#international fertility centre

[kionihealthyblogs]

Affordable IVF treatment through Medical Tourism in India

Medical tourism offers a workable solution for people looking for alternatives healthcare accessibility and price. In this post, we'll look at medical tourism's benefits and drawbacks, as well as how it can be a global answer for affordable, high-quality healthcare.

Advantages of Medical Travel

Patients looking for low-cost, high-quality medical care have access to a number of advantages through medical tourism. Saving money is one of the biggest advantages, as medical operations can cost a fraction of what they would in wealthy nations. Read More To Know More about the IVF Treatment Through Medical Tourismhttps://internationalhealthservice.blogspot.com/2023/05/affordable-ivf-treatment-through.html

[probablyasocialecologist]

According to the Centre for International Environment Information (CIEL), producing the ammonia (NH₃) on which nitrogen fertilizers are based releases an estimated 450 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year — equivalent to the total energy system emissions of South Africa.

Food Systems Account For At Least 15% Of All Fossil Fuels

[aboutanancientenquiry]

Ancient Greece and Ancient Iran: Cross‐Cultural Encounters 1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (ATHENS, 11‐13 NOVEMBER 2006) Edited by Seyed Mohammad Reza Darbandi and Antigoni Zournatzi National Hellenic Research Foundation Cultural Center of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Athens Hellenic National Commission for UNESCO Athens, December 2008

Description The extraordinary feats of conquest of Cyrus the Great and Alexander the Great have left a lasting imprint in the annals of world history. Successive Persian and Greek rule over vast stretches of territory from the Indus to the eastern Mediterranean also created an international environment in which people, commodities, technological innovations, as well as intellectual, political, and artistic ideas could circulate across the ancient world unhindered by ethno-cultural and territorial barriers, bringing about cross-fertilization between East and West. These broad patterns of cultural phenomena are illustrated in twenty-four contributions to the first international conference on ancient Greek-Iranian interactions, which was organized as a joint Greek and Iranian initiative.

Contents

Preface (Ekaterini Tzitzikosta)

Conference addresses (Dimitrios A. Kyriakidis, Seyed Taha Hashemi Toghraljerdi, Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi, Vassos Karageorghis, Miltiades Hatzopoulos, Seyed Mohammad Reza Darbandi, Massoud Azarnoush, David Stronach)

Introduction (Seyed Mohammad Reza Darbandi and Antigoni Zournatzi)

Europe and Asia: Aeschylus’ Persians and Homer’s Iliad (Stephen Tracy)

The death of Masistios and the mourning for his loss (Hdt. 9.20-25.1) (Angeliki Petropoulou)

Magi in Athens in the fifth century BC? (Kyriakos Tsantsanoglou)

Hājīābād and the dialogue of civilizations (Massoud Azarnoush)

Zoroastrianism and Christianity in the Sasanian empire (fourth century AD) (Sara Alinia)

Greco-Persian literary interactions in classical Persian literature (Evangelos Venetis)

Pseudo-Aristotelian politics and theology in universal Islam (Garth Fowden)

The system Artaphernes-Mardonius as an example of imperial nostalgia (Michael N. Weiskopf)

Greeks and Iranians in the Cimmerian Bosporus in the second/first century BC: new epigraphic data from Tanais (Askold I. Ivantchik)

The Seleucids and their Achaemenid predecessors: a Persian inheritance? (Christopher Tuplin)

Managing an empire — teacher and pupil (G. G. Aperghis)

The building program of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae and the date of the fall of Sardis (David Stronach)

Persia and Greece: the role of cultural interactions in the architecture of Persepolis— Pasargadae (Mohammad Hassan Talebian)

Reading Persepolis in Greek— Part Two: marriage metaphors and unmanly virtues (Margaret C. Root)

The marble of the Penelope from Persepolis and its historical implications (Olga Palagia)

Cultural interconnections in the Achaemenid West: a few reflections on the testimony of the Cypriot archaeological record (Antigoni Zournatzi)

Greek, Anatolian, and Persian iconography in Asia Minor: material sources, method, and perspectives (Yannick Lintz)

Imaging a tomb chamber: the iconographic program of the Tatarlı wall paintings (Lâtife Summerer). Appendix: Tatarli Project: reconstructing a wooden tomb chamber (Alexander von Kienlin)

The Achaemenid lion-griffin on a Macedonian tomb painting and on a Sicyonian mosaic (Stavros A. Paspalas)

Psychotropic plants on Achaemenid style vessels (Despina Ignatiadou)

Achaemenid toreutics in the Greek periphery (Athanasios Sideris)

Achaemenid influences on Rhodian minor arts and crafts (Pavlos Triantafyllidis)

Historical Iranian and Greek relations in retrospect (Mehdi Rahbar)

Persia and Greece: a forgotten history of cultural relations (Shahrokh Razmjou)

The editors Seyed Mohammad Reza Darbandi is General Director of Cultural Offices of the Islamic Republic of Iran for Europe and the Americas. Antigoni Zournatzi is Senior Researcher in the Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation. Her work focuses on the relations between Achaemenid Persia and the West.

The whole volume can be found as pdf on:

[prapasara]

Udon Thani

Udon Thani

Udon Thani (Thai: อุดรธานี, pronounced [ʔù.dɔ̄ːn tʰāː.nīː]) is a city in Isan (Northeast Thailand), the capital of Udon Thani Province and the sixth largest city in Thailand. The city municipality (thesaban nakhon / city proper) had a population of 130,531 people as of 2019, while Udon Thani's urban area, Mueang Udon Thani, has a population of approximately 400,000. Udon Thani is one of four major cities in Isan, the others being Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani, and Khon Kaen. Together they are known as the "big four of Isan".

Location

Udon is approximately 560 km from Bangkok. It is a major official and commercial center in northern Isan, Thailand, and the gateway to Laos, northern Vietnam, and southern China.

History

The city's economy was boosted by the proximity to Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base during the Vietnam War and retains reminders of that time in the form of bars, coffee shops, and hotels. "Udon sort of became like Pattaya when the GIs arrived," said a local architect.  "Restaurants serving Western cuisine, hotels and nightclubs sprouted up everywhere to meet their needs. It was an extremely busy city back then." 

The BBC has reported that Udon Thani's Royal Air Force Base was the site of a CIA black site, known to insiders as "Detention Site Green", used to interrogate Abu Zubaydah, Saudi-born Palestinian, believed to be one of Osama bin Laden's top lieutenants. In December 2014 the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) published an executive summary of a secret 6,000-page report on CIA techniques. The report alleges that at least eight Thai senior officials knew of the secret site. The site was closed in December 2002. 

Earlier reports alleged that a Voice of America relay station in a rural area of Udon Thani Province, Ban Dung District, was the CIA black site.

Administration

Udon Thani town municipality (thesaban mueang) with an area of 5.6 km2 (2.2 sq mi) was established on 15 March 1936.  On 27 May 1953, the area covered by the municipality was increased to 8.3 km2 (3.2 sq mi).   As a result of the town's continuing growth, the total area of the municipality was enlarged for the second time to 47.7 km2 (18.4 sq mi). on 31 December 1993.  On 25 September 1995 Udon Thani was upgraded to city municipality (thesaban nakhon),  and is divided into 21 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 248 villages (mubans). (chumchon), 130,531 people in 60,659 households.

Transport

Udon Thani International Airport, close to the city centre (within the ring road), serves a number of domestic airports: Chiang Mai International Airport, U-Tapao International Airport (Pattaya), and Phuket, with approximately 24 daily flights to Bangkok (Don Mueang International and Suvarnabhumi Airport).   During the 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic flights were reduced to 10-14 daily to  Bangkok airports only.

Udon Thani railway station in the city centre receives four trains daily from Bangkok railway station (Hua Lamphong) including overnight sleepers.

Economy

Mining

 

Asia Pacific Potash Corporation (APPC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Italian-Thai Development PLC, owns the concession to the Udon North and Udon South potash mines and plans to develop them.  Potash deposits in northeast Thailand are believed to contain the world's third-largest—after Canada and Russia—unexploited potash reserves.  Potash is one of the main components of agricultural fertilizer.

Climate

Udon Thani has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are fairly dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is hot with the average daily maximum at 36.2 °C (97.2 °F). The monsoon season runs from late-April through early-October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm. The range of reliably recorded temperatures in the city is from 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) to 44.1 °C (111.4 °F).

Udon Thani  ,  Thailand   ,  Udon Thani Province  ,   อุดรธานี

CR    ::    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udon_Thani  ,  https://prinkotakoon.blogspot.com/2024/09/udon-thani.html

[wikipedia-the-non-official]

What's Austrailia (i want to bring up the wikipedia article for it)

Australia. , officially the Commonwealth of Australia,[19] is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.[20] Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest,[21] flattest,[22] and driest inhabited continent,[23][24] with the least fertile soils.[25][26] It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, tropical savannas in the north, and mountain ranges in the south-east.

The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the last glacial period.[27][28][29] They settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing artistic and religious traditions in the world.[30] Australia's written history commenced with European maritime exploration. The Dutch were the first known Europeans to reach Australia, in 1606. British colonisation began in 1788 with the establishment of the penal colony of New South Wales. By the mid-19th century, most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and five additional self-governing British colonies were established, each gaining responsible government by 1890. The colonies federated in 1901, forming the Commonwealth of Australia.[31] This continued a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, and culminating in the Australia Acts of 1986.[31]

Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states and ten territories: the states of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia; the major mainland Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory; and other minor or external territories. Its population of nearly 27 million[13] is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard.[32] Canberra is the nation's capital, while its most populous cities are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide, which each possess a population of at least one million inhabitants.[33] Australian governments have promoted multiculturalism since the 1970s.[34] Australia is culturally diverse and has one of the highest foreign-born populations in the world.[35][36] Its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country's economy, which generates its income from various sources: predominantly services (including banking, real estate and international education) as well as mining, manufacturing and agriculture.[37][38] It ranks highly for quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights.[39]

Australia has a highly developed market economy and one of the highest per capita incomes globally.[40][41][42] It is a middle power, and has the world's thirteenth-highest military expenditure.[43][44] It is a member of international groups including the United Nations; the G20; the OECD; the World Trade Organization; Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation; the Pacific Islands Forum; the Pacific Community; the Commonwealth of Nations; and the defence and security organisations ANZUS, AUKUS, and the Five Eyes. It is also a major non-NATO ally of the United States.[45]

The name Australia (pronounced /əˈstreɪliə/ in Australian English[46]) is derived from the Latin Terra Australis ("southern land"), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times.[47] Several 16th-century cartographers used the word Australia on maps, but not to identify modern Australia.[48] When Europeans began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, the name Terra Australis was applied to the new territories.[N 5]

Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as New Holland, a name first applied by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1644 (as Nieuw-Holland) and subsequently anglicised. Terra Australis still saw occasional usage, such as in scientific texts.[N 6] The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who said it was "more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the Earth".[54] The first time that Australia appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledged the receipt of Flinders' charts of Australia from Lord Bathurst.[55] In December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.[56] In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially by that name.[57] The first official published use of the new name came with the publication in 1830 of The Australia Directory by the Hydrographic Office.[58]

