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nicholassabalos · 5 years ago

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Yeah, they’re THAT big!

NORFOLK, VA & SAN DIEGO, CA (March 20, 2020) -- As the United States, and the rest of the world, take drastic actions to slow the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus....the Nation is preparing to deploy two valuable assets -- gigantic hospital ships -- to coastal areas needing the most medical assistance.

Although the photo above was taken in 2005, it serves to illustrate just how BIG are the two United States Navy hospital ships, USNS Mercy (T-AH 19) and USNS Comfort (T-AH 20)....

....with Mercy seen here sailing side-by-side with nuclear-powered supercarrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) off the coast of Indonesia (....providing huge life-saving humanitarian assistance following a horrific earthquake and tsunami at the time).

The two Mercy-class hospital ships are the third largest ships in the U.S. Navy Fleet by length, surpassed only by the nuclear-powered Nimitz-class and Gerald R. Ford-class supercarriers.

The ships are operated for the U.S. Navy (the medical staff) by professional mariners from the Military Sealift Command.

A basic intro to U.S. Navy hospital ships Mercy and Comfort

Those two hospital ships, with their 1,000 beds, 12 operating rooms, and a staff of 1,000 doctors, nurses and hospital corpsmen -- EACH -- will have a profound humanitarian assistance impact wherever they are deployed during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

* * * *

Each hospital ship will, essentially, take over/absorb as much of the routine non-COVID-19-related cases in the region as possible....keeping these evolving -- the “life happens” stuff -- or emergency patients’s treatment as isolated as possible from the coronavirus when the patient’s immune system is already especially vulnerable....and allowing the hospitals ashore to gear-up to most effectively handle a possible onslaught of COVID-19 sufferers.

That’s the broad, overall mission of these hospitals-born-as-tankers in the 1970s and 1980s.

Likely, worth their weight (and size) in gold, again!

* * * *

Inside the two hospital ships -- state-of-the-art medical facilities

USNS Mercy will head 100 miles north from her home in San Diego very soon....arriving on station in Los Angeles Harbor by the end of March....ready to provide critical medical support to one of the hardest-hit regions in the United States. (Mercy was originally slated to go to Seattle, but mobile military ground hospitals of equal capacity will be deployed there instead, with the need for the hospital ship deemed more immediately necessary in the Los Angeles area.)

USNS Comfort will take a little longer to prepare for duty, as the ship was deep into a repair and maintenance period (following her recently-completed lengthy overseas humanitarian assistance deployment in support of Venezuelan refugees) when the current pandemic emergency arose. Comfort should be leaving her home in Norfolk, VA in very early April, fully re-outfitted and ready, to quickly head to New York Harbor to support that hard-hit area.

* * * *

Considering the vast complexity and logistics of getting these two huge floating hospitals ready to serve effectively on the front lines against the pandemic....

....on short notice in a rapidly-changing and dangerous health environment....

....their proper readiness (try establishing a fine-tuned hospital of 1,000+ staff in two weeks) for sea and for the long, difficult and dangerous mission ahead is a miracle in and of itself. But both ships should be on station just as the situation approaches its worst across many parts of the United States.

Wishing the men and women of these two amazing hospital ships Godspeed in your missions of Mercy and Comfort!

_______________________

>>Top photo: U.S. Navy; Photographer's Mate 3rd Class Gabriel R. Piper, USN (Note: the Photographer’s Mate rating was folded into the Mass Communications Specialist rating in 2006, shortly after the top photo was taken.)

#U.S. Navy #Navy #USN #USNS Comfort (T-AH 20)#USNS Mercy (T-AH 19)#COVID-19 #pandemic #medical care #hospital ships #perspective #Military Sealift Command

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startupbusiness10 · 4 years ago

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if-you-fan-a-fire · 8 years ago

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“Aided by the longest conveyor belt in the world, a steady stream of chalky white powder emerges on the North African coast from deep within the desert. The belt, its presence betrayed by the bright windswept powder scattered around it on the brown earth below, travels 61 miles across the rugged terrain of Western Sahara, from the mines of Bou Craa to Port El Aaiún, where massive ships transport its contents across the globe.

The white powder is phosphate rock—a commodity both valuable and vital. Without it, humanity’s growing population couldn’t feed itself. Phosphate, along with nitrogen, is one of the two most necessary components of synthetic fertilizer. But unlike nitrogen, which makes up 78 percent of the atmosphere, phosphate is a finite resource. And there’s no way to manufacture it.

Western Sahara has been occupied by Morocco, just north along the coast, since 1975. If you include this disputed region, Morocco holds more than 72 percent of all phosphate-rock reserves in the world, according to the most recent United States Geological Survey study. The next closest country, China, has just shy of 6 percent. The rest is spread out in smaller pockets around the globe. Morocco aggressively and sometimes violently argues that the notion of Western Sahara statehood is illegitimate, and that the region’s rich supply of phosphate is theirs. As a result, Western Sahara has been the stage for a growing human-rights conflict as well as significant regional geopolitical tensions.

“I've been to 70 countries, including Iraq under Saddam and Indonesia under Suharto,” says Stephen Zunes, an international-studies professor at the University of San Francisco.* “[Western Sahara] is the worst police state that I’ve ever seen.”

This political conflict, like the natural resource issues tangled into it, has remained obscure on the global front. But as other country’s domestic reserves of phosphate become more costly to extract in the coming decades, this disputed region could have more of a monopoly over phosphate than OPEC, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, has over oil—which has major implications for the future dynamics of food and its availability in the developing world.

* * *

In the 1960s, the widespread use of synthetic fertilizer, part of the Green Revolution, allowed millions of people who would have otherwise starved to be fed by dramatically expanding the land suitable for agriculture around the world. This was driven by the Haber process, which allows atmospheric nitrogen to be converted into a form biologically available for crops. But for any increase in nitrogen in soils, life also requires a commensurate increase in phosphorus, which is mined in the form of phosphate from geologic deposits around the world. The demand for mined phosphate skyrocketed.

No matter how impressive technological advances become, a Haber-like technique for creating phosphate will never exist: There is a fixed amount in the Earth, it’s stuck in the ground, and the only way to get it is to mine it. So now there’s a controversy about how much phosphate remains in the world, and how its distribution will affect food production in the future.

In 2009, a research paper based on then-current United States Geological Survey estimates of phosphate reserves sparked fear that the world was about to enter a period of “peak phosphorus.�� Its authors argued that current reserves could be depleted within a century’s time. In response, the International Fertilizer Development Center—a non-profit NGO focusing on the fertilizer industry, food security, and global hunger—released its own independent study of phosphate reserves the following year. They estimated almost four times the USGS’s amount, allaying concerns over the commodity’s imminent disappearance.

