#indo-gothic

[waheedawolf]

sir j.j. school of art, csmt

[yvanspijk]

Wool & lana

The word lana (wool) in languages such as Spanish is etymologically related to English wool. For words to be related, they don't have to look like each other. Instead, you have to be able to trace them back to the same ancestor through regular sound changes - and that's what linguists managed to do with wool and lana. The infographic shows the Germanic and Romance family trees of these words.

[manggageprek]

Haunted Hallways, an Asian horror anthology surrounding schools is out now!

Featuring the Indonesian Jelangkung, my own story revolves around the impossible expectations of students, how they must always strive for excellence regardless of any problems they have. Hauntings and possessions are chalked up to hysteria, missing students with low grades are treated as if they don't exist. There's many more amazing stories in this book!

ORDER HERE (Outland Ent. website)

ORDER HERE (Amazon)

[mornyavie]

My favorite quirk of old linguistics / philology texts* is the ones that are like "actually yes there IS a perfect language against which we were can compare and measure all other languages. It's Sanskrit."

Why were all these old English and German dudes obsessed with Sanskrit.

[paulpingminho]

[sheltiechicago]

M.N. Lakshminarayana Yadav

Mysore Palace: The Second Most Visited Indian Monument

Located in Karnataka, the Mysore Palace is a famous example of an Indo-Saracenic architectural style that blends Hindu, Muslim, Rajput, and Gothic styles. It was built for the 24th Ruler of the Wodeyar Dynasty between 1897 and 1912. This dynasty had ruled the region since 1399, and Mysore was the capital of their kingdom. When a fire destroyed the dynasty’s 16th-century palace in 1897, the Wodeyars commissioned the British architect Henry Irwin to build a new one. Today, the structure still continues to be the official residence of the royal family of Mysore.

lenz_wanderlust__

mktravel_diaries

vasanth_ct_official

kranti_kumar_adhikari

[comfortcushions]

St Xavier's College (Mumbai, India). Founded in 1869.

just the infrastructure of my college is more than enough 🤌

[transgenderer]

winter (n.)

Old English winter (plural wintru), "the fourth and coldest season of the year, winter," from Proto-Germanic *wintruz "winter" (source also of Old Frisian, Dutch winter, Old Saxon, Old High German wintar, German winter, Danish and Swedish vinter, Gothic wintrus, Old Norse vetr "winter"), probably literally "the wet season," from PIE *wend-, nasalized form of root *wed- (1) "water; wet"). On another old guess, cognate with Gaulish vindo-, Old Irish find "white." The usual PIE word is *gheim-.

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "winter." 

It forms all or part of: chimera; chiono-; hiemal; hibernacle; hibernal; hibernate; hibernation; Himalaya.

fabulous monster of Greek mythology, slain by Bellerophon, late 14c., from Old French chimere or directly from Medieval Latin chimera, from Latin Chimaera, from Greek khimaira, name of a mythical fire-breathing creature (slain by Bellerophon) with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a dragon's tail, a word that also meant "year-old she-goat" (masc. khimaros), from kheima "winter season," from PIE root *gheim- "winter."

As an adjective in Old English. The Anglo-Saxons counted years in "winters," as in Old English ænetre "one-year-old;" and wintercearig, which might mean either "winter-sad" or "sad with years." Old Norse Vetrardag, first day of winter, was the Saturday that fell between Oct. 10 and 16.

spring (n.)

"season following winter, first of the four seasons of the year; the season in which plants begin to rise," by 1540s, a shortening of spring of the year (1520s), which is from a special sense of an otherwise now-archaic spring (n.) "act or time of springing or appearing; the first appearance; the beginning, birth, rise, or origin" of anything (see spring v., and compare spring (n.2), spring (n.3)).

The earliest form seems to have been springing time (early 14c.). The notion is of the "spring of the year," when plants begin to rise and trees to bud (as in spring of the leaf, 1520s).

The Middle English noun also was used of sunrise, the waxing of the moon, rising tides, sprouting of the beard or pubic hair, etc.; compare 14c. spring of dai "sunrise," spring of mone "moonrise." Late Old English spring meant "carbuncle, pustule."