Colloquial names for Australia include "Oz", "Straya" and "Down Under".[59] Other epithets include "the Great Southern Land", "the Lucky Country", "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land". The latter two both derive from Dorothea Mackellar's 1908 poem "My Country".[60]

Indigenous Australians comprise two broad groups: the Aboriginal peoples of the Australian mainland (and surrounding islands including Tasmania), and the Torres Strait Islanders, who are a distinct Melanesian people. Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun 50,000 to 65,000 years ago,[27][61][62][28] with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia.[63] It is uncertain how many waves of immigration may have contributed to these ancestors of modern Aboriginal Australians.[64][65] The Madjedbebe rock shelter in Arnhem Land is possibly the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia.[66][67] The oldest human remains found are the Lake Mungo remains, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago.[68][69]

Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth.[30][70][71][72] At the time of first European contact, Aboriginal Australians were complex hunter-gatherers with diverse economies and societies, and spread across at least 250 different language groups.[73][74] Estimates of the Aboriginal population before British settlement range from 300,000 to one million.[75][76] Aboriginal Australians have an oral culture with spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime.[77] Certain groups engaged in fire-stick farming,[78][79] fish farming,[80][81] and built semi-permanent shelters.[82][83] The extent to which some groups engaged in agriculture is controversial.[84][85][86]

The Torres Strait Islander people first settled their islands around 4,000 years ago.[87] Culturally and linguistically distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples, they were seafarers and obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas.[88] Agriculture also developed on some islands and villages appeared by the 1300s.[89]

By the mid-18th century in northern Australia, contact, trade and cross-cultural engagement had been established between local Aboriginal groups and Makassan trepangers, visiting from present-day Indonesia.[90][91][92]

European exploration and colonisation

The Dutch are the first Europeans that recorded sighting and making landfall on the Australian mainland.[93] The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken, captained by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon.[94] He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February 1606 at the Pennefather River near the modern town of Weipa on Cape York.[95] Later that year, Spanish explorer Luís Vaz de Torres sailed through and navigated the Torres Strait Islands.[96] The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent "New Holland" during the 17th century, and although no attempt at settlement was made,[95] a number of shipwrecks left men either stranded or, as in the case of the Batavia in 1629, marooned for mutiny and murder, thus becoming the first Europeans to permanently inhabit the continent.[97] In 1770, Captain James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named "New South Wales" and claimed for Great Britain.[98]

Following the loss of its American colonies in 1783, the British Government sent a fleet of ships, the First Fleet, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, to establish a new penal colony in New South Wales. A camp was set up and the Union Flag raised at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, on 26 January 1788,[99][100] a date which later became Australia's national day.

Most early settlers were convicts, transported for petty crimes and assigned as labourers or servants to "free settlers" (willing immigrants). Once emancipated, convicts tended to integrate into colonial society. Martial law was declared to suppress convict rebellions and uprisings,[101] and lasted for two years following the 1808 Rum Rebellion, the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia.[102] Over the next two decades, social and economic reforms, together with the establishment of a Legislative Council and Supreme Court, saw New South Wales transition from a penal colony to a civil society.[103][104][105][page needed]

The indigenous population declined for 150 years following European settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.[106][107] British colonial authorities did not sign any treaties with Aboriginal groups.[107][108] As settlement expanded, thousands of Indigenous people died in frontier conflicts while others were dispossessed of their traditional lands.[109]

In 1803, a settlement was established in Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania),[110] and in 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains west of Sydney, opening the interior to European settlement.[111] The British claim extended to the whole Australian continent in 1827 when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (modern-day Albany).[112] The Swan River Colony (present-day Perth) was established in 1829, evolving into the largest Australian colony by area, Western Australia.[113] In accordance with population growth, separate colonies were carved from New South Wales: Tasmania in 1825, South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 1841, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859.[114] South Australia was founded as a free colony—it never accepted transported convicts.[115] Growing opposition to the convict system culminated in its abolition in the eastern colonies by the 1850s. Initially a free colony, Western Australia practised penal transportation from 1850 to 1868.[116]

The six colonies individually gained responsible government between 1855 and 1890, thus becoming elective democracies managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.[117] The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs.[118]

In the mid-19th century, explorers such as Burke and Wills charted Australia's interior.[119] A series of gold rushes beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from China, North America and continental Europe,[120] as well as outbreaks of bushranging and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion against gold license fees.[121] The 1860s saw a surge in blackbirding, where Pacific Islanders were forced into indentured labour, mainly in Queensland.[122][123]

From 1886, Australian colonial governments began introducing policies resulting in the removal of many Aboriginal children from their families and communities.[124] The Second Boer War (1899–1902) marked the largest overseas deployment of Australia's colonial

Federation to the World Wars

On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, constitutional conventions and referendums, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a nation under the new Australian Constitution.[127]

After the 1907 Imperial Conference, Australia and several other self-governing British settler colonies were given the status of self-governing dominions within the British Empire.[128] Australia was one of the founding members of the League of Nations in 1920,[129] and subsequently of the United Nations in 1945.[130] The Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended the ability of the UK to pass laws with effect at the Commonwealth level in Australia without the country's consent. Australia adopted it in 1942, but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II.[131][132][133]

The Australian Capital Territory was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra.[134] While it was being constructed, Melbourne served as the temporary capital from 1901 to 1927.[135] The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911.[136] Australia became the colonial ruler of the Territory of Papua (which had initially been annexed by Queensland in 1883) in 1902 and of the Territory of New Guinea (formerly German New Guinea) in 1920.[137][138] The two were unified as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975.[137][139]

In 1914, Australia joined the Allies in fighting the First World War, and took part in many of the major battles fought on the Western Front.[140] Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded.[141] Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) at Gallipoli in 1915 as the "baptism of fire" that forged the new nation's identity.[142][143][144] The beginning of the campaign is commemorated annually on Anzac Day, a date which rivals Australia Day as the nation's most important.[145][146]

From 1939 to 1945, Australia joined the Allies in fighting the Second World War. Australia's armed forces fought in the Pacific, European and Mediterranean and Middle East theatres.[147][148] The shock of Britain's defeat in Singapore in 1942, followed soon after by the bombing of Darwin and other Japanese attacks on Australian soil, led to a widespread belief in Australia that a Japanese invasion was imminent, and a shift from the United Kingdom to the United States as Australia's principal ally and security partner.[149] Since 1951, Australia has been allied with the United States under the ANZUS treaty.[150]

Post-war and contemporary eras

In the decades following World War II, Australia enjoyed significant increases in living standards, leisure time and suburban development.[151][152] Using the slogan "populate or perish", the nation encouraged a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with such immigrants referred to as "New Australians".[153]

A member of the Western Bloc during the Cold War, Australia participated in the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency during the 1950s and the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1972.[154] During this time, tensions over communist influence in society led to unsuccessful attempts by the Menzies Government to ban the Communist Party of Australia,[155] and a bitter split in the Labor Party in 1955.[156]

As a result of a 1967 referendum, the federal government gained the power to legislate with regard to Indigenous Australians, and Indigenous Australians were fully included in the census.[157] Pre-colonial land interests (referred to as native title in Australia) was recognised in law for the first time when the High Court of Australia held in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) that Australia was neither terra nullius ("land belonging to no one") or "desert and uncultivated land" at the time of European settlement.[158][159]

Following the abolition of the last vestiges of the White Australia policy in 1973,[160] Australia's demography and culture transformed as a result of a large and ongoing wave of non-European immigration, mostly from Asia.[161][162] The late 20th century also saw an increasing focus on foreign policy ties with other Pacific Rim nations.[163] The Australia Acts severed the remaining constitutional ties between Australia and the United Kingdom while maintaining the monarch in her independent capacity as Queen of Australia.[164][165] In a 1999 constitutional referendum, 55% of voters rejected abolishing the monarchy and becoming a republic.[166]

Following the September 11 attacks on the United States, Australia joined the United States in fighting the Afghanistan War from 2001 to 2021 and the Iraq War from 2003 to 2009.[167] The nation's trade relations also became increasingly oriented towards East Asia in the 21st century, with China becoming the nation's largest trading partner by a large margin.[168]

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, several of Australia's largest cities were locked down for extended periods and free movement across the national and state borders was restricted in an attempt to slow the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.[169]

Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans,[N 7] Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand. The world's smallest continent[171] and sixth-largest country by total area,[172] Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the "island continent"[173] and is sometimes considered the world's largest island.[174] Australia has 34,218 km (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands),[175] and claims an extensive exclusive economic zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory.[176]

Mainland Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44° South, and longitudes 112° and 154° East.[177] Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and desert in the centre.[178] The desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land.[179] Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.[180] The population density is 3.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, although the large majority of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline. The population density exceeds 19,500 inhabitants per square kilometre in central Melbourne.[181] In 2021 Australia had 10% of the global permanent meadows and pastureland.[182]

The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef,[183] lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 km (1,200 mi). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith,[184] is located in Western Australia. At 2,228 m (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland. Even taller are Mawson Peak (at 2,745 m (9,006 ft)), on the remote Australian external territory of Heard Island, and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and Mount Menzies, at 3,492 m (11,457 ft) and 3,355 m (11,007 ft) respectively.[185]

Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in height.[186] The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland and shrubland.[186][187] These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Mitchell Grass Downs and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland.[188][189][190][191] The northernmost point of the mainland is the tropical Cape York Peninsula.[177]

The landscapes of the Top End and the Gulf Country—with their tropical climate—include forest, woodland, wetland, grassland, rainforest and desert.[192][193][194] At the north-west corner of the continent are the sandstone cliffs and gorges of The Kimberley, and below that the Pilbara. The Victoria Plains tropical savanna lies south of the Kimberley and Arnhem Land savannas, forming a transition between the coastal savannas and the interior deserts.[195][196][197] At the heart of the country are the uplands of central Australia. Prominent features of the centre and south include Uluru (also known as Ayers Rock), the famous sandstone monolith, and the inland Simpson, Tirari and Sturt Stony, Gibson, Great Sandy, Tanami, and Great Victoria deserts, with the famous Nullarbor Plain on the southern coast.[198][199][200][201] The Western Australian mulga shrublands lie between the interior deserts and Mediterranean-climate Southwest Australia.[200][202]

Lying on the Indo-Australian Plate, the mainland of Australia is the lowest and most primordial landmass on Earth with a relatively stable geological history.[203][204] The landmass includes virtually all known rock types and from all geological time periods spanning over 3.8 billion years of the Earth's history. The Pilbara Craton is one of only two pristine Archaean 3.6–2.7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth.[205]

Having been part of all major supercontinents, the Australian continent began to form after the breakup of Gondwana in the Permian, with the separation of the continental landmass from the African continent and Indian subcontinent. It separated from Antarctica over a prolonged period beginning in the Permian and continuing through to the Cretaceous.[206] When the last glacial period ended in about 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed Bass Strait, separating Tasmania from the mainland. Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC, the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea, separating New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and the mainland of Australia.[207] The Australian continent is moving toward Eurasia at the rate of 6 to 7 centimetres a year.[208]

The Australian mainland's continental crust, excluding the thinned margins, has an average thickness of 38 km, with a range in thickness from 24 km to 59 km.[209] Australia's geology can be divided into several main sections, showcasing that the continent grew from west to east: the Archaean cratonic shields found mostly in the west, Proterozoic fold belts in the centre and Phanerozoic sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rocks in the east.[210]

The Australian mainland and Tasmania are situated in the middle of the tectonic plate and have no active volcanoes,[211] but due to passing over the East Australia hotspot, recent volcanism has occurred during the Holocene, in the Newer Volcanics Province of western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia. Volcanism also occurs in the island of New Guinea (considered geologically as part of the Australian continent), and in the Australian external territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands.[212] Seismic activity in the Australian mainland and Tasmania is also low, with the greatest number of fatalities having occurred in the 1989 Newcastle earthquake.