Stephen Jasinski, the USGS specialist in charge of monitoring phosphate reserves, says that almost all of this massive increase came from a reinterpretation of data provided by Morocco’s state-run mining company back in the 1980s, as well as independent studies from the same time period. The USGS now accepts these new Moroccan values as accurate. But according to Olaf Weber, a professor of sustainability management at the University of Waterloo, in Ontario, “it’s hard to figure out” exactly how much phosphate Morocco really has.

* * *

A great deal of this uncertainty likely comes from the region’s tense political situation. At the center of the conflict are the Sahrawi people, who have inhabited Western Sahara since before colonial times—a fact that Morocco contests—and have been fighting for the right to self-determination since Spain agreed to allow Morocco and Mauritania to split the area in 1975. (Mauritania later abandoned their claim to the region.)

According to Zunes, the Moroccan government squashes any hint of Sahrawi nationalism, follows foreigners, and bans the press. The United States, Morocco’s long-time ally, has acknowledged many of these issues in the State Department’s most recent human-rights report. Much of the native population now lives in Algerian refugee camps.

Thanks partly to foreign military support on both sides, an armed conflict following the 1975 occupation ended in a stalemate in 1991, when a United Nations treaty was signed by the Sahrawi nationalist movement, which is known as the Polisario Front, and the Moroccan government. The treaty installed a peacekeeping force referred to as MINURSO (an acronym for the French translation of United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara) and laid the groundwork for a future referendum on Western Sahara statehood. Zunes argues that this vote has no chance of occurring due to the political structure of the UN.

MINURSO is the only UN peacekeeping force in the world without a mandate to report on human rights, and in March of this year, civilian MINURSO workers were briefly expelled from the region because the UN’s secretary general, Ban Ki Moon, used the word “occupation” during a visit to Algerian refugee camps. Now, the conflict is back in the news once again, because Morocco’s King Mohammed VI has been campaigning to rejoin the African Union, an organization Morocco left in 1984 when it recognized Western Saharan statehood.

* * *

Currently, the price of phosphate is not high enough for there to be an economic need for governments and private companies to rely on Western Sahara’s sources, says Weber; there are sufficient domestic or other international reserves. In fact, an increasing number of companies have been divesting their interest in Western Saharan phosphate due to investor concerns about human rights, says Eric Hagen, of the Western Sahara Resource Watch, a Norwegian-based NGO that monitors and advocates against the international trade of resources originating from Western Sahara.

But according to Stuart White, the director of the Institute for Sustainable Futures at the University of Technology Sydney, demand for phosphate in fertilizer will rise in the coming decades, partly due to demand from an increasingly developed Sub-Saharan Africa, which he describes as “a sleeping giant in terms of demand for phosphorus,” and also due to global dietary changes. While there has been a plateau in meat consumption in places like the U.S., Europe, and Australia, he says, places like Southeast Asia and China are seeing skyrocketing rates, and meat requires relatively more phosphate for production.

That means an increased reliance on the phosphate of Western Sahara. As the value of that resource increases, so too will the pressure to hold on to it. According to the Western Sahara Resource Watch, about 10 percent of Morocco’s phosphate income comes from the Western Saharan mine in Bou Craa. If that reflects, even broadly, the relative amounts of phosphate in Morocco’s undisputed territory and the disputed Western Sahara region, then Western Sahara is the second largest reserve of phosphate rock in the world. If Western Sahara gained independence, it would become a counter to the massive phosphate monopoly Morocco otherwise would enjoy as other reserves become less viable.

The dynamics of the entire phosphate market, then, could be shaped significantly by the conflict in Western Sahara, its resolution, or its continued stalemate. In 1975, a UN fact-finding mission to Western Sahara suggested that Morocco and Western Sahara combined would one day become the largest exporter of phosphate worldwide. Morocco has argued that its own reserves of phosphate are large enough to make the Western Saharan reserves insignificant. But, as Toby Shelly argues in Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa’s Last Colony?, that position ignores the fact that an independent Western Sahara would significantly reduce Moroccan market share and their ability to control the price of the commodity.

The existence of a Moroccan monopoly would have a disproportionate effect on poorer countries, according to White and other researchers. In a 2011 Nature comment, the sustainability and natural resources scientists Jim Elser, of Arizona State University, and Elena Bennet, of McGill University, argued that “developing-world farmers cannot afford phosphate fertilizers even at today’s non-monopoly prices,” let alone in a future dominated only by Moroccan phosphate. “Many of the world’s food producers are in danger of becoming completely dependent on trade with Morocco, where press reports have emerged of Dubai-style luxury developments being planned in anticipation of phosphorus windfalls.”

Morocco, for their part, has been denying Western Saharan independence with growing vigor. In February of this year, Morocco’s Minister of Communication announced a program to train Moroccan youth to defend the government stance on Western Sahara through social media. Leaked diplomatic cables suggest increased concern over the international perception of Morocco’s claim to the land. The Polisario, meanwhile, have stated that they are ready to raise arms, once again, over Western Sahara.

The future of the region, the actual distribution of the world’s phosphate reserves, and the market forces driving the commodity’s future are full of uncertainty. The one thing that is certain is mentioned in a footnote in the USGS mineral resources report: “There are no substitutes for phosphorus in agriculture.”” - Alex Kasprak, “The Desert Rock That Feeds the World.” The Atlantic. November 29, 2016. Picture is ‘A vehicle carries untreated phosphate at a phosphate mine in Western Sahara.’ YOUSSEF BOUDLAL / REUTERS

#phosphate #fertilizer #western sahara #polisario front #sahrawi #morocco #moroccan imperialism #postcolonial #legacy of empire #decolonization #liberation struggle #capitalism #resource capitalism #commodity market #commodity chain #nationalism

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thlpp · 6 years ago

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That Python in the Pet Store? It May Have Been Snatched From the Wild

Excerpts from a much longer New York Times article. Please read it in full at the link.

Gorgeous illustrations by R. Kikuo Johnson

Plucking animals from the wild is cheaper and easier than setting up a breeding operation. This is especially true for low-profit animals like Tokay geckos, which are traded at such high volumes that it would not make economic sense to invest in breeding them.

Generally, villagers capture animals in forests and fields, and sell them to middlemen who hand them off to legal reptile farms. The owners of the farms acquire government paperwork certifying that the animals were captive-bred.

In [the country of Indonesia] and many others, the most skilled traffickers in illegal wildlife, then, never need to smuggle anything. They simply apply for a permit and then ship the animals abroad legally.

Once a wild-caught animal is exported with paperwork certifying it as captive-bred, officials in countries like the United States have little choice but to allow it in.

“The infiltration of traffickers into the legal trade has been happening for many years,” said a senior specialist at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, who asked not to be identified for fear of retaliation from supervisors. “These animals show up here in declared shipments, and we can’t do anything about it.”

While customs agents can challenge a permit’s legitimacy, they have little chance of success, the official said. The cases are time-consuming and difficult, and prosecutors do not want them.