As the word for the vernal season it replaced Old English lencten (see Lent). Other Germanic languages take words for "fore" or "early" as their roots for the season name (Danish voraar, Dutch voorjaar, literally "fore-year;" German Frühling, from Middle High German vrueje "early").

In 15c. English, the season also was prime-temps, after Old French prin tans, tamps prim (Modern French printemps, which replaced primevère 16c. as the common word for spring), from Latin tempus primum, literally "first time, first season."

summer (n.)

"hot season of the year," Old English sumor "summer," from Proto-Germanic *sumra- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Norse, Old High German sumar, Old Frisian sumur, Middle Dutch somer, Dutch zomer, German Sommer), from PIE root *sm- "summer" (source also of Sanskrit sama "season, half-year," Avestan hama "in summer," Armenian amarn "summer," Old Irish sam, Old Welsh ham, Welsh haf "summer").

autumn (n.)

season after summer and before winter, late 14c., autumpne (modern form from 16c.), from Old French autumpne, automne (13c.), from Latin autumnus (also auctumnus, perhaps influenced by auctus "increase"), which is of unknown origin.

Perhaps it is from Etruscan, but Tucker suggests a meaning "drying-up season" and a root in *auq- (which would suggest the form in -c- was the original) and compares archaic English sere-month "August." De Vaan writes, "Although 'summer', 'winter' and 'spring' are inherited IE words in Latin, a foreign origin of autumnus is conceivable, since we cannot reconstruct a PIE word for 'autumn'".

Harvest (n.) was the English name for the season until autumn began to displace it 16c. Astronomically, from the descending equinox to the winter solstice; in Britain, the season is popularly August through October; in U.S., September through November. Compare Italian autunno, Spanish otoño, Portuguese outono, all from the Latin word.

As de Vaan notes, autumn's names across the Indo-European languages leave no evidence that there ever was a common word for it. Many "autumn" words mean "end, end of summer," or "harvest." Compare Greek phthinoporon "waning of summer;" Lithuanian ruduo "autumn," from rudas "reddish," in reference to leaves; Old Irish fogamar, literally "under-winter."

summer and winter both with PIE roots, but autumn and spring both without!

[noosphe-re]

Etymology of 'universe'

1580s, "the whole world, cosmos, the totality of existing things," from Old French univers (12c.), from Latin universum "all things, everybody, all people, the whole world," noun use of neuter of adjective universus "all together, all in one, whole, entire, relating to all," literally "turned into one," from unus "one" (from PIE root *oi-no- "one, unique") + versus, past participle of vertere "to turn, turn back, be turned; convert, transform, translate; be changed" (from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend"). also from 1580s

*oi-no- Proto-Indo-European root meaning "one, unique." It forms all or part of: a (1) indefinite article; alone; an; Angus; anon; atone; any; eleven; inch (n.1) "linear measure, one-twelfth of a foot;" lone; lonely; non-; none; null; once; one; ounce (n.1) unit of weight; quincunx; triune; unanimous; unary; une; uni-; Uniate; unilateral; uncial; unicorn; union; unique; unison; unite; unity; universal; universe; university; zollverein. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Greek oinos "ace (on dice);" Latin unus "one;" Old Persian aivam; Old Church Slavonic -inu, ino-; Lithuanian vienas; Old Irish oin; Breton un "one;" Old English an, German ein, Gothic ains "one."

*wer- (2) Proto-Indo-European root forming words meaning "to turn, bend." It forms all or part of: adverse; anniversary; avert; awry; controversy; converge; converse (adj.) "exact opposite;" convert; diverge; divert; evert; extroversion; extrovert; gaiter; introrse; introvert; invert; inward; malversation; obverse; peevish; pervert; prose; raphe; reverberate; revert; rhabdomancy; rhapsody; rhombus; ribald; sinistrorse; stalwart; subvert; tergiversate; transverse; universe; verbena; verge (v.1) "tend, incline;" vermeil; vermicelli; vermicular; vermiform; vermin; versatile; verse (n.) "poetry;" version; verst; versus; vertebra; vertex; vertigo; vervain; vortex; -ward; warp; weird; worm; worry; worth (adj.) "significant, valuable, of value;" worth (v.) "to come to be;" wrangle; wrap; wrath; wreath; wrench; wrest; wrestle; wriggle; wring; wrinkle; wrist; writhe; wrong; wroth; wry. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit vartate "turns round, rolls;" Avestan varet- "to turn;" Hittite hurki- "wheel;" Greek rhatane "stirrer, ladle;" Latin vertere (frequentative versare) "to turn, turn back, be turned; convert, transform, translate; be changed," versus "turned toward or against;" Old Church Slavonic vrŭteti "to turn, roll," Russian vreteno "spindle, distaff;" Lithuanian verčiu, versti "to turn;" German werden, Old English weorðan "to become;" Old English -weard "toward," originally "turned toward," weorthan "to befall," wyrd "fate, destiny," literally "what befalls one;" Welsh gwerthyd "spindle, distaff;" Old Irish frith "against."