The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low-pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia.[215][216] These factors cause rainfall to vary markedly from year to year. Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical, predominantly summer-rainfall (monsoon).[180] The south-west corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate.[217] The south-east ranges from oceanic (Tasmania and coastal Victoria) to humid subtropical (upper half of New South Wales), with the highlands featuring alpine and subpolar oceanic climates. The interior is arid to semi-arid.[180]

Driven by climate change, average temperatures have risen more than 1°C since 1960. Associated changes in rainfall patterns and climate extremes exacerbate existing issues such as drought and bushfires. 2019 was Australia's warmest recorded year,[218] and the 2019–2020 bushfire season was the country's worst on record.[219] Australia's greenhouse gas emissions per capita are among the highest in the world.[220]

Water restrictions are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought.[221][222] Throughout much of the continent, major flooding regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in the early 2010s after the 2000s Australian drought.[223]

Biodiversity

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. Fungi typify that diversity—an estimated 250,000 species—of which only 5% have been described—occur in Australia.[224] Because of the continent's great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic.[225] Australia has at least 755 species of reptile, more than any other country in the world.[226] Besides Antarctica, Australia is the only continent that developed without feline species. Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers. They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species.[227] Seafaring immigrants from Asia are believed to have brought the dingo to Australia sometime after the end of the last ice age—perhaps 4000 years ago—and Aboriginal people helped disperse them across the continent as pets, contributing to the demise of thylacines on the mainland.[228][page needed] Australia is also one of 17 megadiverse countries.[229]

Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions; wattles replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts.[230] Among well-known Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra.[230] Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in the world.[231] The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE.[232] Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement,[233] including the Australian megafauna; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine.[234][235]

Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant species.[236] All these factors have led to Australia's having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world.[237] The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species.[238] Numerous protected areas have been created under the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique ecosystems;[239][240] 65 wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention,[241] and 16 natural World Heritage Sites have been established.[242] Australia was ranked 21st out of 178 countries in the world on the 2018 Environmental Performance Index.[243] There are more than 1,800 animals and plants on Australia's threatened species list, including more than 500 animals.[244]

Paleontologists discovered a fossil site of a prehistoric rainforest in McGraths Flat, in South Australia, that presents evidence that this now arid desert and dry shrubland/grassland was once home to an abundance of life.[245][246]

Australia is a constitutional monarchy, a parliamentary democracy and a federation.[247] The country has maintained its mostly unchanged constitution alongside a stable liberal democratic political system since Federation in 1901. It is one of the world's oldest federations, in which power is divided between the federal and state and territory governments. The Australian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United Kingdom (a fused executive, constitutional monarchy and strong party discipline) and the United States (federalism, a written constitution and strong bicameralism with an elected upper house), resulting in a distinct hybrid.[248][249]

Government power is partially separated between three branches:[250]

Legislature: the bicameral Parliament, comprising the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Representatives

Executive: the Cabinet, led by the prime minister (the leader of the party or Coalition with a majority in the House of Representatives) and other ministers they have chosen; formally appointed by the governor-general[251]

Judiciary: the High Court and other federal courts

Charles III reigns as King of Australia and is represented in Australia by the governor-general at the federal level and by the governors at the state level, who by section 63 of the Constitution and convention act on the advice of their ministers.[252][253] Thus, in practice the governor-general acts as a legal figurehead for the actions of the prime minister and the Cabinet. The governor-general may in some situations exercise powers in the absence or contrary to ministerial advice using reserve powers. When these powers may be exercised is governed by convention and their precise scope is unclear. The most notable exercise of these powers was the dismissal of the Whitlam government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.[254]

In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).[255] The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 151 members elected from single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population, with each of the current states guaranteed a minimum of five seats.[256] The lower house has a maximum term of three years, but this is not fixed and governments usually dissolve the house early for an election at some point in the 6 months before the maximum.[257] Elections for both chambers are generally held simultaneously with senators having overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house. Thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.[255]

Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for the House of Representatives and all state and territory lower house elections (with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which use the Hare-Clark system). The Senate and most state upper houses use the "proportional system" which combines preferential voting with proportional representation for each state. Voting and enrolment is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction.[258][259][260] The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases where no party has majority support, the governor-general has the constitutional power to appoint the prime minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament.[261] Due to the relatively unique position of Australia operating as a Westminster parliamentary democracy with a powerful and elected upper house, the system has sometimes been referred to as having a "Washminster mutation",[262] or as a semi-parliamentary system.[263]

There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition, which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner, the National Party.[264][265] The Liberal National Party and the Country Liberal Party are merged state branches in Queensland and the Northern Territory that function as separate parties at a federal level.[266] Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered centre-right and the Labor Party is considered centre-left.[267] Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses. The Australian Greens are often considered the "third force" in politics, being the third largest party by both vote and membership.[268][269]

The most recent federal election was held on 21 May 2022 and resulted in the Australian Labor Party, led by Anthony Albanese, being elected to government.[270]

Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Victoria (Vic), Queensland (Qld), Western Australia (WA), South Australia (SA) and Tasmania (Tas)—and two mainland self-governing territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).[271]

The states have the general power to make laws except in the few areas where the constitution grants the Commonwealth exclusive powers.[272][273] The Commonwealth can only make laws on topics listed in the constitution but its laws prevail over those of the states to the extent of any inconsistency.[274][275] Since Federation, the Commonwealth's power relative to the states has significantly increased due to the increasingly wide interpretation given to listed Commonwealth powers and because of the states' heavy financial reliance on Commonwealth grants.[276][277]

Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament—unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister. The King is represented in each state by a governor. At the Commonwealth level, the King's representative is the governor-general.[278]

The Commonwealth government directly administers the internal Jervis Bay Territory and the other external territories: the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, the Heard Island and McDonald Islands, the Indian Ocean territories (Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), Norfolk Island,[281] and the Australian Antarctic Territory.[282][283][251] The remote Macquarie Island and Lord Howe Island are part of Tasmania and New South Wales respectively.[284][285]

Foreign relations

Australia is a middle power,[43] whose foreign relations has three core bi-partisan pillars: commitment to the US alliance, engagement with the Indo-Pacific and support for international institutions, rules and co-operation.[286][287][288] Through the ANZUS pact and its status as a major non-NATO ally, Australia maintains a close relationship with the US, which encompasses strong defence, security and trade ties.[289][290] In the Indo-Pacific, the country seeks to increase its trade ties through the open flow of trade and capital, whilst managing the rise of Chinese power by supporting the existing rules based order.[287] Regionally, the country is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community, the ASEAN+6 mechanism and the East Asia Summit. Internationally, the country is a member of the United Nations (of which it was a founding member), the Commonwealth of Nations, the OECD and the G20. This reflects the country's generally strong commitment to multilateralism.[291][292]

Australia is a member of several defence, intelligence and security groupings including the Five Eyes intelligence alliance with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand; the ANZUS alliance with the United States and New Zealand; the AUKUS security treaty with the United States and United Kingdom; the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the United States, India and Japan; the Five Power Defence Arrangements with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore; and the Reciprocal Access defence and security agreement with Japan.

Australia has pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation.[293] It led the formation of the Cairns Group and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,[294][295] and is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).[296][297] Beginning in the 2000s, Australia has entered into the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership multilateral free trade agreements as well as bilateral free trade agreements with the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand, with the most recent deal with UK signed in 2023.[298]

Australia maintains a deeply integrated relationship with neighbouring New Zealand, with free mobility of citizens between the two countries under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement and free trade under the Closer Economic Relations agreement.[299] The most favourably viewed countries by the Australian people in 2021 include New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States and South Korea.[300] It also maintains an international aid program under which some 75 countries receive assistance.[301] Australia ranked fourth in the Center for Global Development's 2021 Commitment to Development Index.[302]

The power over foreign policy is highly concentrated in the prime minister and the national security committee, with major decision such as joining the 2003 invasion of Iraq made with without prior Cabinet approval.[303][304] Similarly, the Parliament does not play a formal role in foreign policy and the power to declare war lies solely with the executive government.[305] The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade supports the executive in its policy decisions.

Military

The two main institutions involved in the management of Australia's armed forces are the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and the Department of Defence, together known as "Defence".[306] The Australian Defence Force is the military wing, headed by the chief of the defence force, and contains three branches: the Royal Australian Navy, the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force. In 2021, it had 84,865 currently serving personnel (including 60,286 regulars and 24,581 reservists).[307] The Department of Defence is the civilian wing and is headed by the secretary of defence. These two leaders collective manage Defence as a diarchy, with shared and joint responsibilities.[308] The titular role of commander-in-chief is held by the governor-general, however actual command is vested in the chief of the Defence Force.[309] The executive branch of the Commonwealth government has overall control of the military through the minister of defence, who is subject to the decisions of Cabinet and its National Security Committee.[310]

In 2022, defence spending was 1.9% of GDP, representing the world's 13th largest defence budget.[311] In 2024, the ADF had active operations in the Middle-East and the Indo-Pacific (including security and aid provisions), was contributing to UN forces in relation to South Sudan, Syria-Israel and North Korea, and domestically was assisting to prevent asylum-seekers enter the country and with natural disaster relief.[312]

Major Australian intelligence agencies include the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (foreign intelligence), the Australian Signals Directorate (signals intelligence) and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (domestic security).