“Wildlife inspectors will open up a box and find a bunch of beat up, scarred tortoises that are 20 or 30 years old, with permits saying they were bred in captivity in 2016,” the official said. “But they’re forced by their supervisors to stamp ‘clear’ on the permit.”

“I know sometimes the traders bribe my staff,” said Wiranto, director general of conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. (Like many Indonesians, he uses only a first name.)

Mr. Wiranto, who was recently promoted, said he hopes to implement reforms, among them a more robust monitoring system that includes unannounced farm inspections, corruption prevention measures and collaborative investigations with importers like the United States.

“We’re in the process of learning from past mistakes, so in the future we won’t do the same,” he said. “The most important thing is to keep wildlife in its habitat.”

Not everyone agrees that uncontrolled harvest of wild reptiles is a problem. In certain instances, some traders say, collection of wild animals can be a boon for the species.

Bearded dragons, for example, are one of the most commonly sold lizards in the United States, where they are now captive-bred. All are likely descendants of specimens smuggled out of Australia. The offspring arguably have prevented the removal of animals in the wild.

Some scientists also argue that the pet trade’s impact on many species is negligible.

“In the Indonesian context, there’s a hell of a lot of snakes and reptiles out there, and for most species the issue of laundering through breeding farms is not resulting in negative impacts on populations,” said Daniel Natusch, a herpetologist at the University of Sydney.

But slowing the traffic in animals stolen from the wild cannot be the sole responsibility of developing countries. “We can’t only point fingers at Asia and Africa,” Dr. Altherr said, “if we’re one of the main destinations.”

Source: New York Times

#animal trafficking #reptile trafficking #poaching #wild caught #reptiblr #animal abuse

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sciencespies · 4 years ago

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Synthetic aperture radar finally shedding its mystique

https://sciencespies.com/space/synthetic-aperture-radar-finally-shedding-its-mystique/

Synthetic aperture radar finally shedding its mystique

When Capella Space’s first operational synthetic aperture radar satellite launched from New Zealand last month on a Rocket Lab Electron, a team of agriculture specialists at The Climate Corporation watched with excitement.

“We were really happy,” said Steven Ward, the director of geospatial sciences at The Climate Corporation, a San Francisco-based subsidiary of life sciences and pharmaceutical giant Bayer that leverages satellite imagery to help farmers boost crop yields and insure against weather-driven losses. “We actually had a Slack channel where we were celebrating that launch.”

The Climate Corporation processed 600 million satellite images in 2019, most of it optical, Ward said. The company hasn’t integrated synthetic aperture radar, or SAR, imagery into its Climate FieldView product line yet, but is studying how radar, which can peer through clouds, could fill gaps left by optical satellites over notoriously cloudy regions like Brazil, Indonesia and the Niger delta, he said.

“We’re getting bits and pieces of the story of the field,” Ward said. “What adding SAR data into the mix does is it fills in the gaps. We’re missing chapters, and it’s filling in those chapters.”

The Climate Corporation integrates satellite imagery with other data sources, streaming mapped progress directly to computer-equipped farming machinery. Farmers are able to see and analyze the progress of planting, crop protection, and harvesting in real time using satellite imagery. Credit: The Climate Corporation

SAR satellites can gather data day and night, and through all weather conditions, but the resultant imagery is typically more expensive, less available, and more difficult to use than optical imagery.

Technological advances, as much on the ground as in space, are breaking down those barriers, positioning SAR for much more widespread adoption, according to experts.

“For the first time in history, the ground segment is ready, the cloud computing is ready, and the SAR satellite systems are ready,” said Alexis Conte, a Euroconsult analyst specialized in the geospatial sector. “It is promising.”

Before joining Euroconsult in 2017, Conte worked for France’s agriculture ministry where it proved challenging to get SAR imagery quickly because cloud computing was still nascent, he said. Now, SAR customers can easily use cloud platforms like Amazon Web Services, Conte said, or access imagery through web portals from SAR providers Maxar Technologies and Airbus Defence and Space that include analytical tools to process SAR data.

A wave of startups including Capella Space, Iceye, iQPS Inc., PredaSAR, Umbra Labs and Synspective have launched or are preparing to launch SAR smallsats that promise faster revisit times and lower costs, he said.

“They are going to drive the market,” Conte said of the several smallsat SAR constellations in the offing. “They are lowering the price because the [capital expenditure for] each satellite is very low.”

SAR DEMAND ON THE INCREASE

So many new constellations are in development that the U.S. National Geospatial Intelligence Agency conducted a study this year to better understand the state of commercial SAR, said Jared Newton, the special projects officer for NGA’s source commercial and business operations group.

“The U.S. commercial market has really sprung up hot and heavy in the last couple of years, so we had to go back and re-look at opportunities that we think we could apply SAR commercial capabilities,” he said.

That internal study concluded that commercial SAR can help meet U.S. geospatial intelligence needs, Newton said.

“We definitely see expanded opportunities for private sector SAR, particularly RADAR LOVE as that demand for unclassified and sharable geoint has increased,” he said.

NGA will use those findings to inform requirements for the National Reconnaissance Office, the U.S. spy satellite agency responsible for acquiring imagery needed for military and intelligence operations.

The European Union’s maritime safety agency, EMSA, also sees an increasing need for SAR data, particularly for its Copernicus Maritime Surveillance program, which provides Earth-observation products to member governments for law enforcement, fishery management, pollution monitoring, and other applications. The European Union’s 27 member states plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland are entitled to use the agency’s SAR-derived products, EMSA said in a written response to questions from SpaceNews.

“The demand for [SAR] services has been increasing as users acknowledge the added value of this tool for maritime surveillance when offered in near real time,” EMSA said.

EMSA’s Copernicus Maritime Surveillance program is driving much of that growth, EMSA said, by buying Radarsat-2 data through MDA and TerraSAR-X data through Airbus. EMSA also relies on free SAR data from Europe’s Sentinel-1 satellite to detect oil spills under a separate program called CleanSeaNet.

“The objective of EMSA is to maintain access to as many missions as possible and a portfolio of providers as large as possible to be able to address all requests at any time,” the agency said.

THE NORMALIZATION OF SAR

While defense and intelligence agencies remain the largest consumers of SAR imagery, commercial applications are the fastest growing segment of the market, Conte said. Customers in agriculture, energy, finance, infrastructure and other sectors are all adopting SAR, which they often use in ways that are complementary to optical imagery, he said.

Geospatial data customers accustomed to optical imagery often view SAR as an add-on, not a substitute, for other information sources. The Climate Corporation hopes to add SAR to infotech products that already incorporate data from weather instruments, farm machinery and optical satellites to provide an even fuller understanding of crop health, Ward said. No single source of data provides the whole picture, he said.