—Etymonline.com

[theelderhazelnut]

Ombra's Biography

Warning: mentions of trauma, death, mental health problems

The image on the left is made with X-girl maker and the one on the right is made in artbreeder.

General Information

Full Name: Atoosa Aryan

Name Meaning:

Atoosa - Daughter of the Cyrus the Great, bestowing very richly

Aryan - Relating to or denoting peoples speaking Indo-European (or specifically Indo-Iranian) languages

Nicknames/Alias:

Ombra - widely used by Metalrealmers and her allies

Boss - given by her comrades

My soul - given by Quan Chi

Stone Face - given by her comrades

Ağlamaz Gülmez - meaning “doesn’t cry, doesn’t laugh”, given by Gizem

Age: 36

Date of Birth: November 26th

Zodiac Sign: Sagittarius

MBTI: INTP-A

Sex: Female

Gender: Demigirl

Pronouns: She/They

Sexuality: Demisexual

Species: Half-human, Half-Metalrealmer

Race/Ethnicity: Iranian

Country of Origin: Iran

Current Place of Residence: Metalrealm

Physical Appearance

Skin: Normal. and smooth. Pale ivory.

Height: 5'10 / 178 cm

Weight: 149 lbs / 68 kg

Eye Color: Abnormal light gray

Hair Color: Dark brown

Hair Texture: Thick, almost curly

Body Type: Muscular, hour-glass figure

Prominent Features:

Square face shape

Iron-jaw

Thick eyebrows

Broad Shoulders

Clothing Style: Ombra’s default outfit includes a black overcoat with a black vest which is secretly bulletproof, black pants and bottom-up shirt underneath the coat, and knee-high punk boots. These items can vary in their gothic and steampunk elements. In general, she prefers her outfits to be gender neutral.

Personality

Positive Traits: Mature, intelligent, understanding, patient, confident, logical, calculating

Negative Traits/Flaws: withdrawn, stoic, bloodthirsty, vengeful, gloomy, impious, stubborn, controlling, easily annoyed, remorseless, radical

Hobbies: playing chess, reading, writing

Likes: playing chess, solving mysteries, studying, studying people,

Dislikes: 98% of the people, singing, children,

Goals: destroying the Cult of The Elder Gods and taking revenge

Fears: losing her political position and power in Metalrealm, falling under the Cult’s control, losing Quan Chi

Health

Physical Health: Ombra has had an eye surgery as she used to be short-sighted. A few years ago, her jaw was severely broken, so she replaced with a metal one, resulting in the scars on her cheeks. Her vocal cords are damaged due to a throat tumor. And later one in the story, her right sclera becomes oxidized.

Mental Health: Ombra has had depression, OCD, and ADHD as long as she remembers, and those symptoms in her worsened once her parents died and she was left alone in a foreign country. She used to be suicidal during the time she worked as a servant in the Sky Temple. And when Falkus dragged her to Metalrealm to train her as an MRD agent, she learned to build a thicker wall around herself. During those years she felt nothing but powerless. She watched as her superiors made decisions for her long lost life, and she could do nothing but obey. Gradually, she learned to use her psychology knowledge for her own benefits. She learned how to manipulate people, especially from Falkus, and discovered that she actually has leading skills. Ombra became more and more of a control-freak, especially when she eventually earned the position of the head of the MIS. Taking control is like a coping mechanism for her through which she makes sure she doesn’t get hurt. Meanwhile, her repressed wrath made her a vengeful sadist, ready to use her power to take down empires.

Phobias: Thalassophobia

Professional Life

Education: Ombra was close to earning her Ph.D in psychology when she left to live in Metalrealm.

