#immigration service in canada

[canadian-immigration-legal]

The Super Visa is a type of visa available for parents and grandparents of Canadian citizens and permanent residents who want to visit their family in Canada for an extended period of time. It was introduced by the Government of Canada to facilitate longer stays for family members of Canadian citizens and residents. The Super Visa allows eligible individuals to stay in Canada for up to 2 years without the need for renewal.

Requirement of the Sponsor

A letter of invitation from their child or grandchild residing in Canada.

Most recent copy of the notice of assessment.

Most recent copy of the child or grandchild’s T4 or T1.

Original letter from the child or grandchild’s employer stating their job title, job description and salary.

Child or grandchild’s employment insurance pay stubs.

Proof of the applicant’s parental relationship to the child or grandchild (e.g., a copy of the child or grandchild’s birth certificate, baptismal certificate or other official document naming the applicant official document as the parent).

Proof of private medical insurance valid for a minimum of one year with a Canadian insurance company (a copy of the insurance certificate or policy) that provides a minimum coverage of $100,000. For more details: https://canadianimmigrationlegal.com/immigration-services/super-visa.html #supervisa #supervisacanada #sponsorcanada #sponsorvisacanada #sponsorshipincanada #visacanada #canadavisa

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Spouse Sponsorship in Canada: A Pathway to Family Reunification

Canada is celebrated for its commitment to family reunification, and one of the key pathways for bringing loved ones together is through the Spouse Sponsorship program. This initiative allows Canadian citizens and permanent residents to sponsor their spouse or common-law partner for permanent residency in Canada. Let's explore the specifics of the Spouse Sponsorship program and its benefits.

What is Spouse Sponsorship?

The Spouse Sponsorship program is part of Canada’s Family Class immigration category. It allows Canadian citizens and permanent residents to sponsor their foreign spouse or common-law partner to become a permanent resident of Canada. The goal is to enable families to live together in Canada and to support the integration of newcomers into Canadian society.

Key Features of Spouse Sponsorship

Eligibility Criteria: To be eligible to sponsor a spouse, the sponsor must be a Canadian citizen or permanent resident, be at least 18 years old, and must not be receiving social assistance (except for disability). The sponsor must also be able to provide financial support for the spouse for a specified period.

Relationship Proof: The relationship between the sponsor and the spouse must be genuine. Applicants must provide evidence of their relationship, which can include marriage certificates, joint financial documents, photographs, communication records, and affidavits from friends and family.

Inland and Outland Sponsorship: There are two main types of sponsorship – inland and outland. Inland sponsorship is for spouses already living in Canada with their sponsor, while outland sponsorship is for those living outside of Canada. Inland applicants may be eligible for an open work permit while their application is being processed.

Processing Times: The processing time for spouse sponsorship applications can vary. Generally, it takes about 12 months, but this can differ depending on the applicant's country of origin and the complexity of the application.

Conditional Permanent Residency: Previously, sponsored spouses were granted conditional permanent residency, requiring them to live with their sponsor for two years. However, this condition was removed in 2017, ensuring sponsored spouses have equal rights and protections.

Benefits of Spouse Sponsorship

Family Reunification: The primary benefit of the Spouse Sponsorship program is the ability to reunite families. Being able to live together permanently strengthens family bonds and provides emotional support.

Pathway to Citizenship: Once a spouse becomes a permanent resident, they can eventually apply for Canadian citizenship. This pathway opens up additional rights and opportunities, including the right to vote and obtain a Canadian passport.

Work and Study Opportunities: Sponsored spouses can work and study in Canada, contributing to the economy and enhancing their personal and professional development. An open work permit allows spouses to work for any employer in Canada while their application is being processed.

Access to Social Benefits: As permanent residents, sponsored spouses gain access to Canadian social benefits, including healthcare, education, and social security. This support system helps newcomers integrate and thrive in Canadian society.

No Income Requirement for Sponsorship: Unlike other family sponsorship programs, there is no minimum income requirement for sponsoring a spouse. This makes the program more accessible to a broader range of sponsors, ensuring that more families can benefit from the opportunity to reunite.

Steps to Apply for Spouse Sponsorship

Gather Documents: Collect all necessary documents, including proof of relationship, identity documents, and financial information.

Complete Forms: Fill out the required forms, which include the sponsorship application and the application for permanent residency.

Pay Fees: Pay the applicable processing fees, which cover the application, right of permanent residence, and biometric fees.

Submit Application: Submit the complete application package to Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC).

Await Processing: Monitor the application status and respond to any additional requests for information from IRCC.

Conclusion

The Spouse Sponsorship program is a cornerstone of Canada’s immigration policy, emphasising the importance of family and the country’s commitment to supporting family reunification. By offering a clear and supportive pathway to permanent residency, Canada enables spouses and common-law partners to build a life together, contributing to the social and economic fabric of the nation.

If you are considering sponsoring your spouse or being sponsored, ensure that you understand the requirements and prepare a thorough application. The journey may require patience, but the reward of being together in Canada is undoubtedly worth the effort. Through this program, Canada continues to uphold its values of compassion, diversity, and inclusion, making it a welcoming home for families from around the world.

Call to Action: Are you facing challenges with your Canadian immigration process? Contact UW Immigration Services today for expert advice and support. Together, we can help you achieve your dream of living in Canada.

[immigrationserviceincanada1]

Top 5 Mistakes to Avoid When Applying for a Canadian Visa

Introduction

Applying for a Canadian visa is a critical step for those planning to visit, study, or work in Canada. However, the process can be intricate, and small errors can lead to delays or outright rejections. Understanding the common pitfalls in the visa application process can significantly enhance your chances of approval. This article outlines the top five mistakes to avoid to help streamline your application process.

