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ericfruits · 8 years ago

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A hundred years on, the legacy of indentured labour in the Caribbean persists

WHEN Anthony Carmona, the president of Trinidad and Tobago, showed up in a Carnival parade last month wearing a head cloth, white shorts and beads like those worn by Hindu pandits, he was not expecting trouble. Nothing seems more Trinidadian than a mixed-race president joining a festival that has African and European roots. But some Hindus were outraged. “[O]ur dress code has never been associated with this foolish and self-degrading season,” huffed a priest. Trinidad’s cultures blend easily most of the time; occasionally, they strike sparks.

The Hindu-bead controversy is not the only one ruffling feelings among Indo-Trinidadians. Another is caused by a proposal in parliament to raise the minimum age for marriage to 18 for all citizens. Currently, Muslim girls can marry at 12, girls of other faiths at 14. Muslim and Hindu traditionalists want to keep it that way.

Another argument has been provoked by the disproportionate number of Trinidadians who have joined Islamic State (IS). About 130 of the country’s 1.3m people are thought to have fought for the “caliphate” or accompanied people who have. That is a bigger share of the population than in any country outside the Middle East. The government wants a new law to crack down on home-grown jihadists, which some Muslim groups denounce as discriminatory. The attorney-general, Faris Al-Rawi, is guiding both measures through the legislature.

Both debates are causing unease in the communities that trace their origins to the influx of indentured workers in the 19th century. This month marks the 100th anniversary of the end of that flow. By bringing in large numbers of Indians, mostly Hindus and Muslims, the migration did much to shape the character of the Caribbean today (see chart). The arguments about marriage and terrorism are part of its legacy.

The migration from India began in 1838 as a way of replacing slavery, banned by Britain’s parliament five years earlier. Recruiters based in Calcutta trawled impoverished villages for workers willing to sign up for at least five years of labour—and usually ten—on plantations growing sugar, coconut and other crops in Trinidad, British Guiana (now Guyana), the Dutch colony of Suriname and elsewhere.

Workers were housed in fetid “coolie” barracks, many of which had served as slave quarters, and were paid a pittance of 25 cents a day, from which the cost of rations was deducted. Diseases like hookworm, caused by an intestinal parasite, were common.

But the labourers’ lot was better than that of enslaved Africans. Colonial governments in India and the Caribbean tried to prevent the worst abuses. Workers received some medical care and were not subject to the harsh punishments meted out to slaves, notes Radica Mahase, a historian. In some periods the colonial government offered workers inducements to stay at the end of a contract: five acres of land or five pounds in cash.

Opposition from Indian nationalists and shortages of shipping during the first world war prompted the British government of India to shut down the traffic on March 12th 1917. By then, more than half a million people had come to the Caribbean. Today, just over a third of Trinidad and Tobago’s people say they are of Indian origin, slightly more than the number of Afro-Trinidadians; the share is higher in Guyana, lower in Suriname. Hindus outnumber Muslims. Many, especially those whose forebears were educated at Presbyterian schools, are Christians.

Caribbean people of Indian origin are as successful and well-integrated as any social group. Many of Trinidad and Tobago’s state schools have religious affiliations but are ethnically mixed; the government pays most of their costs regardless of denomination. Eid al-Fitr, which celebrates the end of Ramadan, and Diwali are public holidays. Many Hindus celebrate the religious festival of Shivaratri, then join in Carnival parades. “An individual can have multiple identities,” says Ms Mahase.

Politics still has ethnic contours. In Trinidad and Tobago, most voters of African origin support the People’s National Movement, which is now in power. Indo-Trinidadians tend to back the opposition United National Congress. Guyana’s president, David Granger, is from a predominantly Afro-Guyanese party.

But these distinctions are blurring. A growing number of Caribbean people identify with neither group. Nearly 40% of teenagers in Trinidad and a quarter in Guyana call themselves mixed-race or “other”, or do not state their ethnicity in census surveys. When both countries hold elections in 2020, these young people are likely to vote less tribally than their parents do.