Professions: The president of the Interrealm Forces in the MRD Organization

Fighting Attributes

Abilities/Powers:

Ferrokinesis - Ombra has the ability to manipulate anything of iron or has iron in it. This includes distorting the shape of those materials, and creating iron out of thin air.

Heat and electricity manipulation (very limited) - iron is a heat and electricity conductor, so if Ombra turns her limbs into iron, she can manipulate them to her advantage.

Sound manipulation (very limited) - sound can travel through iron, so Ombra can sometimes make a use of it.

Blood manipulation (very limited) - due to iron existing in blood she can manipulate it to her advantage.

Skills:

Leading

Intelligence

Using melee weapons

Martial arts and self defense

Deception

Psychological manipulation

Strengths:

Ranged-combat

Negotiable

Weaknesses:

Impatient

Stubborn

Closed-combat

High electricity pressure

Extreme heat

Strong soundwaves

Weapons:

Melee weapons she created with her power

A gunblade

Relationships

Family:

Unknown father - deceased

Unknown mother - deceased

Older sibling: Gizem - alive

Friends/Allies:

Quan Chi

Gizem

Shinnok

Kano

Erron Black

Kabal

Noob Saibot

Havik

Shao Kahn

Menace @bisexualjohnnycage

Andrius Nils @scentedcandleibex

Sienna @loverofthewindgod

Zoe @zoetheneko

Dia @darialovesstuff

Enemies:

The Elder Gods

Hanzo Hasashi

Varian Hasashi @middlechildwhoescapedthebasement

Kuai Liang

Jax Briggs

Jacqui Briggs

Nightwolf

Kotal Kahn

Love Interest:

Quan Chi - lovers

Alternate Universe:

Lady Xuna @bisexualjohnnycage

Huepazu @huepazu

Leila @takiisieju-moved

Alex Demir @chadillacboseman

Backstory

Centuries ago, Delia had a vision about a woman dressed in all black outfit who was slaying the cultists one by one, threatening the Elder Gods themselves. She couldn’t discover her name, but one thing was certain about her: she was a half-Metalrealmer.

Atoosa Aryan was born in Hamedan, Iran among religious people whose lives were ruled by a religion centered society. Atoosa's family was considerably functional. She was a gifted kid who gradually became a perfectionist, and also a people pleaser thanks to her controlling mother who cared a lot about what others were thinking about them. Atoosa's powers were revealed when she was a toddler. Her powers were extremely weak, yet her mom constantly warned her to conceal it.

Atoosa used to be a cheerful and quite energetic child, but growing up in an extremely male dominant country which was also torturing its people with poverty and increasing number of crimes, turned her into a reserved and stoic adolescent with a pretty low self-confidence.

In order to escape, save herself and create an ideal life Atoosa emigrated to Turkey. She studied psychiatry in university. She was one year away from graduation and earning her PhD when her parents decided to pay her and her older sibling, Gizem, a visit. But the airplane was targeted by two rockets. Atoosa swore to find and punish anyone who was behind that incident.

Meanwhile, without her knowing anything, Metalrealmers were searching the universe for that certain half-metalrealmer to kill her. Metalrealmers believed that their gene must not become impure as they wanted to preserve their magic. Raiden was also aware of this, so he also began to search -as his duty to preserve the cult- only to find out that she lives in Earthrealm, and as its protector it was easier for him to uncover her identity. Raiden saw a great potential in her, yet he was quite afraid of her and what she could turn into, so he decided to offer her a place in the Sky Temple. He wanted to keep a close eye on her and make sure that she never gets the chance to gain power and become that monster in Delia’s prediction.

Eventually, Atoosa reluctantly trusted him only because she needed some help in order to survive. She moved to the Sky Temple, and began her job as a maid. She was miserable. She barely had time to focus on her studies and dreams.

A complicated relationship was formed between Raiden and her. Atoosa needed him, yet she was mad at him for putting her in so much misery. On the other hand, Raiden didn’t want to see her suffer, but he had no other choice.

Atoosa’s depression got worse, and suicidal thoughts began to lurk in the back of her mind.

