#if there was a reduction in demand they wouldn't supply

[pumpkinofthedale]

Man I'm vegan for the animals obviously but at this point it's almost more important to me for the environmental impact

[centrally-unplanned]

The issue around treating medical school debt as a driver for problems of US doctor shortages, or distortions in distribution, is that any impact it has is just completely wiped out by the centrally controlled, government-backed reductions in the supply of doctors themselves. In a world where the supply of doctors was allowed to meet demand, debt would matter a good deal! It would be reducing your supply, making the marginal cost of becoming a doctor higher, and so reductions in the price of becoming one would boost the numbers you have, lower costs of treatment, etc etc.

But in the US that's all irrelevant because we slap a gigantic quota bar a thousand yards before those supply and demand lines ever intersect. You could demand blood sacrifices and the souls of their first born from med school applicants, demand for those slots is so high you wouldn't even notice. Being a doctor is the most reliable 1%'er job in the US at scale, it beats programmers and financial analysts easy. Any attempt to "boost supply" of doctors by making being a doctor *better* somehow is categorically incapable of doing that, because that is not what is constraining supply. Even the idea of boosting the salaries of pediatricians to get relatively more of them, while it can do something at the margins, is missing the point - your supply of doctors is fixed. You can only increase the number of pediatricians by *reducing the number of radiologists*. Who presumably do valuable work! The math is extremely harsh to any attempts at amelioration if you don't address the core problem.

[apricotbuncakes]

I Need Top Surgery ASAP

My dysphoria is off the charts. I've been doing literally anything I can to reduce the dysphoria around my chest but it is way too costly for me to buy trans tape that doesn't work well for me and chest binders that stretch out even with proper washing. Binding regularly makes it near impossible to breath and with my job as a lifeguard it's really unsafe to bind because of how hot the pool room is and the physical demand of the job. I end up having to bind anyway though because daily dysphoria is more crippling than milder dysphoria and some breathing troubles.

I've wanted top surgery since I was 14. For years I've had dreams of getting top surgery and crying when I wake up because it wasn't real. Now at 20 the possibility is finally here to make my dreams come true, for me to resolve my chest dysphoria and back pain, to make me feel more comfortable as myself. I've needed top surgery for YEARS but am just now reasonably able to get it.

If you donate ANY amount of money (a few cents, a dollar, five, ten, twenty, whatever!!) to this gofundme you will get your name personally written on a trans flag that I will share online! Anonymous donors will have their own section of the flag so you can still get recognition without your name being displayed publicly! So far the GoFundMe has raised $255! Through my own savings, the total money saved is a bit past $310.

Can't donate? Reblog, repost this GoFundMe to other platforms. Share with friends who may be able to financially contribute. Just share it around (and be sure to link the GoFundMe too!!).

More Info:

I realize some people are hesitant to just donate money to those they don't know so my ask box is open for any questions you might have about the GoFundMe, but I'll go over the broad strokes here too!

"Do you have someone willing to perform the surgery on you?"

I already have a surgeon willing to perform top surgery on me AND a therapist willing to write a letter to said surgeon to also verify that this surgery is appropriate for me!

"Why is it so expensive?"

The surgeon I chose has told me the price for the surgery itself is $8,500 BUT! My goal is $10,000 because of other costs associated with the surgery! Things like aftercare supplies (things to help with scarring, comfort items, etc), bills (car, phone, pet supplies, student loans) that I won't be able to earn the money for during recovery, and after surgery visits. There are other smaller expenses to take into account as well that I haven't listed. All of those things cost A LOT. I likely won't be able to work for a few months after surgery due to not only recovery time but also my line of work, which is why I'm including them in the surgery cost. All of these things have to be taken into account for the pricing, hence why my goal is $10,000.

"Why can't you just go through your insurance?"

The fuckers gave me an out of date list of surgeons in my area, most of which don't specialize in top surgery or related procedures, and SEVERAL of the surgeons on there are actually deceased. They have been of no further help on this. Of the surgeons eligible on the list, ONE responded (and he was an absolute dick who told me I had to lose weight before he would even consider performing it on me). They also have a load of requirements like being a whole year on HRT (I'm only 7 months at the end of April 2024), having a certain BMI (a bullshit requirement for ANYTHING), and a handful of other factors that I wouldn't be able to meet reasonably soon Truly, out of pocket is the safest and best option for me.

"Why can't you just get a breast reduction?"

What's the point of a reduction if I'm going to bind what's left anyway? I don't want my breasts. They distress me and make me dysphoric. Top Surgery is the best option for me.

