#industrial multi sim cellular router

[inhandnetworks-blog]

ALMA Discovers a Weak and Wildly Disorganized Magnetic Field Near a wastewater treatment   Protostar

www.inhandnetworks.com

Artist impression of chaotic magnetic field lines very near a newly emerging protostar. NRAO/AUI/NSF; D. Berry

Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), a team of astronomers has discovered a surprisingly weak and wildly disorganized magnetic field very near a newly emerging protostar. These observations suggest that the impact of a magnetic field on star formation is more complex than previously thought.

For decades, scientists believed that the magnetic field lines coursing around newly forming stars were both  IoT gateway powerful and unyielding, working like jail bars to corral star-forming material. More recently, astronomers have found tantalizing evidence that large-scale turbulence far from a nascent star can drag magnetic fields around at will.

The researchers used ALMA to map the magnetic field surrounding the young protostar dubbed Ser-emb 8, which resides about 1,420 light-years away in the Serpens star-forming region. These new observations are the most sensitive ever made of the small-scale magnetic fields surrounding a young protostar. They also provide important insights into the formation of low-mass stars like our own sun.

Previous observations with other telescopes found that magnetic fields surrounding some young protostars form a classic “hourglass” shape – a hallmark of a strong magnetic field – that starts near the protostar and extends many light-years into the surrounding cloud of dust and gas.

“Before now, we didn’t know if all stars formed in regions that were controlled by strong magnetic fields. Using ALMA, we found our answer,” said Charles L. H. “Chat” Hull, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and lead author on a paper appearing in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. “We can now study magnetic fields in star-forming clouds on the broadest of scales all the way down to the forming star itself. This is exciting because it may mean stars can emerge from a wider range of conditions than we once thought.”

ALMA is able to study magnetic fields at the small scales inside star-forming clumps by mapping the polarization of light emitted by dust grains that have aligned themselves with madistribution line sensorgnetic fields.

By comparing the structure of the magnetic field in the observations with cutting-edge supercomputer simulations on multiple scales, the astronomers gained important insights into the earliest stages of magnetized star formation. The simulations – which extend from a relatively nearby 140 astronomical units from the protostar (about four times the distance from the sun to Pluto) to as far out as 15 light-years – were performed by CfA astronomers Philip Mocz and Blakesley Burkhart, who are co-authors on the paper.

In the case of Ser-emb 8, the astronomers believe they have captured the original remote maintenance   magnetic field around the star “red handed,” before outflowing material from the star could erase the pristine signature of the magnetic field in the surrounding molecular cloud, noted Mocz.

“Our observations show that the importance of the magnetic field in star formation can vary widely from star to star,” concluded Hull. “This protostar formed in a weakly magnetized environment dominated by turbulence, while previous observations show sources that clearly formed in strongly magnetized environments. We need further research to understand how common each scenario is.”

Study: Unveiling the Role of the Magnetic Field at the Smallest Scales of Star Formation

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[globalmarketreports]

Travel WI-FI and SIM Card Market Size, Demand, Latest Trends and Forecast to 2027

The Travel WI-FI and SIM Card Market report, at first, has given a brief understanding of the industry through basic overview. This overview includes the market definition, key applications of the product, and the recent manufacturing technology employed for such production. The global Travel WI-FI and SIM Card market has been analyzed in detail to gain an understanding of the competitive landscape, key regional status, and recent trends noted in the relevant industry.

Request Sample Copy of this Report @ https://qualiketresearch.com/request-sample/Travel-WI-FI-and-SIM-Card-Market/request-sample

Travel SIM card also referred as Travel SIM or International SIM card which are either prepaid SIM cards or Card with pay as per plans. It can be for specific country or wide coverage of different counties. Travel WI-FI keeps connected around the world without any roaming. On the basis of offerings travel WI-FI and SIM cards are categorized into SIM Cards, and WI-FI Routers, and Others.

Market Drivers

Continuous technological development in IT sector as a result of several liberalization in the policies of Foreign Direct Investment by many government bodies. Many companies have set up offices in multiple counties. Nowadays people working with multi-national companies which are required to travel frequently from one country to another for attending business meetings, sales purposes, and visit clients.  Also, students are increasingly opting for foreign degree and education which is expected to boost the global travel WI-FI and SIM card market growth.  Furthermore, large number of people travels every year to various countries for medical treatment which is expected to positively influence the market growth during this forecast period. Moreover, some people spending their holidays in foreign countries for a short duration. It is expected to boost the demand for global travel WI-FI and SIM card market growth.

Market Restraints

The recent COVID 19 pandemic has affected countries across the globe. Therefore, many government bodies have announced lockdowns to inhibit the spread of this infectious disease which is expected to hinder the global travel WI-FI and SIM Card market growth.

Market Key Players

Various key players are profiled in this report such as Deutsche Telekom AG, Belmont Telecom Inc, Matrix Cellular, Keepgo, Orange, SimOptions, SKY UK, Telefonica S.A, SoftBank, Sprint Corporation, WorldSIM, and Top Cennect OU.

Market Taxonomy

By Offerings

SIM Cards

WI-FI Routers

Others

By Payment Mode

Prepaid

Postpaid

By Usage Radius

Regional Locked

Regional Unlocked

By Distribution Channel

Online

Offline

By Region

North America

Latin America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Middle East & Africa

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[usriot-technology]

USRIOT has Launched New 4G Wireless Router and Serial Modem GW-R4513

USRIOT has Launched New 4G wireless cellular router and cellular Modem GW-R4513. GW-R4513 is a 4G wireless router with powerful modem function, which provides users with an integrated solution of 4G router and cellular modem.

GW-R4513 adopts the high performance embedded structure of the industry, and provides reliable data transmission network for the data transmission fields of smart home, smart grid, personal medical, industrial control and so on.Support wired WAN ports, LAN ports, wireless WLAN network, 4G network interface, rich and diverse networking functions, easy for users to lay their own network. Function:Support 1 wired LAN ports, 1 wired WAN ports (WAN ports can be switched to LAN ports).Support 1 WIFI wireless LANSupport multiple LED communication indicatorsSupport SSH, TELNET, Web multi plat form management configuration mode.Support one button to restore factory settings.The wired net ports support 10/100Mbps rate.Support VPN Client (PPTP/L2TP/IPSEC/GRE/OPENVPN/SSTP) and supports VPN encryption and static IP functions.Support APN automati c checking network, 2/3/4G system switching, SIM information display, support APN/VPDN special network card.Support for wired wireless multi network simultaneous online and multi network intelligent switching backup Support for wired wireless multi network simultaneous online and multi network intelligent switching backup functionfunctionSupport remote upgrade and remSupport remote upgrade and remote monitoring.ote monitoring.Support Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS), Static Routing, PPPOE, DHCP, Static IP FunctionSupport Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS), Static Routing, PPPOE, DHCP, Static IP FunctionSupport mandatory portal (WIFIDOG), this function needs to be customized accodeing to customer needs.Support mandatory portal (WIFIDOG), this function needs to be customized accodeing to customer needs.Support the firewall, NAT, DMZ host, access conSupport the firewall, NAT, DMZ host, access control blacktrol black--andand--white list, IP speed limit, NTP, MAC speed limit.white list, IP speed limit, NTP, MAC speed limit.Support SMS AT commandSupport SMS AT commandSupport 4 network connections online, support TCP Server, TCP Client, UDP Server and UDP ClientSupport 4 network connections online, support TCP Server, TCP Client, UDP Server and UDP ClientEvery connection supports 20KB serial data cache. When connection is abnEvery connection supports 20KB serial data cache. When connection is abnormal, cached data can ‘t be lost.ormal, cached data can ‘t be lost.Support for sending registration package / heartbeat data.Support for sending registration package / heartbeat data.Support network transmission mode, HTTPD mode, UDC mode and USRSupport network transmission mode, HTTPD mode, UDC mode and USR--Cloud.Cloud.Support basic instruction setSupport basic instruction setSupport external hardware watchdog design to ensure system stSupport external hardware watchdog design to ensure system stability.ability. Related Products

Industrial Wireless 4G LTE Router and RS485 to 4G modem

GW-R4513

[mobilelteawifi-blog]

LTE The Dueling 4G Standards

4G promises to revolutionize the way in which we communicate the way analog cell phones did as the primary generation, digital cell phones in the second era, and multi-media did within the third era - by connecting folks to the Web at speeds as much as six occasions as fast compared to 3G, and while you are on the go. Two competing applied sciences considered as 4G, WiMax and LTE, are at present within the works.

The first wi-fi Web service supplier (WISP) for WiMax is Clearwire Company that's majority owned by Sprint Nextel whereas the WISP for LTE is Verizon. WiMax is already accessible in some cities within the nation reaching around 41 million people. Clearwire plans to roll out the service into extra markets, growing its reach to one hundred twenty million individuals by the 12 months's end. Verizon is ready to make 4G LTE out there in selected areas on the end of the year.

WiMax guarantees the last word speed in wireless broadband with speeds of up to 6 Mbps in comparison with a maximum of 1 Mbps for WiFi, a 3G expertise. The speeds simply permit video streaming and online gaming even whereas traveling. Other than the apparent advantage in speed, WiMax also offers a a lot wider coverage space of around 6 miles for a single base station in comparison lte-a with a WiFi router that can reach solely about a hundred yards - enough just for a WiFi hotspot such as a coffee store or a single floor in a constructing. A single WiMax station alternatively can cover a whole city or an enormous a part of it at the very least, in order that one can move across the city while remaining related, placing the cell in mobile Internet.