Then Falkus came to action. He knew about Atoosa, and had discovered her location. He wanted to use her as an intelligent weapon to destroy the cult, and gain his freedom. He made contact with Atoosa, and tried to talk to her, and technically, brainwash her to believe in what he believed. He wanted her to escape Raiden on her own. Falkus told Atoosa about the cult, and that her parents’ death was their fault. He reassured her that if she came with him, he’d protect her from Metalrealmers and give her all she needs to take her revenge.

Atoosa didn’t want to trust anyone ever again, but she had nothing left to lose after all, so she only pretended that she trusts him, and moved to Metalrealm. She had other things in her mind. She must be the one in control this time.

She started her training in the MRDO, and focused more on her psychology studies. Without Falkus’s knowledge, she took every opportunity to earn a higher place in this organization. She helped the chiefs and soldiers in numerous missions by her strategic mind and great knowledge in psychology. Eventually, she achieved her goal, and also gained the nickname that almost replacedher real name: “Ombra the Ironhead”.

Ombra became the chief of the Interrealm Forces. She arranging her own plan for the revenge on the cult. She wasn’t under anyone’s control as she desired. She told Falkus that she was merely his ally, not a servant or a weapon.

Now Ombra wants to unleach her wrath, and destroy those who took away her innocence, childhood and dreams.

[dailyanarchistposts]

Friendship is the root of freedom

These are not just words; they are clues and prods to earthquakes in kin making that are not limited to Western family apparatuses, heteronormative or not.

—Donna Haraway[44]

Freedom and friendship used to mean the same thing: intimate, interdependent relationships and the commitment to face the world together. At its root, relational freedom isn’t about being unrestricted: it might mean the capacity for interconnectedness and attachment. Or mutual support and care. Or shared gratitude and openness to an uncertain world. Or a new capacity to fight alongside others. But this is not what freedom has come to mean under Empire.

Look for the dictionary definition of “freedom” today and you’ll find rights, absences and lack of restrictions at the core, applied to an isolated individual. Here are some of its definitions in the Oxford English Dictionary:

The power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants: “we do have some freedom of choice” The state of not being imprisoned or enslaved: “the shark thrashed its way to freedom” The state of not being subject to or affected by (something undesirable): “government policies to achieve freedom from want”[45]

At bottom, all of these definitions are about getting away from external restriction or influence: being unhindered, unaffected, independent. Under capitalism, freedom is especially associated with free markets and the free agent who chooses based on individual preferences. In spite of colonization and capitalism, this vapid form of freedom still can’t get a foothold in many parts of the world. Even in Europe, where so many tools of colonization were refined, the roots of freedom were different. Centuries ago, some Europeans had a more relational conception of freedom, which wasn’t just about the absence of external constraints, but also about our immersion in the relationships that sustain us and make us thrive.

“Freedom” and “friend” share the same early Indo-European root: fri-, or pri-, meaning “love.”[46] This root made its way into Gothic, Norse, Celtic, Hindi, Russian, and German.[47] A thousand years ago, the Germanic word for “friend” was the present participle of the verb freon, “to love.” This language also had an adjective, *frija-. It meant “free” as in “not in slavery,” where the reason to avoid slavery was to be among loved ones. Frija meant “beloved, belonging to the circle of one’s beloved friends and family.”[48] As the Invisible Committee writes in To Our Friends,

“Friend” and “free” in English … come from the same Indo-European root, which conveys the idea of a shared power that grows. Being free and having ties was one and the same thing. I am free because I have ties, because I am linked to a reality greater than me.”[49]

A few centuries later, freedom became untied from connectedness. The seventeenth-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes imagined freedom as nothing more than an “absence of opposition” possessed by isolated, selfish individuals. For Hobbes, the free man is constantly armed and on guard: “When going to sleep, he locks his doors; when even in his house he locks his chests.”[50] The free individual lives in fear, and can only feel secure when he knows there are laws and police to protect him and his possessions. He is definitely he, because this individual is also founded on patriarchal male supremacy and its associated divisions of mind/body, aggression/submission, rationality/emotion, and so on. His so-called autonomy is inseparable from his exploitation of others.

When peasants were “freed,” during this period, it often meant that they had been forced from their lands and their means of subsistence, leaving them “free” to sell their labor for a wage in the factories, or starve. It is no coincidence that these lonely conceptions of freedom arose at the same time as the European witch trials, the enclosure of common lands, the rise of the transatlantic slave trade, and the colonization and genocide of the Americas. At the same time as the meaning of freedom was divorced from friendship and connection, the lived connections between people and places were being dismembered.

