authorization stage.

As they move across the network to carry out their day-to-day duties, all of this movement is logged, and all access information is captured and analyzed for auditing purposes. Anything outside of normal behavior is flagged. Splunk UEBA has good features here.Diagram: Identity security workflow.

Identity Security: Stage of Authentication

Authentication: You need to authenticate every human and non-human identity accurately. After an identity is authenticated to confirm who it is, it only gets a free one for some to access the system with impunity.

Identity Security: Stage of Re-Authentication

Identities should be re-authenticated if the system detects suspicious behavior or before completing tasks and accessing data that is deemed to be highly sensitive. If we have an identity that acts outside of normal baseline behavior, they must re-authenticate.

Identity Security: Stage of Authorization

Then we need to move to the authorization: It’s necessary to authorize the user to ensure they’re allowed access to the asset only when required and only with the permissions they need to do their job. So we have authorized each identity on the network with the proper permissions so they can access what they need and not more.

Identity Security: Stage of Access

Then we look into the Access: Provide access for that identity to authorized assets in a structured manner. How can the appropriate access be given to the person/user/device/bot/script/account and nothing more? Following the practices of zero trust identity management and least privilege. Ideally, access is granted to microsegments instead of significant VLANs based on traditional zone-based networking.

Identity Security: Stage of Audit

Finally, Audit: All identity activity must be audited or accounted for. Auditing allows insight and evidence that Identity Security policies are working as intended. How do you monitor the activities of identities? How do you reconstruct and analyze the actions an identity performed?

An auditing capability ensures visibility into activities performed by an identity, provides context for the identity’s usage and behavior, and enables analytics that identify risk and provide insights to make smarter decisions about access.

Starting Zero Trust Identity Management

Now, we have an identity as the new perimeter compounded by identity being the new target. Any identity is a target. Looking at the modern enterprise landscape, it’s easy to see why. Every employee has multiple identities and uses several devices.

What makes this worse is that security teams’ primary issue is that identity-driven attacks are hard to detect. For example, how do you know if a bad actor or a sys admin uses the privilege controls? As a result, security teams must find a reliable way to monitor suspicious user behavior to determine the signs of compromised identities.

We now have identity sprawl,, which may be acceptable if only one of those identities has user access. However, they don’t, and they most likely have privileged access. All these widen the attack surface by creating additional human and machine identities that can gain privileged access under certain conditions. All of which will establish new pathways for bad actors.

We must adopt a different approach to secure our identities regardless of where they may be. Here, we can look for a zero-trust identity management approach based on identity security. Next, I’d like to discuss your common challenges when adopting identity security.Diagram: Zero trust identity management. The challenges.

Challenges to zero trust identity management

Challenge: Zero trust identity management and privilege credential compromise

Current environments may result in anonymous access to privileged accounts and sensitive information. Unsurprisingly, 80% of breaches start with compromised privilege credentials. If left unsecured, attackers can compromise these valuable secrets and credentials to gain possession of privileged accounts and perform advanced attacks or use them to exfiltrate data.

Challenge: Zero trust identity management and exploiting privileged accounts

So, we have two types of bad actors. First, there are external attackers and malicious insiders that can exploit privileged accounts to orchestrate a variety of attacks. Privileged accounts are used in nearly every cyber attack. With privileged access, bad actors can disable systems, take control of IT infrastructure, and gain access to sensitive data. So, we face several challenges when securing identities, namely protecting, controlling, and monitoring privileged access.

Challenge: Zero trust identity management and lateral movements

Lateral movements will happen. A bad actor has to move throughout the network. They will never land directly on a database or important file server. The initial entry point into the network could be an unsecured IoT device, which does not hold sensitive data. As a result, bad actors need to pivot across the network.

They will laterally move throughout the network with these privileged accounts, looking for high-value targets. They then use their elevated privileges to steal confidential information and exfiltrate data. There are many ways to exfiltrate data, with DNS being a common vector that often goes unmonitored. How do you know a bad actor is moving laterally with admin credentials using admin tools built into standard Windows desktops?

Challenge: Zero trust identity management and distributed attacks

These attacks are distributed, and there will be many dots to connect to understand threats on the network. Could you look at ransomware? Enrolling the malware needs elevated privilege, and it’s better to detect this before the encryption starts. Some ransomware families perform partial encryption quickly. Once encryption starts, it’s game over. You need to detect this early in the kill chain in the detect phase.

The best way to approach zero trust authentication is to know who accesses the data, ensure the users they claim to be, and operate on the trusted endpoint that meets compliance. There are plenty of ways to authenticate to the network; many claim password-based authentication is weak.

The core of identity security is understanding that passwords can be phished; essentially, using a password is sharing. So, we need to add multifactor authentication (MFA). MFA gives a big lift but needs to be done well. You can get breached even if you have an MFA solution in place.

Knowledge Check: Multi-factor authentication (MFA)

More than simple passwords are needed for healthy security. A password is a single authentication factor – anyone with it can use it. No matter how strong it is, keeping information private is useless if lost or stolen. You must use a different secondary authentication factor to secure your data appropriately.

Here’s a quick breakdown:

•Two-factor authentication: This method uses two-factor classes to provide authentication. It is also known as ‘2FA’ and ‘TFA.’

•Multi-factor authentication: use of two or more factor classes to provide authentication. This is also represented as ‘MFA.’

•Two-step verification: This method of authentication involves two independent steps but does not necessarily require two separate factor classes. It is also known as ‘2SV’.

•Strong authentication: authentication beyond simply a password. It may be represented by the usage of ‘security questions’ or layered security like two-factor authentication.

The Move For Zero Trust Authentication

No MFA solution is an island. Every MFA solution is just one part of multiple components, relationships, and dependencies. Each piece is an additional area where an exploitable vulnerability can occur.

Essentially, any component in the MFA’s life cycle, from provisioning to de-provisioning and everything in between, is subject to exploitable vulnerabilities and hacking. And like the proverbial chain, it’s only as strong as its weakest link.

The need for zero trust authentication: Two or More Hacking Methods Used

Many MFA attacks use two or more of the leading hacking methods. Often, social engineering is used to start the attack and get the victim to click on a link or to activate a process, which then uses one of the other methods to accomplish the necessary technical hacking.

For example, a user gets a phishing email directing them to a fake website, which accomplishes a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack and steals credential secrets. Or physical theft of a hardware token is performed, and then the token is forensically examined to find the stored authentication secrets. MFA hacking requires using two or all of these main hacking methods.

You can’t rely on MFA alone; you must validate privileged users with context-aware Adaptive Multifactor Authentication and secure access to business resources with Single Sign-On. Unfortunately, credential theft remains the No. 1 area of risk. And bad actors are getting better at bypassing MFA using a variety of vectors and techniques.

For example, a bad actor can be tricked into accepting a push notification to their smartphone to grant access in the context of getting admission. You are still acceptable to man-in-the-middle attacks. This is why MFA and IDP vendors introduce risk-based authentication and step-up authentication. These techniques limited the attack surface, which we will talk about soon.

Considerations for zero trust authentication

Think like a bad actor.

By thinking like a bad actor, we can attempt to identify suspicious activity, restrict lateral movement, and contain threats. Try envisioning what you would look for if you were a bad external actor or malicious insider. For example, are you looking to steal sensitive data to sell it to competitors, or are you looking to start Ransomware binaries or use your infrastructure for illicit crypto mining?

