#hydrogeological survey groundwater

[bhoojal-survey]

Hydrogeological surveys are crucial in understanding the availability, quality, and movement of groundwater resources. They involve a systematic investigation of the subsurface geology, hydrology, and other environmental factors that influence the behavior of groundwater systems.

A hydrogeological survey, at its heart, seeks to characterize the aquifer(s) in a specific location, including its geological structure, hydraulic features, and water quality. This data can then be used to create an aquifer system conceptual model, which is essential for planning and managing sustainable groundwater use.

[bhoojalsurvey]

Satellite survey to locate underground water

What is Undergroundwater?

Underground water" typically refers to water that is located beneath the Earth's surface, in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. This water can be found at various depths, from shallow groundwater near the surface to deep groundwater that requires drilling to access.

Groundwater occurs in underground fractured zones between rock surfaces and can be extracted by drilling vertical borewell in earth surface.

How satellite survey helps in finding groundwater?

There are many methods for  ground water exploration used as of now -:

1) Hydrogeological surveys

2) Geophysical survey

3) Satellite survey to locate underground water

Satellite survey to locate undergroundwater is latest cutting edge technology utilized by experienced hydrogeologilst to locate underground water beneath earth surface

Satellite based survey to locate groundwater are conducted by taking high resolution images and mapping area to be surveyed and entering all required data for a particular site in high end geophysical softwares to determine aquifer zones and location of borewell point.

Satellite based survey to locate water is more effective compared to traditional methods

Survey conducted are cost effective and provides more reliable results .

We at bhoojal survey with experienced geologist have conducted many satellite based survey to locate underground water across the globe

For more details reach us out at https://bhoojalsurvey.in/

What We can expect from satellite survey for finding groundwater ?

A geophysical survey and hydro geological survey conducted can provide below details

1) Location of borewell point

2) Depth of Aquifers

3) Direction of undergroundwater flow

4) Depth, Dia, Type of borewell to be drilled

5) Hydrogeology of the area

Satellite technology is increasingly being used to locate and monitor groundwater resources around the world.

Combining data from different satellite sensors and ground-based measurements can provide a comprehensive view of groundwater resources, aiding in mapping aquifers and monitoring changes over time.

These satellite-based methods complement traditional ground-based techniques such as drilling and hydrological modeling, offering a broader and often more cost-effective approach to groundwater exploration and management.

For more details reach us out at https://bhoojalsurvey.in/

[puravidadrillingcostarica]

The Essentials of Groundwater Exploration: Unlocking Water Resources with Pura Vida Drilling

Groundwater serves as a vital resource for drinking water, agriculture, and industry, especially in areas with limited surface water availability. Groundwater exploration is the first step in identifying, assessing, and managing these underground water reserves effectively. At Pura Vida Drilling, we specialize in providing expert groundwater exploration services to help you locate and utilize this invaluable resource efficiently.

What Is Groundwater Exploration?

Groundwater exploration involves a series of scientific and technical processes to locate and evaluate underground water reserves. It utilizes tools such as:

Hydrogeological Surveys: Analyzing geological formations to determine the presence of aquifers.

Geophysical Techniques: Using equipment like resistivity meters to map subsurface water pathways.

Test Drilling: Confirming the quantity and quality of groundwater through small exploratory boreholes.

Why Groundwater Exploration Matters

Proper groundwater exploration ensures:

Sustainable Resource Management: Identifying aquifers that can be used without depleting the resource.

Cost Efficiency: Reducing the risk of drilling dry wells.

Environmental Protection: Minimizing the impact on surrounding ecosystems by understanding groundwater behavior.

How Pura Vida Drilling Excels in Groundwater Exploration

At Pura Vida Drilling, our expert team employs advanced technology and proven methods to ensure successful groundwater exploration. We follow a systematic approach that includes:

Initial Assessments: Conducting site surveys and analyzing existing geological data.

Geophysical Mapping: Using cutting-edge instruments to locate aquifers with high precision.

Sample Analysis: Testing water quality for potability and suitability for various applications.

With years of experience in Costa Rica, we understand the unique challenges posed by the region’s diverse terrain. Our tailored solutions are designed to meet the specific needs of residential, agricultural, and industrial clients.

Benefits of Partnering with Pura Vida Drilling

Choosing Pura Vida Drilling for your groundwater exploration needs offers several advantages:

Expertise You Can Trust: A team of certified hydrogeologists and engineers.

State-of-the-Art Technology: Access to the latest tools for precise exploration.

Sustainable Practices: Emphasizing eco-friendly methods to protect groundwater resources.

Start Your Groundwater Exploration Journey Today

Whether you’re planning a new agricultural project, need a reliable water source for your property, or want to optimize existing groundwater use, Pura Vida Drilling is your trusted partner in Costa Rica.

Let us help you uncover the water beneath your feet with confidence and efficiency.