Human rights

Legal and social rights in Australia are regarded as among the most developed in the world.[39] Attitudes towards LGBT people are generally positive within Australia, and same-sex marriage has been legal in the nation since 2017 (LET'S FUCKING GOOOOOOOO!!) .[313][314] Australia has had anti-discrimination laws regarding disability since 1992.[315] However, international organisations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have expressed concerns in areas including asylum-seeker policy, indigenous deaths in custody, the lack of entrenched rights protection and laws restricting protesting.[316][317]

Economy

Australia's high-income mixed-market economy is rich in natural resources.[318] It is the world's fourteenth-largest by nominal terms, and the 18th-largest by PPP. As of 2021, it has the second-highest amount of wealth per adult, after Luxembourg,[319] and has the thirteenth-highest financial assets per capita.[320] Australia has a labour force of some 13.5 million, with an unemployment rate of 3.5% as of June 2022.[321] According to the Australian Council of Social Service, the poverty rate of Australia exceeds 13.6% of the population, encompassing 3.2 million. It also estimated that there were 774,000 (17.7%) children under the age of 15 living in relative poverty.[322][323] The Australian dollar is the national currency, which is also used by three island states in the Pacific: Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.[324]

Australian government debt, about $963 billion in June 2022, exceeds 45.1% of the country's total GDP, and is the world's eighth-highest.[325] Australia had the second-highest level of household debt in the world in 2020, after Switzerland.[326] Its house prices are among the highest in the world, especially in the large urban areas.[327] The large service sector accounts for about 71.2% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (25.3%), while its agriculture sector is by far the smallest, making up only 3.6% of total GDP.[328] Australia is the world's 21st-largest exporter and 24th-largest importer.[329][330] China is Australia's largest trading partner by a wide margin, accounting for roughly 40% of the country's exports and 17.6% of its imports.[331] Other major export markets include Japan, the United States, and South Korea.[332]

Australia has high levels of competitiveness and economic freedom, and was ranked fifth in the Human Development Index in 2021.[333] As of 2022, it is ranked twelfth in the Index of Economic Freedom and nineteenth in the Global Competitiveness Report.[334][335] It attracted 9.5 million international tourists in 2019,[336] and was ranked thirteenth among the countries of Asia-Pacific in 2019 for inbound tourism.[337] The 2021 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Australia seventh-highest in the world out of 117 countries.[338] Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $45.7 billion.[337]

Energy

In 2021–22, Australia's generation of electricity was sourced from black coal (37.2%), brown coal (12%), natural gas (18.8%), hydro (6.5%), wind (11.1%), solar (13.3%), bio-energy (1.2%) and others (1.7%).[339][340] Total consumption of energy in this period was sourced from coal (28.4%), oil (37.3%), gas (27.4%) and renewables (7%).[341] From 2012 to 2022, the energy sourced from renewables has increased 5.7%, whilst energy sourced from coal has decreased 2.6%. The use of gas also increased by 1.5% and the use of oil stayed relatively stable with a reduction of only 0.2%.[342]

In 2020, Australia produced 27.7% of its electricity from renewable sources, exceeding the target set by the Commonwealth government in 2009 of 20% renewable energy by 2020.[343][344] A new target of 82% percent renewable energy by 2030 was set in 2022[345] and a target for net zero emissions by 2050 was set in 2021.[346]

Science and technology

In 2019, Australia spent $35.6 billion on research and development, allocating about 1.79% of GDP.[347] A recent study by Accenture for the Tech Council shows that the Australian tech sector combined contributes $167 billion a year to the economy and employs 861,000 people.[348] In addition, recent startup ecosystems in Sydney and Melbourne are already valued at $34 billion combined.[349] Australia ranked 24th in the Global Innovation Index 2023.[350]

With only 0.3% of the world's population, Australia contributed 4.1% of the world's published research in 2020, making it one of the top 10 research contributors in the world.[351][352] CSIRO, Australia's national science agency, contributes 10% of all research in the country, while the rest is carried out by universities.[352] Its most notable contributions include the invention of atomic absorption spectroscopy,[353] the essential components of Wi-Fi technology,[354] and the development of the first commercially successful polymer banknote.[355]

Australia is a key player in supporting space exploration. Facilities such as the Square Kilometre Array and Australia Telescope Compact Array radio telescopes, telescopes such as the Siding Spring Observatory, and ground stations such as the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex are of great assistance in deep space exploration missions, primarily by NASA.[356]

Demographics

Australia has an average population density of 3.4 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is heavily concentrated on the east coast, and in particular in the south-eastern region between South East Queensland to the north-east and Adelaide to the south-west.[357]

Australia is also highly urbanised, with 67% of the population living in the Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (metropolitan areas of the state and mainland territorial capital cities) in 2018.[358] Metropolitan areas with more than one million inhabitants are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.[359]

In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2021 the average age of the population was 39 years.[360] In 2015, 2.15% of the Australian population lived overseas, one of the lowest proportions worldwide.[361]

Ancestry and immigration

Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. Following Federation in 1901, a strengthening of the white Australia policy restricted further migration from these areas. However, in the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades. All overt racial discrimination ended in 1973, with multiculturalism becoming official policy.[363] Subsequently, there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.[364]

Today, Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, the highest proportion among major Western nations.[365][366] In 2022–23, 212,789 permanent migrants were admitted to Australia, with a net migration population gain of 518,000 people inclusive of non-permanent residents.[367][368] Most entered on skilled visas,[364] however the immigration program also offers visas for family members and refugees.[369]

The Australian Bureau of Statistics asks each Australian resident to nominate up to two ancestries each census and the responses are classified into broad ancestry groups.[370][371] At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestry groups as a proportion of the total population were:[372] 57.2% European (including 46% North-West European and 11.2% Southern and Eastern European), 33.8% Oceanian,[N 8] 17.4% Asian (including 6.5% Southern and Central Asian, 6.4% North-East Asian, and 4.5% South-East Asian), 3.2% North African and Middle Eastern, 1.4% Peoples of the Americas, and 1.3% Sub-Saharan African. At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:[N 9][4]

English (33%)

Australian (29.9%)[N 10]

Irish (9.5%)

Scottish (8.6%)

Chinese (5.5%)

Italian (4.4%)

German (4%)

Indian (3.1%)

Aboriginal (2.9%)[N 11]

Greek (1.7%)

Filipino (1.6%)

Dutch (1.5%)

Vietnamese (1.3%)

Lebanese (1%)

At the 2021 census, 3.8% of the Australian population identified as being Indigenous—Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[N 12][375]

Language

Although English is not the official language of Australia in law, it is the de facto official and national language.[376][377] Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon,[378] and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling.[379] General Australian serves as the standard dialect.[380]

At the 2021 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for 72% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home were Mandarin (2.7%), Arabic (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.3%), Cantonese (1.2%) and Punjabi (0.9%).[381]

Over 250 Australian Aboriginal languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact.[382] The National Indigenous Languages Survey (NILS) for 2018–19 found that more than 120 Indigenous language varieties were in use or being revived, although 70 of those in use were endangered.[383] The 2021 census found that 167 Indigenous languages were spoken at home by 76,978 Indigenous Australians — Yumplatok (Torres Strait Creole), Djambarrpuyngu (a Yolŋu language) and Pitjantjatjara (a Western Desert language) were among the most widely spoken.[384] NILS and the Australian Bureau of Statistics use different classifications for Indigenous Australian languages.[385]

The Australian sign language known as Auslan was used at home by 16,242 people at the time of the 2021 census.[386]

Religion

Australia has no state religion; section 116 of the Australian Constitution prohibits the Australian government from making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion.[387] However, the states still retain the power to pass religiously discriminatory laws.[388]

At the 2021 census, 38.9% of the population identified as having "no religion",[4] up from 15.5% in 2001.[389] The largest religion is Christianity (43.9% of the population).[4] The largest Christian denominations are the Roman Catholic Church (20% of the population) and the Anglican Church of Australia (9.8%). Non-British immigration since the Second World War has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3.2%), Hinduism (2.7%), Buddhism (2.4%), Sikhism (0.8%), and Judaism (0.4%).[390][4]

In 2021, just under 8,000 people declared an affiliation with traditional Aboriginal religions.[4] In Australian Aboriginal mythology and the animist framework developed in Aboriginal Australia, the Dreaming is a sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.[391]

Health

Australia's life expectancy of 83 years (81 years for males and 85 years for females),[392] is the fifth-highest in the world. It has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world,[393] while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7.8% of the total mortality and disease. Ranked second in preventable causes is hypertension at 7.6%, with obesity third at 7.5%.[394][395] Australia ranked 35th in the world in 2012 for its proportion of obese women[396] and near the top of developed nations for its proportion of obese adults;[397] 63% of its adult population is either overweight or obese.[398]

Australia spent around 9.91% of its total GDP to health care in 2021.[399] It introduced a national insurance scheme in 1975.[400] Following a period in which access to the scheme was restricted, the scheme became universal once more in 1981 under the name of Medicare.[401] The program is nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the Medicare levy, currently at 2%.[402] The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (subsidising the costs of medicines) and general practice.[400]

Education

School attendance, or registration for home schooling,[403] is compulsory throughout Australia. Education is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories, however the Commonwealth has significant influence through funding agreements.[404] Since 2014, a national curriculum developed by the Commonwealth has been implemented by the states and territories.[405] Attendance rules vary between states, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 until about 16.[406][407] In some states (Western Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales), children aged 16–17 are required to either attend school or participate in vocational training, such as an apprenticeship.[408][409][410][411]

Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003.[412] However, a 2011–2012 report for the Australian Bureau of Statistics found that 44% of the population does not have high literary and numeracy competence levels, interpreted by others as suggesting that they do not have the "skills needed for everyday life".[413][414][415]

Australia has 37 government-funded universities and three private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level.[416] The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university.[417] There is a state-based system of vocational training, known as TAFE, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople.[418] About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications[419] and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. 30.9% of Australia's population has attained a higher education qualification, which is among the highest percentages in the world.[420][421][422]

Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019.[423][424] Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26.7% of the student bodies of Australian universities. International education therefore represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas.[425] Education is Australia's third-largest export, after iron ore and coal, and contributed over $28 billion to the economy in 2016–17.[352]

Culture

Contemporary Australian culture reflects the country's Indigenous traditions, Anglo-Celtic heritage, and post 1970s history of multicultural immigration.[427][428][429] The culture of the United States has also been influential.[430] The evolution of Australian culture since British colonisation has given rise to distinctive cultural traits.[431][432]

Many Australians identify egalitarianism, mateship, irreverence and a lack of formality as part of their national identity.[433][434][435] These find expression in Australian slang, as well as Australian humour, which is often characterised as dry, irreverent and ironic.[436][437] New citizens and visa holders are required to commit to "Australian values", which are identified by the Department of Home Affairs as including: a respect for the freedom of the individual; recognition of the rule of law; opposition to racial, gender and religious discrimination; and an understanding of the "fair go", which is said to encompass the equality of opportunity for all and compassion for those in need.[438] What these values mean, and whether or not Australians uphold them, has been debated since before Federation.[439][440][441][442]