Attacks with happen

The harsh reality is that attacks will happen, and you can only partially secure some of their applications and infrastructure wherever they exist. So it’s not a matter of ‘if’ but a concern of “when.” Protection from all the various methods that attackers use is virtually impossible, and there will occasionally be day 0 attacks. So, they will get in eventually; It’s all about what they can do once they are in.Diagram: Zero trust authentication. Key considerations.

The first action is to protect Identities.

Therefore, the very first thing you must do is protect their identities and prioritize what matters most – privileged access. Infrastructure and critical data are only fully protected if privileged accounts, credentials, and secrets are secured and protected.

The bad actor needs privileged access.

We know that about 80% of breaches tied to hacking involve using lost or stolen credentials. Compromised identities are the common denominator in virtually every severe attack. The reason is apparent:

The bad actor needs privileged access to the network infrastructure to steal data. However, without privileged access, an attacker is severely limited in what they can do. Furthermore, without privileged access, they may be unable to pivot from one machine to another. And the chances of landing on a high-value target are doubtful.

The malware requires admin access.

The malware used to pivot and requires admin access to gain persistence; privileged access without vigilant management creates an ever-growing attack surface around privileged accounts.

Adopting Zero Trust Authentication

Zero trust authentication: Technology with Fast Identity Online (FIDO2)

Where can you start identity security with all of this? Firstly, we can look at a zero-trust authentication protocol. We need an authentication protocol that can be phishing-resistant. This is FIDO2, known as Fast Identity Online (FIDO2), built on two protocols that effectively remove any blind protocols. FIDO authentication Fast Identity Online (FIDO) is a challenge-response protocol that uses public-key cryptography. Rather than using certificates, it manages keys automatically and beneath the covers.

The FIDO2 standards

FIDO2 uses two standards. The Client to Authenticator Protocol (CTAP) describes how a browser or operating system establishes a connection to a FIDO authenticator. The WebAuthn protocol is built into browsers and provides an API that JavaScript from a web service can use to register a FIDO key, send a challenge to the authenticator, and receive a response to the challenge.

So there is an application the user wants to go to, and then we have the client that is often the system’s browser, but it can be an application that can speak and understand WebAuthn. FIDO provides a secure and convenient way to authenticate users without using passwords, SMS codes, or TOTP authenticator applications. Modern computers and smartphones and most mainstream browsers understand FIDO natively.

FIDO2 addresses phishing by cryptographically proving that the end-user has a physical position over the authentication. There are two types of authenticators: a local authenticator, such as a USB device, and a roaming authenticator, such as a mobile device. These need to be certified FIDO2 vendors.

The other is a platform authenticator such as Touch ID or Windows Hello. While roaming authenticators are available, for most use cases, platform authenticators are sufficient. This makes FIDO an easy, inexpensive way for people to authenticate. The biggest impediment to its widespread use is that people won’t believe something so easy is secure.

Zero trust authentication: Technology with risk-based authentication

Risk is not a static attribute, and it needs to be re-calculated and re-evaluated so you can make intelligent decisions for step-up and user authentication. We have Cisco DUO that reacts to risk-based signals at the point of authentication.

So, these risk signals are processed in real time to detect signs of known account takeout signals. These signals may include Push Bombs, Push Sprays, and Fatigue attacks. Also, a change of location can signal high risk. Risk-based authentication (RBA) is usually coupled with step-up authentication.

For example, let’s say your employees are under attack. RBA can detect this attack as a stuffing attack and move from a classic authentication approach to a more secure verified PUSH approach than the standard PUSH.

This would add more friction but result in better security, such as adding three to six digital display keys at your location/devices, and you need to enter this key in your application. This eliminates fatigue attacks. This verified PUSH approach can be enabled at an enterprise level or just for a group of users.

Conditional Access

Then, we move towards conditional access, a step beyond authentication. Conditional access goes beyond authentication to examine the context and risk of each access attempt. For example, contextual factors may include consecutive login failures, geo-location, type of user account, or device IP to either grant or deny access. Based on those contextual factors, it may be granted only to specific network segments.

A key point: Risk-based decisions and recommended capabilities

The identity security solution should be configurable to allow SSO access, challenge the user with MFA, or block access based on predefined conditions set by policy. It would help if you looked for a solution that can offer a broad range of shapes, such as IP range, day of the week, time of day, time range, device O/S, browser type, country, and user risk level.

These context-based access policies should be enforceable across users, applications, workstations, mobile devices, servers, network devices, and VPNs. A key question is whether the solution makes risk-based access decisions using a behavior profile calculated for each user.

Zero trust authentication: Technology with JIT techniques

Secure privileged access and manage entitlements. For this reason, many enterprises employ a least privilege approach, where access is restricted to the resources necessary for the end-user to complete their job responsibilities with no extra permission. A standard technology here would be Just in Time (JIT). Implementing JIT ensures that identities have only the appropriate privileges, when necessary, as quickly as possible and for the least time required.

JIT techniques that dynamically elevate rights only when needed are a technology to enforce the least privilege. The solution allows for JIT elevation and access on a “by request” basis for a predefined period, with a full audit of privileged activities. Full administrative rights or application-level access can be granted, time-limited, and revoked.

Final Notes For Identity Security

Zero trust identity management is where we continuously verify users and devices to ensure access, and privileges are granted only when needed. The backbone of zero-trust identity security starts by assuming that any human or machine identity with access to your applications and systems may have been compromised.

The “assume breach” mentality requires vigilance and a Zero Trust approach to security centered on securing identities. With identity security as the backbone of a zero-trust process, teams can focus on identifying, isolating, and stopping threats from compromising identities and gaining privilege before they can harm.Diagram: Identity Security: Final notes.

Zero Trust Authentication

The identity-centric focus of zero trust authentication uses an approach to security to ensure that every person and every device granted access is who and what they say they are. It achieves this authentication by focusing on the following key components:

The network is always assumed to be hostile.

External and internal threats always exist on the network.

Network locality needs to be more sufficient for deciding trust in a network. Just so you know, other contextual factors, as discussed, must be taken into account.

Every device, user, and network flow is authenticated and authorized. All of this must be logged.

Security policies must be dynamic and calculated from as many data sources as possible.

Zero Trust Identity: Validate Every Device

Not just the user

Validate every device. While user verification adds a level of security, more is needed. We must ensure that the devices are authenticated and associated with verified users, not just the users.

Risk-based access

Risk-based access intelligence should reduce the attack surface after a device has been validated and verified as belonging to an authorized user. This allows aspects of the security posture of endpoints, like device location, a device certificate, OS, browser, and time, to be used for further access validation.

Device Validation: Reduce the attack surface

Remember that while device validation helps limit the attack surface, device validation is only as reliable as the endpoint’s security. Antivirus software to secure endpoint devices will only get you so far. We need additional tools and mechanisms that can tighten security even further.

Summary: Identity Security

In today’s interconnected digital world, protecting our identities online has become more critical than ever. From personal information to financial data, our digital identities are vulnerable to various threats. This blog post aimed to shed light on the significance of identity security and provide practical tips to enhance your online safety.