"What happens if you don't need all the money you raised?"

In the unlikely event that I don't need all the money I'm asking for, I will likely use it for other important things in my life or donate the money to someone else who needs top surgery. I'll likely donate through GoFundMe, but I'll look around locally too in case there's someone who needs money in my community.

My ask box is open if you have any other questions not addressed here.

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Brazil Ministry of Agriculture's refusal to adopt pesticide reduction outrages popular movements

National Plan for Agroecology and Organic Production barred; entities demand the government to prioritize agroecology

At a meeting of the National Council for Agroecology and Organic Production (CNAPO, in Portuguese) held on Thursday afternoon (18) at the Planalto Palace, in Brasilia, popular movements and agroecology organizations questioned the federal government's lack of priority for the production of healthy food. 

Criticism emerged after yet another postponement of the announcement of the National Plan for Agroecology and Organic Production (Planapo, in Portuguese), which was scheduled to be launched on Thursday (18). The ceremony was suspended due to the refusal of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA, in Portuguese) to accept the inclusion of the National Program for the Reduction of Pesticides (PRONARA, in Portuguese) into the scope of the Planapo. 

Paulo Petersen, the executive coordinator of the Brazilian NGO AS-PTA Family Farming and Agroecology and a member of the Executive Nucleus of the National Articulation of Agroecology (ANA, in Portuguese), complained about the ministry’s intransigent stance.

“We had a plan ready to be launched, but the Ministry of Agriculture said it wouldn't sign off on it. And it was said after talks in various democratic spaces in which the program was built, including with technicians from MAPA,” he said, showing his indignation at the impasse. “The ministry’s stance is incomprehensible,” he lamented.

Continue reading.

[bopinion]

2023 / 19

Aperçu of the Week:

"There is a crack in everything. That's how the light gets in."

(Leonard Cohen, singer-songwriter and poet from Montréal)

Bad News of the Week:

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) forecasts that Germanys economy will continue to grow. The easing in supply chains, the high order backlog and the revival in foreign demand would ensure a gradual economic recovery in Germany, says the OECD's latest economic report. So the threat of recession does not seem to be coming. So all is well? No. Because pretty much everything else in the report for Germany is negative.

The OECD began its work (still as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation OEEC) after World War II to provide scientific support for the Marshall Plan funds for economic reconstruction in Europe. In the spirit of Keynesianism, it independently evaluates national developments and economic policies always in the context of the national economy - with an emphasis on "national", so the people. In other words, a kind of voice of reason.

And this voice calls Germany to more action in many areas. Because the path to mastering the necessary ecological and digital transformation is a long one. For example, it calls for the modernization and digitization of public administration. This must become leaner, less complicated and, above all, faster, especially in the area of infrastructure planning. In addition, spending efficiency must be improved and prioritized, while at the same time tax concessions must be reduced.

In addition, the report notes, more decisive action needs to be taken on the mobility turnaround, where many opportunities are not being exploited. Which can also be applied to necessary changes in the energy and agriculture sectors. Key message: too little is being done for climate protection. And too slowly. In concrete terms, the pace of emissions reduction would have to be tripled (!) in order to achieve the planned - and there is no alternative - climate neutrality by 2045. A realistic look at the willingness of decision-makers and voters to change makes this seem illusory. And what will happen then? One thing is certain: nothing good.

Good News of the Week:

The big strike has been averted. The EVG - the largest of the many railroad unions - had announced a strike for 50 hours starting tonight. Which would have paralyzed not only all long-distance traffic in the center of Europe (even foreign companies would not be able to cross Germany if the infrastructure control was not active), but also freight and local traffic. And this with demands that I consider excessive, despite all my fundamental sympathy for the representation of employee interests: A 10 percent wage increase is not enough for the union. Excuse me?

I was already thinking about how to get to the office on Monday and Tuesday, since I can't park there. And the public parking lots in the outskirts of Munich, where you can transfer to the (non-striking) subway, have nowhere enough capacity. And my son's return from a student exchange in Paris on Tuesday evening wouldn't have worked either. Although they have tickets for the French TGV, but it could not go on German rails. But now, fortunately, the strike has been called off.

A judge had yesterday intervened in summary proceedings against the union, predicting that the "proportionality" of the strike would not stand up to due process, which would have been invoked by the public Deutsche Bahn AG, by far the largest railroad company in Germany. Again, the voice of reason. As I said, I am an advocate of employee interests. But when their enforcement, because it involves infrastructure, affects large sections of the population, a special responsibility goes with it.