Incomplete or Incorrect Application Forms

One of the most frequent causes of visa application delays and rejections is filling out the forms incorrectly or leaving sections incomplete. This can stem from misunderstandings about what is required or simply from oversight.

Tips to Avoid: Always double-check each section of the application before submission. Use official resources or seek guidance from visa application experts if you're unsure about any details. Clear instructions are often provided for each field on the form, and it’s crucial to follow these meticulously.

Failing to Provide Necessary Supporting Documents

A common mistake applicants make is failing to include all the required supporting documents in their visa application. This oversight can stem from misunderstanding what is necessary or underestimating the importance of comprehensive documentation.

Tips to Avoid: Make a checklist of all required documents specific to your visa type, which can include items like proof of financial means, identity documents, or letters of invitation. Organize your documents well in advance of the application deadline, and ensure each document is up to date and clearly legible.

Not Satisfying Visa Requirements

Each visa category has specific requirements, including criteria like financial stability, health standards, and character assessments. Applicants often overlook these requirements or assume they won’t be strictly enforced, which can lead to application denials.

Tips to Avoid: Thoroughly review the visa requirements that pertain to the category you are applying for. Make sure you meet every criterion before proceeding with your application. This might involve undergoing medical examinations or providing criminal record checks.

Applying for the Wrong Type of Visa

Applying for the wrong visa type is a surprisingly common error that can complicate your travel plans significantly. This mistake usually occurs when applicants do not fully understand the purpose of different visa types or when their intended activities in Canada change after submitting an application.

Tips to Avoid: Carefully review the descriptions for each visa type and ensure your intended activities in Canada align with the visa’s purposes. Consult with immigration experts if you are uncertain about which visa type fits your needs.

Ignoring Application Deadlines and Processing Times

Visa applications often have strict deadlines, and processing times can vary widely, sometimes taking months. Applicants sometimes miss these deadlines or fail to account for processing times, which can affect travel plans.

Tips to Avoid: Always check the latest information on visa processing times, available on the Canadian immigration website, and plan your application accordingly. Applying early can mitigate the risk of delays impacting your travel.

Conclusion

Avoiding these common mistakes when applying for a Canadian visa can greatly increase the likelihood of a smooth application process and successful outcome. By preparing thoroughly and understanding the requirements, you can ensure a more predictable and stress-free experience. More information, Visit website, Immigration Service in Canada

FAQs

1. What should I do if I make a mistake on my visa application?

If you realize a mistake after submission, contact the visa processing office immediately to notify them of the error. Depending on the stage of processing, you may need to submit a new application.

2. How long does it take to process a Canadian visa application?

Processing times vary by visa type and applicant's country. It can range from a few weeks to several months. Check the official Canadian immigration website for the most current processing times.

3. Can I apply for a Canadian visa online?

Yes, most Canadian visa applications can be submitted online through the official Government of Canada website, which often processes applications faster than paper submissions.

4. What is the best way to ensure my visa application is successful?

Ensure your application is complete, accurate, and submitted with all required supporting documents. Also, applying for the correct visa type and meeting all specific requirements are crucial steps.

5. Are there any specific financial requirements for obtaining a Canadian visa?

Yes, applicants must prove they have enough funds to cover their stay in Canada. The amount required varies depending on the visa type and the duration of the stay.

[wavevisas123]

Ontario Closes Entrepreneur Stream, British Columbia Nominates More Candidates: November Immigration Updates

Table of Contents

Ontario Closes Entrepreneur Stream

British Columbia Provincial Nominee Program Updates

How an Immigration Consultant Can Help

Conclusion

Ontario Closes Entrepreneur Stream

On November 4, 2023, the Ontario Immigrant Nominee Program (OINP) officially closed its Entrepreneur Stream, which had previously been paused since December 2023. The provincial government has begun winding down this stream and is in the process of implementing amendments to close it permanently. If you had already applied under this stream, your application will still be processed according to updated regulations. Candidates who had made commitments to establish businesses in Ontario may still be eligible for a provincial nomination for permanent residency.

For those interested in Ontario’s other immigration options, it’s important to stay informed and seek advice from a Canadian immigration consultant to explore alternative pathways.

British Columbia Provincial Nominee Program Updates

British Columbia’s Provincial Nominee Program (BCPNP) has been active in nominating candidates for immigration. On November 5 and 6, the province held two draws for entrepreneurs and skilled workers. The November 5 draws focused on the Entrepreneur Base and Regional Streams, issuing at least 11 Invitations to Apply (ITAs) for candidates with a minimum cut-off score of 115 for the Base Stream and 130 for the Regional Stream.

The following day, November 6, saw the BCPNP hold a selection draw for Skilled Worker and International Graduate streams, targeting professions in high-demand sectors such as childcare, construction, healthcare, and tech. For example, in the tech sector, candidates needed a score of 128 to receive an ITA.

British Columbia continues to be an attractive destination for immigrants with its growing economy and various opportunities in diverse industries.

British Columbia Provincial Nominee Program Updates

British Columbia’s Provincial Nominee Program (BCPNP) has been active in nominating candidates for immigration. On November 5 and 6, the province held two draws for entrepreneurs and skilled workers. The November 5 draws focused on the Entrepreneur Base and Regional Streams, issuing at least 11 Invitations to Apply (ITAs) for candidates with a minimum cut-off score of 115 for the Base Stream and 130 for the Regional Stream.

The following day, November 6, saw the BCPNP hold a selection draw for Skilled Worker and International Graduate streams, targeting professions in high-demand sectors such as childcare, construction, healthcare, and tech. For example, in the tech sector, candidates needed a score of 128 to receive an ITA.