Arts

Australia has over 100,000 Aboriginal rock art sites,[444] and traditional designs, patterns and stories infuse contemporary Indigenous Australian art, "the last great art movement of the 20th century" according to critic Robert Hughes;[445] its exponents include Emily Kame Kngwarreye.[446] Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land.[447] The impressionistic works of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and other members of the 19th-century Heidelberg School—the first "distinctively Australian" movement in Western art—gave expression to nationalist sentiments in the lead-up to Federation.[447] While the school remained influential into the 1900s, modernists such as Margaret Preston and Clarice Beckett, and, later, Sidney Nolan, explored new artistic trends.[447] The landscape remained central to the work of Aboriginal watercolourist Albert Namatjira,[448] as well as Fred Williams, Brett Whiteley and other post-war artists whose works, eclectic in style yet uniquely Australian, moved between the figurative and the abstract.[447][449]

Australian literature grew slowly in the decades following European settlement though Indigenous oral traditions, many of which have since been recorded in writing, are much older.[450] In the 19th century, Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson captured the experience of the bush using a distinctive Australian vocabulary.[451] Their works are still popular; Paterson's bush poem "Waltzing Matilda" (1895) is regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem.[452] Miles Franklin is the namesake of Australia's most prestigious literary prize, awarded annually to the best novel about Australian life.[453] Its first recipient, Patrick White, went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973.[454] Australian Booker Prize winners include Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan.[455] Australian public intellectuals have also written seminal works in their respective fields, including feminist Germaine Greer and philosopher Peter Singer.[456]

In the performing arts, Aboriginal peoples have traditions of religious and secular song, dance and rhythmic music often performed in corroborees.[457] At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers,[458] and later popular music acts such as the Bee Gees, AC/DC, INXS and Kylie Minogue achieved international recognition.[459] Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the Australian government's Australia Council.[460] There is a symphony orchestra in each state,[461] and a national opera company, Opera Australia,[462] well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland.[463] Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.[464]

Media

The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first feature-length narrative film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era.[465] After World War I, Hollywood monopolised the industry,[466] and by the 1960s Australian film production had effectively ceased.[467] With the benefit of government support, the Australian New Wave of the 1970s brought provocative and successful films, many exploring themes of national identity, such as Picnic at Hanging Rock, Wake in Fright and Gallipoli,[468] while Crocodile Dundee and the Ozploitation movement's Mad Max series became international blockbusters.[469] In a film market flooded with foreign content, Australian films delivered a 7.7% share of the local box office in 2015.[470] The AACTAs are Australia's premier film and television awards, and notable Academy Award winners from Australia include Geoffrey Rush, Nicole Kidman, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger.[471]

Australia has two public broadcasters (the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services,[472] and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has at least one daily newspaper,[472] and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review.[472] In 2020, Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 25th on a list of 180 countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand (8th) but ahead of the United Kingdom (33rd) and United States (44th).[473] This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia;[474] most print media are under the control of News Corporation (59%) and Nine Entertainment Co (23%).[475]

Cuisine

Most Indigenous Australian groups subsisted on a hunter-gatherer diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called bush tucker.[476] It has increased in popularity among non-Indigenous Australians since the 1970s, with examples such as lemon myrtle, the macadamia nut and kangaroo meat now widely available.[477][478]

The first colonists introduced British and Irish cuisine to the continent.[479][480] This influence is seen in dishes such as fish and chips, and in the Australian meat pie, which is related to the British steak pie. Also during the colonial period, Chinese migrants paved the way for a distinctive Australian Chinese cuisine.[481]

Post-war migrants transformed Australian cuisine, bringing with them their culinary traditions and contributing to new fusion dishes.[482] Italians introduced espresso coffee and, along with Greeks, helped develop Australia's café culture, of which the flat white and "smashed avo" on toast are now considered Australian staples.[483][484] Pavlovas, lamingtons, Vegemite and Anzac biscuits are also often called iconic Australian foods.[485]

Australia is a leading exporter and consumer of wine.[486] Australian wine is produced mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country.[487] The nation also ranks highly in beer consumption,[488] with each state and territory hosting numerous breweries.

Sport and recreation

The most popular sports in Australia by adult participation are: swimming, athletics, cycling, soccer, golf, tennis, basketball, surfing, netball and cricket.[490]

Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every Summer Olympics of the modern era,[491] and has hosted the Games twice: 1956 in Melbourne and 2000 in Sydney.[492] It is also set to host the 2032 Games in Brisbane.[493] Australia has also participated in every Commonwealth Games,[494] hosting the event in 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 and 2018.[495]

Cricket is a major national sport.[496] The Australian national cricket team competed against England in the first Test match (1877) and the first One Day International (1971), and against New Zealand in the first Twenty20 International (2004), winning all three games.[497] It has also won the men's Cricket World Cup a record six times.[498]

Australia has professional leagues for four football codes, whose relative popularity is divided geographically.[499] Originating in Melbourne in the 1850s, Australian rules football attracts the most television viewers in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where rugby league holds sway, followed by rugby union.[500] Soccer, while ranked fourth in television viewers and resources, has the highest overall participation rates.[501]

The surf lifesaving movement originated in Australia, and the volunteer lifesaver is one of the country's icons.[502]

Why did i do this-

[recreationaldivorce]

These two opposite systems of internal colonization reveal one of the most important differences between U.S. and Latin American development models. Why is the north rich and the south poor? The Rio Grande is much more than a geographical frontier. Is today's profound disequilibrium, which seems to confirm Hegel's prophecy of inevitable war between the two Americas, to be traced to U.S. imperialist expansion, or does it have more ancient roots? In fact, back in the colonial beginnings, north and south had already generated very different societies with different aims. The Mayflower pilgrims did not cross the sea to obtain legendary treasures; they came mainly to establish themselves with their families and to reproduce in the New World the system of life and work they had practiced in Europe. They were not soldiers of fortune but pioneers; they came not to conquer but to colonize, and their colonies were settlements. It is true that a slave-plantation economy like Latin America's developed later south of the Delaware, but there was a difference: the centre of gravity in the United States was from the outset the farms and workshops of New England, from which came the victorious armies of the Civil War. New England colonists, the original nucleus of U.S. civilization, never acted as colonial agents for European capitalist accumulation; their own development, and the development of their new land, were always their motivation. The thirteen colonies served as an outlet for the army of European peasants and artisans who were being thrown off the labor market by metropolitan development. Free workers formed the base of that new society across the ocean.

Spain and Portugal, on the other hand, had an abundance of subjugated labor in Latin America. Enslavement of the Indians was followed by the wholesale transplantation of Africans. Through the centuries, a legion of unemployed peasants was always available to be moved to production centers: as precious metal or sugar exports rose and fell, flourishing centers coexisted with centers of decay, and the latter provided labor for the former. This structure persists to our time; today, as yesterday, it means low wage scales because of the pressure of the unemployed on the labor market, and frustrates the growth of an internal consumer market. But also in contrast to the Northern Puritans, internal economic development was never the goal of the ruling classes of Latin American colonial society. Their profits came from outside; they were tied more to the foreign market than to their own domain. Landlords, miners, and merchants had been born to fulfill the mission of supplying Europe with gold, silver, and food. Goods moved along the roads in only one direction: to the port and overseas markets. This also provides the key to the United States' expansion as a national unit and to the fragmentation of Latin America. Our production centers are not interconnected but take the form of a fan with a far-away vertex.

One might say that the thirteen colonies had the fortune of bad fortune. Their history shows the great importance of not being born important. For the north of America had no gold or silver, no Indian civilizations with dense concentrations of people already organized for work, no fabulously fertile tropical soil on the coastal fringe. It was an area where both nature and history had been miserly: both metals and the slave labor to wrest it from the ground were missing. Those colonists were lucky. Furthermore, the northern colonies, from Maryland to New England to Nova Scotia, had a climate and soil similar to British agriculture and produced exactly the same things. That is, as Sergio Bagú notes, they did not offer products complementary to the metropolis. The situation in the Antilles and the mainland Spanish-Portuguese colonies was quite different. Tropical lands produced sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, turpentine; a small Carribean island had more economic importance for England than the thirteen colonies that would become the United States.

These circumstances explain the rise and consolidation of the United States as an economically autonomous system, one which did not drain abroad the wealth it produced. The ties between colony and metropolis were slender. In Barbados and Jamaica, on the other hand, only the capital necessary to replace worn-out slaves was reinvested. Thus it was not racial factors that decided the development of the one and the underdevelopment of the other: there was nothing Spanish or Portuguese about Britain's Antillean islands. The truth is that the economic insignificance of the thirteen colonies permitted the early diversification of their exports and set off the early and rapid development of manufacturing. Even before independence, North American industrialization had official encouragement and protection. And England took a tolerant attitude while it strictly forbade its Antillean islands to manufacture much as a pin.

Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America

[tx-hospital]

"Exploring Endometrial Ablation: Is It the Right Choice for You?"

OVERVIEW OF AN ENDOMETRIAL ABLATION

WHAT IS ENDOMETRIAL ABLATION

Endometrial ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that aims to reduce or eliminate heavy menstrual bleeding in women who have not responded to other forms of treatment. It is typically considered when medical management and less invasive treatments have been ineffective.

WHY IT IS PERFORMED Endometrial ablation surgery is usually recommended for women who experience heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia) but do not desire future pregnancies. It is not suitable for women who wish to become pregnant because it can significantly reduce fertility.

Techniques of Endometrial Ablation

Electrocautery: Explain the use of electric current to cauterize the endometrial lining. Thermal Balloon Ablation: Describe the balloon insertion and how heat destroys the tissue. Radiofrequency Ablation: Detail the procedure involving radiofrequency energy. Cryoablation: Explain the freezing technique. Microwave Ablation: Describe the use of microwave energy. Hydrothermal Ablation: Explain how heated fluid is circulated for ablation. Compare and contrast the techniques, highlighting their pros and cons.

Endometrial Ablation Procedure:

Pre-procedure preparation: Fasting, anesthesia options, and other considerations. Procedure steps: Insertion of instruments, ablation process, and monitoring. Duration: Mention the typical duration of the procedure. Post-procedure: Describe what to expect in terms of discomfort, cramping, and discharge. Recovery: Discuss the timeline for returning to normal activities.

Effectiveness

Endometrial ablation can significantly reduce or even stop menstrual bleeding in many women. However, results can vary, and some women may require additional treatments or procedures.

Risks and Considerations While endometrial ablation is generally considered safe, there are some potential risks and considerations, such as infection, bleeding, perforation of the uterus, and changes in menstrual patterns. It's essential to discuss these risks with a healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

Alternative Treatments for Menorrhagia

Hormonal therapies: Explain how hormonal treatments can help manage heavy bleeding. Minimally invasive surgical techniques: Mention other options like endometrial resection. Traditional surgical approaches: Discuss the possibility of hysterectomy for severe cases.

REFERENCES

TX Hospitals Group is one of the country’s largest and fastest-growing chains of multi-super specialty hospitals. We have opened six healthcare facilities (including projects under development) in two years since opening our first hospital in Hyderabad in 2020. With our expansion across the country, we plan to open more locations than just Hyderabad, including Mumbai, Delhi, and Bangalore, in addition to six fully functional hospitals with 100 beds.