Ursa Space Systems, a geospatial analytics company that specializes in SAR, has blended SAR images with optical photos from BlackSky’s nascent satellite fleet and ship-tracking data from Spire’s sizable cubesat constellation to provide more comprehensive maritime products, Ursa CEO Adam Maher said.

Combining SAR with other data helps Ursa sell imagery products to customers in a wide variety of industries, many of which weren’t familiar with SAR until recently, he said.

“In oil and gas, our customers were very used to optical, but now having SAR has become a selling point,” said Maher.

SAR satellite operators face the two-pronged challenge of making potential customers aware of their imagery, and making their imagery readily usable for those customers.

SAR is not as big a business as optical imagery, but it is projected to grow steadily in the years ahead. Credit: Euroconsult

Ursa is one of the “larger consumers” of SAR data, Maher said, relying on e-Geos, SI Imaging Services, Iceye and others for imagery that it feeds into analytics dashboards for provide rapid change detection alerts.

Maher said demand for SAR is coming from virtually every industry. “Being able to understand what’s going on in parts of the world that are not easily accessible to optical satellites is really important,” he said.

Putting SAR imagery to work does come with challenges, Maher added. Details that are obvious in optical images are easy to miss in SAR images without special training or software designed to interpret the data, he said.

To the untrained eye, a SAR image looks like a “bunch of black and white speckled dots,” Maher said. Ursa focuses heavily on training computer algorithms to detect objects of interest from those images, he said.

Even geospatial specialists at The Climate Corporation had a tough time interpreting radar imagery they were working with as part of the company’s recent SAR suitability study, Ward said.

“The data is big and unwieldy, and it doesn’t come cleanly packaged. Even some of my most well versed and best remote sensing scientists didn’t have a lot of experience working with radar data,” he said. “There was a learning curve there because so many institutions focused on teaching purely optical imaging, but we’re seeing a bit of a shift there.”

When it comes to understanding SAR, Euroconsult’s Conte said the onus should lay more heavily on SAR providers to deliver data products their customers understand.

“The operator will have to be educated about end-user expectations and first get a good knowledge about their world in order to deliver the appropriate services,” he said.

Getting familiar with new customers and their markets will help the satellite industry communicate about SAR to an even larger audience, Ursa’s Maher said.

“It’s really important to make sure when we’re educating other folks that we’re educating them in the languages and industry knowledge that they know,” he said.

This article originally appeared in the Sept. 14, 2020 issue of SpaceNews magazine.

#Space

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cesmesakzferibot61-blog · 4 years ago

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How Safe Are Ferries?

In 2003, a ship in New York City struck a wharf in Staten Island, executing eleven and harming more than seventy. In 2005, a ship in British Columbia missed the harbor and collided with little vessels in the marina. Also, more as of late, a ship in the Red Sea sank, killing more than 1,000 travelers. Only a couple of days past to that fiasco, a ship in Indonesia sank, killing handfuls. These misfortunes make one wonder: how safe are ships? Ships are famous with sightseers, thinking of them as a picturesque break from swarmed thruways, however would it be a good idea for you to depend yourself and your family to a ship?

Ships in created nations are, generally, safe - truth be told, in the US going by ship is far more secure than going via vehicle. In the US, ships work in forty States, and in 2002 ridership surpassed 1,000,000 out of a few huge US urban areas (counting Seattle, New York City, San Francisco, and Boston). Seattle, which has the biggest US ship framework, sees around 26 million travelers every year çeşme sakız feribot. All the ships all work under explicit methodology and security norms spread out by state and government specialists, some of which have been refreshed since the 2003 accident in New York.

However, ships in Europe and the US have another weight to consider, also: psychological oppression. Since September 11, all methods of mass travel are going under serious examination by legislative associations, and this incorporates ships. Periodically working with a similar number of staff, ships are being needed to check and re-check the two travelers and their vehicles for anything dubious. These new assignments are disputable in certain zones, particularly in ship frameworks previously swarmed, where the extra security is viewed as a problem and time-suck. In the previous barely any years, the US Coast Guard has battled with adjusting the requests for both security and time and staff effectiveness. The new enemy of fear based oppression guidelines will have the most noteworthy effect on huge US and European ship frameworks.

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sindoshipping · 10 days ago

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Apa Saja Barang Perlengkapan Grooming Pria yang Populer Belakangan Ini?

Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, perlengkapan grooming pria telah mengalami peningkatan popularitas yang signifikan di pasar global. Produk seperti pomade, beard oil, skincare, hingga perangkat elektronik seperti trimmer dan shaver semakin diminati oleh pria di berbagai usia. Menurut laporan Allied Market Research, pasar grooming pria global diperkirakan akan mencapai lebih dari USD 81 miliar pada…

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kratomcapsulesusa · 4 years ago

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Why Purchasing Cheap Kratom Could Be Hazardous

Since atom is produced of the leaves of this mitragyna species tree, maybe not all atom is made equally. Even the"kratom rush" has resulted in a flourishing online kratom market where clients can pick from hundreds of online vendors and many different products which change in price, amount, and kind. For kratom beginners and fans alike, purchasing cheap kratom is frequently an appealing and pragmatic choice nevertheless, going the cheap route can introduce you to undue danger.

Whether you are buying atom for the very first time or trying to stock up in your preferred cheap diatom breeds on line, here is why purchasing cheap atom could be harmful.

Affordable Kratom: Health & Safety Among the most crucial dangers of purchasing cheap kratom on the internet is a deficiency of product testing. As a botanical and perishable material, kratom products are vulnerable to a number of the very same contaminants which may be located on the create you could buy from the grocery shop.

More especially, untested and inexpensive kratom products may contain higher than normal levels of direct, salmonella, E. coli, and other harmful germs and contaminants. Coming into contact with such impurities may wreak havoc on your body, and consequently, untested kratom products may endanger your wellbeing and safety.

During the previous ten years, jeopardized kratom products have told heaps of consumers in the USA alone. In 2018, the United States FDA counted a total of 199 cases of salmonellosis across 41 US states because of polluted kratom with 38 percent of these affected necessitating hospitalization. While there is no guarantee which you will contract a disease such as salmonellosis from cheap kratom, it is far better to err on the side of care.

Questionable Excellent

Many kratom you purchase online is sourced from Southeast Asia, mostly from Indonesia and Malaysia. This kratom grows in prosperity, and consequently, many sailors have capitalized on the chance to grow, harvest, and even share their own kratom with all the world.

But not all atom gets the luxury of being made at a specialist setting. The growth of kratom's worldwide popularity has brought many unscrupulous and unreliable providers who develop and process their own kratom in improper and dangerous environments. To raise profit margins, cheap online kratom sellers frequently provide their kratom from such untrustworthy providers, leading to kratom products which are cheap but finally questionable.