British Columbia continues to be an attractive destination for immigrants with its growing economy and various opportunities in diverse industries.

How an Immigration Consultant Can Help

Navigating Canada’s immigration system can be complex, especially with changes like Ontario closing its Entrepreneur Stream. A Canadian immigration consultant can provide expert guidance and help you understand your eligibility for different programs. Whether you’re a skilled worker or entrepreneur, the best immigration consultants can help you identify the most suitable pathways, assist with application preparation, and increase your chances of success.

At Wave Visas, we have a team of certified immigration consultants who stay updated on the latest immigration news and policies, ensuring you get the best advice tailored to your unique situation.

Conclusion

Canada continues to attract immigrants with its robust provincial nominee programs, but staying informed about changes is essential for making the right decisions. Whether you are interested in British Columbia’s PNP or other immigration streams, working with a Canadian immigration consultant can simplify the process and help you achieve your immigration goals. To learn more about how we can assist you, contact us at Wave Visas today!

Looking for Canada Immigration, Fill up the below mentioned form.

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As a leading immigration lawyer in Canada, Malkus Immigration takes pride in offering comprehensive assistance to individuals and families seeking permanent residence visas in Canada. Our team of experienced professionals is committed to guiding you through every step of the application process, ensuring that your journey towards Canadian residency is as seamless as possible. Visit: https://malkusimmigration.com/services/

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Germany Opportunity Card

The Germany Opportunity Card is a strategic immigration initiative designed to attract elite international talent to Germany. This program streamlines the process for highly skilled professionals to obtain a work visa and relocate to Germany, addressing critical labor shortages in key sectors. Applicants are assessed based on their qualifications, work experience, and language proficiency, with a focus on those who bring exceptional skills and expertise. By facilitating the entry of top-tier talent, the Germany Opportunity Card aims to bolster the country's economy and support its growth through the infusion of global expertise. For the latest details on eligibility and application procedures, prospective applicants should consult the German Federal Employment Agency or the official immigration website. Read More

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Best migration consultant

In a world that's increasingly interconnected, the desire to migrate for work, study, or personal reasons is more common than ever. However, the process of moving to a new country can be complex and overwhelming, with numerous legal, logistical, and cultural considerations to navigate. This is where migration consultants come in, providing invaluable assistance and expertise to individuals and families looking to make the leap.

Here, we've compiled a list of the top migration consultants of 2024, based on their reputation, client satisfaction, and success rate.

[talentconnectedworldwide01]

Canada Immigration for Doctors: Everything You Need to Know

Canada is a welcoming and diverse country that offers great opportunities for doctors from around the world to build a successful career and enjoy a high quality of life. If you’re a doctor looking to immigrate to Canada, this article will provide you with all the essential information you need to get started on your journey to becoming a Canadian resident.

Why important is Canada Immigration for Doctors?

Canada immigration for doctors is crucial as it addresses a significant healthcare shortage in the country. With an aging population and increasing healthcare demands, skilled medical professionals are in high demand. Immigrant doctors bring diverse experiences and expertise, enhancing the quality of healthcare services. Furthermore, they contribute to the cultural diversity and economic growth of Canada. By attracting and retaining medical talent, Canada ensures access to quality healthcare and maintains its reputation as a global destination for skilled professionals. Ultimately, immigration for doctors plays a pivotal role in safeguarding public health, supporting healthcare systems, and bolstering the nation’s workforce

Eligibility Requirements

To Canada immigration for doctors, you’ll need to meet specific eligibility criteria. The primary pathways for doctors to immigrate to Canada are through the Express Entry system, the Provincial Nominee Program (PNP), or as a skilled worker through the Federal Skilled Worker Program.

Education: You should have a medical degree recognized by Canadian authorities.

Language Proficiency: Prove your proficiency in English or French by taking an approved language test.

Experience: You must have relevant work experience as a doctor.

Credential Assessment: Have your foreign qualifications assessed and recognized by a Canadian regulatory body.

Licensing and Registration

Once you’ve successfully immigrated to Canada, you’ll need to obtain the necessary licenses and registrations to practice as a doctor. Each Canadian province and territory has its own medical licensing body, and the requirements may vary. You’ll need to complete examinations and meet other specific criteria to get your medical license.

Job Search

Finding a job as a doctor in Canada is an important step. You can look for job openings on various online platforms, including job boards and healthcare websites. Networking and reaching out to healthcare institutions and hospitals can also be helpful in your job search.

Immigration Pathways

Here are some common immigration pathways for doctors:

Express Entry: This is a point-based system that evaluates your age, education, work experience, language skills, and adaptability to determine your eligibility for permanent residence.

Provincial Nominee Program (PNP): Some provinces have specific programs that target doctors and healthcare professionals. If you meet their requirements, you may be nominated for permanent residence by a Canadian province.

Family Sponsorship: If you have close relatives in Canada who are citizens or permanent residents, they may be able to sponsor you for immigration.

Refugee Sponsorship: In some cases, doctors from war-torn or persecuted regions can seek asylum in Canada as refugees.

Permanent Residence

Once you meet the requirements and are approved for immigration, you will be granted permanent residence in Canada. This allows you to live, work, and study anywhere in the country. You will also be eligible for essential social benefits, such as healthcare, education, and more.

Settling in Canada

After arriving in Canada, it’s essential to settle into your new life. This includes finding accommodation, opening a bank account, obtaining a social insurance number, and familiarizing yourself with the Canadian healthcare system.

Continuing Education

Medicine is a continually evolving field, and as a doctor, you must stay updated with the latest medical practices and advancements. Canada offers numerous opportunities for continuing medical education, which can help you enhance your skills and knowledge.