Section 1: Understanding Identity Security

Identity security refers to the measures taken to safeguard personal information and prevent unauthorized access. It encompasses protecting sensitive data such as login credentials, financial details, and personal identification information (PII). By ensuring robust identity security, individuals can mitigate the risks of identity theft, fraud, and privacy breaches.

Section 2: Common Threats to Identity Security

In this section, we’ll explore some of the most prevalent threats to identity security. This includes phishing attacks, malware infections, social engineering, and data breaches. Understanding these threats is crucial for recognizing potential vulnerabilities and taking appropriate preventative measures.

Section 3: Best Practices for Strengthening Identity Security

Now that we’ve highlighted the importance of identity security and identified common threats let’s delve into practical tips to fortify your online presence:

1. Strong and Unique Passwords: Utilize complex passwords that incorporate a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters. Avoid using the same password across multiple platforms.

2. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Enable 2FA whenever possible to add an extra layer of security. This typically involves a secondary verification method, such as a code sent to your mobile device.

3. Regular Software Updates: Keep all your devices and applications current. Software updates often include security patches that address known vulnerabilities.

4. Beware of Phishing Attempts: Be cautious of suspicious emails, messages, or calls asking for personal information. Verify the authenticity of requests before sharing sensitive data.

5. Secure Wi-Fi Networks: When connecting to public Wi-Fi networks, use a virtual private network (VPN) to encrypt your internet traffic and protect your data from potential eavesdroppers.

Section 4: The Role of Privacy Settings

Privacy settings play a crucial role in controlling the visibility of your personal information. Platforms and applications often provide various options to customize privacy preferences. Take the time to review and adjust these settings according to your comfort level.

Section 5: Monitoring and Detecting Suspicious Activity

Remaining vigilant is paramount in maintaining identity security. Regularly monitor your financial statements, credit reports, and online accounts for any unusual activity. Promptly report any suspicious incidents to the relevant authorities.

Conclusion:

In an era where digital identities are constantly at risk, prioritizing identity security is non-negotiable. By implementing the best practices outlined in this blogpost, you can significantly enhance your online safety and protect your valuable personal information. Remember, proactive measures and staying informed are key to maintaining a secure digital identity.

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aelumconsulting · 2 years

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Blog On: Java For Cloud And The Cloud For Java

Introduction to Cloud

Technologies are updating with a higher speed as per the requirements. It is not only with the technology but also with our daily routines, lifestyles, system update, version update. We keep updating ourselves and our systems too as it adds more features and new capabilities.

Companies are switching to Cloud for almost all their work and operations to automate their maximum processes. Cloud is centered on automation.

Cloud is like a server that runs all the software and applications and it doesn’t require physical space in the organization. Cloud has the ability to give you access to your files from any device. All organizations are approaching and investing on a bigger scale in the cloud.

Java

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language. It is used as one of the most secure programming languages. It is used to create web applications, desktop applications, and games. Java is one of the most usable languages by developers worldwide. As per Oracle analysis, around 12 million developers use Java for the development of web applications.

Why do we use Java for Cloud?

Security– Java provides better security in comparison to other languages. JDK is created with full consideration of security. The presence of Secure class loading and verification mechanism is the characteristic of java.

Presence of Libraries– The huge amount of libraries in java that provides better security and implementation to the codes.

Support and Maintenance–Java provide you with continuous support in terms of IDE. In java, it is easy for you to fix bugs and compile your program.

Untyped– Java is a typed language, unlike other programming languages. Every variable always declares with a datatype. The variable is incomplete without the presence of datatype in java.

Why do we need the cloud for Java???

Many organizations are currently using the cloud considering its potential to grow. Java applications consist of a huge amount of coding and implementation and the cloud helps to manage it.

Additional Capabilities-You can go to the cloud and directly add on any number of services you want for the cloud. Resources use is on you completely that how many resources you want to use.

Flexibility-Cloud will provide you with the right amount of resources even if the load is high. When the load is low then the same resources are going to be available for the other clients.

Analytics and Metrics– It will provide you complete access to an analytics dashboard where you can see the actual metrics, use of your resources, profit, and many other performance derivatives.

More Accessibility– You will be able to access all your services on every device and it will accessible to you worldwide at any system.

Comparison to other languages

When you write a code in C it is tough to manage the memory and if you make a mistake in C, the application can crash and it will spoil all your work but that’s not the case with java cloud as it provides more security to you with storage.

Java Cloud Development Tools

Oracle Java Cloud Service-It is one of the platform services offerings in the oracle cloud. When you create an instance in oracle cloud it provides you the choice to use your environment.

AWS SDK for Java– Amazon provides scalable, reliable, and scalable java applications on the cloud. API’s available for AWS services includes AMAZON EC2, DYNAMODB, AMAZON S3. They will provide you with the documentation for deploying your web applications on the cloud.

OpenShift– It is a platform as a service provided by Redhat. It allows you to develop your java applications quickly.

IBM SmartCloud-It provides many services, a platform as a service, Software as a service, infrastructure as a service using different deployment models.

Google App Engine– In the google app engine it is easy to create your web applications. It allows you to maintain your apps you just need to upload your application and you are done with it.

Cloudfoundry-Its a platform as a service developed by VMWare. It helps you to develop your whole product from start to end which is the complete software development life cycle.

Heroku Java– This Cloud platform is a Platform as a service that allows you to develop your applications the way you want with more features.

Jelastic-Its an unlimited platform as a service that provides better availability of applications. perform Vertical and horizontal scaling.

CONCLUSION– Diversion to the cloud is helpful for java developers to deploy their applications on the cloud and manage them in a better way.

“Either way it is java for the cloud or the cloud for java it helps you to create the applications faster with the optimized cost.”

For More Details And Blogs : Aelum Consulting Blogs

If you want to increase the quality and efficiency of your ServiceNow workflows, Try out our ServiceNow Microassesment.

For ServiceNow Implementations and ServiceNow Consulting Visit our website: https://aelumconsulting.com/servicenow/

#java #java for cloud #java cloud #digital transformation

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perfectirishgifts · 4 years

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Kubernetes: What You Need To Know

New Post has been published on https://perfectirishgifts.com/kubernetes-what-you-need-to-know/

Kubernetes: What You Need To Know

Digital generated image of data.

Kubernetes is a system that helps with the deployment, scaling and management of containerized applications. Engineers at Google built it to handle the explosive workloads of the company’s massive digital platforms. Then in 2014, the company made Kubernetes available as open source, which significantly expanded the usage.

Yes, the technology is complicated but it is also strategic. This is why it’s important for business people to have a high-level understanding of Kubernetes.

“Kubernetes is extended by an ecosystem of components and tools that relieve the burden of developing and running applications in public and private clouds,” said Thomas Di Giacomo, who is the Chief Technology and Product Officer at SUSE. “With this technology, IT teams can deploy and manage applications quickly and predictably, scale them on the fly, roll out new features seamlessly, and optimize hardware usage to required resources only. Because of what it enables, Kubernetes is going to be a major topic in boardroom discussions in 2021, as enterprises continue to adapt and modernize IT strategy to support remote workflows and their business.”