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Seismic Refraction Survey | Epitome

Introduction: In the realm of geophysics, there exists a powerful tool that allows us to peek beneath the Earth's surface, revealing its hidden mysteries with astonishing precision. This tool is none other than the seismic refraction survey—a method that has revolutionized our understanding of subsurface structures. In this article, we delve into the epitome of seismic refraction surveying, exploring its principles, applications, and the profound insights it offers to diverse fields, from geology and civil engineering to environmental studies and beyond.

In the realm of geophysics, there exists a remarkable tool that delves into the depths of the Earth, revealing its hidden mysteries with unparalleled precision. Enter the seismic refraction survey – a technique that serves as a gateway to understanding the intricate layers and structures beneath our feet. Today, we embark on a journey to explore the epitome of geophysical investigation, shedding light on its principles, applications, and significance in unraveling the Earth’s enigmatic secrets.

The Foundation: Understanding Seismic Refraction

At its core, seismic refraction is grounded in the fundamental principles of wave propagation. By employing controlled seismic sources, typically in the form of sledgehammers, explosives, or specialized vibrators, this method generates seismic waves that travel through the subsurface. As these waves encounter boundaries between different rock layers or structures, they undergo refraction – a change in direction due to variations in wave velocity – providing invaluable insights into the subsurface geometry.

The Process Unveiled: How It Works

The seismic refraction survey unfolds in a meticulously orchestrated sequence of steps, each contributing to the comprehensive understanding of subsurface characteristics:

Source Deployment: The survey commences with the strategic placement of seismic energy sources along a predetermined line or grid pattern. These sources emit seismic waves into the Earth, initiating the investigative journey. Wave Propagation: Once triggered, the seismic waves traverse through the subsurface, encountering interfaces between geological formations. The velocity of waves varies depending on the properties of the materials they traverse, causing them to bend or refract. Receiver Arrays: Arrayed strategically along the survey line, seismic receivers meticulously capture the refracted waves. These receivers, often geophones or accelerometers, record the arrival times and amplitudes of seismic signals, providing crucial data for subsequent analysis. Data Interpretation: Armed with a wealth of seismic data, geophysicists embark on the interpretative phase, wherein they analyze arrival times and wave velocities to construct velocity-depth models. These models serve as blueprints, delineating subsurface structures and delineating geological boundaries with precision. The Canvas of Applications: Where Seismic Refraction Thrives

The versatility of seismic refraction surveys renders them indispensable across an array of disciplines:

Engineering Geology: In civil engineering projects, seismic refraction surveys aid in assessing subsurface conditions, identifying potential hazards such as faults or sinkholes, and optimizing foundation design. Hydrogeology: By delineating aquifer boundaries and characterizing groundwater flow patterns, seismic refraction surveys play a pivotal role in water resource management and environmental conservation efforts. Mineral Exploration: Within the realm of resource exploration, these surveys offer a non-invasive means of delineating ore bodies and assessing subsurface geological structures, guiding lucrative investment decisions. Infrastructure Development: Prior to infrastructure development projects, such as road construction or pipeline installation, seismic refraction surveys provide vital intelligence on subsurface conditions, facilitating efficient planning and risk mitigation. The Epitome of Geophysical Ingenuity

In essence, seismic refraction surveys stand as the epitome of geophysical ingenuity, offering a window into the Earth's depths with unprecedented clarity. Armed with seismic waves and sophisticated analytical techniques, scientists and engineers unravel the intricacies of our planet's subsurface, empowering mankind to navigate its terrain with foresight and precision. As we continue to push the boundaries of exploration and discovery, seismic refraction remains a steadfast companion, illuminating the path towards a deeper understanding of our planet’s hidden realms.

More Info: https://epitomegs.com Contact :+91-96756 94400

[naturecoaster]

DEP Designates Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park as State Geological Site

Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park, outside Gainesville, was designated Florida's eighth State Geological Site on April 11, 2024. DEP Designates Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park as State Geological Site Today, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) celebrated the designation of Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park in Micanopy, outside of Gainesville, as the eighth State Geological Site. Designated State Geological Sites are areas the Florida Geological Survey has determined to be significant to scientific study and the public's understanding of Florida's geological history.   Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park sits on top of the Ocala Limestone, a significant geological formation that plays a crucial role in Florida’s hydrogeology. The Ocala Limestone is porous and permeable, allowing water to move rapidly through the rock replenishing the upper Floridan aquifer that provides drinking water for millions of Floridians.  Naturally acidic rainwater, over geologic time, has dissolved away some of the Ocala Limestone creating many unique features in the park. Some of these features include sinkholes, springs, disappearing streams and large, shallow basins created by sinkhole activity called poljes.  Specifically, Alachua Sink, which extends for half a mile in the prairie basin, serves as a natural collection point for groundwater and provides a direct connection to the upper Floridan aquifer below.  “State Geological Sites are special places where visitors can learn about Florida’s fascinating geology and hydrology,” said Florida State Geologist and Florida Geological Survey Director Guy “Harley” Means, P.G. “They also provide opportunities to learn about our geologic past so that we can make informed decisions about our future.”   Paynes Prairie’s karst geology supports a diverse ecosystem, and it may surprise people to find wild, roaming bison and horses among the wildlife, along with over 300 species of birds.  “Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park is a spectacular asset in our award-winning Florida State Parks system,” said Florida State Parks Director Chuck Hatcher. “Today’s designation reaffirms what we already knew – that these diverse and unique landscapes should be treasured, preserved and appreciated. I’m thankful to the Florida Geological Survey for its work on this designation, which serves as a great educational component alongside the park’s extraordinary recreational opportunities.”  Visitors can learn more about the park’s geology by speaking with a park ranger or exploring the park’s eight hiking trails, such as the three-mile La Chua Trail, which provides scenic views of wet prairie and marsh habitat including Alachua Sink and Alachua Lake.   Legislation authorizes the state geologist to designate sites that are of great and continuing significance for the scientific study and understanding of the geological history of Florida.    Florida’s other State Geological Sites include Jennings Bluff Tract, Torreya State Park, Falling Waters State Park, Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park, Florida Caverns State Park, Devil's Millhopper Geological State Park and Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological State Park.  Read the full article

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Exploring the Depths with Cavity Mapping in Delhi

Cavity mapping involves the use of many different techniques and technologies that are used to detect, characterize, and map subsurface voids or cavities that are present within the Earth. These voids can range from natural features for example caves and underground chambers to man-made structures like tunnels or mines. 

The major goal of cavity mapping is to identify and understand the subsurface architecture for distinct purposes, which can include geological studies, environmental assessments, or engineering projects. This technique is often used in mining, and oil and gas exploration as well.  

The process of cavity mapping involves the use of electromagnetic induction (EMI) or electromagnetic anomaly detection (EMD) which is used to map variations in the subsurface rock's electrical properties that result from the presence of different cavities. The resulting map can provide a detailed overview of the location and extent of the underground voids or tunnels. 

This blog will highlight all the different aspects related to cavity mapping in Delhi. 

Common methods employed in Cavity Mapping 

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR): This method uses radar pulses to image the subsurface and is very effective in detecting the different changes in material properties, including the presence of voids. It is commonly used in geological and engineering surveys.

Seismic Refraction: This method involves generating seismic waves and analyzing their reflection and refraction patterns. Changes in wave velocity can indicate the presence of subsurface voids.

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT): ERT measures the electrical resistivity of the subsurface materials. Voids may display different resistivity contrasts compared to the surrounding materials.

Gravity Surveys: Gravity surveys measure variations in gravitational forces caused by density differences in the subsurface. Voids with lower density can denote underground openings.

Microgravity Surveys: Similar to gravity surveys, microgravity surveys are highly sensitive and can detect small changes in gravity caused by subsurface voids.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Applied in some cases, MRI techniques can provide information on subsurface structures, including voids, by measuring variations in magnetic properties.

Borehole Logging: Information from boreholes can be used to identify and characterize voids that are encountered during drilling.

Applications in Geophysical Exploration

Let us delve into the applications of cavity mapping in the realm of geological exploration:

Cavity mapping plays a crucial role in locating and studying natural caves, and caverns. By employing different techniques like ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic refraction, geologists and other researchers can identify subsurface voids and that helps in understanding the geological processes that lead to their formation.

Cavity mapping aids in detecting sinkholes beneath the surface as these voids pose a significant challenge in geological exploration due to their sudden formation and potential hazards. This allows for proactive measures to mitigate risks associated with sinkhole collapse.

Cavity mapping technologies, such as seismic surveys, help geologists visualize and map subsurface fractures, which provides valuable insights into tectonic activities and seismic hazards as this is essential in geological studies. 

Cavity mapping contributes to hydrogeological studies by assessing groundwater flow patterns. Identifying underground voids helps in understanding how water moves through the subsurface, influencing geological formations and water resource management.

When we talk about mineral exploration, cavity mapping helps in locating underground resources such as ore bodies or mineral deposits. By revealing subsurface structures and voids, geologists can make informed decisions about the many potential mining sites.

Geologists use cavity mapping to assess the stability of the subsurface before embarking on construction projects because identifying potential voids helps in designing foundations that can withstand the geological conditions of the area.

Cavity mapping in Delhi, with its collection of advanced technologies, has become an essential tool in geological exploration. From solving the mysteries of natural caves to evaluating the stability of the Earth's crust, its applications are diverse and far-reaching. 