Conclusion

Canada is an excellent destination for doctors seeking to immigrate and build a rewarding career. By understanding the eligibility requirements, immigration pathways, and necessary steps, you can make your journey to becoming a Canadian resident as smooth as possible. Remember that it may take time and effort, but the opportunities for growth and a high quality of life in Canada make it well worth the investment.

[canadian-immigration-legal]

Canadian Immigration & Legal Services Inc. is a professional consultancy firm helping people and families around the world begin their immigration to Canada. Mr. Salauddin Ahmed is the lead consultant for Canadian Immigration & Legal Services Inc. A Notary Public in Canada is a legal professional who is authorized to perform various legal functions, including certifying and notarizing documents. Family sponsorship in Canada is a core component of the country's immigration system. The Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) is a crucial component of the Canadian immigration system. Sponsorship appeals in Canada are a recourse for individuals whose sponsorship applications for family members have been denied by immigration authorities.

[immigrationserviceincanada1]

What Are the Common Pitfalls in Applying for Canadian Citizenship?

The journey to Canadian citizenship is an exciting path many choose to embark upon, dreaming of the benefits and rights it confers. Yet, this process, filled with its legal nuances and bureaucratic requirements, can often become a labyrinth for the unprepared. This blog aims to shed light on the most common pitfalls encountered during the application process and provide practical advice on how to navigate these hurdles effectively.

Understanding Eligibility Requirements

Residency Requirements

The foundation of your citizenship application is proving you’ve lived in Canada long enough. Applicants must have been physically present in Canada for at least 1,095 days within the five years before they apply. A common mistake is miscounting these days, especially when frequent trips outside Canada are involved. Ensure you’re using the official calculator provided by the Canadian government to track your days accurately.

Language Proficiency

Demonstrating proficiency in English or French is non-negotiable. Accepted tests include the CELPIP for English and the TEF for French. A pitfall here is failing to provide valid test results that meet the required benchmarks. Be sure to check your test scores against the latest citizenship requirements to avoid this error.

Filing Taxes

Having a history of filing taxes in Canada during at least three years within the five-year period is mandatory. Many applicants slip up by not submitting the required tax records, or by submitting incomplete records. This oversight can delay your application or lead to a denial, so double-check your tax filing status before applying.

Criminal Record Check

Canada takes security seriously, and a criminal record can be a significant barrier to citizenship. Be transparent and thorough when disclosing any past convictions or charges, as failure to do so can be seen as misrepresentation and cause major delays or rejections of your application.

Application Pitfalls

Missing or Incomplete Documents

One of the most straightforward yet overlooked aspects is the completeness and correctness of your application. From language proof to travel documents, ensure every document is up-to-date and correctly filled out. Missing information is a leading cause of delayed processing.

Incorrect Forms or Payment

Using the latest forms available on the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) website is crucial, as is ensuring that the payment method for the processing fee is accepted. Check these details twice to prevent unnecessary setbacks.

Omitting Essential Details

Every field of your application form matters. Leaving out information such as personal details, addresses, and employment history can lead to processing delays or outright denials. It’s worth taking the extra time to review each section carefully.

Interview and Test Preparation

Understanding the Citizenship Test

The citizenship test is a critical step that assesses your knowledge of Canadian history, values, institutions, and symbols. Underestimating this test is a common error. Prepare thoroughly using official study guides and sample questions available from the IRCC.

Interview Process After passing the test, you’ll be scheduled for an interview where an officer will verify your documents and ask questions about your application and background. Not bringing the correct documents or being unprepared to discuss your application can lead to further scrutiny or a negative outcome.

Special Considerations

Minors Applying for Citizenship

Applications for minors have slightly different requirements, including parental consent forms and specific documents related to custody. Overlooking these nuances can delay a minor’s application.

Citizenship for Seniors

Applicants aged 55 and older are exempt from the language and knowledge tests. However, ensuring that all other documentation is meticulously prepared is crucial as seniors are not exempt from other requirements.

Legal Assistance and Resources

Navigating the citizenship process isn’t always straightforward. If your situation is complex, seeking legal advice can be invaluable. Additionally, regularly consulting the IRCC website for updated information and guidance can help steer your application in the right direction.

Conclusion

Applying for Canadian citizenship is a monumental step that requires careful preparation and attention to detail. By understanding and anticipating these common pitfalls, you can enhance your chances of a successful application. Remember, thoroughness is your ally in turning the dream of Canadian citizenship into reality. Read more, Immigration Service in Canada

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“Funérailles Rouges Dans La Rue Arcade,” Le Petit Journal. March 12, 1933. Page 1. ---- Une foule considerable assistait, hier midi, aux funérailles de Nick Zynchuck, tui accidentellement par le policier Zappa lundi dernier. Communistes, chômeurs, curieux et policiers se coudoyaient dans une atmosphère de méfiance. presque meute. Notre photo de gauche montre l'extraordinaire densité de la foule autour du cercaeil de Zynchuck, au moment où on plaçait celui-ci dans le corbillard pour le mener au cimetière de Lake-View. Remarques les placards et les banderoles que portaient les chefs des sympathisants du mort. La photo de droite indique avec quel soin le Police prévenu les bagarres, On voit ici les “constables spéciaux" empêchant une bataille, tandis que trois femmes s'éloignent en tonte hâte.

[AL: The police did not ‘stop’ any fighting - the funeral of Zynchuk, himself killed by a policeman while resisting his eviction, became a police riot, as the special constables beat and abused men, women and children, including unconnected passerby and a Montreal Gazette journalist. Below the cut I’m including a lengthy English language analysis of this incident from Molinaro’s history of anti-Communism and the state of exception in 1930s Canada of this incident. Well worth reading.