Trinidad’s jihadist problem is in part caused by the choice of new identities rather than by the embrace of established ones. Many of IS’s recruits are Afro-Trinidadian converts to Islam. Mr Al-Rawi, who is leading the fight to stop them, claims descent from the Prophet Muhammad through his Iraqi father, but has a more relaxed view of religion. His mother is Presbyterian, his wife is a Catholic of Syrian origin and one of his grandfathers was a Hindu.

The anti-terrorist and child-marriage laws he is promoting, though seemingly unrelated, are rebukes to rigid forms of identity. The anti-terrorist law would make it a criminal offence within Trinidad to join or finance a terrorist organisation or commit a terrorist act overseas. People travelling to designated areas, such as Raqqa in Syria, would have to inform security agencies before they go and when they come back. Imtiaz Mohammed of the Islamic Missionaries Guild denounces the proposed law as “draconian”.

The proposal to end child marriage affects few families; just 3,500 adolescents married between 1996 and 2016, about 2% of all marriages. But it has been just as contentious as the anti-terrorism law. The winning calypso at this year’s Carnival, performed by Hollis “Chalkdust” Liverpool, a former teacher, was called “Learn from Arithmetic”. Its refrain, “75 can’t go into 14”, mocked Hindu marriage customs and implicitly backed the legislation to raise the marriage age. Satnarayan Maharaj, an 85-year-old Hindu leader, called it an insult.

The government has enough votes in parliament to pass the law in its current form, but opponents may challenge it in the courts. Traditionalists may thus hold on to an anachronism imported from India, at least for a while. The bead-wearing, calypso-dancing president is probably a better guide to what the future holds.

This article appeared in the The Americas section of the print edition under the headline "Favouring curry"

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krisrampersad · 6 years ago

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Naipaul Turns 86 Year of LiTTributes to Laureates to honour learning legacies Invitation to Collaborate

A life that has come full circle. Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul who passed away on August 11, 2018 would have been 86th birthday. It is almost like the old colonial rhyme, if Naipaul’s life can be minimalized into the weeklong life and times of Solomon Grundy.

But with all the acclamation pouring in on his death, the awards he has from the literary world including the highest - the Nobel Award for Literature; with more than 30 works to his name, two honours from the Queen of the Commonwealth, and as holder of the highest national honour of Trinidad and Tobago - the Trinity Cross, it cannot be said that Sir Vidia died ‘unnecessary and unaccommodated.’ (See Reflections on Naipaul this blog)

His works demonstrate that throughout his life he was somewhat haunted by the sense of non-belonging and metaphoric homelessness that surfaces in many of his works, captured in the early pronouncement in his epic and most quoted biographical novel, A House for Mr Biswas: “How terrible it would have been…to have lived without attempting to lay clam to one’s portion of the earth; to have lived and died as one had been born, unnecessary and unaccommodated.”

To recognize the value and volume of his literary contribution we will embark on a yearlong series of LiTTributes to the LaureaTTes here and abroad in keeping with the LiTTributes that followed the publication of LiTTscapes – Landscapes of Fiction from Trinidad and Tobago. See article image this page.

As has been well -recognised in the critical acclaim, LiTTscapes defines and captures the ‘sense of place’ of Naipaul and a hundred other writers, locating them not only in landmarks, but also in cultures, lifestyles and experiences of small island life.

The Year of LiTTributes to the LaureaTTes follows the Year of Derek Walcott, spearheaded with Nobel Laureate Derek Walcott in his 75th years in conjunction with the Trinidad Theatre Worksop.

(See Nobel Tears for and of A Neobel Bard this blog)

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We are inviting collaborations and partnerships for The Year of LiTTributes to the LaureaTTes by which we will revive appreciation, respect and understanding of the land, culture and peoples that inspired the works of Trinidad-born Nobel Laureate Sir Vidia Naipaul who passed away last week on August 11, 2018, and Nobel Laureate Derek Walcott who died two years ago on March 17, 2017.