[earthenvironmental]

Ground Investigation

A ground investigation examines the underlying conditions of a proposed site. The ground investigations are in accordance with strict health and safety regulations. A ground investigation survey collects detailed information on soil conditions, rock, and groundwater in three steps. The ground study includes any landfill/soil gas problems, soil/groundwater contamination, mining site appraisal, hydrogeology, slope stability assessment, and examining geotechnical characteristics. Visit https://www.earthenvironmental.co.uk/ground-investigation-services/ to learn more about the Ground investigation procedure. https://www.earthenvironmental.co.uk/conducting-site-investigations/  

[bhoojal-survey]

Hydrogeological Survey by Bhoojal Survey: An Overview

A hydrogeological survey is a critical investigation that assesses the distribution, movement, and quality of groundwater in a specific area. Bhoojal Survey has established itself as a leading provider of these surveys across India, utilizing advanced techniques and experienced personnel to deliver precise and actionable data.

Importance of Hydrogeological Surveys

Hydrogeological surveys are essential for various applications, including:

Groundwater Management: These surveys help in understanding the availability and sustainability of groundwater resources, which is vital for agricultural, industrial, and domestic use.

Site Assessment: Before drilling borewells, hydrogeological surveys identify suitable locations, minimizing the risk of financial losses associated with unsuccessful drilling attempts.

Environmental Impact: The surveys assess the potential impacts of proposed developments on local hydrology, supporting sustainable land use planning.

Methodology

Bhoojal Survey employs a combination of fieldwork and laboratory analysis to conduct hydrogeological surveys. The process typically involves:

Data Collection: Gathering existing geological and hydrological data from government and private sources.

Field Investigations: Conducting site visits to assess geological conditions, install monitoring wells, and measure water levels and flow rates.

Laboratory Testing: Analyzing soil and water samples for physical and chemical properties such as pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids.

Types of Hydrogeological Surveys

Bhoojal Survey conducts various types of hydrogeological surveys based on scale and purpose:

Small-Scale Surveys: Often focused on localized areas to assess specific groundwater needs.

Medium to Large-Scale Surveys: Involve extensive fieldwork, including drilling and pumping tests to evaluate aquifer characteristics and groundwater flow dynamics.

Applications

The findings from hydrogeological surveys conducted by Bhoojal Survey have numerous applications:

Borewell Planning: Identifying optimal locations for borewell drilling based on groundwater availability.

Rainwater Harvesting: Supporting initiatives for rainwater collection by understanding local aquifer characteristics.

Contamination Assessments: Evaluating potential contamination pathways to protect water quality in vulnerable areas.

Conclusion

Bhoojal Survey's commitment to thorough hydrogeological investigations plays a crucial role in managing India's groundwater resources sustainably. By integrating advanced technologies with expert knowledge, Bhoojal Survey ensures that clients receive reliable data to inform their water management strategies effectively. This proactive approach not only aids in resource conservation but also supports broader environmental goals in the region.

[puravidadrillingcostarica]

Groundwater Exploration Costa Rica: Unlocking the Secrets Beneath the Surface

Costa Rica's abundant natural beauty extends far below the surface, where groundwater plays a critical role in supporting ecosystems, agriculture, and human needs. At Pura Vida Drilling, we specialize in groundwater exploration Costa Rica, helping you uncover and sustainably utilize this vital resource.

Why Groundwater Exploration Matters

Groundwater serves as a lifeline for many industries and communities. Proper exploration ensures access to clean, safe water while maintaining ecological balance. Whether you're planning agricultural projects, residential developments, or industrial operations, understanding the groundwater potential of your site is essential.

Our Expertise in Groundwater Exploration

At Pura Vida Drilling, we combine advanced techniques with in-depth local knowledge to deliver reliable groundwater exploration services in Costa Rica. Our approach includes:

Hydrogeological Surveys: Assessing water table levels and aquifer properties.

Geophysical Methods: Identifying underground water sources using non-invasive techniques.

Sustainable Practices: Ensuring minimal environmental impact while meeting water needs.

The Pura Vida Advantage

When you choose us for groundwater exploration Costa Rica, you gain access to a team of experts dedicated to precision, efficiency, and environmental stewardship. With cutting-edge tools and proven methodologies, we help clients make informed decisions about groundwater usage.

Contact Us Today!

Explore Costa Rica's hidden water resources with confidence. Click here to learn more about our services or get in touch to discuss your groundwater exploration needs.