Among the most disturbing trends among undependable atom resources is that the incidence of product fillers. Some clients have reported limiting kratom products which contain added ingredients like matcha as well as the earth leaves of different plants. Typically, these vendors are incorporating filler components for their products in the sake of boosting profits, but in other circumstances, the reasons behind altering kratom products may be insidious. Luckily, clients can avoid the hazards of adulterated kratom by buying filler-free, organic kratom from respectable vendors.

In other businesses, the equal of several poor-quality kratom products could be deemed unfit available by regulatory agencies such as the FDA and the USDA. Regrettably, because the atom is largely untrue in many states, a lack of quality control has enabled suspicious, cheap kratom products to find their way to customers' hands.

In the united states, the American Kratom Association (AKA) has paved the way for safer, more transparent kratom accessibility by introducing the Kratom Consumer Protection Act (KCPA) that has since been embraced by many US states. Though the AKA's attempts have put an admirable legislative case for other nations to follow along, it might take years before the American atom business can completely protect its clients from cheap online kratom.

Fresh is Best

Another caveat of buying cheap kratom entails product freshness. As a botanical product, kratom is vulnerable to organic degradation with time in a way very similar to other common plants and herbs.

As you may expect, many buyers prefer new kratom leaf. A typical criticism among buyers of inexpensive kratom is the kratom is rancid and inert, rendering it ineffective compared to products out of high quality kratom vendors. Although buying cheap kratom online may appear sensible from the short term, new atom is very likely to have a more shelf-life, which makes it a wiser buy in the long term.

Besides degradation as a result of aging, kratom also degrades in quality if subjected to sun, air, and airborne contaminants such as mold, dust, or moisture. While higher-end atom providers take storage fixes to reduce spoilage, economical kratom can be stored in poorly-controlled surroundings before being sent to clients. Because of this, cheap kratom products frequently arrive within an already-compromised condition, at which stage their shelf life is currently restricted -- even when the purchaser is diligent about storage in home.

To maximize the shelf life of your own orator and get the maximum from each batch, always purchase freshly-sourced kratom from respectable vendors. Listed below are a Couple of ways to Find out Whether kratom powder is refreshing:

Odor: Typically, refreshing kratom has a solid, sharp odor with wrought aromatic traces. Elderly kratom often smells plump and dry compared to Packaging: Kratom products sent in airtight, sealed bags are more likely to be refreshing. Inexpensive kratom can be sent in loose, non-airtight totes Color: The colour of kratom can vary depending upon the breed and area of farming, but a darker colour could be indicative of freshness Consistency: Brand New, high quality kratom powder generally possesses a mild, fine-grain consistency that is similar in feel to flour. Inexpensive online kratom frequently includes a coarser, thicker feel.

Aromatic Potency & Purity

Much like freshness, kratom's innocence and potency play essential roles in its own efficacy. The freshest atom has an opportunity of becoming ineffectual if it had been badly cultivated.

In the end, alkaloid profiles will be the defining difference between powerful kratom and inert atom. As all atom changes in colour and odor, kratom leaves may comprise varying alkaloid concentrations. Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic compounds that encircle kratom leaves -- and also a number of different plants such as tobacco and coffee -- with notable psychoactive properties which lure buyers. High-quality, professionally-cultivated kratom products normally contain exceptionally potent and varied alkaloid profiles, while cheap kratom products frequently contain a smaller, less varied choice of alkaloids.

As a result of extensive alkaloid variance of kratom leaves, kratom users frequently gravitate towards particular atom variations -- or"breeds" -- for certain functions. Some kratom breeds have arousing aromas, though some kratom breeds are regarded as much more relaxing in contrast. Other breeds are deemed to be more"balanced" and appear to exhibit multiple aromatic attributes; nonetheless, when you buy cheap, low carb kratom, you are not guaranteed to obtain one or more one of these advantages.

Although testing is not a prevalent practice, a few kratom vendors regularly examine their kratom products and release the results online. Some evaluations reveal the alkaloid makeup of some vendor's different kratom products -- namely kratom's main alkaloids, mitragynine, and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Other evaluations to investigate the existence of contaminants such as salmonella, E. Coli, and heavy metals such as mercury and lead.

Not many kratom vendors perform product laboratory testing, however up-to-date evaluation outcomes may be a symptom of innocence and help you steer clear of cheap kratom. But as test results are easily forged by cheap online kratom vendors, it is prudent to confirm the validity of any printed test results by analyzing the name of this laboratory and the lab attendant's trademark for credibility.

Exotic Kratom Strains Which Are Not Exotic After All

Another troubling trend with cheap online kratom vendors is the incidence of deceptive and labeled kratom products. Kratom strain names normally exist to distinguish between particular regions of farming or post-processing practices. Unscrupulous kratom vendors, nevertheless, frequently re-brand cheap kratom products together with exotic strain names in the sake of boosting sales and increasing earnings.

As an example, Red Bali is among the most popular kratom breeds available and could be obtained for a reasonable price. However, by marketing Crimson Bali kratom as"Red Alexander," vendors can lure their clients into purchasing a novel strain they have never encountered before, regardless of the fact the"Red Alexander" is only re-branded Red Bali kratom.

Though some lesser-known kratom breeds do exist (such as Bentuangie( which destroys a distinctive fermenting process), a massive choice of exotic-sounding kratom strains could be indicative of a cheap, deceptive kratom seller. Not only is that the re-branding technique deceiving, but it might endanger you as an individual purchaser. After all, if a vendor is prepared to fool you in respect to the names of the products, it is very probable they're eager to fool you in different ways, also.

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southeastasianists · 5 years ago

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Immediately to the north-west of Australia, occupying an area somewhat larger than our island-continent, are the heartlands of the pre-modern world’s most accomplished and farthest-ranging oceanic explorers, migrant settlers and traders. Today they occupy much of Southeast Asia, while their outlying settlements stretch from Madagascar to Easter Island and Hawai’i. Active and afloat across the Asian and Indian Ocean region for millennia, their maritime mercantile ventures reached northern Australia in pre-colonial centuries.

They are the diverse but culturally and linguistically related people who are collectively called Austronesians.

Both the term ‘Austronesian’ and these people’s identity as a distinct grouping are, it’s safe to say, very little recognised by most Australians or the wider world, except among specialist historians, archaeologists, ethnographers and linguists. Author Philip Bowring wants to change that with this book that is a detailed, multidisciplinary account of these quintessential seafaring and trading societies, from their prehistoric origins until now.

In particular Bowring wants the ‘general reader and public’, at whom this book is aimed, to appreciate their dynamic role in the networks of oceanic trading that stretched from Asia across the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean for thousands of years… networks that led directly to the last half millennium of European expansion, and that were the forerunners of today’s globalised economy.

Austronesians comprise most of the populations of modern Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, speaking hundreds of different but related languages. There are also minority Austronesian populations in Indochina, Burma, Thailand and Taiwan. Ethnic Thais, Cambodians, Laos, Vietnamese and Burmese of mainland South-East Asia are not Austronesians, nor were they primarily seafaring societies – the thing that most defines deep Austronesian heritage.