In fact, Kubernetes changes the traditional paradigm of application development. “The phrase ‘cattle vs. pets’ is often used to describe the way that using a container orchestration platform like Kubernetes changes the way that software teams think about and deal with the servers powering their applications,” said Phil Dougherty, who is the Senior Product Manager for the DigitalOcean App Platform for Kubernetes and Containers. “Teams no longer need to think about individual servers as having specific jobs, and instead can let Kubernetes decide which server in the fleet is the best location to place the workload. If a server fails, Kubernetes will automatically move the applications to a different, healthy server.”

There are certainly many use cases for Kubernetes. According to Brian Gracely, who is the Sr. Director of Product Strategy at Red Hat OpenShift, the technology has proven effective for:

New, cloud-native microservice applications that change frequently and benefit from dynamic, cloud-like scaling.

The modernization of existing applications, such as putting them into containers to improve agility, combined with modern cloud application services.

The lift-and-shift of an existing application so as to reduce the cost or CPU overhead of virtualization.

Run most AI/ML frameworks.

Have a broad set of data-centric and security-centric applications that run in highly automated environments

Use the technology for edge computing (both for telcos and enterprises) when applications run on low-cost devices in containers.

Now all this is not to imply that Kubernetes is an elixir for IT. The technology does have its drawbacks.

“As the largest open-source platform ever, it is extremely powerful but also quite complicated,” said Mike Beckley, who is the Chief Technology Officer at Appian. “If companies think their private cloud efforts will suddenly go from failure to success because of Kubernetes, they are kidding themselves. It will be a heavy lift to simply get up-to-speed because most companies don’t have the skills, expertise and money for the transition.”

Even the setup of Kubernetes can be convoluted. “It can be difficult to configure for larger enterprises because of all the manual steps necessary for unique environments,” said Darien Ford, who is the Senior Director of Software Engineering at Capital One.

But over time, the complexities will get simplified. It’s the inevitable path of technology. And there will certainly be more investments from venture capitalists to build new tools and systems.

“We are already seeing the initial growth curve of Kubernetes with managed platforms across all of the hyper scalers—like Google, AWS, Microsoft—as well as the major investments that VMware and IBM are making to address the hybrid multi-cloud needs of enterprise customers,” said Eric Drobisewski, who is the Senior Architect at Liberty Mutual Insurance. “With the large-scale adoption of Kubernetes and the thriving cloud-native ecosystem around it, the project has been guided and governed well by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation. This has ensured conformance across the multitude of Kubernetes providers. What comes next for Kubernetes will be the evolution to more distributed environments, such as through software defined networks, extended with 5G connectivity that will enable edge and IoT based deployments.”

Tom (@ttaulli) is an advisor/board member to startups and the author of Artificial Intelligence Basics: A Non-Technical Introduction and The Robotic Process Automation Handbook: A Guide to Implementing RPA Systems. He also has developed various online courses, such as for the COBOL and Python programming languages.

From Entrepreneurs in Perfectirishgifts

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codecraftshop · 2 years

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Overview of openshift online cluster in detail

OpenShift Online Cluster is a cloud-based platform for deploying and managing containerized applications. It is built on top of Kubernetes and provides a range of additional features and tools to help you develop, deploy, and manage your applications with ease. Here is a more detailed overview of the key features of OpenShift Online Cluster: Easy Deployment: OpenShift provides a web-based…

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qcs01 · 2 months

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The Future of Container Platforms: Where is OpenShift Heading?

Introduction

The container landscape has evolved significantly over the past few years, and Red Hat OpenShift has been at the forefront of this transformation. As organizations increasingly adopt containerization to enhance their DevOps practices and streamline application deployment, it's crucial to stay informed about where platforms like OpenShift are heading. In this post, we'll explore the future developments and trends in OpenShift, providing insights into how it's shaping the future of container platforms.

The Evolution of OpenShift

Red Hat OpenShift has grown from a simple Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) solution to a comprehensive Kubernetes-based container platform. Its robust features, such as integrated CI/CD pipelines, enhanced security, and scalability, have made it a preferred choice for enterprises. But what does the future hold for OpenShift?

Trends Shaping the Future of OpenShift

Serverless Architectures

OpenShift is poised to embrace serverless computing more deeply. With the rise of Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) models, OpenShift will likely integrate serverless capabilities, allowing developers to run code without managing underlying infrastructure.

AI and Machine Learning Integration

As AI and ML continue to dominate the tech landscape, OpenShift is expected to offer enhanced support for these workloads. This includes better integration with data science tools and frameworks, facilitating smoother deployment and scaling of AI/ML models.

Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Cloud Deployments

OpenShift's flexibility in supporting multi-cloud and hybrid cloud environments will become even more critical. Expect improvements in interoperability and management across different cloud providers, enabling seamless application deployment and management.

Enhanced Security Features

With increasing cyber threats, security remains a top priority. OpenShift will continue to strengthen its security features, including advanced monitoring, threat detection, and automated compliance checks, ensuring robust protection for containerized applications.

Edge Computing

The growth of IoT and edge computing will drive OpenShift towards better support for edge deployments. This includes lightweight versions of OpenShift that can run efficiently on edge devices, bringing computing power closer to data sources.

Key Developments to Watch

OpenShift Virtualization

Combining containers and virtual machines, OpenShift Virtualization allows organizations to modernize legacy applications while leveraging container benefits. This hybrid approach will gain traction, providing more flexibility in managing workloads.

Operator Framework Enhancements

Operators have simplified application management on Kubernetes. Future enhancements to the Operator Framework will make it even easier to deploy, manage, and scale applications on OpenShift.

Developer Experience Improvements

OpenShift aims to enhance the developer experience by integrating more tools and features that simplify the development process. This includes better IDE support, streamlined workflows, and improved debugging tools.

Latest Updates and Features in OpenShift [Version]

Introduction

Staying updated with the latest features in OpenShift is crucial for leveraging its full potential. In this section, we'll provide an overview of the new features introduced in the latest OpenShift release, highlighting how they can benefit your organization.

Key Features of OpenShift [Version]

Enhanced Developer Tools

The latest release introduces new and improved developer tools, including better support for popular IDEs, enhanced CI/CD pipelines, and integrated debugging capabilities. These tools streamline the development process, making it easier for developers to build, test, and deploy applications.

Advanced Security Features

Security enhancements in this release include improved vulnerability scanning, automated compliance checks, and enhanced encryption for data in transit and at rest. These features ensure that your containerized applications remain secure and compliant with industry standards.

Improved Performance and Scalability

The new release brings performance optimizations that reduce resource consumption and improve application response times. Additionally, scalability improvements make it easier to manage large-scale deployments, ensuring your applications can handle increased workloads.

Expanded Ecosystem Integration

OpenShift [Version] offers better integration with a wider range of third-party tools and services. This includes enhanced support for monitoring and logging tools, as well as improved interoperability with other cloud platforms, making it easier to build and manage multi-cloud environments.

User Experience Enhancements

The latest version focuses on improving the user experience with a more intuitive interface, streamlined workflows, and better documentation. These enhancements make it easier for both new and experienced users to navigate and utilize OpenShift effectively.

Conclusion

The future of Red Hat OpenShift is bright, with exciting developments and trends on the horizon. By staying informed about these trends and leveraging the new features in the latest OpenShift release, your organization can stay ahead in the rapidly evolving container landscape. Embrace these innovations to optimize your containerized workloads and drive your digital transformation efforts.