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Juniper Publishers-Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Application of Aquifer Parameters in Evaluating Groundwater Potential of Logo Area, Benue State, Nigeria

Authored by Diloha II

Abstract

Logo Area has a complex hydrogeological terrain resulting from its geology which comprises basement complex and low permeability Cretaceous sediments of Middle Benue Trough of Nigeria. This work was targeted at evaluating the groundwater potential of the study is a using pumping test data. Constant rate pumping test with single well was carried out in twenty boreholes at selected locations. The transmissivity values were computed from the pumping test data using Cooper and Jacob [1] Method and analyzed through descriptive statistical testing and Krasny Transmissivity Classification Scheme (KTCS) for the determination of Transmissivity variations and spatial distribution of the groundwater supply potential of the area. The result of transmissivity analysis based onde scriptive statistical testing shows that 65%, 20%, 10% and 5% of the boreholes are covered under background transmissivity, negative, positive and extreme positive anomalies respectively. Further analysis of tansmissivity using KTCS reveals that the study area is a considerably heterogeneous hydrogeological environment possessing groundwater potentials for limited supply (very low transmissivity), private supply (low transmissivity), local supply(intermediate transmissivity) and lesser regional supply (high transmissivity).

Keywords:Aquifer Parameters; Hydrogeology; Groundwater; Nigeria

Abbrevations: KTCS: Krasny Transmissivity Classification Scheme; VLT: Very Low Transmissivity

Introduction

Background Information

is essential for reliable and economic provision of safe water supplies in both the urban and rural environments for sustainable development of any economy Adelana et al. [2]. However, its occurrence and distribution is basically controlled by geological factors such as lithology, texture and structure of the rocks as well as hydrological /meteorological factors like stream flow and rainfall Nwankwoala [3]. The numerous variations in the quantity, quality, accessibility and renewability of groundwater resource are predicated on interactions of the geology of the area, geomorphology/weathering and rainfall [2]. Transmissivity is one of the most effective aquifer derived parameters used for groundwater appraisal and evaluation especially when there is no observation well. Logo Area is largely underlain by low permeable Cretaceous sediments of middle Benue Trough of Nigeria comprising shales, siltstone and ferrogenous sandstones with few basement complex exposures arbitrarily distributed in some communities located northwest Offodile [4]. The area is hydro geologically complex due to its geology. Based on desk and field studies, the hydrogeology of Logo Area in respect of its groundwater supply potentials and their spatial distribution are little known thereby leading to improper siting and drilling of boreholes within the area. As a result, unproductive boreholes are ubiquitous in the area. This results to acute shortage of water supply for domestic use especially in the dry season. It is hoped that this study which is targeted at evaluating the groundwater potential of Logo Area through aquifer parameters analyses would provide good information for the drilling of productive boreholes within the study area.

Study Area Description

Logo lies between Latitudes 7° 23’ 43” N and 7° 47’ 30”N of the Equator and between Longitudes 9°10’ 23”E and 9° 34’15” E of the Greenwich Meridian (Figure 1). It is one of the Local Government Areas in Benue State, North Central Nigeria. It has an area extent of about 1,408km2 with population density of 169,063 as at the 2006 census. It is bounded to the north by River Benue and Taraba State, to the East by Ukum, to the south by Katsina-Ala and Buruku and to the west by Guma. It could be accessed through four major routes viz:

a) Zaki-Biam - Ugba Road,

b) Amaafu - Ugba Road

c) Yandev - Buruku Road

d) Anyiim - Ugba Road (Figure 1)

Geology of the Study Area

The studied Area is situated in the Middle Benue Trough of Nigeria which consists of the basement complex and six Cretaceous sedimentary formations. The six formations include the Asu River Group (Arufu, Uomba and Gboko Formations), Keana Formation, Awe Formation, Ezeaku Formation, Awgu Formation and the youngest which is the Lafia Formation Patrick [5]. Basement complex, Asu River Group and Awe Formation sare exposed in the area. The Asu River Group has been described by Cratchley and Jones [6], Offo dile [4] Offo dile and Reyment [7] as the oldest marine sediments of Albian age which islithologically composed of Micaceous siltstone, shale, mudstone, clays and fine grained sandstones while the Awe Formation that overlies the Asu River Group islithologically composed of flaggy, pale colored medium to fine grained sandstone with inter bedded carbonaceous shales and clays. On the basis of lithology, Logo Area has been described in the geological map of Benue State by British Geological Survey [8] to have composed of highly variable sandstone, mudstone, limestone and basement (Figure 2).

Methodology

Data Acquisition

Pumping tests were carried out in twenty boreholes located within Logo area for the determination of the aquifer parameters. Constant rate pumping test method with a single well was adopted. This method comprises two phases-the pumping phase and non-pumping or recovery phase. Before the commencement of the pumping test, the static water level was measured using electric water level probe (dipper) and thereafter 1Hp submersible pump was installed and the rise in water level noted. During the pumping phase, the water was pumped at constant rate from a suitable local datum (top of casing) and water level response (drawdown) was measured and recorded using dipper and stopwatch. The flow rate was measured soon after the start of the test, and at intervals during the test using a known volume of container. The dynamic water levels in the borehole was measured in the intervals of 1 minute for 10 minutes elapsed, 2 minutes for 10 minutes elapsed, 5 minutes for 20 minutes elapsed, 10 minutes for 40 minutes elapsed, and 20 minutes for 40 minutes elapsed, making it a total elapsed pumping time of about 120 minutes. The second phase which is the non-pumping or recovery phase started at the end of the pumping phase when the pump was switched off, the stopwatch was restarted and the water level recovery was measured at the same intervals as for measuring the drawdown until water level get to the pre-test level.