So to avoid confusion Bowring has coined a new term, Nusantaria, to describe Austronesian homelands on the islands and coasts of South-East Asia, from where they sailed and traded much more widely. The term comes from the Sanskrit-derived, Malay-Indonesian nusantara (‘the islands between’), referring to the archipelagos that stretch from China and South-East Asia towards Australasia. (In English this was sometimes ‘the Malay archipelago’, the title of Alfred Russell Wallace’s magnificent magnum opus published precisely 150 years ago.)

The Nusantaria concept keeps the focus on this vital maritime mercantile heartland, whereas some of the Austronesian family sailed so far away – to Micronesia, Polynesia and Madagascar – that they eventually lost contact with the ancestral sail-trading network.

The major defining feature of Nusantarian societies was their mastery of navigation with ingenious vessel technologies, which included outriggers, unique fore-and-aft sailing rigs and hull-construction techniques that distinguished them from the Arab, Persian, Indian, Chinese and (much later) European ships that also plied these seas. This was the key to their expansion and settlement of maritime Southeast Asia over the last four or five millennia, displacing or absorbing earlier migrants. Other original features of Nusantarian societies included ancestral cults and shamanism, headhunting, and the independence and high standing of their women.

Bowring takes an even-handed approach to the fascinating question of Nusantarian origins. He acknowledges the well-accepted ‘out of China via Taiwan’, north-to-south thesis of Peter Bellwood et.al., but seemingly gives equal credence to alternative, south-to-north theories of migrations that were forced by the last inter-glacial flooding of the Sundaland basin (Stephen Oppenheimer, William Sondheim).

From ancient times the islands of Nusantaria supplied key trade commodities including the rarest and most costly spices – cloves, nutmeg and mace – exported in its own ocean-going ships. But more crucially, these home waters were the cross-roads of all the extensive sea trade between East Asia and the Indian Ocean.

Controlling these sea lanes led to the rise of diverse Nusantarian trading centres and entrepôts, kingdoms and empires in Sumatra, Java, Malaya and elsewhere in their region. Bowring vividly depicts a cosmopolitan trading world exchanging ceramics, metals, gems, silks and other textiles, spices, forest products, slaves – the vast majority shipped by sea.

‘A Persian writing in Arabic in the tenth century,’ he tells us, ‘noted that parrots in Palembang [the Sumatran centre of the Srivijaya empire] could speak many languages including Arabic, Persian and Greek.’ Those polylingual parrots would certainly also have spoken Malay, the Austronesian language native to both shores of the Straits of Malacca – the narrow funnel through which most of this trade passed. It became the lingua-franca of the region’s sailors and traders well over a thousand years ago, and is the basis of the modern Indonesian national language.

The major religions of Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam entered the region from the Indian Ocean, spread peaceably by maritime trade and adopted through influence and prestige. Nusantarian societies transformed these religions, as much as they transformed Nusantaria. Rare seaborne invasions such as that of the Tamil-Indian Cholas in 1025, and later Mongol and Ming interventions, made no lasting impacts due to the dispersal of the islands and the skills of its sailors and traders.

European and Christian incursions began more forcibly five centuries ago, lured by the fabulous wealth of the ‘Spice Islands’ and advantaged by the superior gunnery of these aggressive newcomers. The shock is well expressed in the famous words of 17th-century Makassan Sultan Alauddin, refusing monopolist Dutch demands to exclude their rivals: ‘God made the land and the sea. The land he divided among men and the sea he gave in common. It has never been heard that anyone should be forbidden to sail the seas.’

This new era would lead eventually to a severe downturn of Nusantarian fortunes and a loss of common identity as they were fragmented into the post-colonial states we know today. Bowring makes the valuable point, however, that it’s easy to exaggerate the effect of the first few centuries of European activity, as disruptive as it was. It was not until ‘a final land-grabbing spasm around the turn of the 20th century that European imperialism reached its final apogee’, drawing Nusantaria’s modern borders.

Journalist, author and yachtsman Philip Bowring has lived in Asia for decades as a correspondent for leading financial and international newspapers, and was editor of the prestigious Far Eastern Economic Review. His earlier history book was about a distant ancestor, Sir John Bowring, who as Plenipotentiary in China in 1856 precipitated the Second Opium War, and who negotiated a key trade treaty between Britain and King Mongkut of Anna and the King of Siam fame.

Having read history at Cambridge and, during his working life, absorbed himself in the history and economy of maritime Asia, Philip Bowring is well placed to attempt this ambitious synthesis of vast amounts of scholarship and primary sources for a non-specialist readership. Its magnitude is attested by a nine-page bibliography. Given the breadth and depth of material consulted, errors (in this reviewer’s fields, at least) were few and minor.

At times the work suffers from the formidable weight of historical detail that it encompasses. There are occasions where condensing complex events and multiple players creates sentences that are rather too opaque, unless you’re already well-versed in that history. Places, people or processes can sometimes flash by, for the first and last time, unexplained.

This is less criticism than acknowledgement of the dilemma of treating an intricate subject encompassing so very many cultures, eras and episodes in a single volume – as best I know, for the first time. You could push the book out by an extra hundred or two pages – but then, good luck finding a publisher. Or do you simplify the story by sacrificing some of the richness and texture of complex events and processes? Any reader finding themselves a bit lost in the detail might return to the contents list, which has been well constructed with snappy chapter titles and a clever 30-word synopsis for each. This can usefully be returned to as a summary or a road map.

The attractive illustrations in both colour and mono have been very well selected for variety and quality, with many outstanding works of art, artefacts or historical sources. It might have been helpful to reference them more in the text, however, to make their relevance clearer to readers unfamiliar with the subject.

This hardcover book is handsomely produced with a beautiful dust jacket showing fine Nusantarian galleys in the Moluccas, recorded during the Louis de Freycinet expedition of 1817–20. It’s a volume that offers readers a deeper understanding of the vibrant maritime peoples and events that unfolded literally on Australia’s tropical northern doorstep, to better appreciate the complex development of the human, political and economic region that we inhabit.

#Southeast Asia #Austronesia #History #Resources #Empire of the Winds

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cargoexpressdtd · 5 years ago

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travel-voyages · 5 years ago

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Coronavirus maps and charts: A visual guide to the outbreak

By The Visual and Data Journalism Team BBC News 3 March 2020

A fast-moving virus originating in China and known as the "new coronavirus" has infected tens of thousands of Chinese citizens and spread to more than 60 countries. It has claimed more than 3,000 lives so far.

Here are 10 maps and charts that will help you understand what is going on. 1. New infections outside China top those within

More than 80,000 people in China have been infected with the coronavirus since the virus's discovery in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, in December.

Although the vast majority of cases of the respiratory infection, which causes pneumonia-like symptoms, remain in China, the virus is now spreading faster outside the country than inside.