The Murder of an Immigrant: Nicholas Zynchuck “The state repression of the 1930s increased in 1933, particularly in Montreal as Premier Taschereau launched his aggressive campaign against communism. If the Buck et al. trial was the start of the repression against Communists and fellow travellers during the Great Depression's exceptional state, the case of Nicholas Zynchuck in Montreal represented the depths of it. His case demonstrates how ethnicity and culture helped influence who was (and was not) a Communist.

On the afternoon of 6 March 1933, Montreal police were called to 3962 Saint Dominique Street in Montreal's downtown core. Saint Dominique contained a number of townhome complexes, many of which were rented to Polish immigrants, mainly Yiddish speakers, working in nearby factories and shops. On this afternoon, police walked in on an eviction, the history of which dated back to the previous Friday. John Wlostizosk was a Polish immigrant who had been renting 3962 with his wife. Wlostizosk had fallen on difficult times and become unemployed, probably because of the broken leg he was nursing at the time of his eviction. He was two months in arrears on his rent and was ordered to pay immediately or be forced to leave. Wlostizosk could not pay, and the next day a court-ordered bailiff and his assistants attempted to evict the family, claiming that they had an order to do so from the Supreme Court. They were unsuccessful, and Mrs Wlostizosk reported that she was thrown to the ground by the men and had her clothing torn.

The majority of the witnesses stated that the bailiff returned at 2:30 p.m. on 7 March; he and his assistants reportedly forced their way into the home and pulled Wlostizosk out of his bed, dragging him outside. Wlostizosk's wife, while screaming, clung to the bed sheets as her husband was dragged out of the home, and she was then pushed down the stairs. Her screams drew neighbours from all around, and soon a crowd of several hundred emerged, urging the couple to stand their ground and not leave." When constables Joseph Zappa, Paul Couchey, and Victor Jette of the Montreal police arrived at the scene (later joined by Constable A. Cloutier), they found an angry mob, the bailiff's truck half-loaded with furniture and clothing from the home, a screaming Mrs Wlostizosk standing on the steps to the house, and a clothed John Wlostizosk leaning against the house to keep him away.

At this point, Nicholas Zynchuck, a Polish immigrant, former Canadian Pacific Railway worker, and a border at 3962, arrived home. He ran up to the house searching for his clothes. When told by bystanders that the items were in the truck, he entered it but found nothing of his inside. He reportedly then grabbed one of the baillifs by the arm, saying, "I want my clothes." The bailiff replied that he could not have them because everything in the house was being sired When Zynchuck made for the house again, he was blocked by three constables. The crowd, which had grown to approximately two thousand, began removing furniture and items from the truck to prevent them from being taken."

From this point on, the eyewitness accounts differ drastically. Three witnesses and the officers claimed that they saw Zynchuck grab a bar of some sort (reportedly an iron bedpost) from the truck and begin swinging it at the officers, slightly grazing one of them. As he turned to attack the bailiff's assistant, Constable Joseph Zappa fired his revolver, hitting Zynchuck in the back mid-swing. Fourteen others claimed that Zynchuck had no bar." Yetta Rotter, of 3972 Saint Dominique, gave her account to the Toronto Star the morning after the shooting, and it was corroborated by the majority of the witnesses. Zynchuck, she said, "just asked them [the police) to let him get his clothes. Then someone said 'shoot him." and the constable pulled out his gun and fired" as Zynchuck turned to leave. 

On the morning of 7 March, Constable Zappa, seated at the back of police station no. 12, was interviewed by his superiors, who included Assistant Inspector A. Brodeur, with a Star reporter present. In the interview, which formed the basis for the official police report, Zappa claimed he had shot Zynchuck because he, Zappa, "was mad." "Why didn't you shoot over the man's head?" his superiors asked. The constable grinned and shrugged his shoulders: "He's a communist." 

When Zappa was asked if he was excited at the time, he replied, "No." Assistant Inspector Brodeur announced a half-hour later that the shooting was "justified under the circumstances though regrettable." The public had to understand, he explained, that this section of the city was "a hot-bed of communism." Police actions may not have been just, but the police did what was necessary for security. René Clouette, the attending bailiff charged with evicting the family, told reporters an account that differed from that of the other witnesses. He claimed he went to the house on the afternoon of 6 March with about a dozen assistants but found men in the home who were adamant that the furniture not be taken, and so he returned with about fifty assistants and began loading furniture into a truck. He claimed that one of the tenants, John Wlostizosk, entered the scene, walking in on his own accord but with crutches. Clouette denied the witness accounts that he and others had dragged Wlostizosk out of bed by his feet and pushed his wife down the stairs of the home. The shooting occurred, he explained, as the mob began taking things out of the truck that he and his men were loading.

Led by Deputy Coroner Dr Pierre Herbert, a coroner's inquiry with jury was ordered on 8 March to investigate Zynchuck's death. Antoine Senecal and Albert Berthiaume conducted the case for the police, and Michael Garber, retained by the Canadian Labor Defense League (CLDL), cross-examined witnesses The scene in Montreal was tense. Police were dispatched through out the city to quell outbursts of protests following the shooting. One hundred "communists" were reportedly dispersed from Viger Square. The courtroom itself was under heavy police guard, and a number of officers were armed with tear gas should protesters threaten the court. 

The first witness examined was Adolph Sasnofvska of 4370 Saint Dominique Street. He testified that Zynchuck was a Ukrainian born in Poland who had come to Canada five years earlier and who worked as a labourer. He was thirty-seven years old at the time of his death. Sasnofvska's description of Zynchuck's ethnicity reveals that he was an immigrant of Polish citizenship but that he identified as being Ukrainian. He was presumably born in the former Eastern Galicia. 