I would have come to some sort of arrangement, and so would my son. Uncomfortable, but not impossible. But an employee has to show up at his workplace. If he is unable to do so due to a loss of transportation, he is left alone with this; the principle of "force majeure" does not apply. There are many commuters in Munich from the surrounding area, even from further away, 100 km are not uncommon. They can't work from home because they work in industry, for example, and can hardly operate their welding machine or drive their forklift from home. Should they then call a cab? Or take a bicycle? That's absurd.

That's why I'm glad that there is a neutral, higher-level authority in the form of the courts. What intervenes when - as in this case - there is no longer any proportionality to fight for one's own interests in a fundamentally justified way. The so-called autonomy of collective bargaining is a good institution. It gives employees and employers the opportunity to autonomously negotiate basic rules for their cooperation without the government being able or allowed to interfere. However, when positions are deadlocked, as in this case, it takes the state to intervene in a regulatory capacity. In order to do justice to its existential care for the population.

Personal happy moment of the week:

In the week that is ending, my daughter turned 20. And next week my son will be 15. When I think of younger children who wake you up three times in the night, cheat Lego bricks under bare feet, throw up all over a silk shirt, roll on the floor screaming in the supermarket, ask for a dog or a Playstation every day, think it's funny to hide the car keys and never ever want to go to school again - I am above all one thing: relieved that they are out of the woods.

I couldn't care less...

...about today's state elections in Bremen, a city-state in the north. Because there, by far the highest gains went to a pseudo-party called "Citizens in Anger," which nearly quintupled to 10.5%. It has neither a meaningful program nor capable personnel, but draws its raison d'être solely from its name. Why is it elected? According to a poll conducted before the polling stations today, primarily for three reasons: "Stands for values that the CDU (conservative) used to represent.": 74%. "Disappointed with other parties.": 66%. "Only vote for them because the AfD (right-wing populists) can't be elected this time.": 54%. Well thank you very much. Sometimes I regret that the only qualifications you need to vote are citizenship and age.

As I write this...

...I realize that listening to the radio is yesterday's news for me. When I smoke a cigarillo outside, I involuntarily hear what music is playing on the radio at the neighbor's - a farm, where it resounds over the yard. One after the other, a cheap German pop song from the 70s, "It's raining men" and Kraftwerk came on. Phew. Cheers to Apple Music and my own playlists!

Post Scriptum

Actually, the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 would have taken place in Ukraine last night. Because the winning country of the previous year always hosts the contest in the following year. For obvious reasons, this time it will be the second-placed Great Britain. Since the security situation for an international event in Liverpool is undoubtedly better than in Kiev. And I write this before it even started: it was a great show despite dubious quality music. And the - due to the actually hosting country - colors blue-yellow also perfectly fit the winner Sweden. Once again I wonder if I am woke, as I like this event, which is considered the biggest queer event in the world.

PS: I should be right. Also with the already traditional punishment of Germany: last place - as in the years before. Which has nothing to do with the songs or the performers. But with - in this case missing - sympathy. A category in which we Germans have nothing to gain. To quote the refrain with which our candidate Jendrik lost two years ago: "I don't feel hate, I just feel sorry."

[friday12econlive]

The University of California Academic Workers' Strike

I am sure that a lot of us, as members of the UC student body, are not unfamiliar with and witnessed firsthand one of the largest strikes in all of US higher education that lasted for more than a month towards the end of 2022. The major parties that were involved were student researchers united-UAW and the University of California. And the main goals of this strike were to increase wages and benefits for graduate student researchers, teaching assistants, and postdoctoral and academic researchers on the UC campuses.

Not only has the strike negatively impacted students' performance in class and their overall college experience, but it has also had a huge impact on the University's faculty and staff. Without the assistance of the TAs, most professors had to take on the responsibility of grading, navigating TAs' duties, etc. It seems like both the students and the faculty of the University were worse off due to this temporary shortage of labor. The strike directly reflected the important roles that the teaching assistants, academic researchers, and other participants play in the UC system.

Above is a rough sketch of a labor market supply and demand graph demonstrating how the strike has had an impact on the labor market within the UC system. From the graph, we can see that the supply of labor force on UC campuses decreased due to the strike. And as a result of their strike, the quantity of the labor force also decreased from the socially efficient quantity, causing a shortage of labor supply.