Coronavirus has infected about 10,000 people across the rest of the globe, according to World Health Organization (WHO) figures.

However, infectious disease specialists at Imperial College London estimate about two thirds of cases originating in mainland China remain undetected worldwide.

This could mean "multiple chains of as yet undetected human-to-human transmission" internationally, they say.

What are the symptoms?

How worried should we be?

The three biggest international outbreaks detected so far have been in South Korea, with almost 5,000 cases, on board the British-registered Diamond Princess cruise ship docked in Yokohama, Japan, which has seen more than 700 people infected, and Italy, with more than 2,000 confirmed cases.

In a sign the disease is spreading further afield, Qatar, Ecuador, Luxembourg and Ireland all confirmed their first cases over the weekend, and Indonesia followed on Monday.

Governments across Europe are stepping up preparations, as more cases are detected.

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51235105

#Coronavirus #COVID-19

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newstfionline · 5 years ago

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Headlines

Canada Soldiers Helping to Remove Fallen Trees After Dorian (AP) Canadian soldiers armed with chain saws fanned out across Halifax and the surrounding communities Monday to help clean up the tangled mess of fallen trees and power lines left behind by post-tropical cyclone Dorian.

Judge restores nationwide block on Trump administration’s asylum ban (Reuters) A federal judge in California on Monday dealt a setback to a new Trump administration rule that sought to block almost all asylum applications at the border, ruling that an injunction against the rule should apply nationwide.

At 9/11 memorial, new recognition for a longer-term toll (AP) When the names of nearly 3,000 Sept. 11 victims are read aloud Wednesday at the World Trade Center, a half-dozen stacks of stone will quietly salute an untold number of people who aren’t on the list. The granite slabs were installed on the memorial plaza this spring. They recognize an initially unseen toll of the 2001 terrorist attacks: firefighters, police and others who died or fell ill after exposure to toxins unleashed in the wreckage.

Bahamas damage from Hurricane Dorian catastrophic (Foreign Policy) After a flyover of the Bahamas on Sunday, the head of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) likened the scene on the ground after Hurricane Dorian to damage from a nuclear bomb. USAID is still working to provide aid in the islands with heavy damage, with thousands of residents fleeing to Nassau, the capital, or to the United States.

Guatemala Deploys 2,000 Troops After Deadly Attack on Soldiers (Reuters) Hundreds of Guatemalan soldiers were deployed on Monday to an area near the border with Honduras and Mexico, home to long-standing social conflicts, in a bid to improve security after three soldiers were gunned down by suspected drug runners.

Irish border riddle still confounds the Brexit experts (AP) In announcing Monday that he hopes to break the Brexit deadlock by next month, Prime Minister Boris Johnson is seeking to solve in a matter of weeks a puzzle that has troubled European and British specialists for more than two years. Before negotiations on Britain’s departure from the European Union even began in 2017, the vexing issue of how to keep goods flowing seamlessly between EU member Ireland and Northern Ireland when it leaves along with the rest of the U.K.--without time-consuming border checks--was identified as an obstacle that could derail the entire process. A team of experts has focused solely on ways to tackle the conundrum. But with Britain set to depart on Oct. 31 and a costly no-deal withdrawal a possible outcome, even the experts do not appear to know exactly what will happen at the border on Brexit day.

Youths Throw Petrol Bombs at Police Investigating Device in Northern Ireland (Reuters) Irish nationalist youths threw dozens of petrol bombs at police as officers defused an explosive device near homes in the Northern Ireland city of Londonderry late on Monday, police said.

Charity Ship Completes Rescue of 34 Migrants Off Libya (AP) Thirty-four migrants including women and a small child who were rescued by a German sailboat have been successfully taken aboard a humanitarian hip in international waters north of Libya despite a thunderstorm.

India’s Moon Mission Locates Landing Craft, No Communication Yet (Reuters) India has located the spacecraft it was trying to land on the moon but has not been able to establish communication with it yet, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said on Tuesday.

North Korea says it is willing to resume nuclear talks with U.S. in late September (Reuters) North Korea said on Monday it was willing to restart nuclear talks with the United States in late September, but warned that chances of a deal could end unless Washington takes a fresh approach.

Hong Kong tells US to stay out; students form protest chains (AP) Thousands of students formed human chains outside schools across Hong Kong on Monday to show solidarity after violent weekend clashes between police and activists seeking democratic reforms in the semiautonomous Chinese territory. The silent protest came as the Hong Kong government condemned the “illegal behavior of radical protesters” and warned the U.S. to stay out of its affairs.

Indonesian Police Say Exiled Separatist Fomenting Papua Unrest, 85 Arrested (Reuters) Police in Papua have arrested 85 suspects since ethnic unrest erupted in Indonesia’s easternmost region in mid-August, a spokesman said, accusing a separatist leader based in Britain of fomenting Papua’s most serious civil strife in years.

Japan May Have to Dump Radioactive Water Into the Sea, Minister Says (Reuters) Japan’s Tokyo Electric Power will have to dump radioactive water from its destroyed Fukushima nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean as it runs out of room to store it, the environment minister said on Tuesday.

Ongoing violence in South Africa (Foreign Policy) Xenophobic violence broke out again on Sunday in Johannesburg with one person killed as police clashed with rioters, who have targeted migrant-owned businesses in South Africa over the last week. The violence has increased tensions between South Africa and Nigeria, and Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari announced over the weekend that he would visit South Africa next month.

#headlines

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thatheartonmysleeve · 5 years ago

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The History of Coffee

An Ethiopian Legend

Espresso become worldwide can follow its legacy back hundreds of years to the old espresso woods on the Ethiopian level. There, legend says the goat herder Kaldi first found the capability of these darling beans.

The story goes that that Kaldi found espresso after he saw that subsequent to eating the berries from a specific tree, his goats turned out to be vigorous to such an extent that they would not like to rest during the evening.

Kaldi detailed his discoveries to the abbot of the nearby cloister, who made a beverage with the berries and found that it kept him alert through the extended periods of time of night supplication. The abbot imparted his disclosure to different priests at the religious community, and learning of the stimulating berries started to spread.

As word moved east and espresso arrived at the Arabian landmass, it started a voyage which would bring these beans over the globe.

The Arabian Peninsula

Espresso development and exchange started on the Arabian Peninsula. By the fifteenth century, espresso was being developed in the Yemeni locale of Arabia and by the sixteenth century it was known in Persia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey.

Espresso was delighted in homes, yet additionally in the numerous open cafés — called qahveh khaneh — which started to show up in urban communities over the Near East. The ubiquity of the cafés was unrivaled and individuals frequented them for a wide range of social movement here.

Not exclusively did the supporters drink espresso and participate in discussion, yet they likewise tuned in to music, watched entertainers, played chess and kept current on the news. Cafés rapidly turned out to be such a significant place for the trading of data that they were regularly alluded to as "Schools of the Wise."