As WiMax becomes accessible to extra folks, producers have already adopted the new expertise by delivery WiMax ready laptops and netbooks. These moveable units can be utilized on a WiMax lined area with none further installation of hardware or software program. For portables that aren't WiMax prepared but, Clearwire is offering a COMPUTER card that may be installed in a laptop's PCMCIA slot. After the driving force is put in, the laptop computer can begin connecting via an accessible WiMax sign.

We can access the web from (nearly) anywhere these days. With our computers, laptops, phones and tablets. Can you imagine that it was only the late 90s that cellphones became well-liked? The fast-paced mobile expertise world is evolving sooner than a number of us can keep up with.

Now we are able to make video calls to the opposite aspect of the world with Skype on our iPads, we will obtain music onto our iPhones, we are able to take pictures and paste them onto Fb from the seaside. We really have come a good distance in the last decade.

How does it work? Telecom firms in Australia arrange Wireless networks which span massive portions of inhabited Australia. You will have in all probability seen cellular towers round cities or on hills as you travel by way of the nation. These towers traditionally used as voice hubs now also transmit and receive information, i.e your internet and emails to and from your mobile internet gadget and your laptop.

You shouldn't confuse cellular web with a home wireless community. Mobile web is the place you are offered a SIM card in your machine and can hook up with the web by way of a Telecom provider equivalent to Optus or Telstra almost anywhere. A home wireless network is generally a router that sits in your house and creates a small wi-fi network for individuals in your home to connect to the internet.

You might have heard the term 3G or 4G earlier than, this term refers to the teams of expertise used to run the wireless network e.g. 3rd era or 4th technology. 3G and 4G are primarily marketing phrases which simplify groups of superior applied sciences which most prospects don't need or need to learn about.

The difference between the 3G and 4G network is that the 4G network makes use of newer technologies. quicker and a extra robust connection.

For the time being, the one Telecom nation to have an energetic 4G community is Telstra. Their LTE (Long run evolution) community is active and being used by the final inhabitants.

The LTE network is not true 4G however it does provide customers 4G speeds and that is all we need to fear about.

Telstra declare download speeds on their 4G community between 2Mbps and 40Mbps, although it seems to be uncommon to be getting speeds on the prime finish of that claim. Still, it is a important enhance on Telstra's 3G speeds which generally round an average of 2Mbps. These wireless network speeds can differ dramatically subject to changers in distance from tower, volume of use and your system configuration.

Nowadays, the mobile internet is an inevitable subject. The cell web, which is an increasing new market, has develop into the event focus of the communication business chain. This new market will develop into the biggest wager in the future ten years, and even twenty years.

The Cell World Congress is an expo with the largest scale and influence. The top movable terminal merchandise, the modern operating system and the most superior network methods are exhibited collectively in this expo. Bert Nordberg, the CEO of Sony Ericsson, introduced their Xperial Play to propagate. This company has the history more than ten years, and so they showed their ambition at the moment. Sony Ericsson becomes the largest producers of Android system everywhere in the world. Meanwhile, HTC has launch 5 good telephones and the tablet pc Flyer. Although these six products all apply the Android operating system, HTV never surrender the cooperation with WP working system.

One factor to be talked about is that every one the terminal producers have released their new products which apply the Android system on this yr's Cell World congress. All the conspicuous places of the expo have the inexperienced robot brand. It's little question that the Android has become the new favourite of the cellular internet, while this working system has been queried by your complete business. Presently, the Cell World Congress is not the sumptuous banquet just for the operators. The communication industry line shouldn't be determined by the operators any longer. The emphasis of the position is altering in the mobile communication industry. The data move will increase by one thousand% in the future ten years, and only the massive companies, like Apple and Google, can be benefited from it.

A rising number of people are using wi-fi to hook up with the World Large Net on their computer systems. When you're not familiar with the time period but, cellular broadband refers to wireless Internet entry by way of a USB modem or a cell phone which has a tethering characteristic. Cell Internet entry was first used 1991 with the release of 2G wireless know-how. Greater speeds grew to become available with the launch of 3G and 4G networks in 2001 and 2006, respectively. LTE network technology is getting an increasing number of well-liked right this moment because it claims download speeds of one hundred Mbps.

Benefits of utilizing wireless devices

Units like Wind wi-fi web stick present quite a few advantages. To begin with, by utilizing one, you no longer must pay a monthly subscription to maintain a landline, which possibly won't get used because you make and receive calls through your cellular phone.

Additionally, they're really light-weight, even the larger models can fit conveniently in your pocket. For that reason, they are a wonderful choice for individuals who transfer or journey steadily or if a hard and fast connection is just not the best option.

A wireless knowledge stick additionally has a plug and play function which implies you don't have to have a power outlet to make use of one, however as an alternative is plugged directly to your laptop's USB port. This offers a quick and convenient technique to the Internet even during blackouts, offered in fact that your laptop computer computer is charged. Also, they are ready to use whenever you purchase them in comparison to wired connections which may require hours, and in some locations, even days to set up.

Although regular broadband connections can be found in urban areas, there are a number of places that are yet to have this facility. For such locations, cellular Internet could also be used.

Cell broadband plans also have various pay as you go options, which are not often out there in wired broadband connections. Such characteristic permits you to spend much less, notably when your Web activities aren't that data-intensive. In case you use the net for checking and sending emails and searching data, mobile broadband is more very best. Observe the link to know the varied plans obtainable by Wind cellular broadband stick.

In many cases, you can get wi-fi sticks that do not have lock-in intervals, so you'll be able to go for a brand new supplier in case you discover the service dangerous or unreliable or if another provider has a better deal.

Some cell broadband devices even let you share the connection wirelessly to several devices or users. More often than not, these gadgets have their very own rechargeable batteries, so they don't need to be plugged to the laptop whenever you want to use the Internet.

As utilization of the Web on mobile phones will increase, there are terminologies which are thrown round by manufacturers and cell phone operators at the junta. The 'G' in 2G, 3G, 4G even stands for Era. The earlier iteration of cell expertise used analog radio alerts. Since 2G, digital radio alerts were used instead. After the introduction of 2G, the earlier generation was known as '1G' or 1st Technology of wi-fi phone expertise.

After 2G, came two stepping stone iterations that almost all of us will associate with. With 2.5G (a.k.a GPRS) introduced web hurries up the range of 100 kbps. Subsequent in line was 2.75G or EDGE, which elevated the maximum theoretical velocity by more than double to 236.eight kbps.

Next came the large leap - 3G. OK, the leap may sound huge in terms of the push from 2 to 3(G), but really the velocity didn't really enhance enormously, since the first iteration of 3G took it as much as 384 kbps. Nevertheless it was the start of a brand new revolution in cell internet - Phones started coming out with front-going through video cameras the pace had crossed an acceptable normal (back then, that is) to conduct video calls.

three.5G introduced a quantum leap, taking speeds from kbps to Mbps - three.1 Mbps to be exact. Tech lovers will keep in mind this iteration as HSDPA or Excessive Pace Downlink Packet Access. This is the minimum velocity that we are able to count on to get with our 3G networks in India at this time. The speeds more than doubled to 7.2 Mbps after.

3.75G was the final step before the evolution to 4G. Often called HSPA (and HSPA+), speeds began at 14 Mbps and reached 21.1 Mbps as was carried out and marketed by some telcos in India (like Reliance). The final leg seen before 4G was DC-HSPDA, with a theoretical speed of 42 Mbps.

4G (a.okay.a LTE or Long Time period Evolution) is presently the fastest generation of cell web technology with a theoretical cap of a blazingly fast a hundred Mbps. Open Wireless expertise (OWA) is one of the prime expertise for 4G and past.

People are all the time saying "Why do I've a restrict to my Web from Sprint or Verizon or ATT? They all have 5GB limits and that really cramps my type! I need Unlimited Cellular Broadband." Most people don't know what 5GB even is, so they don't want to worry all day about how much they use. I believe this scares more people than it might really have an effect on, since 5GB is more than most individuals ever use, but nonetheless it's kind of a ache.

Fortunately Sprint now has Limitless Cellular Broadband Web on their 4G community. Consider, there is nonetheless a 5GB restrict on the 3G community, however so long as you are on the 4G aspect you might be good to go. This is likely one of the essential reasons it makes sense to get a 4G/3G gadget. Do NOT waste your cash on a 3G only machine, you'll hate yourself in a 12 months when 4G is way more widespread. Not fairly often in life are choices fairly so easy. Sooner Service, Unlimited Internet, all for a similar monthly value as the older, slower know-how?

3G vs. 4G Mobile Internet Speeds:

3G = o.5 to 1.5Mbps Download pace and a 5GB monthly limit

4G = 1.5 to 6Mbps Download pace and UNLIMITED Web

What are among the 4G gadgets I'm talking about? The Franklin U301 was the first 4g gadget, then got here the Overdrive which is like the highly regarded Mifi, but adds 4G also. Sure, its a few dollars extra upfront, nevertheless it blows the mifi away in every other means. Get the Overdrive and you will thank me later! The next machine to come back out is the Sierra Wireless 250U which comes in an unusual looking round USB system... nevertheless it's very cool! It is also the primary one to have antenna ports so you possibly can add an exterior antenna for both the 3G side and the 4G side since they've totally different antennas for the completely different technologies.

Also, you may add a Cellular Router to any of the 4G USB units to create a Cellular Wifi HotSpot that can enable 5 or 10 customers to share one account over a whole home or small workplace

There is one telephone, the Dash HTC EVO that has a in-built 4G/3G hotspot. It is kind of like the Overdrive, in that it is it is personal router and can join as much as 8 units at the identical time. Nevertheless, if you are solely 3G, you may't make a name and use the Internet at the similar time, but you can use voice and internet on the same time if you're on 4G. A telephone as an Web router is first rate for one person, but not really a solution for a family or a small workplace like a USB gadget might be.