There has been much talk of how Naipaul may be remembered by the land of his birth, if at all. As I reminded on the death of Nobel Laureate Derek Walcott with whom I collaborated over several years for culling a literarily-friendly environment, we are not doing them, but ourselves, any favours by such remembrances. All we can aim to do is pass on the value of their ingenuity to next generations that is reflected in their life’s work.

It is understanding and appreciating the knowledge traditions from which we have emerged to balance the celebration of mindlessness which art we are also known to have refined and along the lines of presenting this through events, activities and collaborations at home and abroad.

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LiTTributes and LiTTours have already been staged across the Caribbean, the Americas, Canada, the UK and Europe.

Following the launch of LiTTscapes at WhiteHall one of the Magnificent Seven in Port of Spain which featured children reading and dramatisations and local cuisine represented in LiTTscapes, the first LiTTribute to the Republic took place in Trinidad and Tobago in commemoration of the Jubilee year of Independence, and Republican status, hosted by the First Lady of Trinidad and Tobago, Dr Jean Ramjohn Richards and the author of LiTTscapes at the 19th century Knowsley Building in Trinidad’s capital.

LiTTribute to the Mainland, Guyana was held in collaboration with Heritage building, Moray House and Guyana Drama Guild with dances and dramatisations. Head of the Guyana Prize for literature provided an appraisal and review of LiTTscapes. LiTTribute to the Antilles in Antigua featured veteran authors and poets as well as the young poets, staged amidst the heritage collections of the Antigua Museum

LiTTribute to LondonTTown featured dramatisation by the filmmaker son of Caribbean literary

icon Royston Heath who carries his name, BBC’s Ros Atkins, director of the Commonwealth Foundation, writer Lakshmi Persaud and others. Other LiTTributes have been staged in Europe, America and Canada.

In Naipaul’s acknowledgement of the value to him of my first book Finding A Place, - that it unearths much about his father Seepersad, that he, Naipaul did not know is the value to many other Trinbagonian families in the diaspora whose history and heritage Finding A Place traces back the hundred years from Naipaul acclaimed as “The Lord of the English Language” through their processes of social, political and cultural adaptation since their departure from the Motherland.

Now out of print and evolving into an illustrated multimedia new edition, Finding a Place has been critically acclaimed as an original and groundbreaking study in its mapping of the literary history and heritage of our islands and the antecedents of writers as Sir Vidia Naipaul as it traces the social, political, cultural and literary processes over the century that saw the blossoming of a national literature and the nation of Trinidad and Tobago into Independence.

It's blurb reads:

"Kris Rampersad's book takes an intimate look at the blossoming of Trinidad s literary consciousness. Through the eyes and the words of the writers, she maps their contribution to Indo Trinidadian literature from those evolutionary years in 1850, to its flowering in the 1950s. It also represents a close look at the exciting oral culture of these people as depicted by their music, dance and storytelling, and examines the biographies of the main figures who contributed to social, cultural, economic and political development throughout this period. While the main focus of the work is on language and literary development, other aspects of Trinidad's development are also explored cross-culturation, politics, race relations, social mobility and women's issues in relation to their influence and impact on the writings. Further, the raw material of Finding A Place (12 little-known and rare publications between 1850 and 1950) introduce a new set of data through which the evolution of Trinidad and Tobago can be examined by others.

It involved intimate study of many families and not only Naipaul and other writers, examined through family lore and reports, manuscripts and collections. I looked at housed at the Naipaul collections at Universities in America and Britain but written and oral accounts of many family histories in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean. This knowledge fed into LiTTscapes as well. I am in the process of collating the full array of this research for future study. (See more this blog Demokrissy – www.kris-rampersad.blogspot.com).

The Limitless Year of LiTTributes to the Laureate

These are the islands that nurtured the literary leanings and the genius of the likes of Nobel Laureate Sir Vidia Naipaul and substantially inspired Nobel Laureate Derek Walcott and the literary canon of Trinidad and Tobago. This is what Finding a Place began and LiTTscapes celebrate. The LiTTributes and LiTTours launched in conjunction with the book invite intimate engagement with not only writers, but to engage with those elements of value in whatever spheres and fields, that create and sustain a nation, including spheres of education.