For more details click www.hawkstack.com

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govindhtech · 10 months

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IBM Cloud Mastery: Banking App Deployment Insights

Hybrid cloud banking application deployment best practices for IBM Cloud and Satellite security and compliance

Financial services clients want to update their apps. Modernizing code development and maintenance (helping with scarce skills and allowing innovation and new technologies required by end users) and improving deployment and operations with agile and DevSecOps are examples.

Clients want flexibility to choose the best “fit for purpose” deployment location for their applications during modernization. This can happen in any Hybrid Cloud environment (on premises, private cloud, public cloud, or edge). IBM Cloud Satellite meets this need by letting modern, cloud-native applications run anywhere the client wants while maintaining a consistent control plane for hybrid cloud application administration.

In addition, many financial services applications support regulated workloads that require strict security and compliance, including Zero Trust protection. IBM Cloud for Financial Services meets that need by providing an end-to-end security and compliance framework for hybrid cloud application implementation and modernization.

This paper shows how to deploy a banking application on IBM Cloud for Financial Services and Satellite using automated CI/CD/CC pipelines consistently. This requires strict security and compliance throughout build and deployment.

Introduction to ideas and products

Financial services companies use IBM Cloud for Financial Services for security and compliance. It uses industry standards like NIST 800-53 and the expertise of over 100 Financial Services Cloud Council clients. It provides a control framework that can be easily implemented using Reference Architectures, Validated Cloud Services, ISVs, and the highest encryption and CC across the hybrid cloud.

True hybrid cloud experience with IBM Cloud Satellite. Satellite lets workloads run anywhere securely. One pane of glass lets you see all resources on one dashboard. They have developed robust DevSecOps toolchains to build applications, deploy them to satellite locations securely and consistently, and monitor the environment using best practices.

This project used a Kubernetes– and microservices-modernized loan origination application. The bank application uses a BIAN-based ecosystem of partner applications to provide this service.

Application overview

The BIAN Coreless 2.0 loan origination application was used in this project. A customer gets a personalized loan through a secure bank online channel. A BIAN-based ecosystem of partner applications runs on IBM Cloud for Financial Services.

BIAN Coreless Initiative lets financial institutions choose the best partners to quickly launch new services using BIAN architectures. Each BIAN Service Domain component is a microservice deployed on an IBM Cloud OCP cluster.

BIAN Service Domain-based App Components

Product Directory: Complete list of bank products and services.

Consumer Loan: Fulfills consumer loans. This includes loan facility setup and scheduled and ad-hoc product processing.

Customer Offer Process/API: Manages new and existing customer product offers.

Party Routing Profile: This small profile of key indicators is used during customer interactions to help route, service, and fulfill products/services.

Process overview of deployment

An agile DevSecOps workflow completed hybrid cloud deployments. DevSecOps workflows emphasize frequent, reliable software delivery. DevOps teams can write code, integrate it, run tests, deliver releases, and deploy changes collaboratively and in real time while maintaining security and compliance using the iterative methodology.

A secure landing zone cluster deployed IBM Cloud for Financial Services, and policy as code automates infrastructure deployment. Applications have many parts. On a RedHat OpenShift Cluster, each component had its own CI, CD, and CC pipeline. Satellite deployment required reusing CI/CC pipelines and creating a CD pipeline.

Continuous integration

IBM Cloud components had separate CI pipelines. CI toolchains recommend procedures and approaches. A static code scanner checks the application repository for secrets in the source code and vulnerable packages used as dependencies. For each Git commit, a container image is created and tagged with the build number, timestamp, and commit ID. This system tags images for traceability. Before creating the image, Dockerfile is tested. A private image registry stores the created image.

The target cluster deployment’s access privileges are automatically configured using revokeable API tokens. The container image is scanned for vulnerabilities. A Docker signature is applied after completion. Adding an image tag updates the deployment record immediately. A cluster’s explicit namespace isolates deployments. Any code merged into the specified Git branch for Kubernetes deployment is automatically constructed, verified, and implemented.

An inventory repository stores docker image details, as explained in this blog’s Continuous Deployment section. Even during pipeline runs, evidence is collected. This evidence shows toolchain tasks like vulnerability scans and unit tests. This evidence is stored in a git repository and a cloud object storage bucket for auditing.

They reused the IBM Cloud CI toolchains for the Satellite deployment. Rebuilding CI pipelines for the new deployment was unnecessary because the application remained unchanged.

Continuous deployment

The inventory is the source of truth for what artifacts are deployed in what environment/region. Git branches represent environments, and a GitOps-based promotion pipeline updates environments. The inventory previously hosted deployment files, which are YAML Kubernetes resource files that describe each component. These deployment files would contain the correct namespace descriptors and the latest Docker image for each component.

This method was difficult for several reasons. For applications, changing so many image tag values and namespaces with YAML replacement tools like YQ was crude and complicated. Satellite uses direct upload, with each YAML file counted as a “version”. A version for the entire application, not just one component or microservice, is preferred.

Thet switched to a Helm chart deployment process because they wanted a change. Namespaces and image tags could be parametrized and injected at deployment time. Using these variables simplifies YAML file parsing for a given value. Helm charts were created separately and stored in the same container registry as BIAN images. They are creating a CI pipeline to lint, package, sign, and store helm charts for verification at deployment time. To create the chart, these steps are done manually.

Helm charts work best with a direct connection to a Kubernetes or OpenShift cluster, which Satellite cannot provide. To fix this, That use the “helm template” to format the chart and pass the YAML file to the Satellite upload function. This function creates an application YAML configuration version using the IBM Cloud Satellite CLI. They can’t use Helm’s helpful features like rolling back chart versions or testing the application’s functionality.

Constant Compliance

The CC pipeline helps scan deployed artifacts and repositories continuously. This is useful for finding newly reported vulnerabilities discovered after application deployment. Snyk and the CVE Program track new vulnerabilities using their latest definitions. To find secrets in application source code and vulnerabilities in application dependencies, the CC toolchain runs a static code scanner on application repositories at user-defined intervals.

The pipeline checks container images for vulnerabilities. Due dates are assigned to incident issues found during scans or updates. At the end of each run, IBM Cloud Object Storage stores scan summary evidence.

DevOps Insights helps track issues and application security. This tool includes metrics from previous toolchain runs for continuous integration, deployment, and compliance. Any scan or test result is uploaded to that system, so you can track your security progression.

For highly regulated industries like financial services that want to protect customer and application data, cloud CC is crucial. This process used to be difficult and manual, putting organizations at risk. However, IBM Cloud Security and Compliance Center can add daily, automatic compliance checks to your development lifecycle to reduce this risk. These checks include DevSecOps toolchain security and compliance assessments.

IBM developed best practices to help teams implement hybrid cloud solutions for IBM Cloud for Financial Services and IBM Cloud Satellite based on this project and others:

Continuous Integration

Share scripts for similar applications in different toolchains. These instructions determine your CI toolchain’s behavior. NodeJS applications have a similar build process, so keeping a scripting library in a separate repository that toolchains can use makes sense. This ensures CI consistency, reuse, and maintainability.

Using triggers, CI toolchains can be reused for similar applications by specifying the application to be built, where the code is, and other customizations.