With a great many travelers visiting the heavenly city of Mecca every year from everywhere throughout the world, learning of this "wine of Araby" started to spread.

Espresso Comes to Europe

European explorers to the Near East brought back accounts of an abnormal dull dark refreshment. By the seventeenth century, espresso had advanced toward Europe and was getting to be well known over the landmass.

A few people responded to this new refreshment with doubt or dread, considering it the "severe creation of Satan." The nearby pastorate sentenced espresso when it came to Venice in 1615. The contention was extraordinary to the point that Pope Clement VIII was approached to mediate. He chose to taste the refreshment for himself before settling on a choice, and found the beverage so fulfilling that he gave it ecclesiastical endorsement.

Regardless of such contention, cafés were rapidly getting to be focuses of social action and correspondence in the significant urban communities of England, Austria, France, Germany and Holland. In England "penny colleges" jumped up, purported in light of the fact that at the cost of a penny one could buy some espresso and take part in animating discussion.

Espresso started to supplant the normal breakfast drink refreshments of the time — lager and wine. The individuals who drank espresso rather than liquor started the day alert and empowered, and as anyone might expect, the nature of their work was significantly improved. (We like to think about this a forerunner to the cutting edge office espresso administration.)

By the mid-seventeenth century, there were more than 300 cafés in London, a significant number of which pulled in similarly invested supporters, including dealers, shippers, intermediaries and specialists.

Numerous organizations became out of these particular cafés. Lloyd's of London, for instance, appeared at the Edward Lloyd's Coffee House.

The New World

In the mid-1600's, espresso was brought to New Amsterdam, later called New York by the British.

In spite of the fact that cafés quickly started to show up, tea kept on being the favored beverage in the New World until 1773, when the pioneers rebelled against a substantial expense on tea forced by King George III. The revolt, known as the Boston Tea Party, would everlastingly change the American drinking inclination to espresso.

Estates Around the World

As interest for the drink kept on spreading, there was wild challenge to develop espresso outside of Arabia.

The Dutch at last got seedlings in the last 50% of the seventeenth century. Their first endeavors to plant them in Quite a while fizzled, however they were effective with their endeavors in Batavia, on the island of Java in what is presently Indonesia.

The plants flourished and soon the Dutch had a profitable and developing exchange espresso. They at that point extended the development of espresso trees to the islands of Sumatra and Celebes.

Going to the Americas

In 1714, the Mayor of Amsterdam introduced an endowment of a youthful espresso plant to King Louis XIV of France. The King requested it to be planted in the Royal Botanical Garden in Paris. In 1723, a youthful maritime official, Gabriel de Clieu got a seedling from the King's plant. In spite of a difficult voyage — complete with ghastly climate, a saboteur who attempted to pulverize the seedling, and a privateer assault — he figured out how to ship it securely to Martinique.

When planted, the seedling flourished, yet it's credited with the spread of more than 18 million espresso trees on the island of Martinique in the following 50 years. Significantly increasingly extraordinary is that this seedling was the parent of all espresso trees all through the Caribbean, South and Central America.

The renowned Brazilian espresso owes its reality to Francisco de Mello Palheta, who was sent by the head to French Guiana to get espresso seedlings. The French were not willing to share, however the French Governor's better half, enthralled by his great looks, gave him a huge bunch of roses before he left—covered inside were sufficient espresso seeds to start what is today a billion-dollar industry.

Evangelists and voyagers, dealers and homesteaders kept on conveying espresso seeds to new grounds, and espresso trees were planted around the world. Manors were set up in radiant tropical backwoods and on rough mountain good countries. A few yields prospered, while others were brief. New countries were set up on espresso economies. Fortunes were made and lost. Before the finish of the eighteenth century, espresso had turned out to be one of the world's most productive fare crops. After raw petroleum, espresso is the most looked for ware on the planet.

https://thecoffeemachine.us/

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perfection-in-females · 5 years ago

Text

The History of Coffee

An Ethiopian Legend

As word moved east and espresso arrived at the Arabian landmass, it started a voyage which would bring these beans over the globe.

The Arabian Peninsula

With a great many travelers visiting the heavenly city of Mecca every year from everywhere throughout the world, learning of this "wine of Araby" started to spread.

Espresso Comes to Europe

Numerous organizations became out of these particular cafés. Lloyd's of London, for instance, appeared at the Edward Lloyd's Coffee House

The New World

In the mid-1600's, espresso was brought to New Amsterdam, later called New York by the British.

Estates Around the World

As interest for the drink kept on spreading, there was wild challenge to develop espresso outside of Arabia.

The plants flourished and soon the Dutch had a profitable and developing exchange espresso. They at that point extended the development of espresso trees to the islands of Sumatra and Celebes.

Going to the Americas

https://thecoffeemachine.us/

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nicholassabalos · 6 years ago

Video

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Awesome allies….

(All in 24 seconds!)

(Go full-screen! The ships and aircraft will fly right off your screen....very cool, if I must say so!)

(Good soundtrack, too!)

RED SEA (April 15, 2019) -- Ships and aircraft from the United States Navy’s John C. Stennis Carrier Strike Group and the French Marine Nationale Charles de Gaulle Carrier Strike Group steam together in formation....

....honing interoperability skills among maritime forces from the United States and the European Union.

In the very short, but captivating video, the American nuclear-powered supercarrier USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74) sails in close formation with French nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle....battle ensigns flying from their masts....

....in unity and friendship....

....escorted by a small armada of American and European warships....

(I caught a glimpse of a Norwegian battle ensign flying 16 seconds into the video.)

....through one of the most economically-vital ocean trade routes, yet historically and, of late, volatile, regions of the world.

The Red Sea is a crucial link between Europe and Asia

* * * *

These multi-national formation steaming events have significant strategic, tactical and geopolitical implications.

I participated in dozens of these rendezvous over my Navy career....with nations ranging from France to Indonesia....Australia to Chile. (CLICK on each country for the composition of their naval fleets.)

They were some of the most FUN things we did as a naval force!

You quickly discovered that, no matter the country, culture or race or language, we all have the same basic core human values of doing our very best at what we do....and sustaining and protecting our families, our homes, our way of life, and our land.

EVERY single navy, from every part of the world, that I worked with, was deeply proud and consummately professional....and we always became not just fellow mariners and warriors....but respected friends! Without exception!

___________________________

>>Video: Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Connor Loessin, USN

>>Interesting note: Charles de Gaulle is the first French nuclear-powered surface vessel, and the only nuclear-powered carrier completed outside of the United States Navy (which usually maintains a force of 11 nuclear-powered aircraft carriers).

#Navy #USN #video #carrier strike group #USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74)#U.S. Navy #France #Marine Nationale #Charles de Gaulle #warships #geopolitics #training #interoperability #nuclear power #Mass Communication Specialist

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