[addcrazy-blog]

New Post has been published on Add Crazy

New Post has been published on https://addcrazy.com/the-future-of-great-rapid-5g-net-is-a-multitude/

The Future of Great-Rapid 5G Net Is a multitude

“5G will connect everybody, and everything,” Tim Baxter, President of Samsung Electronics us, breathlessly advised a massive accumulating of reporters and enterprise analysts over the weekend. Baxter changed into on level at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, and his job changed into to persuade the room his organization is hyped on the Destiny. “We accept as true within 5G’s promise,” he said.

                                                     5G Net 

Hughesnet

Nokia, which announced new telephones at the conference, was also pumped about 5G. “It’s going to help form lives for people,” Nokia CEO Rajeev Suri informed the target audience all through the business enterprise’s keynote presentation. At an occasion earlier within the day, he stated that 5G is “no longer hype however quickly to come back fact.”

Quicker wi-fi Net is on absolutely everyone’s thoughts in recent times: Final week, the FCC authorized LTE-U gadgets at the 5GHz spectrum formerly used exclusively by way of and Bluetooth devices. That means telecom agencies like Verizon and T-Cellular could have larger planes to transmit their wi-fi on. “That is a sign iwi wireless increase in wireless innovation and a huge win for wireless purchasers,” FCC chairman Ajit Pai said in a statement. T-Cell at once announced plans to take advantage of the authorization by way of the quit of 2017. The identical day, Verizon declared that via the center of 2017 5G services might be rolled out to 11 cities.

In equity to the agencies stoking hype approximately Quicker wi-wireless Net, there is, in fact, surprising promise. telephones equipped for 5G, or maybe LTE-U will download in seconds what it takes mins to download today. Except for Faster speeds, 5G has tons lower latency so you can play competitive online multiplayer video games, and its higher performance in dense population centers approach you’re much less probable to wireless yourself with dropped calls or laggy speeds in locations like The big apple City or Chicago. The pass to Faster Cellular wi-fi wireless may also be a boon for rural groups and other in moderation populated components of The united states. Lots of those locales have presently stuck the usage of sluggish dial-up, spotty satellite, or inconsistent 4G wi-fi. In keeping with FCC Chairman Ajit Pai, wi-fi Net should help with rural America’s Internet issues. It’s presently wide variety on his Digital Empowerment Schedule for enhancing carrier in rural communities, and in a post to Medium Pai said he wants to “close the Digital divide—the distance between folks that use communications services and those who do no longer.”

All of the big corporations and their leaders are saying the identical thing: The 5G Destiny is now. however to accept as true with them approach you need to neglect who’s new wireless growing the new Amazing-Rapid Net: Requirements corporations which speak in miracles and complex technology, telecoms and consumer electronic companies that live to tell the tale on hype and broken guarantees, and the now anti-client FCC. This means that that the authentic promise of First-rate-Fast Net, whether or not LTE-U or 5G, will likely come long after the offerings themselves are available.

The primary trouble is that there’s competing tech vying to deliver wireless Internet speeds within the gigabit range. You’ve got LTE-U, that’s kind of a half of degree between the 4G we experience now, and the promise of 5G in the Future. A spokesperson for CTIA, a wi-fi industry advocacy group, defined there may be a distinction among LTE-U and 5G—that LTE-U is meant to “right away enhance carrier to Americans” at the same time as contributors of CTIA “also are making an investment in the 5G era.”

Although Matt Wood of FreePress is brief to point out that LTE-U’s promise ought to back wireless re. “LTE-U will be an excellent aspect for users,” Timber informed Gizmodo. “The problem is that if and when it’s used to crowd out other unlicensed services at the spectrum.” LTE-U operates on the same spectrum as conventional and traditional has protocols in the vicinity that preserve someone router or service from overwhelming another. which is why absolutely everyone in your condominium complex or wi-fi FW wireless constructing will have their own router. “If LTE-U gets aggressive and doesn’t follow installed protocols,” Wood said, “that’s terrible.”

In the meantime, the other an awful lot-lauded tech coming to supercharge your telephones has its very own troubles. First, 5G isn’t simply described wireless yet. 5G isn’t the name of particular tech, but an abbreviation for 5th era—as within the 5th era of Cellular networks. In 2015, the next technology Mobile Networks Alliance, an EU consortium of wi-wireless providers, researchers and Cell operators, published a white paper that attempted to outline 5G. 3GPP, a worldwide Requirements enterprise, published its very own white paper in advance this month with the identical aim. The international Telecommunications Union, a corporation underneath the United Countries, and the organization who regularly establishes Requirements like 5G, only issued its draft report Closing week. but white papers and drafts, whilst full of bold declarations and hard science, aren’t reputable Standards. And In line with the identical wi-fi from the ITU, that fashionable isn’t likely to be in the region till 2020.

Stock Futures

As a consequence, a lot of the discussion currently around 5G stays so nebulous that talking approximately 5G is a form of like speak about the residence you intend to construct even as handiest being in the “layout it in Sims” segment. In mild of this, the news about fundamental 5G developments feels less like the Destiny of Mobile wi-wireless Internet and greater like advertising and marketing spiels. What precisely does it mean when Qualcomm proclaims a 5G ready modem and Cellular CPU Ultimate fall, or Intel pronounces a modem at CES, or Samsung publicizes a 5G-prepared Cellular CPU Remaining week and new 5G routers over the weekend? These agencies are saying a Quicker the following day and making plans to apply roads that surely don’t exist but.

Part of the hassle is that the wi-wireless Net Exceptional highway of tomorrow may be very steeply-priced. building 5G to help more than phones—to help houses and driverless automobiles and the Net of things—is going to be just as highly-priced as constructing cable has been. 5G calls for base stations and cell web sites much like 4G, but the one’s base stations, in order to cope with the masses demanded by way of All the related gadgets in houses, need to be ample because of the base stations necessary for modern domestic Net answers like Google Fiber and Verizon FIOS.

“Cellularly is reliant on having a communications community on the ground,” Phillip Berenbroick of non-income Public Knowledge told Gizmodo, “and the economics have not wi-fi.”

And even whilst the infrastructure is built, you’re nonetheless managing corporations that aren’t very patron pleasant. Despite all the carriers lately re-embracing the idea unlimited information, telecoms do now not have a good record for preserving the airwaves open. learning wireless constantly comes earlier than user revel in.

AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon all count on that because they run the roads that they can do whatever they need. beneath the preceding administration, the FCC become a strident supporter of consumers’ rights. It hit AT&T with one hundred million greenback wi-fi over throttling “limitless” records for users and forced T-Mobile to make clear its own throttling policy in interactions with clients.

The contemporary FCC is wi-firmly anti-law—asking customers and businesses to fend for themselves. You should be lots more cynical approximately its willingness to diminish the transgressions of telecoms, wi-first as $one hundred purchaser routers wireless themselves angling for bandwidth in opposition to multi-million dollar cell web sites inside the LTE-U area, and later as those equal consumers demand the 5G they pay for and are denied via telecoms greater worried with their backside line.

The individuals who can also one day provide everybody’s Net desperately need to govern it, and the new FCC is extra than wi-fi to let them. So don’t anticipate absolute joy to return from deregulation and breathless product bulletins. As a long way, because the tech is worried, at the moment, 5G is just any other buzzword supposed to get you to upgrade.

The brand new 4G Provides Remarkable Fast Cellular Net

Long gone are the days when Cell phones are so chunky and heavy to carry, with just a most of four-liner display, which is not even colored; and just presented call carrier, not text. Nicely, the one’s days are Long gone! due to the fact in this era, Cell telephones get better and better. The evolution of Cell phones transpired so swiftly, which makes it so tough wireless to think that before, one would nevertheless bear with the notably big and heavy body of a cellular smartphone compared to modern almost as little as a compact powder sized phone. Certainly, with the improve of these phones, comes also the introduction of greater elaborate applications and offerings together with wi-wireless Cellular Net get entry to, gaming, video streaming, and so much greater.

Speaking of wi-fi Cell Net, That is wherein the so-called wi-fi telephone own family got here from, and all of them confer with Mobile Requirements. Heard approximately 3G? Nicely “G” simply stands for “era”, and sure – 3G owes its life from its grandfather, 1G and its dad and mom, 2G. A Cellular widespread, or technology is known as According to the offerings that it offers as complying to the spec wireless set for through the international Telecommunication Union. wi-wireless Cell Requirements have a protracted history, but with the introduction of 3G, it has revolutionized services into a whole new degree. And pretty, a brand new addition to the family is coming out – the fourth generation or 4G.

What is 4G?

additionally termed as the fourth generation or beyond 3G, the 4G is a new trendy of broadband Mobile communications that are expected to overthrow its already fantastic 3G predecessor. Despite the fact that Mobile Requirements authorities have no longer but settled upon what 4G would be, it’s miles expected to offer customers with cable modem transmission speeds that can help streaming video. In other words, it is Terriwiwireless Rapid Mobile Net.

Multitude Antonym

Even though 4G generation is still in its idea, agencies which might be pursuing its release seem to make 4G the brand new revolution in wi-fi wireless Cellular verbal exchange Requirements promising a better statistics price and broader bandwidth capability. The agencies running in this venture are targeting a high facts fee of 100 Mbps, a perfect connectivity that lets in customers to do international roaming in a couple of networks, and of direction, an Exceptional Rapid Cell Internet in an effort to help multimedia.

https://addcrazy.com/

[elinstechnologyshenzhen]

Why we choose H685fq 5G router?

The E-Lins H685fq is a compact, Gigabit Ethernet, ruggedized 3G/4G/LTE/5G cellular networking solution designed for mission-critical connectivity in the most challenging environments. It is qualified for M2M (Machine to Machine), IoT (Internet of Things) and In-Vehicle applications. Super mini size suitable for embedding applications. 