Continuous deployment

Multi-component applications should use a single inventory and deployment toolchain to deploy all components. This reduces repetition. Kubernetes YAML deployment files use the same deployment mechanism, so it’s more logical to iterate over each rather than maintain multiple CD toolchains that do the same thing. Maintainability has improved, and application deployment is easier. You can still deploy microservices using triggers.

Use Helm charts for complex multi-component applications. The BIAN project used Helm to simplify deployment. Kubernetes files are written in YAML, making bash-based text parsers difficult if multiple values need to be customized at deployment. Helm simplifies this with variables, which improve value substitution. Helm also offers whole-application versioning, chart versioning, registry storage of deployment configuration, and failure rollback. Satellite configuration versioning handles rollback issues on Satellite-specific deployments.

Constant Compliance

IBM strongly recommend installing CC toolchains in your infrastructure to scan code and artifacts for newly exposed vulnerabilities. Nightly scans or other schedules depending on your application and security needs are typical. Use DevOps Insights to track issues and application security.

They also recommend automating security with the Security and Compliance Center (SCC). The pipelines’ evidence summary can be uploaded to the SCC, where each entry is treated as a “fact” about a toolchain task like a vulnerability scan, unit test, or others. To ensure toolchain best practices are followed, the SCC will validate the evidence.

Inventory

With continuous deployment, it’s best to store microservice details and Kubernetes deployment files in a single application inventory. This creates a single source of truth for deployment status; maintaining environments across multiple inventory repositories can quickly become cumbersome.

Evidence

Evidence repositories should be treated differently than inventories. One evidence repository per component is best because combining them can make managing the evidence overwhelming. Finding specific evidence in a component-specific repository is much easier. A single deployment toolchain-sourced evidence locker is acceptable for deployment.

Cloud object storage buckets and the default git repository are recommended for evidence storage. Because COS buckets can be configured to be immutable, They can securely store evidence without tampering, which is crucial for audit trails.

Read more on Govindhtech.com

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globalknowledgetechnologies · 3 years

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OpenShift Container | OpenShift Kubernetes | DO180 | GKT

Course Description

Learn to build and manage containers for deployment on a Kubernetes and Red Hat OpenShift cluster

Introduction to Containers, Kubernetes, and Red Hat OpenShift (DO180) helps you build core knowledge in managing containers through hands-on experience with containers, Kubernetes, and the Red Hat® OpenShift® Container Platform. These skills are needed for multiple roles, including developers, administrators, and site reliability engineers.

This OpenShift Container, OpenShift Kubernetes course is based on Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.2.

Objectives

Understand container and OpenShift architecture.

Create containerized services.

Manage containers and container images.

Create custom container images.

Deploy containerized applications on Red Hat OpenShift.

Deploy multi-container applications.

Audience

Developers who wish to containerize software applications

Administrators who are new to container technology and container orchestration

Architects who are considering using container technologies in software architectures

Site reliability engineers who are considering using Kubernetes and Red Hat OpenShift

Prerequisites

Be able to use a Linux terminal session, issue operating system commands, and be familiar with shell scripting

Have experience with web application architectures and their corresponding technologies

Being a Red Hat Certified System Administrator (RHCSA®) is recommended, but not required

Content

Introduce container technology

Create containerized services

Manage containers

Manage container images

Create custom container images

Deploy containerized applications on Red Hat OpenShift

Deploy multi-container applications

Troubleshoot containerized applications

Comprehensive review of curriculum

To know more visit, top IT Training provider Global Knowledge Technologies.

#DO180 #OpenShift Kubernetes #OpenShift Container Platform #OpenShift Container #Red Hat OpenShift Container #Red Hat OpenShift Kubernetes #Red Hat Kubernetes #Red Hat Container #red hat #it training #it courses #it certifications #corporate training

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jobswzayef · 4 years

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Associate Partner

The Role Introduction At IBM work is more than a job it apos s a calling To build. To design. To code. To consult. To think along with clients and sell. To make markets. To invent. To collaborate. Not just to do something better but to attempt things you apos ve never thought possible. Are you ready to lead in this new era of technology and solve some of the world apos s most challenging problems? If so lets talk. Your Role and Responsibilities As Associate Partner you accompany our customers with a lot of positive energy from strategic consideration to successful implementation. You will develop our consulting and service portfolio of tomorrow. Your Tasks You are responsible for driving technology consulting business. You take active part in sales process build trust based relationship with our clients and convey IBM value to them. You are responsible for the disciplinary leadership and development of your employees In addition you have the profit and loss responsibility for the projects you have acquired and implemented You lead project teams and are responsible for the high quality delivery in Time and on Budget You work with the IBM cloud experts to develop strategies for our clients in their transformation into the cloud You analyze the requirements with our customers and develop a common understanding of future business and IT processes You keep track of costs operational stability and the integration of the developed solutions Agile work is natural for you You are actively involved in our professional IBM internal communities You can expect A global network of experts working on the future of the Smart Enterprise A tailor made entry that takes into account your personal interests and strengths Personal career development in a global company that adapts to your life planning Performance based payment Flexible working models Mentoring and targeted training in new topics An environment in which growth and new ideas are desired Requirements Your Profile Completed degree in a business natural science or technical degree program Professional experience at least 10 years of experience in technology consulting technology and or cloud topics 5 years experience in capturing and analyzing clients IT Landscape including definition of clients future cloud strategy Strong understanding of Enterprise Architecture Management aspects such as Business Model of IT Application Technology Landscape and IT Operating Model Strong Architecture Solutioning skills leveraging Cloud technologies including OpenStack OpenShift IBM Cloud or Amazon Azure Broad understanding of Cloud providers brokers Integration technologies and approaches. Industry specific knowledge in order to quickly identify suggest leverage candidate areas for automation and generate value for IBM at client sigh 5 years experience in capturing and analyzing clients IT Landscape including definition of clients future cloud strategy Hands on experience in demonstrating thought leadership sales leadership and delivery leadership in one or more cloud domains and Technologies Proven experience in creating offers Min. 5 years management experience in complex consulting projects Ability to translate business requirements into technology solutions. Ability to translate visions into executable projects with clarity and purpose Required Technical and Professional Expertise 10 Years of Consulting experience Lead and delivered complex IT advisory projects. About Business Unit At Global Technology Services GTS we help our clients envision the future by offering end to end IT and technology support services supported by an unmatched global delivery network. It apos s a unique blend of bold new ideas and client first thinking. If you can restlessly reinvent yourself and solve problems in new ways work on both technology and business projects and ask What else is possible? GTS is the place for you! Your Life at IBM What matters to you when you apos re looking for your next career challenge? Maybe you want to get involved in work that really changes the world? What about somewhere with incredible and diverse career and development opportunities where you can truly discover your passion? Are you looking for a culture of openness collaboration and trust where everyone has a voice? What about all of these? If so then IBM could be your next career challenge. Join us not to do something better but to attempt things you never thought possible. Impact. Inclusion. Infinite Experiences. Do your best work ever. About IBM IBM apos s greatest invention is the IBMer. We believe that progress is made through progressive thinking progressive leadership progressive policy and progressive action. IBMers believe that the application of intelligence reason and science can improve business society and the human condition. Restlessly reinventing since 1911 we are the largest technology and consulting employer in the world with more than 380 000 IBMers serving clients in 170 countries. Location Statement For additional information about location requirements please discuss with the recruiter following submission of your application. Being You at IBM IBM is committed to creating a diverse environment and is proud to be an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race color religion gender gender identity or expression sexual orientation national origin genetics disability age or veteran status. IBM is also committed to compliance with all fair employment practices regarding citizenship and immigration status. About the company For more than six decades IBM Middle East Pakistan has played a vital role in shaping the information technology landscape of the region. Today IBM is part of the region apos s technological fabric solving real world business and societal challenges through its offices in UAE Saudi Arabia Qatar Kuwait and Pakistan and also a diversity of centers across the region. Within the region IBM currently has groundbreaking initiatives in cloud computing analytics mobile security as well as nanotechnology eGovernment healthcare and many more collaborating with leading educational institutes and governments. IBM supports hundreds of clients to drive transformation through technology contributes to regional research development programs and has an active Corporate Service Corps CSC program. Reinvention is a keyword in the company apos s history and today IBM is much more than a hardware software services company. IBM is now emerging as a cognitive solutions and cloud platform company. * راتب مجزي جداً. * مكافأت و حوافز متنوعة. * توفير سكن مؤثث أو بدل سكن. * أنتقالات أو توفير بدل عنها. * توفير تذاكر السفر لمن يشغل الوظيفة و عائلته. * نسبة من الأرباح الربع سنوية. * أجازات سنوية مدفوعة الراتب بالكامل. * مسار وظيفي واضح للترقيات. * بيئة عمل محفزة و مناسبة لحالة الموظف. * تأمين طبي للموظيف و عائلته. * تأمينات أجتماعية. التقدم و التواصل مباشرة دون و سطاء عند توافر الألتزام و الجدية التامة و المؤهلات المطلوبة علي: [email protected]