Fortunately, the strike only lasted for a month. What would happen if a long-term strike were to happen on campus? If the strike were to last a longer period of time, the result would be different from what we see in the graph. Because of the strike, the University might have to cancel classes, delay or cancel exams. Ongoing research at the University would also be forced to a stop. The absence of TAs might also result in larger class sizes, heavier workloads for the faculty, and delays in grading and feedback to students. Ultimately, a long-term strike would lead to a reduction in student enrollment because parents no longer wanted to put their children in a college that can't provide the best possible educational resources to their students. As a result of this, we might see a significant decrease in the demand for labor on the UC campuses, causing the demand curve to shift left.

We hope that that wouldn't happen in the future and all prospecting college students can get the best college experience they deserve.

Fenny Zhong (25704728) @ Friday 12:00 - 12:50

Zhoujing Wang (67006051) @ Friday 12:00 - 12:50

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[howl224tgeundying]

What is your definition of inflation? I believe you're conflating profit with value, they're not the same.

Inflation is the devaluing of a currency, in which you basically need more of that currency to purchase the same item. For instance the all American unit of economic measurement, the big mac. At a point in time the big mac cost less than 50 cents, now the big mac costs 5 dollars. The price of burgers doesn't actually change in a theoretical point of view, just the inflated value of the dollar, which is dependent on how many dollars there are at any given time. When the fed prints money to pay for it's many illegal activities, the amount of dollars increases, and the economic maxim of "the more you have of something, the less value it can accrue" tells us that this makes the dollar have less value.

The big mac's value never really changes for the most part, it's only that the dollar's value changes. If we use an inflation calculator, we can see that .50 in 1966 is 4.84 today, which in most states the big mac costs around 5$, meaning there's no real "price gouging" going on.

"Profits" is just a number. If the overall amount of dollars goes up, then the price of everything goes up, ergo profits go up because they're just numbers. Even if 50 cents in 1966 is worth 4.84 dollars today, the profit would be 4.34 between the two values. Profit doesn't account for inflation, it only accounts for the total number.

When inflation occurs, everyone basically loses (except people with debt lol) because everything you have becomes less valuable. If you want to see an increase in your spending power, the goal is to reduce inflation, because with the reduction of inflation, the dollar becomes worth more. Overall, the total number of dollars would go down and companies wouldn't even bemoan the "loss of profits" because everything they own would go up in value.

Money is actually a very abstract idea that I'd wager the majority of people are not actually capable of conceptualizing. Which is why they come up with buzzfeed articles that say shit like "companies post record profits!!!" because morons that confuse profit with value will eat it up. It's also why some politicians push the "16/hour" bullshit because retards think it will be more money, when in reality it will print more money to pay for it and thus increase inflation, alongside cost of living for that matter. It's why places like SoCal that do have 16/hour also have rent that's 2k+, that being the low end.

Now, if inflation halted and we saw de inflation of the dollar but the prices stayed the same, THAT would be price gouging. But the price of goods is based on supply vs demand, in the Great Depression when people couldn't afford milk it dropped from 35cents to 26cents, which calculated for inflation is about 1.09 today, farmers still had a ton of milk and it's better to sell at a "loss" than to not sell at all. That's what sets prices, typically price gougers go out of business because people can't afford the prices in the long run, or they get undercut by other businesses. Fast food all costs roughly the same, which is to say the lowest amount while still making a profit.

Read a goddamn economics book please.

If you think inflation is the result of corporations raising prices, you are retarded. Rising prices are a symptom, not a cause.

"Well Robert Reich says-" Robert Reich is also retarded, and a propagandist.

[qqueenofhades]

I am not into economics AT ALL so i was hoping you could explain what's causing all this inflation?

Several things:

The war in Ukraine has had a huge knock-on effect on energy prices, because of Russia's status as one of the world's biggest oil and gas producers. Putin uses this supply as political blackmail and has done so for years, and while Europe is attempting to wean itself off Russian energy, that means there's disruption and change in the supply, fluctuating prices, uncertain sources, etc. When energy is more expensive, EVERYTHING is more expensive. This is part of why high inflation is hitting all developed economies right now, not just America. Though of course, you wouldn't know that to listen to Republicans, who insist that this is all, personally, Biden's Fault.

Two years ago, we were in the middle of a massive pandemic, the economy was crashed through the floor and shedding jobs like crazy, nobody was going out or spending any money, etc. To bring that back from the dead (since we didn't learn anything about how much of a shell game it actually is) you obviously have to inject a lot of cash, and when supply-and-demand lurches from one extreme (none) to the other (a lot), inflation will automatically rise with it. That's not necessarily a bad thing, as it means your economy is once more on the move rather than being totally stagnant, but it does also automatically result in prices going up, because people want to recoup the money they just lost in the downturn.