The Year of LiTTributes to Laureates recall our ‘Year of Derek Walcott’ which included Evening Epic under the patronage of the then President of Trinidad and Tobago, His Excellency George Maxwell Richards and the piloted five awards for literature, drama and film in conjunction with the Trinidad Theatre Workshop while we were producing Walcott’s musical Steel.

“From the Year of Derek Walcott, St Lucia developed and instituted on its national events’ calendar a week in tribute to its Nobel Laureates. Movie Towne, which was a sponsor of what we pitched as the award for film scripts, developed that with its partners into what has now become a national film festival. Many of those who participated in those awards developed confidence to advance their creative interests and there were many other spinoffs.

The tribute to Naipaul, took place four years earlier, on Naipaul’s receipt of his Nobel Laureate in 2001.

With Naipaul’s Laureate, the then Minister of Culture, Ganga Singh, had endorsed a proposal for then new National Library to be named after Naipaul but there was widespread negative reception, even from among the so- called intellectual and academic and many who should know better and be supporting efforts to forge an enlightened society, not tear it apart. Surveying the state of the country, riddled with crime, mindlessness and disrespect of elders, groups and others, some of them may want to rethink their stance and let go of animosities or other hostilities and recalcitrance in the interest of next generations.

We invite individuals, groups, corporations, industry and others in the national to international spheres to become partners and associates. The ‘Year of LiTTributes to the LaureaTTes’ will include a number of grassroots-driven developmental actions that would secure legacies of learning, aspirations for excellence and appreciation for generations to come, while stimulating new paths for economic, cultural, social and political development.

We lament the state of our society but we do not take the actions to transform it. We have a historically ingrained cultural habits that scoff and downplay achievement, intelligence, knowledge and book learning and we are still saddled with systems that treat literature and learning as elitist, exclusive clubs and cliques. LiTTributes have infinite number of forms with a blueprint of many exciting actions for anyone who may be interested in meaningful social development and cultural transformation. These include but are not limited to developmental initiatives associated with sprucing up or engagement with the natural, built and cultural environment, some of which have been promoted by LiTTours and LiTTeas and LiTTevents, but there are many more in our bag of innovation and imagination.

Awareness and appreciation are precursors to respect and understanding that break down animosities, make connections, foster intergenerational and elderly appreciation and value the positive and creative stimuli that spring from our natural social and cultural impulses, so as to downplay those negative elements. By this, we will be not only reclaiming ‘writers’ in the process, but our environment and people as well.

A more successful education system would tap into this, not try to impose forms and formats that frustrate the development and blossoming of natural talents. Naipaul in fact summed up the education system in his rather succinct satirical statement placed in the mouth a caricature of one of his teachers as Queen’s Royal College, “the purpose of education is to form, not to inform.” We are reaping the whirlwind of this depreciation of knowledge and intelligence and uninformed approaches to development.

Dubbed ‘the reading room outside the reading room,’ with LiTTscapes, LiTTributes, LiTTours and related events, existing arenas become our classroom, whether it is industrial or community spaces and our medium is those already practiced lifestyle and habits -- the vast and open landscapes, cultures, habits and activities through which persons of any age, any field, interest or discipline can identify, participate and share confidently his/her or their value with others. They are geared to reawaken our sense of self, as several of the reviewers of LiTTscapes have noted, but also to attract interest, and investment as well. So the targets are not only to children and families and communities and schools, but the industries and industrialists, social planners and investors as well in a range of spheres too, who want to distill the best of what they have to offer to their employees, investors and others. Other specific elements of the vision to encourage those with resources to make more meaningful investments in developing the social and cultural capitals of the fields, spheres and districts they occupy – and not just in the physical sense - will unfold as we move forward. There are many ways we can plant the best of us into the landscapes and mindscapes of our country and people for the better evolution of our society.