Data Interpretation

Cooper and Jacob’s solution method was employed for the determination of the aquifer derived parameters (transmissivity and specific capacity) as shown in Table 1. This was done by plotting drawdown and their corresponding time data acquired during the pumping test on semi-log format. The time in minutes was plotted along the logarithmic x-axis while the drawdown was plotted along y-linear axis, while Jacob’s straight line was fitted through the middle and/or later points ignoring the early points because they seem to be affected by the volume of water stored in the borehole itself. The average pumping rate (Q) in meter cube per day (m3/day) for the duration of the test and the slope {which is the change in drawdown over one logarithmic cycle(Δs)} were determined and then incorporated into Cooper and Jacob well flow equation (for single well)} as stated below for the computation of the transmissivity (T) and specific capacity (sc):

Where T is the transmissivity measured in metre square per day.

Q is the discharged rate measured in metre cube per day.

ΔS is the slope of drawdown versus log of time (change in drawdown per logarithmic cycle).

Sc is the specific capacity measured in metre square per day (Figure 3) (Table 1).

Result and Discussion

Analysis of Transmissivity

Transmissivity analysis was carried out using two methods as reflected in Mayooran [9]. One method is based on descriptive statistical testing for identification of background transmissivity and anomalies while the other method is based on Kransy [10] transmissivity classification scheme for appraisal of groundwater supply potential.

Statistical Testing

In this method, all transmissivity values acquired were pooled in a particular region using Transmissivity index (Ý) which relates to transmissivity through the equation stated below:

The Tansmissivity index (Y), is calculated by modifying the above stated equation thus:

Where T = Transmissivity (m2/day)

The method for the transmissivity analysis of the studied area based on transmissivity index classification for identification of background transmissivity and anomalies is tabulated in Table 2. From the table, background transmissivity depicts the interval between (mean - standard deviation) and (mean + standard deviation) of the index transmissivity values. The positive and negative anomalies represent the groundwater prospective and less prospective zones respectively in relation to the background transmissivity. The extreme positive anomalies depicts zone of higher groundwater supply prospect due to high permeability while the extreme negative anomalies connotes the zone without groundwater supply prospect. The mean value and standard deviation of the logarithmic transmissivity index (Y) of Logo Area are obtained as 4.68 and 0.75 respectively. These values were used to analyze transmissivity based on logarithmic transmissivity index classification and result tabulated in Table 2.

Krasny Classification

The classification of transmissivity and variation based on transmissivity magnitude and standard deviation of transmissivity index respectively were proposed by Jiri Krasny [10]. The classification methods for transmissivity magnitude and variation are in Tables 3 & 4 respectively. The standard deviation of the transmissivity index of the studied area indicates large transmissivity variation; this implies that the hydrogeological environment is considerably heterogeneous meaning that the aquiferous conditions vary over a short lateral distance (Table 5) (Figure 4) [11,12].

Conclusion

The transmissivity analysis reveals that the studied area is a considerably heterogeneous hydrogeological environment with about 65%, 20%, 10% and 5% of the sampled locations showing background, negative, positive and extreme positive anomalies respectively. The places like Agaku and Aganyi Communities and part of Ugha town (NKST Secondary School Ugba) have high groundwater supply potential and are suitable to site community water scheme due to their high transmissivity values. In addition, places like Abeda Mbadyul, Jiir, TseGberityo and Nyam communities with background transmissivity have groundwater supply potential for private consumption, whereas places like TseAkaa Sankera, Gwabo, Kave, Alaigyu, Dember Tera and Burbwa Communities have groundwater supply potential for limited use.

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All you need to know about Electrical resistivity survey in India

An electrical resistivity test is used to determine the mineral level and presence of water resources of other utilities under the earth. Now how it works is very simple. Electrodes are sent inside followed by controlled and regulated current. Potential difference is then monitored, any variation indicates the presence of resources. Subsurface resource mapping becomes more effective when the procedure is non-intrusive. 

A geophysical method for determining the characteristics of the Earth's subsurface is electrical resistivity testing, commonly referred to as electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) or electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Using this technology, a profile or image of the geological and hydrogeological conditions is created by measuring the electrical resistivity of the subsurface materials. Groundwater research, environmental site evaluations, geological studies, and civil engineering projects are just a few of the uses for Electrical Resistivity Surveys in India testing that are common in India.