What fields or applications H685fq work in?

H685fq is widely used in more than twenty industrial fields, such as CCTV security surveillance, AMR, vehicle, retails, vending machines, power control, water schedule, traffic, oil field, weather forecast, environmental protection, street lamp control, post, bank and many other fields.

What key features of H685fq owns?

 Multi-carrier 2G/3G/4G LTE/5G support with SIM card slot

LAN/WAN Gigabit Ethernets * 2

Cellular/WAN RJ45/WiFi client failover and Load Balance (Bandwidth link bonding)

Supports LTE Advanced with SIM-based auto-carrier selection

Cloud-managed (with NMS network management system), TR-069, Web management, SMS, SSH/Telnet/Command, SNMP

WiFi (802.11 a/b/g/n, 2.4Ghz)

Certified 3G/4G/LTE enterprise/industrial grade internal modems

Built-in transient and reverse polarity voltage protection, over-current and over-voltage protection;

5-40V DC voltage input range (5-60V DC option), Dual Power Inputs / Power Failover;

GPS / GNSS support

Serial Port

DI/DO port * 4

Supports Ethernet (T1, DSL, Cable, MetroE), WiFi as WAN, and Metro WiFi

Ruggedized to ensure always-on connectivity

Create real-time alerts to monitor uptime

Offer secure, guest WiFi to passengers

Advanced security, VPN, and stateful firewall to protect sensitive data

Robust Metal Case is ruggedized for vibration, shock

Desktop, Wall-mount and Din-rail mount of installation

External antenna connectors for high gain antennas replacement

MIMO supported

Main Feature

Cellular 2G/3G/4G LTE/5G (FDD/TDD)(SA/NSA)

WiFi as WAN

Failover/Failback and Load Balance (Bandwidth  bonding)

Advanced Modem Failure Check

IP Passthrough

WAN  ports support Cell/Static IP/DHCP/PPPoE (on demand, keep alive, schedule,  manual, standby) 

DHCP  Server, Client, Relay

DNS  and DNS Proxy

DDNS

UPnP

DMZ

Multicast/Multicast  Proxy

QoS  (DSCP and Priority Queuing)

MAC  Address Filtering

VLAN  802.1Q 

802.11  a/b/g/n/AC

Up  to 64 connected devices

WPA2  Enterprise (WiFi)

Hotspot/Captive  Portal

SSID-based  Priority 

IPsec  Tunnel, PPTP, L2TP, GRE Tunnel, OpenVPN (option), DMVPN (option);

OSPF/BGP/RIP,  Virtual Server/Port Forwarding, IPv6 (option), VRRP; 

E-Lins  Enterprise Cloud Network Management System (NMS)

Web  UI, API, CLI/SSH/Telnet

Data  Usage Alerts (router and per client)

Advanced  Troubleshooting (support)

Device  Alerts

SNMP

SMS  control

TR-069 

RADIUS  and TACACS+ support

802.1x  authentication for Ethernet

Certificate  support

ALGs

MAC  Address Filtering

Advanced  Security Mode (local user management only)

Per-Client  Web Filtering

IP  Filtering

Content  Filtering (basic)

Website  Filtering

Zone-Based  Object Firewall with host address (IP or FQDN), port, and mac address

Other  Details: NAT, SPI, port blocking, service filtering (FTP, SMTP, HTTP, RPL,  SNMP, DNS, ICMP, NNTP, POP3, SSH), protocol filtering, WAN ping  (allow/ignore) 

Automated  WAN Failover/Failback support

WAN  Affinity and QoS allow prioritization of VoIP services

Advanced  VPN connectivity options to HQ

SIP  ALG and NAT to allow VoIP and UC communications to traverse firewall

MAC  Address Filtering

802.1p/q  for LAN QoS segmentation and treatment of VoIP on LAN

Private  Network support (wired and 4G WAN) 

support  firmware update locally, remotely (LAN, WiFi and OTA WAN) and NMS (Network  Management System) option; 

4  ports, 0-3.3V. Support status monitor via SMS and Email;

Option:  customers can order E-Lins switch control board (5-40VDC supported) 

Cellular  and WiFi MIMO supported;

Syslog  (local and remote);

DDNS;

DNS  proxy;

Optimized  EMC design;

Real-time  clock (NTP, support update with defined hours);

WAN/LAN/Memory  statistics;

Local/remote  profiles backup and retrieve;

Modbus  is supported;

 What Celluar bands H685fq supports?

Here are the bands H685fq supports:

Cellular

Compatible  Mobile Networks

5G  (SA and NSA)

4G LTE (FDD/TDD)

3G  UMTS WCDMA (HSUPA/HSDPA/HSPA/HSPA+/DC-HSPA+)

Cellular  Frequency

5G  Sub-6G:

n1/n2/n3/n5/n7/n8/n20/n28/n41/n66/n71/n77/n78/n79/n257/n261 

4G FDD LTE:

Band  1 – 2100Mhz

Band  2 – 1900Mhz

Band  3 –1800Mhz

Band  4 – AWS(1700/2100Mhz)

Band  5 – 850Mhz

Band  7 – 2600MHz

Band  8 – 900Mhz  Band 9 – 1700Mhz

Band  12 – 700Mhz

Band  13 – 700Mhz

Band  14 – 700Mhz

Band  17 – 700Mhz

Band  18 – 850Mhz

Band  19 – 800Mhz

Band  20 – 800Mhz

Band  21 – 1500Mhz

Band  25 – 1900Mhz G Block

Band  26 – 850Mhz

Band  28 – 700Mhz

Band  29 – 700Mhz (SDL)  Band 30 – 2300Mhz

Band  31 – 450Mhz

Band  32 – 1500Mhz (SDL)  Band 66 – 1700Mhz

Band  72 – 450Mhz  And other more FDD band… 

4G TDD LTE (TD-LTE):  Band 48 – 3600Mhz (CBRS)  Band 46 – 5200Mhz

Band  43 – 3700Mhz

Band  42 – 3500Mhz (CBRS)  Band 41 – 2500/2600Mhz

Band  40 – 2300Mhz

Band  39 – 1900Mhz

Band  38 – 2600Mhz

And  other more TDD band… 

UMTS/HSPA/HSUPA/HSPA/HSPA+/DC-HSPA+  (WCDMA/FDD):  2100MHz(B1)/1900MHz (B2)/1800MHz (B3)/ 1700MHz /AWS (B4)/850MHz (B5)/900MHz  (B8)/800MHz (B6)/1800MHz (B9)/850MHz (B19) 

Notes:  There are many different band and frequencies. Please confirm the detailed  band and frequency with your carriers before order.

Bandwidth

Downlink data: 5G/NR sub-6: 2Gbps-10Gbps, LTE 2.4Gbps

Uplink data: 5G/NR  sub-6:2.5Gbps, LTE 450Mbps 

Notes:  the bandwidth is peak value. Real value depends on carrier network support.

Network  and Band Lock Feature (Option)

Default is unlocked, can use this feature to lock

What other special features H685fq built-in?

Please check with E-Lins sales or tech team to get your answer.

[inhandnetworks-blog]

Researc low-cost M2M router  hers Pinpoint the Source of a Mysterious Magnetism

www.inhandnetworks.com

This image is an artist’s conception of a titanium atom in a man-made oxide heterostructure revealing magnetic properties to the probing X-ray beam of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource – even though under normal circumstances titanium is not magnetic at all. Greg Stewart/SLAC

In a newly published study, researchers from SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory proved that the magnetism in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure comes from the titanium atom.

Scientists from SLAC and Stanford have used finely tuned X-rays at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) to pin down the source of a mysterious magnetism that appears when two materials are sandwiched together.

Why is this mysterious?

Neither material shows a hint of magnetism on its own.

Both materials are perovskites, a class of mineral oxides whose unique electronic properties are of great interest to scientists. Perovskites already have a variety of industrial uses, and researchers are busy trying to find ways to transform some of them – such as the high-temperature superconductors – into materials that could transform our energy grid or help create environmentally friendly fuels.

These particular perovskites are known as LAO (lanthanum aluminum oxide) and STO (strontium titanium oxide), and both are insulators. But when sandwiched together, the resulting “heterostructure” can conduct electricity at the interface where the materials meet. In fact, w4g modem routerhen cooled to near-absolute zero this heterostructure becomes a superconductor, conducting electricity without any resistance. Even more puzzling, it displays magnetic qualities at the juncture where LAO and STO meet – something neither material does alone, even when doped with impurities to tune its properties.

Which particul healthcare  ar atoms acquire this new property? That&rsq Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  uo;s what the researchers wanted to learn, and the results of their study appeared this week in Nature Materials.

The researchers studied sample heterostructures, each one an extremely thin layer of LAO on an STO substrate. The samples were grown by the group of Harold Hwang of the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), a joint SLAC-Stanford institute. Hwang is an expert in this heterostructure; he’s been studying it for a decade.

SSRL Staff Scientist Jun-Sik Lee said the group relied on one very important property of SSRL’s X-rays: They can be tuned to just the right wavelength to probe the properties of a specific element. In other words, the researchers could use the X-rays to look only at the titanium in the STO slice of the heterostructure, or only at oxygen.

Their investigation pointed to one culprit. “We’ve proved the magnetism comes from the titanium atom,” said Lee, though precisely what is causing this change in a fundamental property is unclear. What’s more, the magnetism arises in what’s called the “ground state” of the titanium atoms, when they are at their lowest energy. In fact, the researchers pursued magnetism in the titanium atoms all the way down to 10 kelvins, 10 degrees above absolute zero.