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dmroyankita · 4 years

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What is Kubernetes?

Kubernetes (also known as k8s or “kube”) is an open source container orchestration platform that automates many of the manual processes involved in deploying, managing, and scaling containerized applications.

In other words, you can cluster together groups of hosts running Linux containers, and Kubernetes helps you easily and efficiently manage those clusters.

Kubernetes clusters can span hosts across on-premise, public, private, or hybrid clouds. For this reason, Kubernetes is an ideal platform for hosting cloud-native applications that require rapid scaling, like real-time data streaming through Apache Kafka.

Kubernetes was originally developed and designed by engineers at Google. Google was one of the early contributors to Linux container technology and has talked publicly about how everything at Google runs in containers. (This is the technology behind Google’s cloud services.)

Google generates more than 2 billion container deployments a week, all powered by its internal platform, Borg. Borg was the predecessor to Kubernetes, and the lessons learned from developing Borg over the years became the primary influence behind much of Kubernetes technology.

Fun fact: The 7 spokes in the Kubernetes logo refer to the project’s original name, “Project Seven of Nine.”

Red Hat was one of the first companies to work with Google on Kubernetes, even prior to launch, and has become the 2nd leading contributor to the Kubernetes upstream project. Google donated the Kubernetes project to the newly formed Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) in 2015.

Get an introduction to enterprise Kubernetes

What can you do with Kubernetes?

The primary advantage of using Kubernetes in your environment, especially if you are optimizing app dev for the cloud, is that it gives you the platform to schedule and run containers on clusters of physical or virtual machines (VMs).

More broadly, it helps you fully implement and rely on a container-based infrastructure in production environments. And because Kubernetes is all about automation of operational tasks, you can do many of the same things other application platforms or management systems let you do—but for your containers.

Developers can also create cloud-native apps with Kubernetes as a runtime platform by using Kubernetes patterns. Patterns are the tools a Kubernetes developer needs to build container-based applications and services.

With Kubernetes you can:

Orchestrate containers across multiple hosts.

Make better use of hardware to maximize resources needed to run your enterprise apps.

Control and automate application deployments and updates.

Mount and add storage to run stateful apps.

Scale containerized applications and their resources on the fly.

Declaratively manage services, which guarantees the deployed applications are always running the way you intended them to run.

Health-check and self-heal your apps with autoplacement, autorestart, autoreplication, and autoscaling.

However, Kubernetes relies on other projects to fully provide these orchestrated services. With the addition of other open source projects, you can fully realize the power of Kubernetes. These necessary pieces include (among others):

Registry, through projects like Atomic Registry or Docker Registry

Networking, through projects like OpenvSwitch and intelligent edge routing

Telemetry, through projects such as Kibana, Hawkular, and Elastic

Security, through projects like LDAP, SELinux, RBAC, and OAUTH with multitenancy layers

Automation, with the addition of Ansible playbooks for installation and cluster life cycle management

Services, through a rich catalog of popular app patterns

Get an introduction to Linux containers and container orchestration technology. In this on-demand course, you’ll learn about containerizing applications and services, testing them using Docker, and deploying them on a Kubernetes cluster using Red Hat® OpenShift®.

Start the free training course

Learn to speak Kubernetes

As is the case with most technologies, language specific to Kubernetes can act as a barrier to entry. Let's break down some of the more common terms to help you better understand Kubernetes.

Master: The machine that controls Kubernetes nodes. This is where all task assignments originate.

Node: These machines perform the requested, assigned tasks. The Kubernetes master controls them.

Pod: A group of one or more containers deployed to a single node. All containers in a pod share an IP address, IPC, hostname, and other resources. Pods abstract network and storage from the underlying container. This lets you move containers around the cluster more easily.

Replication controller: This controls how many identical copies of a pod should be running somewhere on the cluster.

Service: This decouples work definitions from the pods. Kubernetes service proxies automatically get service requests to the right pod—no matter where it moves in the cluster or even if it’s been replaced.

Kubelet: This service runs on nodes, reads the container manifests, and ensures the defined containers are started and running.

kubectl: The command line configuration tool for Kubernetes.

How does Kubernetes work?

Kubernetes diagram

A working Kubernetes deployment is called a cluster. You can visualize a Kubernetes cluster as two parts: the control plane, which consists of the master node or nodes, and the compute machines, or worker nodes.

Worker nodes run pods, which are made up of containers. Each node is its own Linux® environment, and could be either a physical or virtual machine.

The master node is responsible for maintaining the desired state of the cluster, such as which applications are running and which container images they use. Worker nodes actually run the applications and workloads.

Kubernetes runs on top of an operating system (Red Hat® Enterprise Linux®, for example) and interacts with pods of containers running on the nodes.

The Kubernetes master node takes the commands from an administrator (or DevOps team) and relays those instructions to the subservient nodes.

This handoff works with a multitude of services to automatically decide which node is best suited for the task. It then allocates resources and assigns the pods in that node to fulfill the requested work.

The desired state of a Kubernetes cluster defines which applications or other workloads should be running, along with which images they use, which resources should be made available to them, and other such configuration details.

From an infrastructure point of view, there is little change to how you manage containers. Your control over containers just happens at a higher level, giving you better control without the need to micromanage each separate container or node.

Some work is necessary, but it’s mostly a matter of assigning a Kubernetes master, defining nodes, and defining pods.

Where you run Kubernetes is up to you. This can be on bare metal servers, virtual machines, public cloud providers, private clouds, and hybrid cloud environments. One of Kubernetes’ key advantages is it works on many different kinds of infrastructure.

Learn about the other components of a Kubernetes architecture

What about Docker?