Characteristics of Electrical Resistivity Survey in India:

Applications: In India, ERT is used for a variety of tasks, including groundwater prospecting, aquifer delineation, site contamination detection, identification of geological features, and evaluating the structural soundness of dams, bridges, and other infrastructure.

Equipment: An array of electrodes placed on the ground surface is commonly used for ERT surveys. While measuring the voltage between other pairs of electrodes, a current is injected through one set of electrodes. The apparent resistivity of subsurface materials is determined using these measurements.

Data interpretation: The data are processed and interpreted using sophisticated software to produce a resistivity model that depicts subsurface conditions. Geophysicists and geologists can better comprehend the distribution of minerals and structures under the Earth's surface thanks to this model.

Environmental Considerations: It is essential to take environmental considerations into account when performing ERT surveys in India, particularly in environmentally sensitive areas. Compliance with environmental standards and proper permitting are crucial.

Who is the best provider of electrical resistivity surveys in India?

To run the electrical resistivity test, there is a need for an electrical resistivity test instrument. These instruments reduce the efforts by combining the entire process and making it as simple as a click. Faults, fractures, and folds are just some of the geological features that can be mapped with the use of resistivity surveys. These patterns may indicate areas where there could be a possibility of fossil fuel or subsurface minerals.

The Shijay Project can save money and improve its chances of success by focusing its exploration efforts where the structures of interest have been identified using resistivity surveys. 

The Shijay Project's environmental viability may be gauged and the subsurface can be better understood with the use of a resistivity study. Before beginning any underground projects, it is crucial to do an environmental impact assessment. Potential risks can be detected and managed by incorporating resistivity survey data into the project design process, which in turn ensures responsible and sustainable resource extraction.

Shijay's project works towards client satisfaction. Their electrical resistivity test instrument is built solely for customer satisfaction. Moreover, their understanding of the need for unraveled resources benefits in designing equipment that works towards a satisfying experience. 

Shijay Projects has become a household name for providing equipment and efficient machinery that is customized to provide customers the satisfaction they expect. Shijay is the only place to get the best electrical resistivity test instruments. Shijay Project's ground-penetrating radar tools are over the top in the field

By following these steps and conducting thorough due diligence, you can find the best electrical resistivity test providers in India for your specific project requirements, ensuring accurate and valuable subsurface information.

[saudigulfprojects]

Umm Alqura employs latest benchmark for Ground Water Flow

Umm Alqura for Development and Construction (UAQ), owner and master developer of the Masar destination in Makkah announced in a statement that it has set a new industry benchmark  in maintaining the sustainability, flow, and composition of groundwater in the Kingdom by employing the latest scientific and technical treatments.

UAQ devoted particular attention to groundwater before implementing infrastructure works for Masar, which features multiple pathways, by taking all geological aspects into consideration in coordination with the Saudi Geological Survey.

UAQ was committed to maintaining the safety, sustainability, and preservation of groundwater and avoiding obstructing it’s pathways in the Ibrahim, Al Otaiba, and Al Asher valleys in implementing its infrastructure works.

The company has employed the latest scientific and technical treatments to ensure the sustainability of the volume of groundwater without hindering its pathways with construction foundations or affecting the chemical and biological composition and physical properties of the groundwater.

UAQ’s Chief Of Studies & Development Department Eng. Waleed Baghanem, explained that UAQ designed a system for transporting groundwater through Al Asher and Al Otaiba valleys.

He noted that the system includes water collection points, layers of cumulative filters, networks of perforated water pipes, and a subsystem for washing the main network to maintain the efficiency of groundwater transport. UAQ also set up a system for monitoring groundwater flow to track the estimation of water quantities, percentages, and quality during different points in time.

Baghanem added that this system works below and around the project’s infrastructure to ensure a smooth flow of water from the project’s northern borders through the infrastructure facilities all the way to the southern borders of the project until the point of contact with Ibrahim valley. This system maintains the sustainability, pathways, and composition of the groundwater without disturbing the environmental balance that existed before work commenced on Masar.

In developing this system, UAQ relied on a study conducted for around one hundred years to show how water moved underground in Makkah and at the most extreme altitudes.

Based on this study, the company set a plan so the project would not affect the pathways of groundwater or its vital characteristics.

The Saudi Geological Survey also suggested establishing a rain monitoring system to obtain rainfall data and calculate the amount of rainwater on the roofs of buildings and transport it to underground networks from one side to the other through the infrastructure facilities of Masar.

The plan approved the presence of 4×16-meter water pathways under each building in the project more than three kilometers long. The width of the pathway allows for the passage of the largest amount of water.

The contractual documents stipulated full cooperation with the Saudi Geological Survey before starting the project since it determines the structural system for construction foundations.

The center uses advanced digital modeling technologies to obtain an interactive three-dimensional image to identify the interrelation between the project’s foundation and the movement of groundwater in the site to reduce negative hydrogeological effects that may arise and to neutralize the cumulative effect on groundwater sources.