That’s intriguing, said Lee, because the structure of this magnetic ground state in the titanium of STO is the same structure required for it to be able to transition to a superconductor. This hints at the possibility the LAO/STO interface may exhibit another unconventional behavior: magnetism and superconductivity coexisting, a possibility that, said Lee, “is quite unusual in our conventional understanding of physics.” One of the identifying characteristics of a superconductor is the way it repels magnetic fields.

Unfortunately, the researchers weren’t able to study the magnetic titanium at temperatures low enough to cause the heterostructure to transition to superconductivity. However, their research does support the research of SIMES member Kathryn Moler, published in Nature Physics in 2011, in which her research team detected both superconductivity and magnetism existing at the LAO/STO interface.

Hwang noted that even after almost a decade of investigation by many groups worldwide, this seemingly simple interface continues to generate new surprises. “One of the dreams of our field is the notion of ‘materials by design,'” he said. “We hope that these studies of unexpected emergent phenomena, such as the magnetism here, can lead to an understanding by which we can predictably engineer the properties of artificial heterostructures.”

Chi-Chang Kao, director of SLAC and a co-author of this work, emphasized the close collaboration between the SLAC and Stanford members of the group. “The collaboration started from a series of meetings Harold organized to introduce his group’s research, and is a prime example of the kind of work suited to being tackled together, applying SLAC’s unique resources – such as SSRL – to the scientific problems of the SLAC and Stanford community,” he said. “There are many other examples, and I hope to foster even more of them going forward.”

As for next steps, Lee just laughed. “There are a lot of next steps,” he said. “We’ve passed on a very big question to everyone. We’ve said, ‘OK, we got this result – now we all have a lot of homework to do.'”

Publication: J.-S. Lee,et al., “Titanium dxy ferromagnetism at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3interface,” Nature Materials, (2013); doi:10.1038/nmat3674

Image: Greg Stewart/SLAC

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

New Battery Overhead Line Monitoring   Design Extends the Life of Low-Cost, Lightweight Batteries

www.inhandnetworks.com

Researchers demonstrating the ability of aluminum to repel oil underwater. Courtesy of the researchers

New battery design could greatly extend the shelf life of single-use metal-air batteries for electric vehicles, off-grid storage, and other applications.

Metal-air batteries are one of the lightest and most compact types of batteries available, but they can have a major limitation: When not in use, they degrade quickly, as corrosion eats away at their metal electrodes. Now, MIT researchers have found a way to substantially reduce that corrosion, making it possible for such batteries to have much longer shelf lives.

While typical rechargeable lithium-ion batteries only lose about 5 percent of their charge after a month of storage, they are too costly, bulky, or heavy for many applications. Primary (nonrechargeable) aluminum-air batteries are much less expensive and more compact and lightweight, but they can lose 80 percent of their charge a month.

The MIT design overcomes the problem of corrosion in aluminum-air batteries by introducing an oil barrier between the aluminum electrode and the electrolyte — the fluid between the two battery electrodes that eats away at the aluminum when the battery is on standby. The oil is rapidly pumped away and replaced with electrolyte as soon as the battery is used. As a result, the energy loss is cut to just 0.02 percent a month — more than a thousandfold improvement.

The findings are reported today in the journal Science by former MIT graduate student Brandon J. Hopkins ’18, W.M. Keck Professor of Energy Yang Shao-Horn, and professor of mechanical engineering Douglas P. Hart.

Photo shows the proof-of-concept battery built by the research team to demonstrate how their system could work in practice. The battery lasted through 24 days of use and standby cycles, compared to just three days for a comparable battery without the new protective system inpower sensor place. Courtesy of the researchers

While several other methods have been used to extend the shelf life of metal-air batteries (which can use other metals such as sodium, lithium, magnesium, zinc, or iron), these methods can sacrifice performance Hopkins says. Most of the other approaches involve replacing the electrolyte with a different, less corrosive chemical formulation, but these alternatives drastically reduce the battery power.

Other methods involve pumping the liquid electrolyte out during storage and back in before use. These methods still enable significant corrosion and can clog plumbing systems in the battery pack. Because aluminum is hydrophilic (water-attracting) even after electrolyte is drained out of the pack, the remaining electrolyte will cling to the aluminum electrode surfaces. “The batteries have complex structures, so there are many corners for electrolyte to get caught in,” which results in continued corrosion, Hopkins explains.

To demonstrate the ability of aluminum to repel oil underwater, the researchers plunged this sample of aluminum into a beaker containing a layer of oil floating on water. When the sample enters the water layer, all the oil that clung to the surface on the way down quickly falls away, showing its property of underwater oleophobicity. Courtesy of the researchers.

A key to the new system is a thin membrane placed between the battery electrodes. When the battery is in use, both sides of the membrane are filled with a liquid electrolyte, but when the battery is put on standby, oil is pumped into the side closest to the aluminum electrode, which protects the aluminum surface from the electrolyte on the other side of the membrane.

The new battery system also takes advantage of a property of aluminum called “underwater oleophobicity” — that is, when aluminum is immersed in water, it repels oil from its surface. As a result, when the battery is reactivated and electrolyte is pumped back in, the electrolyte easily displaces the oil from the aluminum surface, which restores the power capabilities of the battery. Ironically, the MIT method of corrosion suppression exploits the same property of aluminum that promotes corrosion in conventional systems.

The result is an aluminum-air prototype with a much longer shelf life than that of conventional aluminum-air batteries. The researchers showed that when the battery was repeatedly used and then put on standby for one to two days, the MIT design lasted 24 days, while the conventional design lasted for only three. Even when oil and a pumping system are included in scaled-up primary aluminum-air battery packs, they are still five times lighter and twice as compact as rechargeable lithium-ion battery packs for electric vehicles, the researchers report.

Hart explains that aluminum, besides being very inexpensive, is one of the “highest chemical energy-density storage materials we know of” — that is, it is able to store and deliver more energy per pound than almost anything else, with only bromines, which are expensive and hazardous, being comparable. He says many experts think aluminum-air batteries may be the only viable replacement for lithium-ion batteries and for gasoline in cars.

Aluminum-air batteries have been used as r4g lte modemange extenders for electric vehicles to supplement built-in rechargeable batteries, to add many extra miles of driving when the built-in battery runs out. They are also sometimes used as power sources in remote locations or for some underwater vehicles. But while such batteries can be stored for long periods as long as they are unused, as soon as they are turned on for the first time, they start to degrade rapidly.

Such applications could greatly benefit from this new system, Hart explains, because with the existing versions, “you can’t really shut it off. You can flush it and delay the process, but you can’t really shut it off.” However, if the new system were used, for example, as a range extender in a car, “you could use it and then pull into your driveway and park it for a month, and then come back and still expect it to have a usable battery. … I really think this is a game-changer in terms of the use of these batteries.”

With the greater shelf life that could be afforded by this new system, the use of aluminum-air batteries could “exten industrial IoT router  d beyond current niche applications,” says Hopkins. The team has already filed for patents on the process.

“The technique introduced here is eloquent in that it uses fundamental surface physics to estimate required oil and membrane properties, and the results demonstrate predicted performance,” says Robert Savinell, a professor of engineering at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio, who was not involved in this research. “This work may indeed mitigate the need for costly high-purity metals and alloys for primary metal-air batteries, and might reduce the complexities of electrolyte additives.”

Savinell adds, “The ability to efficiently extract usable energy from high energy-density aluminum-air batteries, especially under intermittent use conditions, will facilitate the development and improvement of technologies requiring very high energy-densities for extended operation.”

The research was supported by MIT Lincoln Laboratory.

Publication: Brandon J. Hopkins, et al., “Suppressing corrosion in primary aluminum–air batteries via oil displacement,” Science 09 Nov 2018: Vol. 362, Issue 6415, pp. 658-661 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9149

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Engine lte cat 1  ers from Brown Develop Key Component for Terahertz Wireless

www.inhandnetworks.com

Terahertz waves leak out of a small slit in the antenna at different angles, depending on frequency. The rec wireless communication  eiver can be tuned to select one angle, plucking a single data channel from a stream containing many channels.

Engineers from Brown University have made progress on a key component for terahertz wireless: multiplexing and de-multiplexing a terahertz stream.

Terahertz radiation could one day provide the backbone for wireless systems that can deliver data up to one hundred times faster than today’s cellular or Wi-Fi networks. But there remain many technical challenges to be solved before terahertz wireless is ready for prime time.

Researchers from Brown University have taken a major step toward addressing one of those challenges. They’ve developed what they believe to be the first system for multiplexing terahertz waves. Multiplexers are devices that enable separate streams of data to travel through a single medium. It’s the technology that makes it possible for a single cable to carry multiple TV channels or for a fiber optic line to carry thousands of phone calls at the same time.

“Any terahertz communications application is going to need some form of multiplexing and demultiplexing,” said Daniel Mittleman, professor of engineering at Brown and senior author of a paper describing the new device. “This is, to our knowledge, the first time anyone has demonstrated a viable strategy for multiplexing in the terahertz range.”

The research was published September 14 in Nature Photonics.

Today’s cellular and Wi-Fi networks rely on microwaves to carry voice conversations and data. But the increasing demands for data transfer are quickly becoming more than microwaves can handle. Terahertz waves have a much higher frequency and therefore more potential bandwidth. Scientists and engineers have only recently begun exploring the potential of terahertz waves, however. As a result, many of the components for a terahertz wireless network — including multiplexers — have not yet been developed.

The multiplexer that Mittleman and his colleagues have been working on makes use of what’s known as a leaky wave antenna. In this case, the antenna is made from two metal plates placed in parallel to form a waveguide. One of the plates has a small slit in it. As terahertz waves travel down the waveguide, some of the radiation leaks out of the slit. It turns out that terahertz waves leak out a different angles depending on their frequency.