Docker can be used as a container runtime that Kubernetes orchestrates. When Kubernetes schedules a pod to a node, the kubelet on that node will instruct Docker to launch the specified containers.

The kubelet then continuously collects the status of those containers from Docker and aggregates that information in the master. Docker pulls containers onto that node and starts and stops those containers.

The difference when using Kubernetes with Docker is that an automated system asks Docker to do those things instead of the admin doing so manually on all nodes for all containers.

Why do you need Kubernetes?

Kubernetes can help you deliver and manage containerized, legacy, and cloud-native apps, as well as those being refactored into microservices.

In order to meet changing business needs, your development team needs to be able to rapidly build new applications and services. Cloud-native development starts with microservices in containers, which enables faster development and makes it easier to transform and optimize existing applications.

Production apps span multiple containers, and those containers must be deployed across multiple server hosts. Kubernetes gives you the orchestration and management capabilities required to deploy containers, at scale, for these workloads.

Kubernetes orchestration allows you to build application services that span multiple containers, schedule those containers across a cluster, scale those containers, and manage the health of those containers over time. With Kubernetes you can take effective steps toward better IT security.

Kubernetes also needs to integrate with networking, storage, security, telemetry, and other services to provide a comprehensive container infrastructure.

Kubernetes explained - diagram

Once you scale this to a production environment and multiple applications, it's clear that you need multiple, colocated containers working together to deliver the individual services.

Linux containers give your microservice-based apps an ideal application deployment unit and self-contained execution environment. And microservices in containers make it easier to orchestrate services, including storage, networking, and security.

This significantly multiplies the number of containers in your environment, and as those containers accumulate, the complexity also grows.

Kubernetes fixes a lot of common problems with container proliferation by sorting containers together into ”pods.” Pods add a layer of abstraction to grouped containers, which helps you schedule workloads and provide necessary services—like networking and storage—to those containers.

Other parts of Kubernetes help you balance loads across these pods and ensure you have the right number of containers running to support your workloads.

With the right implementation of Kubernetes—and with the help of other open source projects like Atomic Registry, Open vSwitch, heapster, OAuth, and SELinux— you can orchestrate all parts of your container infrastructure.

Use case: Building a cloud platform to offer innovative banking services

Emirates NBD, one of the largest banks in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), needed a scalable, resilient foundation for digital innovation. The bank struggled with slow provisioning and a complex IT environment. Setting up a server could take 2 months, while making changes to large, monolithic applications took more than 6 months.

Using Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform for container orchestration, integration, and management, the bank created Sahab, the first private cloud run at scale by a bank in the Middle East. Sahab provides applications, systems, and other resources for end-to-end development—from provisioning to production—through an as-a-Service model.

With its new platform, Emirates NBD improved collaboration between internal teams and with partners using application programming interfaces (APIs) and microservices. And by adopting agile and DevOps development practices, the bank reduced app launch and update cycles.

Read the full case study

Support a DevOps approach with Kubernetes

Developing modern applications requires different processes than the approaches of the past. DevOps speeds up how an idea goes from development to deployment.

At its core, DevOps relies on automating routine operational tasks and standardizing environments across an app’s lifecycle. Containers support a unified environment for development, delivery, and automation, and make it easier to move apps between development, testing, and production environments.

A major outcome of implementing DevOps is a continuous integration and continuous deployment pipeline (CI/CD). CI/CD helps you deliver apps to customers frequently and validate software quality with minimal human intervention.

Managing the lifecycle of containers with Kubernetes alongside a DevOps approach helps to align software development and IT operations to support a CI/CD pipeline.

With the right platforms, both inside and outside the container, you can best take advantage of the culture and process changes you’ve implemented.

Learn more about how to implement a DevOps approach

Using Kubernetes in production

Kubernetes is open source and as such, there’s not a formalized support structure around that technology—at least not one you’d trust your business to run on.[Source]-https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/containers/what-is-kubernetes

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faizrashis1995 · 4 years

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5 predictions for Kubernetes in 2020

How do you track a wildly popular project like Kubernetes? How do you figure out where it’s going? If you are contributing to the project or participating in Special Interest Groups (SIGs), you might gain insight by osmosis, but for those of you with day jobs that don’t include contributing to Kubernetes, you might like a little help reading the tea leaves. With a fast-moving project like Kubernetes, the end of the year is an excellent time to take a look at the past year to gain insight into the next one.

This year, Kubernetes made a lot of progress. Aside from inspecting code, documentation, and meeting notes, another good source is blog entries. To gain some insights, I took a look at the top ten Kubernetes articles on Opensource.com. These articles give us insight into what topics people are interested in reading, but just as importantly, what articles people are interested in writing. Let’s dig in!

(Get the full list of top 10 Kubernetes articles from 2019 at the end.)

First, I would point out that five of these articles tackle the expansion of workloads and where they can run. This expansion of workloads includes data science, PostgreSQL, InfluxDB, and Grafana (as a workload, not just to monitor the cluster itself) and Edge. Historically, Kubernetes and containers in general have mostly run on top of virtual machines, especially when run on infrastructure provided by cloud providers. With this interest in Kubernetes at the edge, it’s another sign that end users are genuinely interested in Kubernetes on bare metal (see also Kubernetes on metal with OpenShift).

Next, there seems to be a lot of hunger for operational knowledge and best practices with Kubernetes. From Kubernetes Operators, to Kubernetes Controllers, from Secrets to ConfigMaps, developers and operators alike are looking for best practices and ways to simplify workload deployment and management. Often we get caught up in the actual configuration example, or how people do it, and don’t take a step back to realize that all of these fall into the bucket of how to operationalize the deployment of applications (not how to install or run Kubernetes itself).

Finally, people seem to be really interested in getting started. In fact, there is so much information on how to build Kubernetes that it intimidates people and gets them down the wrong path. A couple of the top articles focus on why you should learn to run applications on Kubernetes instead of concentrating on installing it. Like best practices, people often don’t take a step back to analyze where they should invest their time when getting started. I have always advocated for, where possible, spending limited time and money on using technology instead of building it.

5 predictions for Kubernetes in 2020

So, looking back at those themes from 2019, what does this tell us about where 2020 is going? Well, combining insight from these articles with my own broad purview, I want to share my thoughts for 2020 and beyond:

Expansion of workloads. I would keep my eye on high-performance computing, AI/ML, and stateful workloads using Operators.

More concrete best practices, especially around mature standards like PCI, HIPAA, NIST, etc.

Increased security around rootless and higher security runtimes classes (like gVisor, Kata Containers, etc.)

Better standardization on Kubernetes manifests as the core artifact for deployment in development and sharing applications between developers. Things like podman generate kube, podman play kube, and all in one Kubernetes environments like CodeReady Containers (CRC)

An ever-wider ecosystem of network, storage and specialized hardware (GPUs, etc.) vendors creating best of breed solutions for Kubernetes (in free software, we believe that open ecosystems are better than vertically integrated solutions)[Source]-How do you track a wildly popular project like Kubernetes? How do you figure out where it’s going? If you are contributing to the project or participating in Special Interest Groups (SIGs), you might gain insight by osmosis, but for those of you with day jobs that don’t include contributing to Kubernetes, you might like a little help reading the tea leaves. With a fast-moving project like Kubernetes, the end of the year is an excellent time to take a look at the past year to gain insight into the next one.