René Clouette, the bailiff charged with evicting Wlostizosk, told the inquiry the same version he had earlier provided to the media. His assistants gave a sensational account of Zynchuck grabbing a bedpost, letting out a cry in his native Ukrainian, and then charging the house in a crazed, barbarian-style attack, swinging the bedpost wildly. Zappa was called to the stand but did not want to testify. The coroner told him that he was not obligated to do so, but one of the jurors stood up to say that the jury wanted him to give evidence. A five-minute recess was called. 

After conferring with Senecal and Berthiaume, who represented the police, Zappa gave his account of what happened. He claimed that the crowd was getting difficult to control and that some people started taking furniture out of the truck. One of the people removing furniture darted towards him with a six-foot iron bar. The man began swinging the pole as he approached Zappa. After taking one swing at Zappa and missing, Zappa claimed that the man turned gun "kicked up" and the man "was shot in the back." "I was afraid for my own life," he stated, and that all he could do was fire in the man's direction to protect himself.

Under cross-examination, Garber asked Zappa if Zynchuck first asked to enter the house. Zappa replied that he did not, stating that Zynchuck got the bar from the truck, tried to hit him but missed, and took another swing at Bertrand the bailiff before being shot. Garber asked Zappa why he did not fire a warning shot in the air. Zappa replied that he had already threatened to do so, but it had no effect on the crowd. He claimed that no one ordered him to shoot. Garber asked, "Did you tell the reporter of the Star that you were mad when you shot?" Zappa replied, "Mad? Mad? Well I was not very happy." Garber continued, asking, "Were you asked by the Star reporter why you did not shoot over the man's head?" Zappa replied that the reporter had just asked his name and left. He also claimed he had never told Zynchuck to move or he would shoot. Zappa's account was implausible.

Witness testimony contradicted the scene painted by the bailiff and officers, Robert Dubareau, a passer-by who lived on Saint Catherine, claimed he saw Zappa shoot Zynchuck and that there was no iron bar in Zynchuck's hands or any swinging of a bar by Zynchuck. Another witness, Mrs Rotter, said the same thing. The papers did not detail the accounts of other witnesses that contradicted the officers' claims or note whether there had been other any other witnesses.

Inconsistencies in the bailiff and Zappa's testimonies went unad dressed. The press reported that some of Garber's questioning had been stopped; Garber was likely not allowed to question much of the evidence. The evidence that raised the most doubt about Zappa's version of events was the autopsy report. Curiously, the autopsy report was entered into evidence, but it is not clear if anyone discussed it further in court. The report, read into the record by Dr. Rosario Fontaine, stated that the bullet entered Zynchuck from the right side of the back and travelled right to left, tearing through a kidney before finally resting in his spine. 

Zynchuck was shot at a maximum distance of four to five feet (with one paper reporting that the autopsy report stated that he had been shot at a distance of eighteen inches). This meant it was impossible for Zynchuck to have cleared a minimum six-foot space around him with an iron bar. The report matched eyewitness accounts the morning after the shooting that stated that Zappa had shot Zynchuck as he turned his back to the officer. He was shot in the back on the right side, and the bullet travelled from right to left, which could have occurred if Zynchuck, facing Zappa, had begun turning to the left to leave, exposing the right side to Zappa's revolver." 

Either way the bulk of the evidence raised questions about the officers' version of events, but to no effect. In a closing statement to the jury, Deputy Coroner Herbert reminded the public: 

"We have never had any problem with the French-Canadians, and it is always the foreigners who start such trouble. When four constables are faced with 500 angered foreigners their lives are in danger... I hope that this will be a lesson for other foreigners who attempt to resist the police." 

Zynchuck's death would teach the foreign communists how they should behave and respond to police. The jury reached a decision in less than a minute and cleared Zappa of any misconduct.

That the coroner's inquiry failed to satisfy the Saint Dominique community was obvious from the way the community rallied behind their fallen member with one of the largest funeral processions the city of Montreal had ever seen. Fifteen to twenty thousand people marched from Verdun to the funeral parlour of William Ray at Arcade Street at 12:30 p.m. on 11 March. Some of those walking in the long columns of marchers hummed "The Internationale," and Canadian Labor Defense League (CLDL) musicians played for the marchers. Labour leaders made speeches reminding those in attendance of how Zynchuck was killed. The real culprit, some speakers claimed, was Bennett and his policies, while others said Zynchuck was killed because of private property. Some speakers insisted that the lives of workers were just as valuable as those of the "bosses." Workers Unity League (WUL) representatives spoke at the funeral. 

Zynchuck's death brought the community out in the tens of thousands, but it is doubtful that everyone was there to hear the CLDL or WUL use Zynchuck's funeral as a means for spreading propaganda. Indeed, there was serious doubt as to whether Zynchuck was ever a Communist or that he had belonged to the CLDL, the WUL, or any other labour organization. The Reverend R.G. Katsunoff of the Church of All Nations spoke at Zynchuck's funeral and stated that he knew Zynchuck as a member of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church who had no relatives and belonged to no Communist organizations. Some members of the CLDL and other Communist organizations went beyond condemning his death and used Zynchuck's funeral as a platform to preach political propaganda. They tried to paint Zynchuck as a Communist killed for being a Communist when he was actually killed because he was foreign born and because he was Communist on account of his ethnicity, class, and where he lived. 

Shortly after the funeral procession was underway, Montreal police sent an even stronger message to the foreign community as a reprisal presumed a for Zappa's inquiry and to prevent Communists from using his death as a spectacle for recruitment.