“That means if you put in 10 different frequencies between the plates — each of them potentially carrying a unique data stream — they’ll come out at 10 different angles,” Mittleman said. “Now you’ve separated them and that’s demultiplexing.”

On the other end, a receivsmart grid sensorer could be tuned to accept radiation at a particular angle, thus receiving data from only one stream.

“We think it’s definitely a reasonable solution to meet the needs of a terahertz communication network,” said Nicholas Karl, a graduate student at Brown and the paper’s lead author. Karl led the experiments on the device with fellow graduate student Robert McKinney. Other authors on the study are Rajind Mendis, a research professor at Brown, and Yasuaki Monnai from Keio University in Tokyo.

One of the advantages to the approach, the researchers say, is that by adjusting the distance between the plates, it’s possible to adjust the spectrum bandwidth that can be allocated to each channel. That could be especially useful when such a device is deployed for use in a data network.

“For example, if one user suddenly needs a ton of bandwidth, you can take it from others on the network who don’t need as much just by changing the plate spacing at the right location,” Mittleman said.

The group plans to continue its work to refine the device. A research group from Osaka University is collaborating with Mittleman’s group to implement the device in a prototype terahertz network they’re building.

“This is a first-generation, proof-of-concept device,” Ka 4g-lte  rl said. “There are still things we can do to improve it and we’ll continue to study it.”

Mittleman hopes that the work will challenge other researchers to start developing components for terahertz networks.

“The biggest impact this may have is it may just be the kick that people need to start thinking about this issue,” Mittleman said. “That means they’ll start coming up with clever ideas that are entirely different from this one.”

The work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the W.M. Keck Foundation.

Publication: Nicholas J. Karl, et al., “Frequency-division multiplexing in the terahertz range using a leaky-wave antenna,” Nature Photonics (2015); doi:10.1038/nphoton.2015.176

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Ancient DNA Reveals the First Detailed Genetic History of Moder inhand  n Europe

www.inhandnetworks.com

An international team of researchers used ancient DNA to reconstruct the first high-resolution genetic record of modern European lineages through time, observing both human DNA evolving in ‘real-time’ and the dramatic population changes that have taken place in Europe.

Ancient DNA recovered from a series of skeletons in central Germany up to 7500 years old has been used to reconstruct the first detailed genetic history of modern Europe.

The study, published today in Nature Communications, reveals a dramatic series of events including major migrations from both Western Europe and Eurasia, and signs of an unexplained genetic turnover about 4000-5000 years ago.

The research was performed at the University of Adelaide’s Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD). Researchers used DNA extracted from bone and teeth samples from prehistoric human skeletons to sequence a group of maternal genetic lineages that are now carried by up to 45% of Europeans.

The international team also included the University of Mainz in Germany and the National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project.

“This is the first high-resolution genetic record of these lineages through time, and it is fascinating that we can directly observe both human DNA evolving in ‘real-time’, and the dramatic population changes that have taken place in Europe,” says joint lead author Dr Wolfgang Haak of ACAD.

“We can follow over 4000 years of prehistory, from the earliest farmers through the early Bronze Age to modern times.”

“The record of this maternally inherited genetic group, called Haplogroup H, shows that the first farmers in Central Europe resulted from a wholesale cultural and genetic input via migration, beginning in Turkey and the Near East where farming originated and arriving in Germany around 7500 years ago,” says joint lead author Dr Paul Brotherton, formerly at ACAD and now at the University of Huddersfield, UK.

ACAD Director Professor Alan Cooper says: “What is intriguing is that the genetic markcellular router wifiers of this first pan-European culture, which was clearly very successful, were then suddenly replaced around 4500 years ago, and we don’t know why. Something major happened, and the hunt is now on to find out what that was.”

The team developed new advances in molecular biology to sequence entire mitochon industrial IoT Gateway  drial genomes from the ancient skeletons. This is the first ancient population study using a large number of mitochondrial genomes.

“We have established that the genetic foundations for modern Europe were only established in the Mid-Neolithic, after this major genetic transition around 4000 years ago,” says Dr Haak. “This genetic diversity was then modified further by a series of incoming and expanding cultures from Iberia and Eastern Europe through the Late Neolithic.”

“The expansion of the Bell Beaker culture (named after their pots) appears to have been a key event, emerging in Iberia around 2800 BC and arriving in Germany several centuries later,” says Dr Brotherton. “This is a very interesting group as they have been linked to the expansion of Celtic languages along the Atlantic coast and into central Europe.”

“These well-dated ancient genetic sequences provide a unique opportunity to investigate the demographic history of Europe,” says Professor Cooper.

“We can not only estimate population sizes but also accurately determine the evolutionary rate of the sequences, providing a far more accurate timescale of significant events in recent human evolution.”

The team has been working closely on the genetic prehistory of Europeans for the past 7-8 years.

Professor Kurt Alt (University of Mainz) says: “This work shows the power of archaeology and ancient DNA working together to reconstruct human evolutionary history through time. We are currently expanding this approach to other transects across Europe.”

Genographic Project director Spencer Wells says: “Studies such as this on ancient remains serve as a valuable adjunct to the work we are doing with modern populations in the Genographic Project. While the DNA of people alive today can reveal the end result of their ancestors’ ancient movements, to really understand the dynamics of how modern genetic patterns were created we nee compact industrial router d to study ancient material as well.”

Publication: Paul Brotherton, et al., “Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic origins of Europeans,” 2013, Nature Communications 4, Article number: 1764; doi:10.1038/ncomms2656

Image: Digital Illustration of DNA from Shutterstock

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

“TFIID” Can Co-Exist in Two Distinct Structural  MV sensor  States

www.inhandnetworks.com

The “rearranged” state of the lobe A (yellow) of the horseshoe-like TFIID transcription factor enables TFIID to bind with DNA (green) and start the process by which DNA is copied into RNA.

Using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, a team of scientists from the Berkeley Lab have shown that the transcription factor known as “TFIID” can co-exist in two distinct structural states.

The enormously diverse complexity seen amongst individual species within the animal kingdom evolved from a surprisingly small gene pool. For example, mice effectively serve as medical research models because humans and mice share 80-percent of the same protein-coding genes. The key to morphological and behavioral complexity, a growing body of scientific evidence suggests, is the regulation of gene expression by a family of DNA-binding proteins called “transcription factors.” Now, a team of researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley has discovered the secret behind how one these critical transcription factors is able to perform – a split personality.

Using a technique called single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, the team, which was led by biophysicist Eva Nogales, showed that the transcription factor known as “TFIID” can co-exist in two distinct structural states. These two states – the canonical and the rearranged – differ only in the translocation of a single substructural element – known as lobe A – by 100 angstroms (an atom of hydrogen is about one angstrom in diameter). This structural shift enables initiation of the transcription proceLine Monitoringss by which the genetic message of DNA is copied to RNA for the eventual production of proteins.

“TFIID by itself fluctuates between the canonical and rearranged states,” Nogales says. “When TFIID becomes bound to another transcription factor, TFIIA, it intelligent traffic enforcement   shifts mostly to the canonical state, but in the presence of both TFIIA and DNA, the TFIID shifts to the rearranged state, which enables recognition and binding to key DNA sequences and marks the start of the transcriptional process.”

Understanding the reorganization of TFIID and its role in transcription provides new insight into the regulation of gene expression, Nogales says, a process critical to the growth, development, health and survival of all organisms.

Nogales is a leading authority on electron microscopy and holds joint appointments with Berkeley Lab, the University of California (UC) at Berkeley, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). She is the corresponding author of a paper describing this research in the journal Cell, titled “Human TFIID Binds to Core Promoter DNA in a Reorganized Structural State.” Co-authors are Michael Cianfrocco, George Kassavetis, Patricia Grob, Jie Fang, Tamar Juven-Gershon and James Kadonaga.

The growing number of organisms whose genomes have been sequenced and made available for comparative analyses shows that the total number of genes in an organism’s genome is no measure of its complexity. The fruit fly, Drosophila, for example, is far more complex than the nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, but has about 6,000 fewer genes than the worm’s 20,000. The total number of human genes is estimated to fall somewhere between 30,000 and 40,000. By comparison, the expression of the genes of both the fruit fly and the nematode are regulated through about 1,000 transcription factors, whereas the human genome boasts approximately 3,000 transcription factors. That multiple transcription factors often act in various combinations with one another creates even more evolutionary roads to organism complexity.

“Although the number of protein coding genes has remained fairly constant throughout metazoan evolution, the number of regulatory DNA elements has increased dramatically,” Nogales says. “Our discovery of the existence of two structurally and functionally distinct forms of TFIID suggests a potential molecular mechanism by which a combination of transcription factors can tune the  remote monitoring  expression level of genes and thereby give rise to a diversity of outcomes.”

Despite its critical role in transcription, high-resolution structural information of TFIID has been restricted to crystal structures of a handful of protein subunits and domains. Nogales and her colleagues are the first group to obtain three-dimensional visualization of human TFIID that is bound to DNA. The single-particle cryo-electron microscopy technique they employed records a series of two-dimensional images of an individual molecules or macromolecular complexes frozen in random orientations, then computationally combines these images into high-resolution 3D reconstructions.

“Through cryo-EM and extensive image-sorting, we found that TFIID exhibits a surprising degree of flexibility, moving its lobe A, a region that covers approximately one-third of the complex, by 100 angstroms across its central channel,” says Cianfrocco, lead author of the Cell paper. “This movement of the lobe A is absolutely essential for TFIID to bind to DNA.”