TX brand and logo projects that offer treatment or therapy for every disease. TX offers a comprehensive array of integrated healthcare services, ranging from clinics, retail pharmacies, wellness centres, diagnostic labs, health insurance, home healthcare, Fertility Centres and quaternary care facilities. Thousands of patients are treated by the TX hospitals every year with a clear focus on raising the standards of health care in the country. Considering the strategic locations of our TX hospitals within the cities of India, they are easy to reach in an emergency situation.

It has world-renowned medical teams that utilize the latest technologies, including international evidence-based protocols, to provide the most comprehensive treatment in all specialties of medicine across a wide range of terms. Upon providing quality, compassionate care to all of its patients, it places a high priority on clinical excellence, patient safety, dignity, transparency, affordability, and accessibility of quality care in order to ensure that all of its patients receive the best possible care in a patient-friendly environment.

Contact us: 9089489089

https://txhospitals.in/book-an-appointment/

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[bunkershotgolf]

Apes Hill Barbados Garners Two Luxury Lifestyle Awards

Caribbean Property Cited as Best Real Estate Developer and Best Sustainable Residential Development

Apes Hill Barbados, the spectacular, new golf resort and real-estate community, today announces that it has received two honors from Luxury Lifestyle Awards – Best Luxury Real Estate Developer in Barbados and Best Luxury Sustainable Residential Development.

The awards are “in recognition of the outstanding work done by Apes Hill Barbados to develop a golf resort and community of immense beauty and commitment to sustainable living in the island.”

Luxury Lifestyle Awards is a global award recognizing the best luxury places, goods, and services globally. Luxury Lifestyle Awards has evaluated more than 10,000 entities in 400 categories from 60 countries and analyzed the results to glean the world’s finest luxury places and things.

“These awards are immensely important and deeply appreciated because environmental and sustainability best practices are essential to Apes Hill Barbados,” said Sunil Chatrani, Executive Chairman, Apes Hill Barbados. “We’ve taken great care to design a living experience that is of premium quality for individuals, couples and families looking for a setting that helps them prioritize the important things in life: family, friendships, health, and connection to nature. That is what life at Apes Hill Barbados is all about.”

Apes Hill Barbados is a 475-acre property of incredible elegance located in the Parish of Saint James on the west coast of the culturally vibrant and historically rich Barbados. The island is famed for its history, beauty, designer shops and world class restaurants. It also boasts some of the best golf courses in the Caribbean, with Apes Hill rating No. 5 in the Caribbean, Mexico, Costa Rica, and the Atlantic Islands (Source: Golfweek’s “Best You Can Play”).

Sustainability is at the forefront of the resort’s long-term DNA – designed to make it the most environmentally responsible golf course and development in the Caribbean. Underscoring this mandate is Apes Hill Barbados’ work with Audubon International, the non-profit organization that helps places employ environmental best practices and protect the areas where people live, work, and play.

Golf fairways and tees have been re-laid using the more drought tolerant Zoysia Zorro grass and the greens with TifEagle. The resistance of these grasses to insects also further reduces the reliance on fertilization and use of pesticides, with a view to Apes Hill Barbados eventually becoming chemical-free.

Apes Hill Barbados is owned by Apes Hill (Barbados) Inc., a Barbadian company whose primary shareholder is Glenn J. Chamandy, a Canadian investor, founder, and CEO of leading clothing brand Gildan Activewear. Chamandy purchased the property in 2019 and embarked on an ambitious project to redefine golfing and estate living on the Caribbean Island.

Apes Hill Barbados has a uniquely laid back and tranquil atmosphere that provides the perfect setting for inspired living at a pace of ease. There are several residential options available, including The Hilltop Residences, which are contemporary single-story golf course homes overlooking the par-3 course and 19th hole all while offering westerly vistas. Other options include three-bedroom Courtyard Villas and detached homes in Seaview Ridge that enjoy uninterrupted views and overlook the first fairway.

Amenities at Apes Hill Barbados will include a wellness centre, several kilometers of enchanting nature trails, flood-lit Padel courts, TigerTurf tennis courts, spa, dining, and bespoke outdoor and well-being activities as well as a dedicated concierge service, among other top-class amenities. Apes Hill Barbados’ golfing credentials are just as impressive – the 18-hole championship golf course was designed by the legendary Ron Kirby and opened for play in November 2022, and the state-of-the-art Golf Performance Centre debuted last month.

Apes Hill Barbados is also home to a developing range of accommodation options, with a portfolio of stunning real estate on site alongside golf vacation properties set to allow guests to stay and play from later this year.

For more information: www.apeshill.com

About Apes Hill Barbados

At 1,000 feet above sea level, Apes Hill Barbados is the most elevated golf resort and community in Barbados, spanning 475 acres made up of lush tropical vegetation, indigenous gullies and rare panoramic ocean views of both the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Set within the undulating topography of the Central Highlands, and hugging the geologically unique Scotland District, it is home to an 18-hole, par-72 Championship golf course which is complemented by state-of-the-art golf amenities featuring the latest technology. With its laid back, luxury lifestyle, sustainability lives at its core and permeates through the entire resort and community. The stunning collection of residences, which blend seamlessly with the environment, highlight that nature, innovation, and technology reign supreme across the lush landscape. At Apes Hill Barbados, sleek and modern residences can be found ranging from three-bedroom courtyard villas to four-bedroom hilltop residences and golf course homes featuring a bespoke design service. It is a place of prestige without pretence, set in one of the most unique high points to be found. Apes Hill Barbados delivers an unmatched adventure for the entire family and is a natural setting for an ultra-luxurious golf resort and community.

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[bhavesh2022]

Fertilizer Additive Market to Reach US$ 4,050.19 million with a CAGR of 2.4% from 2022 to 2028

The Fertilizer Additive Market is expected to reach at US$ 4,050.19 million by 2028; registering at a CAGR of 2.4% from 2022 to 2028, according to a new research study conducted by The Insight Partners.

Because of the growing population, there is a greater need for food grains, which has increased demand for fertilisers in many nations. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) predict that the increase in consumer affluence in places like Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America would cause a 70% increase in the world's food demand by the year 2050. The Joint Research Centre's assertions that fertilisers have become more widely used to increase food production as a result of the shrinking area of arable land and the rising demand for food in various countries were also supported by a report released by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.

Further, the increased production of synthetic fertilizers witnessing the enhancement in crop yield. Hence, the manufacturers are focusing on to increase the synthetic fertilizers production on commercial basis along with the blend of fertilizer additives. Therefore, the rising commercial synthetic fertilizer production demand for additives which propels the fertilizer additive market growth.

The rising population of various countries and their governments focus on the development of sustainable agriculture will enable to increase the food production. The growing population and rising need for food security tends to adopt fertilizer additives in fertilizers industry, which is fueling the fertilizer additive market growth. Due to growing urbanization, the available arable land is expected to decrease. As a result, fertilizers are likely to play an essential role in increasing the average crop yields per hectare. However, the quality and performance of fertilizers deteriorates over time, and chemical fertilizers are leading to deteriorate the soil fertility. Fertilizer additives aid in the production, handling, storage, and transportation of fertilizers. The additives help fertilizers maintain their shape, limit caking, decrease dust formation during manufacturing of fertilizers, and avoid wetting of fertilizers. Hence, the manufacturers in fertilizers industry has been adopting fertilizer additives rigorously. Thus, the growing use of fertilizers in agricultural practices is estimated to fuel the fertilizer additives market growth.

The key players operating in the global fertilizer additive market include Arkema Group; Solvay; KAO CORPORATION; Chemipol S.A.; Chemsol LLC; Clariant; Dorf Ketal; Michelman, Inc.; Omex Agriculture, Inc.; and Novochem Group. Players operating in the global fertilizer additive market are focusing on providing high-quality products to fulfill customer demand. They are also focusing on strategies such as investments in research and development activities and new product launches.

Form and kind are the two main divisions in the market for fertiliser additives. The market is divided into granular, prilled, and powder segments based on form. The market is divided into categories based on type, including corrosion inhibitors, granulation aids, colouring agents, anti-caking agents, and others. The Middle East & Africa (MEA), South & Central America, Asia Pacific (APAC), and North America are the main geographic divisions of the fertiliser additive market.

Browse More Information@ https://www.theinsightpartners.com/reports/fertilizer-additive-market

About Us:

The Insight Partners is a one stop industry research provider of actionable intelligence. We help our clients in getting solutions to their research requirements through our syndicated and consulting research services. We specialize in industries such as Semiconductor and Electronics, Aerospace and Defense, Automotive and Transportation, Biotechnology, Healthcare IT, Manufacturing and Construction, Medical Device, Technology, Media and Telecommunications, Chemicals and Materials.

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[ivfsurrogacycentreindia]

Choosing the Best Surrogacy Centre in Ghana: A Guide for Intended Parents

Ghana has become a prominent choice for surrogacy in Africa, offering exceptional services and comprehensive support to intended parents. The best surrogacy centers in Ghana combine world-class medical facilities, compassionate care, and a strong commitment to helping individuals and couples achieve their dreams of parenthood. This article explores the benefits of choosing a top surrogacy center in Ghana, the services offered, and what to expect throughout the process.

Why Ghana is a Top Destination for Surrogacy

Ghana offers several advantages for intended parents pursuing surrogacy, including reputable medical facilities, experienced professionals, and a supportive legal framework for surrogacy arrangements. The country’s leading centers prioritize ethical practices and follow international standards of care, creating a safe and welcoming environment for parents from around the world. Additionally, Ghanaian surrogacy centers often offer flexible packages, making the journey more accessible and tailored to individual needs.

What Makes the Best Surrogacy Centers Stand Out?

The best surrogacy centers in Ghana offer a comprehensive range of services designed to support every step of the surrogacy journey. These centers provide:

Experienced Medical Professionals: Fertility doctors, embryologists, and specialists in reproductive medicine work together to ensure optimal care throughout the process. Their expertise and commitment to excellence provide confidence and security to intended parents.

Advanced Facilities: Leading surrogacy centers in Ghana are equipped with state-of-the-art technology for fertility treatments, embryo development, and maternal health, ensuring high success rates and top-tier medical care.

Personalized Care Plans: Each surrogacy journey is unique, and top centers focus on customizing treatment plans to meet the specific needs of the intended parents, creating a comfortable and supportive experience.

Comprehensive Legal Support: Navigating the legal aspects of surrogacy can be complex, but the best centers in Ghana provide legal assistance to ensure that contracts and arrangements are in compliance with local laws, safeguarding the rights of both parents and surrogates.

Emotional and Psychological Support: Recognizing the emotional aspects of surrogacy, many centers offer counseling services for both the intended parents and the surrogate, helping everyone feel supported throughout the journey.

What to Expect in the Surrogacy Process in Ghana

Initial Consultation and Assessment: The surrogacy journey begins with an in-depth consultation. Intended parents meet with medical and legal experts to discuss their goals, evaluate their options, and learn about the process. Medical assessments help determine the best course of action for the surrogacy journey.