For books, bookings and to advance partnerships and collaborations email Dr Rampersad with the subject ‘Laureates’ at [email protected] and visit and follow developments on social media.

Related Links:

Website: https://goo.gl/FDLQdg

Reflections on the Death of Nobel Laureate Sir Vidia Naipaul see link https://goo.gl/7eBP5a

Authors Tete-aTete Dr Kris Rampersad and Sir VS Naipaul https://goo.gl/gU11Jv

Sportscapes Cricket Games We Play LiTTours: https://goo.gl/ENum7X

Youtube video: https://youtu.be/A8TgWZPuEkE

LiTTscapes: Facebook: https://goo.gl/HBJsmM

Five Year Old Child Stars at LiTTribute: https://goo.gl/fn3oTR

Launch LiTTribute: https://goo.gl/g1mmED

Through Novel lenses Youtube https://youtu.be/_zWHPEQCqHA

LiTTscapes Child Star Tops SEA: https://goo.gl/iNqt32

Prophesy A.Bourdain and Aboud. Port of Spain and Lebanon : https://goo.gl/zwtyWq

Migrants Motherlands Mothercultures https://goo.gl/MGrnPQ

Heritage a vehicle of understanding against extremism violence https://goo.gl/gpfGPp

Gender Bender Mia Mottley takes political helm in Barbados https://goo.gl/xL3DEd

In the News LiTTributes attract award winning newspaper https://goo.gl/n2GsG9

Bridging Cultural Gaps LiTTribute to ToronTTO. See link https://goo.gl/jLHTBE

Yo Ho Ho Piracy and Heritage: https://goo.gl/TvXOHU

A Diaspora Celebrates: LiTTribute to the Americas See link https://goo.gl/brUkjH

Join us or commission your own Creative Conversations: https://goo.gl/qPBzef

Arresting the Tears Hayti I’m Sorry https://goo.gl/6sy3y6

Noble Tears of a Nobel Bard https://goo.gl/WXbMpv

Towards State of the Art Museum: https://goo.gl/FfHfJL

Murder and the Museum: http//goo.gl/FHs3Fr

Celebrating Nationhood But Can new Save the Nation https://goo.gl/qSqJtT

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Ah Drinking Babash https://goo.gl/GhMncz

Lagahoo-tribute-to-independent-spirits https://goo.gl/P6gP2Q

Murder and the Museum http//goo.gl/FHs3Fr

Woman in the mirror https://goo.gl/pvnX9d

The Triumph of Gollum in the Land of Shut Up Suicide of the Fellowship of Partnerships Book 11. A Sequel Futuring the Agenda Forward https://goo.gl/HU3rp3

Celebrating Jamettry The Sacred and the Sacriligious

https://goo.gl/oCk1PB

Demokrissy https://goo.gl/FHs3Fr

The Human face of constitutional reform https://goo.gl/6escjj

Pat-bishops-last-struggle-killings https://goo.gl/tQUySt

Them-red-house-bones

A-tale-of-two-skeletons

Arresting-tears-for-us-and-haytian-globe:

Yo Ho ho and a bottle of rumhttps://goo.gl/TvXOHU

Demokrissy https://goo.gl/FHs3Fr

Changing the World with Ideas goo.gl/Pa6jAk

Lagahoo-tribute-to-independent-spirits Nationhood in contestation with globalisation: http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/2017/08/nationhood-in-contestation-with.html https://goo.gl/KWdUtx

https://ift.tt/2vv44gW

http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-world-inspired-littscapes-turns-3.html https://goo.gl/J1EFn5

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The-price-of-passion-awards-and-rewards

https://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-price-of-passion-awards-and-rewards.html

Exploring a World Through MultiCultural Lenses https://ift.tt/2veR3ei

Power Failure Media Blackout Brets Muffled Threats and Ransoming Father: https://goo.gl/YjbBgx

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Of-diasporas-migrations-arrivals.