The TFIID transcription factor protein co-exists in two states – canonical, in which the lobe A is connected to the lobe C, and rearranged, in which the lobe A is connected to the lobe B. Only in the rearranged state does TFIID bind to DNA. (Image courtesy of Nogales, et. al)

Nogales says that while many macromolecular complexes are known to be flexible, this typically involves the limited movement of a small region within the complex, or some tiny motion of the entire complex. The movement of TFIID’s lobe A represents an entire restructuring that dramatically alters what the molecule can do. In the canonical state, TFIID’s lobe A is bound to its lobe C, which appears to be the preferred form of free TFIID. In the rearranged state, TFIID’s lobe A is bound to its lobe B, which is the state in which it can then strongly bind to DNA promoters.

“The TFIIA molecule serves as the mediator for this transition, maintaining TFIID in the canonical state in the absence of DNA and initiating the formation of the rearranged state in the presence of promoter DNA,” Cianfrocco says. “Without the presence of TFIIA, the binding of TFIID to DNA is very weak.”

Nogales and her colleagues are now studying how TFIID, once it is bound to DNA, recruits the rest of the machinery required to transcribe the genetic message into RNA.

“Our new work will involve constructing a macromolecular complex that is well over two million Daltons in size, which is about the size of a bacterial ribosome,” Nogales says. “The size and relative instability of our complex will represent a major experimental challenge.”

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Human Frontier in Science Program in Strasbourg, Germany, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Images: Nogales, et. al

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Newly Developed “Variable Friction” Fingers Enable Better Ro LTE router  bot Hands

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Picking up a pen off a desk and writing with it might seem easy to you, but it’s no small feat to a robot.

For one thing, once you pick up the pen, you then have to shift it in your hand to get it in the writing position. “You move the pen from an initial grasp to something more stable, but to do that, you’re gripping it with certain surfaces of the fingers and sliding it against other surfaces of the fingers,” said Adam Spiers, a former associate research scientist in Aaron Dollar’s lab. “It’s really quite complicated as far as all the force and frictional interactions go, but we all take it for granted as a very simple thing to do.”

So Dollar’s lab tried a simpler tack that focuses on the variation in friction of finger surfaces. Their results were recently published in IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters and will also  Smart Vending soon be presented at the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2018).

“I think one of the key features of human hands that’s often overlooked is the surface properties of our fingers and what that allows us to do as far as moving objects within the hand,” Spiers said. “For example, when you make a light touch with your finger pads they are able to slide over objects, while using a bit more force deforms the soft internal tissue and causes them to grip.”

The newly developed ‘Variable Friction’ robot fingers combine a surface made of soft urethane (high-surface friction), a surface made of hard 3D-printed plastic (low-surface friction) and some rubber bands to suspend one surface behind the other. Two of these mechanical fingers face each other to form a robot hand, each with pivot joints at the bottom moved by electrical motors that allow the fingers to be controlled in multiple ways. At low-grip forces, the urethane acts as the finger pad, but switches to the hard surface made from Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) at higher forces.

“We can get some pretty interesting behaviors where we can move objects within the hand, while they are being grasped,” said Spiers, now a research scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems. “The object can be made to slide up and down the fingers, or we can make objects roll between the fingers. Then, we can actually combine those motions to reposition objects anywhere within the workspace of the hand.”

It’s kind of like a human hand, but not entirely.

“There’s a lot to be said for taking inspiration from nature, but not copying it too much,” he said. “With a human finger, you’re getting very good behaviors out of it, but it’s also attached to a really powerful brain.”

The origins of the intuitive way  industrial wireless  that humans can effortlessly perform complicated tasks is unclear, Spiers said. Is it because we have sophisticated brains that allow us to control our bodies with complex maneuvers, or because our fingers have a structure that includes the ability to vary surface friction?

In either case, he said, he sought to replicate the end results with the robotic device. It’s a proof-of-concept, so it still doesn’t perform some of the more subtle tasks that a human hand does, but they’ve made the design open-source so that other researchers could expand on it, and increase its dexterity.

“This is  router industrial  a new platform that other people can now build on and maybe implement those more difficult but common behaviors that humans do effortlessly but robots struggle with,” he said.

Publication: Adam J. Spiers, et al., “Variable-Friction Finger Surfaces to Enable Within-Hand Manipulation via Gripping and Sliding,” IEEE, 2018; DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2018.2856398

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New Metamaterial Uses “Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide”  domains  for Enhanced Performance

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By using an “aluminum-doped zinc oxide,” or AZO, Purdue researchers have shown how to create metamaterials without using silver or gold. The new metamaterial consists of 16 layers alternating between AZO and zinc oxide and has enhanced performance that is compatible with semiconductors.

West Lafayette, Indiana – Researchers have taken a step toward overcoming a key obstacle in commercializing “hyperbolic metamaterials,” structures that could bring optical advances including ultrapowerful microscopes, computers and solar cells.

The researchers have shown how to create the metamaterials without the traditional silver or gold previously required, said Alexandra Boltasseva, a Purdue University assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering.

Using the metals is impractical for industry because of high cost and incompatibility with semiconductor manufacturing processes. The metals also do not transmit light efficiently, causing much of it to be lost. The Purdue researchers replaced the metals with an “aluminum-doped zinc oxide,” or AZO.

“This means we can have a completely new material platform for creating optical metamaterials, which offers important advantages,” Boltasseva said.

Doctoral student Gururaj V. Naik provided major contributions to the research, working with a team to develop a new metamaterial consisting of 16 layers alternating between AZO and zinc oxide. Light passing from the zinc oxide to the AZO layers encounters an “extreme anisotropy,” causing its dispersion to become “hyperbolic,” which dramatically changes the light’s behavior.

“The doped oxide brings not only enhanced performance but also is compatible with semiconductors,” Boltasseva said.

Research findings are detailed in a paper appearing Monday (May 14) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The list of possible applications for metamaterials includes a “planar hyperlens” that could make optical microscopes 10 times more powerful and able to see objects as small as DNA; advanced sensors; more efficient solar collectors; quantum computing; and cloaking devices.

The AZO also makes it possible to “tune” the optical properties of metamaterials, an advance that could hasten their commercialization, Boltasseva said.

“It’s possible to adjust the optical properties in two ways,” she said. “You can vary the concentration of aluminum in the AZO during its formulation. You can also alter the optical properties in AZO by applying an electrical field to the fabricated metamaterial.”

This switching ability might usher in a new class of metamaterials that could be turned hyperbolic and non-hyperbolic at the flip of a switch.

“This could actually lead to a whole new family of devices that can be tuned or switched,” Boltasseva said. “AZO can go from dielectric to metallic. So at one specific wavelength, at one applied voltage, it can be metal and at another voltage it can be dielectric. This would lead to tremendous changes in functionality.”

The researchers “doped” zinc oxide with aluminum, meaning the zinc oxide is impregnated with aluminum atoms to alter the material’s optical properties. Doping the zinc oxide causes it to behave like a metal at certain wavelengths and like a dielectric at other wavelengths.

The material has been shown to work in the near-infrared range of the spectrum, which is essential for optical communications, and could allow researchers to harness “optical black holes” to create a new generation of light-harvesting devices for solar energy applications.

The PNAS paper was authored by Naik, Boltasseva, doctoral student Jingjing Liu, senior research scientist Alexander V. Kildishev, and Vladimir  mri remote monitoring  M. Shalaev, scientific director of nanophotonics at Purdue’s Birck Nanotechnology Center, a distinguished professor of electrical and computer engineering and a scientific adviser for the Russian Quantum Center.

Current optical technologies are limited because, for the efficient control of light, co Industrial 3g router  mponents cannot be smaller than the size of the wavelengths of light. Metamaterials are able to guide and control light on all scales, including the scale of nanometers, or billionths of a meter.

Unlike natural materials, metamaterials are able to reduce the “index of refraction” to less than one or less than zero. Refraction occurs as electromagnetic waves, including light, bend when passing from one material into another remote PLC programming  . It causes the bent-stick-in-water effect, which occurs when a stick placed in a glass of water appears bent when viewed from the outside. Each material has its own refraction index, which describes how much light will bend in that particular material and defines how much the speed of light slows down while passing through a material

Natural materials typically have refractive indices greater than one. Metamaterials, however, can make the index of refraction vary from zero to one, which possibly will enable applications including the hyperlens.

The layered metamaterial is a so-called plasmonic structure because it conducts clouds of electrons called “plasmons.”

“Alternative plasmonic materials such as AZO overcome the bottleneck created by conventional metals in the design of optical metamaterials and enable more efficient devices,” Boltasseva said. “We anticipate that the development of these new plasmonic materials and nanostructured material composites will lead to tremendous progress in the technology of optical metamaterials, enabling the full-scale development of this technology and uncovering many new physical phenomena.”

This work has been funded in part by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, National Science Foundation and Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

Image: Purdue University

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New Method to Control Nano wordpress  particles with Light and Magnets

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Elemental mapping of the location of iron atoms (blue) in the magnetic nanoparticles and cadmium (red) in the fluorescent quantum dots provide a clear visualization of the way the two kinds of particles naturally separate themselves into a core-and-shell structure.

A team of researchers has developed particles that can glow with color-coded light and be manipulated with magnets, improving the likelihood of tracking the position of the nanoparticles as they move within the body or inside a cell.

A long-sought goal of creating particles that can emit a colorful fluorescent glow in a biological environment, and that could be precisely manipulated into position within living cells, has been achieved by a team of researchers at MIT and several other institutions. The finding is reported this week in the journal Nature Communications.

The new technology could make it possible to track the position of the nanoparticles as they move within the body or inside a cell. At the same time, the nanoparticles could be manipulated precisely by applying a magn 3g router etic field to pull them along. And finally, the particles could have a coating of a bioreactive substance that could seek out and bind with particular molecules within the body, such as markers for tumor cells or other disease agents.