At least in the UK, where the Tories have been acting as if it is the 1980s all over again and running out the Trussonomics mini-budget that wrecked the pound and caused her to claim the dubious title of shortest-serving Prime Minister in history, conservative economic policies (tax cuts for the rich! Tax cuts for corporations! SUFFERING FOR EVERYONE ELSE) have likewise meant that people have no prospects for real-time growth of their wages or ability to afford commodities that have spiked in value. This contracts the economy further and raises inflation, as producers try to compensate for not selling as much product by raising the prices for the products they do sell. Which people still can't afford, etc.

Again: inflation, especially after a period of contraction/crash as drastic as the COVID pandemic, is a pretty normal event, and since the US economy is posting strong numbers otherwise in regard to job creation, deficit reduction, and GDP, this means that getting it on its feet again is going better than anyone would have expected. But because there is the war putting a massive pinch on energy markets, which in turn affects everything else, the natural swings and fluctuations of a recovering economy have been pushed past their normal boundaries.

So yes. You will notice this is a complex and global network of factors, and not just something Biden can't be arsed to fix on his own, but shhhh. Don't confuse Republicans with facts.

Edited to add @thebisquid's very important point that a lot of this is just also rampant corporate greed: they're hiking prices and blaming inflation, even though that really has nothing to do with it, just because they can.

[deniseerr-blog]

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First Step to a Revolution in Ethereum Merge

Excitement is rising as the definitive release date of Merge on Ethereum approaches. Ethereum is rolling out a major software update plan that may impact your crypto investments. Both Bitcoin and Ethereum used a process called “PoW – Proof of Work” to verify every transaction on the blockchain when they first came out. In this process, transactions were systematically added to the blockchain or digital ledger in blocks. The PoW system was already an increasingly troublesome model, as it required all computer networks to create and create new blocks that used a lot of computing power. The move from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS) is a big change. There is no problem in the tests so far, if there is no problem, the Merge process will be completed in September. I think the most accurate description is when Ethereum developer Tim Beiko said in a tweet "This is the first dress rehearsal".

Two independent blockchains currently running in parallel will be merged. The main Ethereum blockchain will be "merged" with a special-purpose blockchain called the "Beacon Chain". Beacon Chain was released on December 1, 2020. Beacon Chain is the cornerstone of the Ethereum 2.0 architecture. It exists as a separate blockchain to the Ethereum network and works in parallel. It doesn't take any action on the mainnet, but it agrees on itself. The main purpose of the Beacon chain here is to be a Proof-of-Stake blockchain. Since Beacon Chain is an "empty chain", it will be able to merge with the Ethereum blockchain and replace Ethereum's PoW mechanism without worrying about other variables.

After years of research and testing, the realization of Merge is a big step forward. Ethereum will merge the consensus layer with Merge, (PoS / beacon chain) with the execution layer (PoW / original chain), after which the PoW part of the chain will be stopped. With this upgrade, it will complete Ethereum's official transition to the PoS consensus. It is a known fact that PoW is the subject of much criticism about energy efficiency. While the environmental damage caused by energy obtained from fossil fuels and carbon emissions is known, the use of energy originating from Pow was one of the points that the real world brought the most criticism to the cryptocurrency world. Therefore, this transition has a very important place. Merge is actually a transition process designed to make the Ethereum network more efficient, sustainable, inclusive and environmentally friendly.

One point should be noted here. Merge won't directly reduce Ethereum's high transaction fees, although this is the expectation. Transaction volume and transaction costs are important in terms of supply and demand dynamics in the network… After Merge, Ethereum's block time (the time that shows how often a block is added to the Ethereum blockchain) will decrease from an average of 13.6 seconds to 12 seconds, which is a significant speed. there will be progress. This represents a 12% increase in processing capacity and therefore a 12% reduction in gas cost. However, since there is no fixed gas price, it wouldn't be logical to consider this decrease as a "decrease in gas price".