As the steady line of marchers quietly carried on down the street, many holding signs condemning the death of Zynchuck, plain-clothes officers entered the crowd, and so did eight hundred mounted officers who were lying in wait for the marchers. Officers charged into the funeral procession dispersing people, punching and clubbing any who quickly enough. Witnesses described the scene as chaos as droves of people fled in terror, fearing for their lives and safety. The crowd split into groups of fifty, and even passers-bys not part of the march were caught in the cross hairs of police. A woman on her way home, who could not move fast enough for the officers, was shoved into a snowdrift. Witnesses watched in shock and horror as marchers were knocked to the ground and, when they did not get up quickly enough, faced even more punches and kicks. One man was tossed from officer to officer, who kicked or punched him for the length of a city block. Others witnessed a man beaten badly by police she walked; he stopped walking to try to recuperate, only to have officers deliver a punishing blow from behind, knocking him unconscious to the ground, where he was left.

Neither young nor old were spared the fury of the police. Nor were the reporters: Henry Prysky of the Gazette, and son of Detective Sergeant Felix Prysky of the homicide department, was beaten by police even after he identified himself as a reporter. Mounted officers mowed over marchers, forcing them into the streets, where other officers forced them back onto the sidewalk. According to witnesses, the mourners never retaliated. They were determined to keep the march from turning into a riot or violent protest. Statements from witnesses. to the dismay of both the CLDL and Montreal police, affirmed that the vast majority of people at the funeral were there for Zynchuck and not in support of any Communist politics. The Verdun Workers Association, who led the procession, denounced some press suggestions of Communist activity, citing that 35 per cent of their members had served in the Great War and strongly denouncing suggestions that their loyalty should be questioned.

The mourners' non-resistance did not deter police. One machinist, as the Herald described him, was walking along the street when police began clearing it. "Suddenly I was tripped," he said, "and thrown into snow bank. While I lay there two other men bent over me and struck me in the face." The man claimed that police never asked him a single question before the beating started. A mile from the march, witnesses reported that a woman walking with a toddler was pushed by police for not walking fast enough and that when she protested, she and her toddler were forced into a snow bank. Police had deemed the funeral a political action by Communists and a security threat. They decided - they judged in the moment - what was and was not legal and what to do to stop it. 

Montreal residents felt outrage and condemned the events at the funeral. The Herald, in an editorial, denounced the actions of police and stated that "the actions of the police force on Saturday were a blot on the honour of the force... Had they been agents of Moscow they could not have served the cause of violence better." The Star, as well as the Gazette, was equally critical of the police for attacking the funeral. Besides reporting the attack on its own reporter, the Gazette detailed a bizarre scene in which two plain-clothes officers, each "taking the other for a communist," got into a fight. They were eventually separated by officers who recognized them. One officer lost some teeth in the scuffle, but he was dissuaded by other police from taking out an arrest warrant on the other officer. The two reportedly shook hands, and police refused to release their names."

The violence at Zynchuck's funeral prompted a strong response from community groups. Protests began immediately after the funeral. In one instance, 225 youth protested the death of Zynchuck and the events of the funeral at the Youth Forum on Drummond Street. Some of the most outspoken criticism of police actions, ironically, came from Christian churches and ministers who claimed that it was the police, and not the Communists, who were behaving in an un-British manner. On 13 March, members of the Protestant Ministerial Association voted in the majority to appoint a committee that could represent Protestant churches, as well as a diverse segment of prominent citizens, to press for a judicial investigation into the events of the eviction at Saint Dominique Street and Zynchuck's funeral. The committee was separate from religious institutions but provided them with some representation."

Called the Citizens' Committee, the group consisted of prominent community members such as ministers, lawyers, and academics. including Professor F. R. Scott and law professor Warwick Chipman, a prominent member of the bar in Montreal. The committee heard evidence from ministers such as the Reverend Katsunoff, who spoke at Zynchuck's funeral and now reiterated his claims that Zynchuck was no Communist. He described the funeral and the events leading up to it after Zynchuck was shot. Wanting to give Zynchuck a funeral, he explained, were a dozen representatives of different societies, such as various Ukrainian and Polish groups. Katsunoff explained that a Greek-Catholic priest was approached to conduct the funeral but that he was asked too late and could not do it in time. he claimed the police kept one of Zynchuck's closest friends detained for hours and compelled him to sign Zynchuck's body over to them to stop a funeral from being held. 

Montreal police recognized that a funeral for Zynchuck could become a spectacle for the Communists. Katsuwolf recalled how police tried to storm the funeral parlour in an effort get Zynchuck's body, but people jammed the entrance to the parlaour and stood watch until a funeral was arranged. Katsunoff told the committee that the funeral march was orderly until someone blew a whistle. Someone shouted, "Come on boys," and plain-clothes officers jumped into the crowd. A banner held by one of the marchers that read "Shot in the back" was grabbed by police as they entered the crowd from all directions, beating the crowd as they entered. Katsuwolf was sure that the two plain-clothes men that he had spoken to “smelt of some kind of liquor." The committee heard that several witnesses of Zynchuck's death claimed that they could swear under oath that they saw him shot as he turned his back to Zappa in an effort to leave. It was later reported that Zynchuck's grave site was purchased by an unnamed sympathetic citizen of Montreal who had never personally met Zynchuck."

The committee refrained from deciding anything and instead took a wait-and-see approach until further official inquiries were completed. Following the publicity that the committee meeting generated, Montreal deputy chief Charles Barnes, who oversaw the police response to the funeral march, commented on the funeral, stating that he had seen no trouble anywhere" and witnessed no violence, as the crowd was easily dispersed. Despite Barnes's attempt at damage control, a new inquiry into Zynchuck's death was about to be called."