“It’s been a dream of mine for many years to have a nanomaterial that incorporates both fluorescence and magnetism in a single compact object,” says Moungi Bawendi, the Lester Wolfe Professor of Chemistry at MIT and senior author of the new paper. While other groups have achieved some combination of these two properties, Bawendi says that he “was never very satisfied” with results previously achieved by his own team or others.

For one thing, he says, such particles have been too large to make practical probes of living tissue: “They’ve tended to have a lot of wasted volume,” Bawendi says. “Compactness is critical for biological and a lot of other applications.”

In addition, previous efforts were unable to produce particles of uniform and predictable size, which could also be an essential property for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

Moreover, Bawendi says, “We wanted to be able to manipulate these structures inside the cells with magnetic fields, but also know exactly what it is we’re moving.” All of these goals are achieved by the new nanoparticles, which can be identified with great precision by the wavelength of their fluorescent emissions.

The new method produces the combination of desired properties “in as small a package as possible,” Bawendi says — which could help pave the way for particles with other useful properties, such as the ability to bind with a specific type of bioreceptor, or another molecule of interest.

In the technique developed by Bawend cloud platform  i’s team, led by lead author and postdoc Ou Chen, the nanoparticles crystallize such that they self-assemble in exactly the way that leads to the most useful outcome: The magnetic particles cluster at the center, while fluorescent particles form a uniform coating around them. That puts the fluorescent molecules in the most visible location for allowing the nanoparticles to be tracked optically through a microscope.

“These are beautiful structures, they’re so clean,” Bawendi says. That uniformity arises, in part, because the starting material, fluorescent nanoparticles that Bawendi and his group have been perfecting for years, are themselves perfectly uniform in size. “You have to use very uniform material to produce such a uniform construction,” Chen says.

Initially, at least, the particles might be used to probe basic biological functions within cells, Bawendi suggests. As the work continues, later experiments may add additional materials to the particles’ coating so that they interact in specific ways with  Industrial IoT Manufacturer  molecules or structures within the cell, either for diagnosis or treatment.

Watch how supernanoparticles are made to glow and manipulated with magnets inside a cancer cell. Video: Melanie Gonick/MIT

The ability to manipulate the particles with electromagnets is key to using them in biological research, Bawendi explains: The tiny particles could otherwise get lost in the jumble of molecules circulating within a cell. “Without a magnetic ‘handle,’ it’s like a needle in a haystack,” he says. “But with the magnetism, you can find it easily.”

A silica coating on the particles allows additional molecules to attach, causing the particles to bind with specific structures within the cell. “Silica makes it completely flexible; it’s a well developed material that can bind to almost anything,” Bawendi says.

For example, the coating could have a molecule that binds to a specific type of tumor cells; then, “You could use them to enhance the contrast of an MRI, so you could see the spatial macroscopic outlines of a tumor,” he says.

The next step for the team is to test the new nanoparticles in a variety of biological settings. “We’ve made the material,” Chen says. “Now we’ve got to use it, and we’re working with a number of groups around the world for a variety of applications.”

Christopher Murray, a professor of chemistry and materials science and engineering at the University of Pennsylvania who was not connected with this research, says, “This work exemplifies the power of using nanocrystals as building blocks for multiscale and multifunctional structures. We often use the term ‘artificial atoms’ in the community to describe how we are exploiting a new periodic table of fundamental building blocks to design materials, and this is a very elegant example.”

The study included researchers at MIT; Massachusetts General Hospital; Institut Curie in Paris; the Heinrich-Pette Institute and the Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany; Children’s Hospital Boston; and Cornell University. The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Army Research Office through MIT’s Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, and the Department of Energy.

Publication: Ou Chen, et al., “Magneto-fluorescent core-shell supernanoparticles,” Nature Communications 5, Article number: 5093; doi:10.1038/ncomms6093

Image: Courtesy of the researchers

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New CERN Research Details Evidenc prestashop themes e of the Direct Decay of the Higgs Boson to Fermions

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A graphic shows particle traces extending from a proton-proton collision at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012. The event shows characteristics expected from the decay of the Standard Model Higgs boson to a pair of photons. Further analysis of collisions in 2011 and 2012 has found evidence that the Higgs also decays into fermion particles, according to a new paper in industrial IoT gateway  Nature Physics to which Rice University scientists contributed. Courtesy of CERN

New research published in Nature Physics details strong evidence of the direct decay of the Higgs boson to fermions.

If evidence of the Higgs boson revealed two years ago was the smoking gun, particle physicists at Rice University and their colleagues have now found a few of the bullets.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) published research in Nature Physics this week that details evidence of the direct decay of the Higgs boson to fermions, among the particles anticipated by the Standard Model of physics.

The finding fits what researchers expected to see amid the massive amount of data provided by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The world’s largest collider smashed protons together in hope that the encounter would produce the short-lived Higgs boson, leaving signs of its decay in the traces recorded by experiments designed and built at Rice and elsewhere.

Authors of the paper by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) collaboration include Rice researchers Paul Padley, a professor of physics and astronomy, and Karl Ecklund, an assistant professor of physics and astronomy.

“In July 2012, we knew we had discovered some sort of boson, and it looked a lot like it was a Higgs boson,” Padley said. “To firmly establish it’s the Standard Model Higgs boson, there are a number of checks we have to do. This paper represents one of these fundamental checks.”

The decadeslong search for the Higgs, which physicists believe gives mass to the fundamental particles, has been a primary focus of the $6 billion LHC. The CMS is one of two main experiments at the collider. The other, ATLAS, has also found strong evidence of fermions from decaying Higgs bosons, though that team has yet to publish its results.

The collider is shut down for an upgrade to be completed next year, but the mountain of data from the first run of experiments through 2012 has yielded spectacular results, Padley said. Sifting through the data, he said, is “like doing the analysis at a crime scene, when they look to see which gun fired the bullets. As we find more evidence, it looks more like a Standard Model Higgs boson. This paper is important because it really establishes that it’s decaying to fermions.”

Fermions are even more elemental particles that include quarks and leptons (which include another subparticle, electrons). They exist for only a minute fraction of a second after emerging from the decaying boson, but because they’re moving away from the collision at tremendous speed, they can be tracked.

Capturing their traces takes highly sophisticated equipment, Ecklund said. “I’ve been working on the pixel detector, the innermost part of CMS,” he said. “It’s a bit like a 66-million-pixel video camera that takes 40 million frames a second. We’re basically watching the collisions of the proton beams and looking for all the charged particles that come out.”

Layers of electronic sensors that surround the collider track many kinds of particles, each of which leaves a unique signature that includes its lifetime and path. “We’re able to connect the dots to see these tracks,” Ecklund said. “For the Higgs studies, particularly in the case of the fermions, we’re looking for Higgs-to-bottom quarks and Higgs-to-tau (antitau) pairs. Taus are heavy versions of the electron.”

The Rice researchers are building and testing Vending Computer   CMS components for the upgraded LHC, which they expect CERN will boot up next spring for the second run of experiments starting in the summer of 2015. “It’s going to be focused on new things that could appear at higher energies,” Ecklund said. “One definite target will be seeing more Higgs bosons, which should tell us a lot more about their properties.

“The main excitement is going to be that because the energy is higher, we could produce the Higgs in association with other particles,” he said. Of particular interest will be evidence of heavy top quarks and how they relate to the Higgs. “They should actually have the strongest coupling to the Higgs because the top quark and the Higgs combined make a fairly heavy thing to produce.”

Ecklund said the upgraded LHC should provide the necessary energy to produce many more top quarks and Higgs bosons. “We’re interested in understanding how the top quark fits into the Standard Model and whether, since it’s so heavy, it could have a special role in relating to the Higgs. Maybe there are hints of new physics that aren’t in the Standard Model,” he said. “We know the standard model is incomplete.”

“The discovery of the Higgs boson was a beginning, not the end,” Padley said. “The first step is to measure with great precision the properties of the Higgs boson we’ve discovered, and then use it as a tool for further discovery.

“We’re trying to probe questions about the universe and dark matter. In fact, there was a big study of the priorities in particle physics, and the No. 1 priority for the entire field is to study the properties of this boson and use it as a tool for discovery. This represents a step down that path.”

Publication: The CMS Collaboration, “Evidence for the direct decay of the 125 GeV Higgs boson to fermions,” Nature Physics, 2014; doi:10.1038/nphys3005

PDF Copy of the S ethernet switch  tudy: Evidence for the direct decay of the 125 GeV Higgs boson to fermions

Image: CERN

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Naked Mole Rats Make Slow Spe distribution fault detection  rm

www.inhandnetworks.com

Naked Mole Rats are all teeth and skin. They are fairly ugly by our usual standards and as it turns out, so is their sperm, which is described as deformed and also sluggish. But that’s okay; they don’t  grid LTE router  need to move quickly or be good looking since they don’t have much competition.

No sperm competition, that is. Naked mole rats live in colonies where their queen calls the shots. The queen chooses only one male at a time to mate with and suppresses the reproductive instincts of the other males in her world. This  industrial M2M router means that the chosen male’s sperm doesn’t have to outrun any other sperm. They can take their time on their way to the egg. There is no one else to race.

These findings come from Liana Maree of the University of the Western Cape in Bellville, South Africa, who recently studied the sperm of Naked Mole Rats and found that they may have the slowest sperm of any known mammal. According to her findings only 7 per cent of the sperm moved at all and those that  remote maintenance  did swim were clocked at 35 micrometers a second.

It appears that the more promiscuous the animal, the faster the sperm. Eliminate competition and sperm get slower.

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