Proof-of-stake models reduced this amount of energy use by allowing network participants to receive cryptocurrency as collateral instead of having computers to vouch for new blocks added to the chain. Merge will have a significant impact on the energy use of the network, up to 99.5%. With PoS enabled, the energy cost for Ethereum is only needed to run one node – about 2.6 MWh per year. To compare this, it's roughly ~1,300 times less than the entire US gaming industry consumes. It can be a good answer to those who try to criticize cryptocurrencies over their energy cost. Thus, it will contribute to sustainability. There is also an important change that while before Merge, approximately ~13500 ETH will be issued in PoW per day, after Merge, approximately ~1,700 ETH will be issued per day in PoS. And as a result, the annual issuance of tokens on the Ethereum network will decrease by about 90%. A huge change for the Ethereum network. I think this development, which will greatly reduce ETH, will actually be a positive progress for the network. With the contribution of the EIP1559 protocol, ETH will continue on its way with a deflationary structure. Thanks to Merge, Ethereum's scalability will officially level off. Currently, the Ethereum network processes around 30 transactions per second. According to Vitalik Buterin, once the network transitions to a PoS consensus model and the whole process is complete, the Ethereum blockchain will be able to process 100,000 transactions per second. This is an enormous number...

Merge, of course, isn't just about these developments. The situation of miners is also an important agenda item. After all, if the presence of miners was required to verify blockchain transactions in PoW, then verifying transactions within PoS consensus mechanisms would need “validators” for the execution of nodes. This is a transition process that may experience disruptions. But for miners, after Merge, they won't be needed in the Ethereum network, of course, the payment won't be made. The transition starts here, from miners to be replaced by validators. There will be a change of actors. By staking ETH, validators will secure the Ethereum network and receive rewards from the network's transaction fees. To prevent malicious activity, Ethereum will withhold some of its share ETH from validators that accept invalid blocks. The PoS consensus mechanism will create a fundamental improvement with the efficiency it brings. Merge will reduce its annual ETH issuance from 4.3% to 0.43%. So how will this be? For one thing, we can say that PoS is a type of protocol designed to provide the highest level of blockchain security at the lowest cost. Thus, it increases the efficiency of the network by reducing the amount of ETH that must be paid for security. For example, PoW is expensive, but why? Of course from the huge resource that needs to be allocated to miners… Unlike PoW, PoS won't need to print significant amounts of cryptocurrency to pay for security. Thanks to the reduced need for payments to PoW miners, Ethereum will reduce annual ETH issuances from 4.3% to 0.43%, thus making the PoS consensus mechanisms much more efficient. Can we say that it will create a much more comfortable environment for those who use the network and want to develop projects on it? Say what?

I think it is possible to say that PoW miners sell most of their rewards immediately and negatively affect the network.

Let's start by saying that Merge is the initial stage. Merge, the first of the 5 stages to take place; Surge, Verge, Purge, Splurge stages will follow. Merge was successfully completed on two public testnets, Ropsten and Sepolia. Merge of the third and final testnet, Goerli, was also successful as intended. Bellatrix updates will be distributed in early September. Then there is a 2-week Merge distribution. If all goes well, it has been officially announced that the transition will take place on September 15-16, as Tim Beiko points out.

If we go through the main stages of the Ethereum 2.0 roadmap, it is as follows:

1) The Merge — Full transition to Proof of Stake.

2) The Surge —  Shard chains to be brought to the Existing Network will be an important step towards massive scaling of Ethereum.

3) The Verge — A strong upgrade will take place based on Merkle evidence optimizing data storage for Ethereum nodes.

4) The Purge — At this stage, the required hard disk space for validators will be reduced, storage streamlined and network congestion alleviated, which I think is the most important step.

5) The Splurge — Several and important supporting tests will be conducted. This will be the process where everything is checked before the full transition is achieved, and the 5-stage upgrade will be completed with Splurge.

In the process that will start with Merge, PoS will be the step of establishing a greener network, and the determination of an important strategy for scaling and sharding are very important developments to move Ethereum's vision forward. In this way, it is possible to say that Ethereum will be one step closer to decentralization, security and sustainability. It is also possible to have a positive impact on projects built on top of Ethereum, such as Polygon and Arbitrum. The developments in Ethereum will create pressure against rival protocols such as Solana and Polkadot. This will ignite more mutual development races accompanied by competition.

First of all, it is necessary to understand that after the transition to PoS, the entire history of Ethereum, including its origin, will remain unchanged and intact. So it is imperative to know that ETH users and holders don't need to do anything with their funds or wallets prior to Merge.

There are some misconceptions about Merge. I mentioned it in the article, but I want to emphasize it again. First of all, 32 ETH is staked to run a node. There are two types of nodes in the Ethereum network. One that can suggest blocks and the other that can't. Those who don't need to process ETH don't offer blocks, but it's also an integral part of the security of the network as they hold all block bidders accountable. It's a matter of gas prices falling after Merge… Merge will change the general consensus algorithm but not expand network capacity. Therefore, there will be no demanded decrease in gas prices. Also, the transaction speed on the mainnet will remain relatively the same even after the process. The Merge upgrade is designed to be zero downtime. The network should always continue to work as intended.