This is done by taking the most successful precautions that can be implemented in each site separately to limit the impacts, in addition to determining the levels and quality of foundations, methods of implementation, and materials used to serve the sustainability of resources.

[earthenvironmental]

Ground Investigation

A ground investigation survey is a three-step process that collects extensive information on soil characteristics, rock, and groundwater. The ground investigation explores the underlying conditions of a potential location. These investigations are under strict health and safety regulations. The ground study includes any landfill/soil gas problems, soil/groundwater contamination, mining site appraisal, hydrogeology, slope stability assessment, and examining geotechnical characteristics.

To learn more about the ground investigation procedure, visit: https://www.earthenvironmental.co.uk/ground-investigation-services/   https://www.earthenvironmental.co.uk/conducting-site-investigations/

[vmsconsultantsin]

Overview of Rain Water Harvesting - Architectural, Engineering & Design services Consultancy Firm - India

Overview of Rain Water Harvesting - Architectural, Engineering & Design services Consultancy Firm - India

 What, Why & How of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH)?

 Let us first think of why this term has been coined? It’s obvious that due to various human interventions we have somehow managed successfully to break the ecological and hydrological cycle present in nature and thus have to find out ways to supplement it. Rain water harvesting is one of the subset to this solution. In layman terms, rain water harvesting is nothing but making right use of the rain water in direct or indirect ways. It can be done by recharging groundwater levels through injection wells, storing it in lime plastered masonry or concrete tanks for further domestic use, creating artificial reservoirs by collecting rain water from vast area channelled through efficient storm water networks.

 Major benefit of implementing RWH system is that you’re not stuck with one water source and even enhances the storm water management at your door and get away from the risk of flooding.

 Widely used RWH system in present days

 First and foremost step for planning RWH system is conducting hydrogeological survey. It is supplemented by geophysical survey to ascertain water-bearing zones of shallow, deep aquifers and salinity levels which helps to understand subsurface geology and feasibility at various locations by identifying the zones which are favorable for planning of artificial recharge structures. Out of all geophysical surveys, electrical resistivity method is the best and reliable for ground water prospecting and is principally based on the study of resistance offered by sub-surface formation to the flow of current. There will be appreciable concentration of current in places where there are large masses of highly conductive bodies. Based on the results, the depth of the injection well can be identified. In addition to that, the hydraulic conductivity i.e. recharge capacity can be obtained by on-site aquifer pumping test conducted on test bore.

 Further, boring is done up to required depth and casing pipe is lowered. Perforated casing pipe is placed in area identified with fractures i.e. zones where recharge can be possible and in rest, blank casing pipe is placed. After lowering the casing pipe, a well is created up to 3-5 meter depth with all filter media present surrounding it. Filter media consist of layers of gravels, coarse sand, charcoal & activated carbon which helps to purify water before it gets recharged. In addition to that, a dual “V-wire screen” is provided at bottom of the well surrounding the casing pipe. This screen gives inwardly widening V-shape slots. The shape does not give space for any sand particle to get stuck inside the slot and hence these screens are non-clogging.

 Such injection wells can be planned in line with storm water drain network, inside the artificial water retaining structure (e.g. pond) or independently in a landscape area with slope toward the injection well.

 Regulations in Gujarat for RWH:

 Under the Gujarat Development Control Regulations, buildings with area between 500 and 1500 sq. meters, the owner or developer shall have to undertake Rainwater Harvesting as per the Authority Specifications. For buildings with area between 1500 to 4000 sq. meters, owner/developer has to provide percolation wells with rain water harvesting system at one percolating well for every 4000 sq. meters or part thereof of building unit. The state Roads and Buildings Department has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for all government buildings.

 Fig. Pictorial presentation of Rain Water Harvesting done by Injection well system

 Inquire for Free Consultation - https://www.vmsconsultants.com/free-consultation/

 Email us – contact@vmsconsultants.com

Call us - +91 079 40236 236.

 Website - https://www.vmsconsultants.com/

Visit Link - https://www.vmsconsultants.com/overview-of-rain-water-harvesting/

[bhoojal-survey]

Ground Water Survey Services for Borewell and Tubewell In Raipur

Bhoojal survey team provides groundwater survey services to locate potential borewell drilling points and open well locations. Groundwater survey can estimate depth of borewell for a good yield. Borewell survey aims at finding out aquifer zones , water bearing zones and weathered rocks with water permeability within a given area .

At Bhoojal survey We analyse Lithological Map which is created to determine depth of borewell and strata details for effective drilling. A team of hydrogeologist works on data collected from site and provide report on depth of borewell fracturted rock details and type of borewell to be drilled at a particular location Groundwater survey services are termed as hydrogeological survey and geophysical survey services