Matching with a Surrogate: The center carefully matches intended parents with a surrogate who meets all health and legal requirements. Surrogates undergo thorough medical screenings and psychological evaluations to ensure they are prepared for the journey.

Legal Agreements: A legal contract is established between the intended parents and the surrogate to define each party’s rights, roles, and responsibilities. The surrogacy center provides legal support to draft and finalize these agreements.

Fertility Treatment and Embryo Transfer: Once the legal agreements are in place, fertility treatment begins. The intended mother or an egg donor provides the eggs, which are fertilized with sperm from the intended father or a donor. The resulting embryos are then transferred to the surrogate’s uterus.

Pregnancy Monitoring and Support: Throughout the pregnancy, the surrogate receives regular medical checkups and support to ensure a healthy and safe journey. The intended parents are often updated and may be involved in the pregnancy experience.

Birth and Parental Legalization: When the surrogate gives birth, the surrogacy center assists with any remaining legal steps to establish the intended parents as the legal guardians of the child. This final step completes the surrogacy process, allowing parents to return home with their new baby.

Why Choose the Best Surrogacy Centre in Ghana?

Choosing a reputable surrogacy center in Ghana brings peace of mind to intended parents. The top centers provide all-encompassing services, making the journey smoother and more fulfilling. With highly trained medical staff, extensive legal support, and compassionate care, Ghana’s leading surrogacy centers stand out as a beacon of hope for families.

Conclusion

The best surrogacy centers in Ghana offer a comprehensive and supportive approach to parenthood, ensuring intended parents and surrogates alike feel cared for and respected. From personalized treatment plans to robust legal and emotional support, these centers provide everything necessary for a successful surrogacy experience. For those considering surrogacy, Ghana’s top centers are a reliable and inspiring choice, committed to helping dreams of parenthood come true.

Get More Info :- Select IVF

Gmail :-info@selectivf.com

Phone no :-8447592299

[kicdelfinium]

Plan Your Visit for IVF Treatment in India - KIC Delfinium Fertility Centre

Explore how KIC Delfinium Fertility Centre in Delhi can support your journey for IVF treatment in India. Our expert team offers guidance on planning your visit, from initial consultation to personalized treatment plans, ensuring a smooth and successful experience for international and domestic patients.

[zany1122]

Best IVF Specialist In India

IHR Kolkata, a well-respected fertility clinic in Kolkata, offers a wide range of fertility treatments including best ivf centre in india. In vitro fertilization (IVF), one of the world’s premier assisted reproductive technologies, offers couples suffering from infertility an effective solution. In the IVF procedure, the eggs from the ovaries of the woman are taken and fertilized in a lab dish with sperm. The embryos that are created will then be transferred into the uterus of the woman in order to achieve a successful pregnancy. IHR Kolkata offers IVF treatments by highly experienced doctors and embryologists who collaborate to offer customized care and assistance to couples undergoing IVF in Kolkata. With the help of IVF, couples experiencing infertility have an opportunity to conceive and begin building their family.

IVF treatment in Kolkata involves multiple stages such as ovarian stimulator, egg retrieval and fertilization, culture of embryos, and transfer. Our fertility specialists closely monitor every step of the process to create a customized treatment plan to meet the needs of each patient and enhance their chances of success.

When is IVF Treatment Recommended?

IVF treatment should generally be considered by women under 43 who have tried for two years to conceive with unprotected sexual relations without success. These treatments can help treat infertility caused by blocked fallopian tubes, genetic issues or male infertility factors. In some cases, less invasive procedures such as fertility drugs or intrauterine insemination may be tried first. However, IVF treatment in Kolkata may be recommended to women in their mid-30s when other options have failed or when other health conditions such as fallopian tube damage, ovulation disorders, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, previous tubal sterilization or removal, impaired sperm function, unexplained infertility, genetic disorders, or for fertility preservation due to cancer or other health conditions. Therefore it is wise to discuss all available treatments with a fertility specialist prior to embarking upon IVF therapy treatment plan In Kolkata. It is important to discuss all available options with a fertility specialist to determine the best course of IVF treatment In Kolkata.

Why Choose IHR India For IVF treatment in Kolkata?

At IHR Kolkata, we offer the best ivf specialist in india, providing couples struggling with infertility the opportunity to achieve their dream of having a child. We use advanced medical technologies and modern infrastructure to offer personalized treatment plans tailored to the unique needs of each patient. Our team of experienced and caring medical staff works closely with patients at every step, providing support and guidance throughout their fertility journey. With a high success rate of 70%, we are a leading choice for both domestic and international patients that are seeking for ivf specialist in kolkata. We are committed to making superior infertility treatments that are affordable and accessible to a larger population, helping more couples fulfill their dream of parenthood.

Our team of experts, fertility breakthrough results and a 70% success rate made us a unique option for desired couples. We are trying our best to make superior infertility treatments inexpensive to a larger population.

Reasons To Choose Us:

1. We are passionate about helping infertile couples with our definite solutions. 2. All our methods are well-tested and tried. 3. We always focus on reducing the mental and physical stress of our patient so that they go successfully in their IVF treatment. 4. Our medical staff is supportive and help you in every step of your IVF fertility journey. 5. We deliver supreme services for male and female infertility that results in better outcomes for both mothers and babies.

Do you have difficulty conceiving a child? Couples who have failed to conceive using other methods often consider IVF treatment in Kolkata. Here are some reasons why couples consider IVF treatment:

1. Tubal Factor: When the fallopian tubes become blocked or damaged, IVF may be the only viable way to achieve pregnancy. Since the fallopian tubes connect ovaries to womb, and an egg cannot travel down them without impediments, pregnancy cannot occur naturally.

2. Male Infertility: It is a common reason for infertility in couples. If the male partner has low sperm count or abnormalities that hinder fertilization of the egg, IVF with ICSI is frequently recommended for a successful pregnancy and biological baby.

3. Age-related Infertility: As women age, their ovarian function decreases and they may find it increasingly difficult to get pregnant. Some women��s ovarian function decreases earlier, making it necessary to consider IVF treatment sooner.

4. PCOS: Patients living with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) frequently have difficulty becoming pregnant. IVF treatment may be beneficial and help lower some risk factors.

5. Undetermined Infertility: Approximately 20% of couples experience unexplained infertility, without any identifiable reason. IVF treatment has proven to be successful in such cases.

6. Genetic Disease: Couples suffering from genetic disorders who experience repeated miscarriages should consider IVF treatment as the only option for a successful pregnancy.

[head-post]

Surrogacy group accused of exploiting vulnerable Argentine women

An international surrogacy network exploited impoverished women, denied miscarriage payments and “commercialised” babies in Argentina, The Guardian reports.

A team of prosecutors said they uncovered a “criminal enterprise” that charged foreign couples about $50,000 per child born through surrogacy in Argentina.

They said “vulnerable women in difficult economic situations” were targeted and recruited through social media. Women were offered $10,000, with a bonus of $1,000 to $2,000 if they gave birth by caesarean section.

But if the pregnancies were terminated for any reason – such as miscarriage – the companies refused to pay the surrogates except for minimal monthly expenses, prosecutors allege.

Earlier this month, police searched four fertility centres in Buenos Aires and two in Rosario, seven notary offices and three law firms, seizing medical and payment documents. The Public Prosecutor’s Office, together with the Human Trafficking and Exploitation Unit, is investigating all those involved in the crimes of human trafficking and the “commercialisation” of children. Prosecutors said:

“Those under investigation carried out a criminal enterprise dedicated to the recruitment of women, many of them vulnerable and in conditions of economic deprivation, with the aim of subjecting them to exploitation comparable to reduction to servitude.” 

A source close to the investigation said those who ran the scheme, advertised by various individuals and companies as Programme Argentina, were “making significant profits.”

Nigel Cantwell, founder of Defence for Children International and one of the world’s leading authorities on child protection policy, said the allegations in Argentina were “particularly egregious.” He also added:

“If the women were not being paid for their services when there was a problem during the pregnancies, then it was pure sale of children. It’s an extraordinarily difficult thing to try to defend on an ethical basis.”

No rules on surrogacy

There are no international rules or treaties on surrogacy, and national rules vary widely. In wealthy countries, surrogacy often goes through pre-screening, counselling and legal advice, and in the UK prospective parents are vetted by social workers.

But surrogate mothers in developing countries are often poor and illiterate, and experts say some sign contracts without understanding all the documentation. There is usually little or no vetting of those who apply for surrogacy, Cantwell said.

Prosecutors said the Argentine investigation began in January when a 58-year-old German woman brought a three-month-old baby in “very poor health” to the emergency room of a Bonn hospital. It turned out that the baby had been born in Argentina through surrogacy. The German police decided that the woman was unable to care for the child and placed her in temporary foster care.

In recent years, several developing countries have attempted to put an end to international surrogacy – in 2015, Thailand and India banned foreigners from paying for surrogacy – but the practice continues to boom. Experts estimate that the value of the global surrogacy industry was worth $14bn in 2022, rising to $17.9bn in 2023 and reaching $139bn by 2032.

Read more HERE

[singhmonalisa]

Understanding the Laparoscopy Center for Women: A Comprehensive Guide

In recent years, medical technology has advanced significantly, particularly in the field of minimally invasive surgery. One such technique that has gained prominence is laparoscopy. For women, this technique is especially important, addressing various reproductive and abdominal health issues. In this blog, we will explore what a laparoscopy center for women is, the benefits of laparoscopic procedures, the conditions it treats, and what patients can expect from their experience at these specialized centres.

What is a Laparoscopy Center for Women?

A laparoscopy center for women is a specialized medical facility focused on providing laparoscopic surgical procedures tailored to women’s health needs. These centers are equipped with advanced technology and staffed by experienced surgeons who specialize in minimally invasive techniques. Laparoscopy involves using small incisions and a camera (laparoscope) to visualize and operate on internal organs, allowing for quicker recovery times and less postoperative discomfort.

Importance of Specialized Care

Women’s health encompasses unique medical conditions, from reproductive health to hormonal disorders. A laparoscopy center for women offers specialized care that considers these unique needs, providing treatments that are both effective and sensitive to women’s health concerns.

Benefits of Laparoscopic Surgery

Laparoscopic surgery has several advantages over traditional open surgery. Understanding these benefits can help women make informed decisions regarding their healthcare.

1. Minimally Invasive Procedure

One of the primary benefits of laparoscopic surgery is its minimally invasive nature. With only small incisions, patients experience less tissue damage compared to open surgery. This approach is particularly advantageous for women undergoing procedures related to the reproductive system.

2. Reduced Pain and Discomfort

Patients typically report less postoperative pain following laparoscopic surgery. The smaller incisions lead to reduced trauma to the body, resulting in less pain and discomfort during recovery. This is especially crucial for women who may already be dealing with chronic pain conditions.