After Merge, the nodes generating and confirming blocks in full PoS mechanism will be chosen randomly. After the next “data sharing” phase is carried out, different nodes will be able to store only some of the data and validation will take place only by the committee selected. Data storage pressure on Ethereum will thus be reduced, as it won't be necessary to store all data permanently. I think this will contribute greatly to the speed of the network. An important development for Merge will be in terms of security. Since the cost of attacking the PoS chain will increase compared to PoW, the ETHs on the chain will be protected with better security. Because once a GPU-protected PoW network is attacked, the network has almost no resistance and flexibility. This undermines the trust in the network. The unified Ethereum network transitioning to PoS will consume less energy, but as I mentioned in the article, this won't initially reduce Ethereum gas fees. If there are those who have such expectations, don't be disappointed right away.

Merge will have an immediate and far-reaching impact on the carbon footprint of the Ethereum network. Thanks to Merge, the next stage will be preparation for sharding, which is important for future scalability. We will also meet two main mechanisms that will make ETH more deflationary, such as EIP-1559 and the second ETH 2.0. This will put ETH ahead of BTC in a positive way in terms of inflation. It shouldn't be difficult to predict that staking will increase in Ethereum. Together with PoS, it will make a great contribution to Ethereum, especially in terms of dApp development. In addition, Goerli Testnet will be the only testnet for Web3 application developers. I clearly think that with this important decision taken by Ethereum, we should be ready for big changes and breakthroughs in the history of crypto and blockchain. We will see over time whether the update will stimulate growth for Ethereum.

[sofiaalaro]

Essential Workers

As the corona virus continues to spread , essential workers are putting their lives at risk to keep taking care of themselves and families financially. Most of the economy has been laid off to put a stop to the spread of this virus, however many working from grocery shops or other big companies that are still functioning cannot afford this luxury.This time can be used for essential workers to demand more from their employers, before we being talking about their current situation here are some terms that will be useful : 

Key Term #1: Individualism 

The habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.

Key Term #2: Collectivism 

The practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it.

Key Term #3: Essential Workers 

A dedicated and industrious workforce can be the key factor for consumers. 

Why is Covid- 19 Serving as empowerment for essential Workers? 

“ As the self-quarantined would be able to tell you, being completely on your own isn’t generally a good feeling. It’s bad enough when life is normal, but the pandemic is giving the non-wealthy a raw, undiluted taste of what “there is no society” really means. It means poor people can die an “honorable death” in service of the economy. Workers in “essential” jobs, which tend to be hourly and poorly paid, are risking their lives and those of their family members for $12 an hour, $10 an hour, $7.25 an hour.”

This particular part of the article is significant because before the pandemic , what are now considered essential workers were not seen with the same respect or honor. Workers are really risking their lives to make a living and take care of themselves and or their families.Its unfortunate that people that are doing so much for society now might not even get the respect or treatment they deserve from their own employer. 

“You can bet that these chronically undervalued workers are having a common experience right now that’s unprecedented in American history: the simultaneous realization that all of their bosses are more than willing to trade their lives for money. And workers are starting to question why, if they���re so essential, their lives and paychecks are so cheap. They’re realizing that they’re the foundational Jenga blocks, without which the tower would fall. The “essential” designation is a blueprint for which workers, if they got together and withdrew at the same time, could completely topple the country.”

The article highlights that essential workers aren't treated or seen as essential by their employers. Due to this pandemic now more than ever their work and effort is being overlooked by their employers.Their still getting paid very little, however now these workers have an advantage. They play a huge role with their services , without them there companies would stumble. The article is suggesting that now is a perfect time for workers to demand better payment , and treatment. 

“But American workers are starting to remember the power of togetherness.Every year for the past few years has had a record-breaking number of strikes and walkouts. And it’s coalescing into something we haven’t seen before this pandemic, like the organized walkouts at multiple Amazon warehouses and fast-food franchises simultaneously. There was even a work stoppage by Instacart shoppers and drivers who, like all gig-economy workers, are independent contractors not technically allowed to collectively bargain.”

Now more than ever employees are demanding more from companies. Before people would walk out in protest , but with the pandemic people are demanding better treatment in different ways. It's important for workers to remain together to achieve the better treatment they deserve. With this pandemic workers are given a new type of power because they are truly essential with the changes that have risen. 

Big Questions Moving Forward 

What can big companies such as Walmart or Amazon do to treat their employees better ?