As Empire was enclosing lands and bodies, it was overseeing the enclosure of thought as well. The Age of Reason was marked by a new kind of knowledge that could subdue and control nature and the human body, enabling capitalist rationalization and work discipline.[51] Time and space would become measurable, stable, and fixed. Bodies were no longer conduits for magical forces, but machines to be harnessed for production. Plants, animals, and other non-human creatures were no longer kin, but objects to be dissected and consumed.

Even among intellectuals in Europe, not everyone agreed with Hobbes’s fearful vision of freedom and the divisions imposed by Cartesian thought. Descartes’s contemporary, Baruch Spinoza, articulated a philosophy in which people were inherently intertwined with their world. Spinoza left instructions for his most important work, the Ethics, to be published after his death, because he knew he would likely face torture and execution for the ways his relational worldview undermined both monotheistic religion and the dualistic philosophy that was emerging during his own time. Instead of a passive Nature on one hand and an active, supernatural God on the other, Spinoza envisioned a holistic reality in which God is present in all things, and in which all things are active and dynamic processes. Everything is alive and connected. Mind and body, human and non-human, joy and sadness, are intertwined with one another.

We do not mean to present Spinoza’s philosophy as a handbook for living in today’s world. In many ways, Spinoza remained a product of his time and place: he used the geometric method to create proofs for his philosophical claims, he couldn’t overcome patriarchal divisions, and he remained wedded to the state as a vehicle for security. Our interest is not in Spinoza himself, or even his philosophy as a whole, but in the way that his ideas are part of a minor current in Western thought that is more relational, holistic, and dynamic. Spinoza’s work remains marginal compared to that of Descartes and Hobbes, but his relational worldview has nevertheless been taken up by radicals at the margins of philosophy, ecology, feminism, marxism and anarchism.[52]

Most importantly, for us, Spinoza’s philosophy is grounded in affect.[53] Things are not defined by what they are, but by what they do: how they affect and are affected by the forces of the world. In this way, capabilities are not fixed for all time, but are constantly shifting. This is a fundamental departure from the inherently ableist and ageist perspective that measures all bodies in relation to the norm of a “healthy,” “mature,” or “able” body. When starting right from a body’s material specificity, without any intervening “should,” learning becomes fundamentally different: rather than detached categorization or observation of stable properties, it happens through active experimentation in shared, ever-changing situations.

[yvanspijk]

A home in a hamlet

The word hamlet is closely related to home, but while home has always been a Germanic word, hamlet entered English from French. Proto-West Germanic *haim (village), the ancestor of home, was borrowed into Old French as ham. It was then turned into a diminutive twice: ham > hamel (small village) > hamelet (little small village). Ultimately, it was borrowed into English and became hamlet.

[grottweiler]

Wikipedia

Humans are most closely related to chimpanzees, both descended from a common ancestor which lived in Africa 7 to 10 million years ago[25][26]. Gargoyles are most closely related to goats, and archaeological evidence suggests their lineages split apart in the Caucasus or Central Asian steppe 15 to 20 million years ago[25]. The earliest evidence of the use of stone tools by hominins dates back over 3 million years, while early gargoyles were known to have independently developed them over 5 million years ago, long predating humanity. There is little surviving evidence of gargoyle civilization or culture during this Homo-Gargula Gap[27], though it is probable that gargoyles were firmly established as the dominant species on the planet by the time early man ventured out of Africa around 2 million years ago[citation needed]. According to the gargoyle creation myth, first contact between the species led to the development of a student-mentor relationship in which gargoyles passed on their knowledge to mankind as their successors. The predominant gargoyle religion, the Rightwise and Orthodox Tutelary Order with No Name, maintains this belief to the modern day[28][29][30], though the earliest evidence of such cultural ties dates back less than 15,000 years, only entering the written record 5,000 years ago.