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Things-that-make-me-go-steups-stars https://ift.tt/2haopDO

The Walcott Files LiTTscapes for Littribute to the Antilles A LiTTribute at UNESCO Inscription by UNESCO of Poems Small only in Size UNESCO Executive Board told World in a Fishbowl A Musical Heritage walk UNESCO Creative Cities

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Focus-resources on real crime

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The-human-face-of-constitutional-reform

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OverCopulation - The Archbishop The Priest The Politician & The Journalist

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At 'all inclusive' fetes and other forums, we nod in inebriated wisdom to calypsonian David Rudder's elucidation of the paradoxical political vs. social realities of Trinidad and Tobago. http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Demokrissy: DEADLOCK: Sign of things to come Oct 29, 2013 An indication that unless we devise innovative ways to address representation of our diversity, we will find ourselves in various forms of deadlock at the polls that throw us into a spiral of political tug of war albeit with not just ...http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Demokrissy: The human face of constitutional reform Oct 16, 2013 Sheilah was clearly and sharply articulating the deficiencies in governmesaw her: a tinymite elderly woman, gracefully wrinkled, deeply over with concerns about political and institutional stagnation but brimming over with ... http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Demokrissy: Trini politics is d best Oct 21, 2013 Ain't Trini politics d BEST! Nobody fighting because they lose. All parties claiming victory, all voting citizens won! That's what make we Carnival d best street party in the world. Everyone are winners because we all like ...http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ New Media, New Civil Society, and Politics in a New Age - Demokrissy Jan 09, 2012 New Media, New Civil Society, and Politics in a New Age | The Communication Initiative Network. New Media, New Civil Society, and Politics in a New Age | The Communication Initiative Network. Posted by Kris Rampersad ...http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Demokrissy: T&T politics: A new direction? - Caribbean360 Oct 01, 2010 http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Others: Demokrissy: Old Casked Rum: The Emperor's New Tools#1 ... Apr 07, 2013 Old Casked Rum: The Emperor's New Tools#1 - Towards Constitutional Reform in T&T. So we've had the rounds of consultations on Constitutional Reform? Are we any wiser? Do we have a sense of direction that will drive ... http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Demokrissy: Valuing Carnival The Emperor's New Tools#2 Apr 30, 2013 Valuing Carnival The Emperor's New Tools#2. http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Wave a flag for a party rag...Choosing the Emperor's New ... Oct 20, 2013 Choosing the Emperor's New Troops. The dilemma of choice. Voting is supposed to be an ... Old Casked Rum: The Emperor's New Tools#1 - Towards Constitutional Reform in T&T. Posted by Kris Rampersad at 10:36 AM ... http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Demokrissy: Carnivalising the Constitution People Power ... Feb 26, 2014 This Demokrissy series, The Emperor's New Tools, continues and builds on the analysis of evolution in our governance, begun in the introduction to my book, Through the Political Glass Ceiling (2010): The Clash of Political ... http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Envisioning outside-the-island-box ... - Demokrissy - Blogger Feb 10, 2014 This Demokrissy series, The Emperor's New Tools, continues and builds on the analysis of evolution in our governance, begun in the introduction to my book, Through the Political Glass Ceiling (2010): The Clash of Political ... http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Demokrissy: Futuring the Post-2015 UNESCO Agenda Apr 22, 2014 It is placing increasing pressure for erasure of barriers of geography, age, ethnicity, gender, cultures and other sectoral interests, and in utilising the tools placed at our disposal to access our accumulate knowledge and technologies towards eroding these superficial barriers. In this context, we believe that the work of UNESCO remains significant and relevant and that UNESCO is indeed the institution best positioned to consolidate the ..... The Emperor's New Tools ... http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/ Demokrissy: Cutting edge journalism Jun 15, 2010 The Emperor's New Tools. Loading... AddThis. Bookmark and Share. Loading... Follow by Email. About Me. My Photo · Kris Rampersad. Media, Cultural and Literary Consultant, Facilitator, Educator and Practitioner. View my ... http://kris-rampersad.blogspot.com/

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