Moving forward big companies should give their employees better pay, and more benefits. Some companies are giving their employees minimum wage , and for employees that have been there for a long period of time the raises are little to none. In order for big companies to keep their employees satisfied and well taken care of they must increase pays and benefits. 

Should employees use the pandemic as a way to demand more from big companies? Or should they wait till the situation is better ?

I believe workers should demand more from employers now. They are risking too much for such little pay and long hours. Like the article stated without these workers companies would fall and society would be an even bigger mess. Right now is the perfect time for workers to make their employers realize that without them the companies cannot keep standing strong. 

This week I interviews two essential workers to see how much their life has changed due to this pandemic. Their jobs differ a lot and due to this pandemic they have been impacted extremely differently. One of my friends works for his dad's company as a supervisor, while the other one works in Walmart as a cashier. Both of my friends have been working for the companies over a year, and have witnessed how much things have changed upon this pandemic. 

Question 1: What are the main responsibilities in your job ?

 ( Lucas Garcia ) ‘’ My job consists of building/ framing  apartments and houses. I make sure workers know what their tasks for the days are, as well as that their equipment is functioning properly. ‘’

( Edgar Macias ) “Making sure the customers have all the items that they need for themselves or their families.”

 Question 2: What did your typical week look like before this pandemic? How often would your work , how many hours , how many workers etc. ? 

 ( Lucas Garcia ) “There are usually two groups , 6 people in each group. So in total there were 12 employees , and each one group would work at a different job site. The typical work week for us was Monday through Sat. On weekdays we would from 7 - 5 and on Saturdays from 8 - 12 so workers would work full time. Before this pandemic we were finishing two big projects and looking into starting 3 news ones. “

( Edgar Macias ) “Before I wouldn't  work as often as I  do now I would work  3 - 4 times a week . I would work about 6 hours on weekdays after school and about 8 hours on the weekend.”

What does your typical week look like now ? Hows there been cuts in personnel , an increase in hours ?

 ( Lucas  ) “When the stay at home order was placed the first two weeks we were working our regular hours finishing the projects. We had to get a permit in order for workers to get to the job site without getting in trouble with the police. Now we don't work the same hours because new projects aren't opening. Sometimes we work 2-3 times a week at best, and two of our employees have quit. “

( Edgar ) “There hasn't been a huge increase in hours unless your personally request them, but supervisors definitely encourage you sometimes to stay longer to help with lines or cleaning up your area in order to ensure that the person using the register next is safe. There haven't been cuts in personnel , in fact the number of employees have doubled. The store manager wants to make sure that all registers are open so we can get people in and out quickly. “

What has been the biggest change you have noticed in your job thus far?   

( Lucas ) “ The biggest change has been the difference of the hours we were working. From working more than 40 hours a week to working less than two has put a lot of the workers in budget and looking for other ways to make money to support themselves and their families.In the job sites that are still open we don't have  enough supplies, and supply shipments take longer to arrive than before. In the job we now have to keep 6 ft from each other and we have to wear face masks and gloves at all times, as a supervisor I have to make sure the workers are following these precautions otherwise I have to write them up. “ 

( Edgar ) “ The biggest change I've noticed so far is the amount of customers in my job. Most days are really busy. Now as employees we have to wear mask , gloves, and before clocking in we have to come in though a certain door and have our temperature checked .A glass wall has also been added to our registers in case customers aren't wearing face masks and now we have placed restrictions on certain items , and store hours.” 

What do you find the most challenging change to be with this pandemic ?  

( Lucas ) “ The reduction in hours has been really challenging as well as  trying to take care of the people working for me. Trying to give them as much hours as possible, while making sure that them being in the job isn't their life at risk. “ 

( Edgar) “  The most challenging thing for me has been trying to make sure that I don't get sick. My family needs the money , but also me working in a place where hundreds probably thousands of people come and go everyday has put me at a high risk of getting infected. “  What do you think your job will continue to look like once the economy opens and we head back to a sort of normality? 

( Lucas ) “ I hope once the economy opens again , new projects will open or at least we will have more material. I definitely will be more considerate of the people that I work with because we have gotten closer due to this pandemic. “ 

( Edgar ) “  I think my job will continue to look the same working long hours for little pay. Hopefully Walmart treats its employees better. I also think precautions should still remain, employees should still wear face mask and gloves. “ 

To conclude , essential workers are putting too much on the line for them to barely be making a living. Despite all that is going on around the world they remain at work in order take care of themselves and their loved ones. The least that big companies could do is take care of their employees.