The word 'gargoyle' is derived from the French gargouille, which in English roughly translates to "throat" or "gullet,"[32][33] from Latin gurgulio, gula, and gargula. It originally referred exclusively to a trend in Gothic architecture in which masons carved decorative spouts into the likeness of the living creatures, with the name meant to imitate the resulting gargling sound of running water. Gargoyles refer to themselves as the Havrisi, Havri, or Havrisians, terms of indeterminate origin. One theory suggested they shared an etymology with Latin capra ("goat"), from the Proto-Indo European *ker- ("horned"), though this is now considered derogatory.

The Central Asian Republic of Havristan has been continuously inhabited since at least 8000 BCE, with the its capital city Heshkala being a contender for the oldest city in the world[34]. It had a reputation as such in Antiquity, according to Philo of Byblos. Havristan existed as an independent state until the Russian conquest of Central Asia in the mid-19th century. The Havrisi opposed imperial rule for decades and were some of the earliest adopters of the Marxist philosophy which led to the Russian Revolution in 1917. The Havris Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the founding members of the Soviet Union in 1922, though it was demoted to an Autonomous region of the Uzbek SSR following Stalin's purges in the late 1930s. Its status as a Union Republic was restored by Nikita Khrushchev in 1961, though relations with the wider Soviet government never improved, leading to Havristan being the first Central Asian Soviet Republic to declare independence (the fourth Soviet Republic overall after the Baltic states) in the summer of 1990[35][36].

[tinyreviews]

Tiny Curiosity: Etymology of Pupil and Foal

Pupil(student) and Foal may seem like totally different words with different meaning... 

But as usual, I am here to let you know they share etymological root!

Pupil:

From Old French "pupille" (14th century) and Latin "pupillus" (feminine form "pupilla"), both meaning orphan child or ward, with "pupillus" being a diminutive form of "pupus" (boy) and "pupa" (girl).

Likely related to the Latin word "puer" (child), possibly stemming from the Proto-Indo-European root *pau- (1), meaning few or little.

Evolution of Meaning:

By the 1560s, the term expanded to encompass a disciple, student youth, or any person, regardless of gender, under the guidance of an instructor or tutor.

Foal:

Old English term "fola" (foal, colt) dates back to the Proto-Germanic word *fulon.

Derived from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root *pulo- meaning "young of an animal," which is a suffixed form of the root *pau- (1) signifying few or little.

Historical Linguistics:

Cognates in other Germanic languages include Old Saxon "folo," Middle Dutch "volen," Dutch "veulen," Old Norse "foli," Old Frisian "fola," Old High German "folo," German "Fohlen," and Gothic "fula."

Related Words from *pau-:

Foal, few, pauper, poor, pupa, puppet.

So, both pupil and foal share the PIE root *pau-, starting from meaning “little or small”, to now meaning “student” and the “young of an animal”.

This is part of my Tiny Curiosity series. I publish worldbuilding tidbits, trivia, etymology to this blog.

[somerabbitholes]

hey!! I hope u are having a good day! Could you recommend something on the art and architecture of Mumbai be it books, essays or anything. Need it for a uni project. Thanku!!

Hi, here you go —

Books

Bombay: the Cities Within by Sharada Dwivedi, Rahul Mehrotra: your go-to primer on the city, its spatial logic, and the architectural logic

A Joint Enterprise by Preeti Chopra: about how the city took shape as a collaborative yet essentially colonial project between the British and the city elite, and how that is reflected in its built form

The Making of an Indian Metropolis by Prashant Kidambi: about town planning, the role of the state, and civil society in colonial Bombay in the aftermath of the Plague

Imperial Designs and Indian Realities by Mariam Dossal: about planning and architecture in Bombay, a colonial enterprise, and how it clashed and interacted with the native population

Mumbai Fables by Gyan Prakash: this isn't specifically about architecture, but it contains very good sections on Victorian Gothic, Art Deco, and the Indo-Saracenic styles and their politics

Essays/Papers

Indian Influences on Colonial Architecture in Bombay by Samita Gupta

Recovering the Role of Local Inhabitants in the Construction of Colonial Bombay by Preeti Chopra

High Victorian Bombay: Historic, Economic and Social Influences on Its Architectural Development by Christopher W. London

The Early British Port Cities of India: Their Planning and Architecture Circa 1640-1757 by Partha Mitter

Also, Art Deco Mumbai is a useful resource on 20th-century architecture and the Deco form.

I hope that helps!

[paulpingminho]