3. Shorter Recovery Time

The recovery time associated with laparoscopic procedures is significantly shorter than that of traditional surgery. Many women can return to their daily activities within a few days, which is particularly beneficial for those with busy schedules or family responsibilities.

4. Minimal Scarring

Laparoscopic surgery results in minimal scarring, which is an essential factor for many women concerned about their appearance post-surgery. Smaller incisions translate to less noticeable scars, allowing patients to feel more confident in their bodies after recovery.

5. Lower Risk of Infection

Because laparoscopic procedures involve smaller incisions, the risk of infection is typically lower compared to open surgery. This aspect is particularly important for women who may have concerns about infection and complications following surgery.

Conditions Treated at a Laparoscopy Center for Women

Laparoscopy centers for women treat a variety of conditions, ranging from benign to more serious health issues. Below are some common conditions that may require laparoscopic intervention:

1. Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, leading to pain and fertility issues. Laparoscopic surgery can be used to remove these endometrial growths, providing relief and improving fertility chances.

2. Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries that can cause pain and other complications. A laparoscopy center for women can offer cyst removal through minimally invasive techniques, preserving healthy ovarian tissue.

3. Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths in the uterus that can lead to heavy menstrual bleeding and discomfort. Laparoscopic myomectomy is a procedure performed to remove fibroids while preserving the uterus, making it a suitable option for women looking to maintain their reproductive health.

4. Ectopic Pregnancy

In an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often in a fallopian tube. This condition can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical intervention. Laparoscopic surgery can be used to remove the ectopic tissue while preserving the woman’s reproductive organs.

5. Pelvic Pain

Chronic pelvic pain can stem from various sources, including adhesions, endometriosis, or fibroids. Laparoscopic exploration can help identify the cause of the pain, allowing for appropriate treatment.

6. Hysterectomy

In certain cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be necessary. Laparoscopic hysterectomy offers a minimally invasive option for women needing this procedure, resulting in less pain and quicker recovery.

What to Expect at a Laparoscopy Center for Women

Visiting a laparoscopy center for women can be a new experience for many. Understanding the process can alleviate anxiety and help patients prepare for their surgical journey.

1. Consultation and Evaluation

The journey begins with a consultation where the physician evaluates the patient’s medical history and current health status. This evaluation helps determine whether laparoscopic surgery is the appropriate treatment option.

2. Preoperative Preparations

If laparoscopic surgery is deemed necessary, the medical team will provide preoperative instructions. Patients may need to fast for a certain period and avoid certain medications leading up to the procedure.

3. The Surgical Procedure

On the day of surgery, patients are typically given general anesthesia. The surgeon will make small incisions in the abdomen to insert the laparoscope and other surgical instruments. The procedure duration varies based on the complexity of the condition being treated.

4. Recovery and Postoperative Care

Post-surgery, patients are monitored for a short period before being discharged. Recovery instructions will be provided, including pain management strategies and activity restrictions. Most women can return to light activities within a few days but should avoid strenuous activities for a few weeks.

5. Follow-Up Appointments

Follow-up appointments are crucial to monitor the healing process and ensure there are no complications. During these visits, the physician will assess the patient’s recovery and discuss any further treatment if necessary.

Choosing the Right Laparoscopy Center for Women

Selecting the right laparoscopy center for women is essential for ensuring a positive surgical experience. Here are some factors to consider:

1. Accreditation and Credentials

Ensure that the center is accredited and that the surgeons are board-certified and experienced in laparoscopic procedures. This guarantees a high standard of care.

2. Range of Services

Choose a center that offers a comprehensive range of services, from diagnostic evaluations to surgical procedures and postoperative care.

3. Patient Reviews and Testimonials

Reading patient reviews and testimonials can provide insight into the quality of care and patient satisfaction. Look for feedback regarding the center's staff, facilities, and overall experience.

4. Supportive Environment

A good laparoscopy center for women should provide a supportive environment that prioritizes women’s health and well-being. The staff should be compassionate, attentive, and responsive to patients’ needs.

Conclusion

A laparoscopy center for women offers essential services for addressing various health concerns through minimally invasive surgical techniques. The benefits of laparoscopy, including reduced pain, shorter recovery times, and minimal scarring, make it an attractive option for women facing surgical interventions.

Whether dealing with conditions like endometriosis, ovarian cysts, or chronic pelvic pain, women can find relief and support through specialized laparoscopy centers. By understanding what to expect and choosing the right facility, patients can embark on their surgical journey with confidence, knowing they are in capable hands.

[fertilitycentreindia]

Surrogacy Cost in Subhash Nagar: A Comprehensive Overview

Subhash Nagar has become an increasingly popular destination for surrogacy in India, offering a balance between affordability and high-quality medical services. For couples and individuals exploring surrogacy options, understanding the overall cost involved is crucial to making informed decisions. Fertility Centre India provides comprehensive surrogacy packages in Subhash Nagar that cover medical, legal, and surrogate-related expenses, ensuring a smooth and transparent process for intended parents.

Average Surrogacy Cost in Subhash Nagar

The surrogacy cost in Subhash Nagar generally ranges between ₹12,00,000 and ₹18,00,000. This range can vary depending on several factors such as the clinic chosen, the surrogate’s compensation, medical procedures, and any additional services like egg or sperm donation. Despite being more cost-effective compared to international destinations, the clinics in Subhash Nagar are well-equipped with advanced technologies and experienced fertility specialists, ensuring a high standard of care.

Breakdown of Surrogacy Costs

Medical Expenses: The largest portion of surrogacy costs comes from the medical procedures, including in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer, and prenatal care for the surrogate mother. These procedures are conducted by highly experienced fertility experts using state-of-the-art technologies.

Surrogate Compensation: Surrogates in Subhash Nagar receive fair compensation for their commitment throughout the pregnancy. This includes their healthcare, living expenses, and a fee for their service. The compensation is included in the overall surrogacy package.

Legal Fees: Legal support is crucial in ensuring a smooth surrogacy process. Surrogacy laws in India provide clear guidelines, and the cost includes drafting agreements, ensuring parental rights, and other legal formalities to protect both intended parents and the surrogate.

Additional Services: Depending on individual circumstances, some intended parents may require additional services like egg or sperm donation, which can increase the overall cost. Genetic testing, screening, and insurance for the surrogate may also be part of the package if required.

Factors Influencing Surrogacy Costs

Several factors can influence the final cost of surrogacy in Subhash Nagar, such as the fertility clinic’s reputation, the number of IVF cycles needed, and whether there are any special medical conditions or procedures required. Intended parents should discuss these factors with their fertility clinic to get a personalized estimate based on their unique needs.

Why Choose Subhash Nagar for Surrogacy?

Subhash Nagar offers several advantages for intended parents seeking surrogacy. The clinics here are well-regarded for their advanced technology, experienced staff, and commitment to personalized care. Moreover, the legal framework in India makes the process safe and straightforward, allowing intended parents to secure their parental rights efficiently.

With a supportive medical environment, affordable pricing, and strong legal backing, Subhash Nagar provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for those looking to grow their families through surrogacy.

Conclusion

The surrogacy cost in Subhash Nagar is designed to offer intended parents an affordable yet comprehensive solution that includes all necessary medical, legal, and surrogate care services. Fertility Centre India is dedicated to guiding you through the surrogacy journey with transparency and compassion, ensuring that your dream of parenthood becomes a reality.

[insightsbyskyquest]

Medical Tourism Market Size, Share, and Growth Analysis 2031

Medical tourism, the practice of traveling to another country for medical treatment, has gained significant momentum over the past decade. With advancements in healthcare, a growing number of people are seeking high-quality medical services at affordable prices outside their home countries. This article explores the medical tourism market size, share, and growth analysis projected for 2031.

Market Overview

The global medical tourism market has witnessed substantial growth, driven by factors such as rising healthcare costs in developed countries, an increase in chronic diseases, and the availability of advanced medical technologies in emerging markets. Global Medical Tourism Market size was valued at USD 20.7 Billion in 2023 to USD 84.29 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 19.2% in the forecast period (2024-2031).

Get Free Sample PDF Report - https://www.skyquestt.com/sample-request/medical-tourism-market

Key Factors Driving Growth

1. Cost-Effectiveness - One of the primary drivers of medical tourism is the cost advantage. Countries like India, Thailand, and Mexico offer medical procedures at a fraction of the cost compared to the U.S. and Europe. For instance, procedures such as orthopaedic surgery, dental work, and cosmetic surgery can cost up to 70% less in these countries.

2. Advanced Medical Facilities - Many countries that are popular among medical tourists boast state-of-the-art medical facilities. These hospitals often meet international accreditation standards, ensuring that patients receive high-quality care. Countries like Singapore and Turkey have made significant investments in healthcare infrastructure, attracting international patients.

3. Globalization and Information Accessibility - The internet has made information about medical facilities and services more accessible. Patients can now easily research options and read reviews from previous patients, enabling informed decisions. Social media and patient forums play a crucial role in shaping perceptions of medical tourism destinations.

4. Treatment for Specific Conditions - Many medical tourists seek specialized treatments that may not be readily available or affordable in their home countries. This includes procedures such as fertility treatments, organ transplants, and advanced cancer therapies. The availability of specialized services in countries like India and Costa Rica has contributed to their popularity.

Medical Tourism Market Segmental Analysis

The Global Tourism Market is segmented into Treatment Type, Service Provider, Destination, and Region.

- Based on treatment type, the market is divided into cosmetic tourism, cardiovascular treatment, and orthopedic.

- Based on service provider, the market is segmented into private and public.

- Based on destination, the market is divided into domestic and international.

- Based on region, the market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa, and Latin America.

Top Player’s Company Profile - MOHW Hengchun Tourism Hospital, Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Ltd., Bumrungrad International Hospital, Mount Elizabeth Hospitals,  Dr. B. L. Kapur Memorial Hospital, Kasemrad Hospital International Rattanathibet, Mission Hospital, Bangkok Hospital, Miot Hospital, Penang Adventist Hospital, Samitivej Pcl., Barbados Fertility Center, KPJ Healthcare Berhad, Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital, Prince Court Medical Centre, Fortis Healthcare Limited

Future Outlook

The medical tourism market is poised for substantial growth in the coming years. Key trends to watch include:

- Telemedicine: The integration of telemedicine will allow patients to consult with doctors remotely before traveling, enhancing convenience and safety.

- Wellness Tourism: There is a growing trend towards wellness tourism, where patients seek preventive care and holistic treatments.

- Health Packages: More healthcare providers are offering bundled packages that include travel, accommodation, and medical procedures, simplifying the process for patients.

Read Medical Tourism Market Report - https://www.skyquestt.com/report/medical-tourism-market The medical tourism market is expected to experience robust growth through 2031, driven by cost-effectiveness, advanced medical facilities, and increasing accessibility to information. While challenges remain, the future of medical tourism looks promising as more individuals seek affordable and high-quality healthcare options globally. As the industry evolves, stakeholders must focus on ensuring patient safety and regulatory compliance to foster a sustainable environment for medical travellers.