On 14 March, Joe Batula, a former fellow officer of Zynchuck's in the Polish army, filed a complaint against Zappa in the death of Zynchuck so that an arrest warrant could be issued against him for manslaughter. Michael Garber and another lawyer retained by the CLDL. Oscar Gagnon, represented Batula. Justice Victor Cusson agreed to issued for Zappa's arrest. He set the date of the hearing for 21 March issue a prewarrant inquiry to investigate whether a warrant should be Gagnon explained that a hearing was needed because all the evidence at the coroner's inquest "was designed to exculpate the constable" and that they had had "no chance to present [their] evidence." Gag non's statement confirms that the evidence of witnesses that could contradict Zappa and his fellow officers was suppressed during the coroner's inquiry. 

Zynchuck's death and funeral spurred progressives into action and solidarity. In addition to the frequent protests throughout the city. Writers in the Canadian Forum claimed that these events symbolized the illiberal state of Quebec. Zynchuck's death and funeral became the source of inspiration for a variety of poems, stories, and plays, including a play entitled Eviction performed by the Workers' Experimental Theatre. Poet Dorothy Livesay wrote a poem entitled "An Immigrant (Nick Zynchuck)" and a story, "Zynchuck's Funeral.” As mentioned earlier, F. R. Scott was instrumental in forming an ad hoc group to protest the events and suggest reform. He had been outraged by witnessing a labourer who had been standing near the street during the funeral suddenly be knocked to the ground by a "ferocious punch to the jaw" from a man later identified as a plain-clothes police officer. The CLDL temporarily united with the Trades and Labour Congress and the Montreal Labour Party to protest Zynchuck's death and the funeral violence. They had support from the Protestant Ministerial Association, the Montreal Women's Club, the Delorimier Liberal Reform Club, the League for Social Reconstruction, and the Montreal United Church's Committee on Social and Economic Research.

The hearing began on 21 March. Oscar Gagnon of the CLDL stressed from the outset that this was not a trial, just an inquiry decide whether an arrest warrant should be issued, and thus a hearing of evidence ex parte as per article 655 of the Criminal Code was sufficient to issue the warrant. In an unexpected move, Justice Cusson allowed both sides to present evidence, including witnesses called by Zappa's counsel, Philippe Monette. Berthiaume was permitted to represent the police. Variations of Zynchuck's death were told to the court in English, Polish, and Yiddish. The courtroom was initially restricted to the public, but by mid-morning the judge had lifted the restrictions, and it became filled to capacity.

The bailiff Clouette retold his version of events. But the majority of the witnesses in this hearing told a different story than the one told by Zappa, his fellow constables, and the bailiff and his assistants during the coroner's inquiry. These witnesses described how Zynchuck was shot in the back by Zappa as he turned to leave. Several witnesses claimed that the bailiff's assistants shouted at the officers to shoot Zynchuck. Papers reported that Zappa's counsel, Mr. Monette, was very aggressive in his cross-examination of witnesses, leading Garber to ask the judge why cross-examination should even be allowed, as this was not a trial. The judge claimed he wanted all the facts before making his decision. The defence gave their interpretation next and followed the same story as told by the witnesses during the coroner's inquest. The autopsy report was read into evidence again by De Rosario Fontaine, who claimed that on the basis of the hole in Zynchuck's jacket, the shot might have been fired from a distance of four or five leet but not less than eighteen inches. Witnesses for Zappa claimed that the crowd was advancing until Zappa fired his gun.

On 24 March, Judge Cusson announced that he had decided not to issue a warrant for Zappa's arrest, citing that riot conditions had prompted Zappa to shoot, as Zynchuck was part of a crowd of thirty or more persons who were advancing on the officers. Whether Zynchuck was armed or not was inconsequential to the judge; "killing one or more," he stated, there being no other way to suppress the riot, constituted a "justifiable homicide." Exceptional measures were necessary. Curiously, Zappa's evidence, given on the day of the judge's decision, contained mention that the crowd was advancing on him, and yet, even after the coroner's report, Zappa claimed that Zynchuck was "six, eight, nine" feet from him when he shot.

The CLDL lawyers did not agree with the judge's finding, stating that it was significant that no iron bar was produced as evidence. When Cusson asked the lawyers what Zappa was to have done beyond shooting, Garber replied, "I believe that he'd have to read the Riot Act before shooting." The judge was taken aback, asking: 

"Do you believe that a Montreal jury - or a jury anywhere - (you are a lawyer of reputation, Mr. Garber, and I appreciate you highly) but do you believe that any jury would find Constable Zappa guilty?" 

The judge insisted on an answer from Garber, who replied: 

"It might happen. There might be a jury that would find him guilty of manslaughter." 

Cusson disagreed, stating that he had had no hesitation in refusing the warrant. The CLDL made one last plea to Premier Taschereau, but this fell on deaf ears. The Citizens' Committee did not seek to further fin any flames: the legal process had run its course. The committee recommended that police not send plain-clothes officers to break up crowds in the future, something the police force said it would consider. Joseph Zappa was completely exonerated,

The case of Nicholas Zynchuck shows the depth of the repression against Communists and anyone presumed of being one. For law enforcement, communists were automatically guilty of an offence and violence had become part of the construct of security. Members could never publicly admit that they were CPC members or even publicly state that they believed in the same ideology without exposing them selves to the possibility of a Section 98 charge. But the most significant danger to Canadian society was how individuals were classified as being communists.”

- Dennis C. Molinaro, An Exceptional Law: Section 98 and the Emergency State, 1919-1936. Toronto: Osgoode Hall Press, 2017. p. 171-182

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