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cyberturtledreamland · 5 years ago

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Product

Product ID รายการสินค้า Products Type of Job / Model จำนวน QTY Term of delivery ระยะเวลาการส่งของ หมายเหตุ Remark 2483 ก้อนลูกเต๋า ( วัสดุ ( วัสดุ เหล็กชุบซิงค์ Zn.Cr.Pt. Steel ) วาล์วประกอบวงจรไฮดรอลิค ตามแบบตัวอย่าง ก้อนลูกเต๋า : อุปกรณ์สำหรับ Hydraulic system ‏ ** สร้างใหม่ ก้อนลูกเต๋าเหล็กเหลี่ยม ( Manifold Junction Block ) ควักเบ้าฝังวาล์ว ( Cartridge Valves ) พร้อมเจาะรูน้ำมัน ตามแบบตัวอย่าง ก้อนลูกเต๋า ทำหน้าที่เป็นวาล์วประกอบ ย่อวงจรน้ำมันไฮดรอลิค รวมวงจรอยู่ในก้อนเดียวกัน งานไฮดรอลิค สร้าง-ซ่อม เครื่อง ** ก้อนลูกเต๋า ขนาด กว้าง x ยาว x สูง => 44.4 mm X 44.4mm X 39.5mm – 2 ก้อนประกบกัน ตามแบบตัวอย่าง ( ไม่รวมเช็ควาล์ว-ข้อต่อวาล์ว-อะแด็ปเตอร์-ปลั๊กอุด )

งานทำก้อนลูกเต๋า HYD Block : (1) ส่งเข้าศูนย์เครื่องมือ-เครื่องจักร / ตัดเหล็ก-ปาดหน้า-เตรียมก้อนเพล็ท + (2) ขึ้นรูป : แท่นกลึง-กัด-ตัด-ไส-เจาะ-ต๊าปเกลียว-ควักเบ้า ( ริมเมอร์ ) เป็น งานรับเหมา ค่าแรง + วัสดุ ** งานผลิต ก้อนลูกเต๋า [ วัสดุ เป็น เหล็กชุบซิงค์ ดีกว่า tensile strength & modulus ความแข็งแรง-ความเหนียว ได้ ยิ่งทำตัวเล็ก เวลาเจาะรูใกล้ๆกัน จะบางมาก strength ความแข็งแรง-ความเหนียว Tensile Strenght & Modulus ต้องได้ ] 2 ตัว ( ทำ 2 ตัวก่อน สำหรับงานต้นแบบ Proto-type ) ก่อน 10 – 14 days after the receipt of order confirmation ใช้ในงาน เดินระบบ ไฮดรอลิค , เดินระบบคอนโทรลเครื่อง Hyd เป็นอุปกรณ์สำหรับ Hydraulic system ‏

For retention & reference.

PressureTest @ 207 bar ( 3,000 PSI ) , Soaking 15 Minutes.

ทดสอบแรงดันวาล์ว ผ่านไม่รั่ว

งานทำ ก้อนลูกเต๋า วาล์วประกอบวงจรไฮดรอลิค ตามแบบตัวอย่าง Product Product ID รายการสินค้า Products Type of Job / Model จำนวน QTY Term of delivery ระยะเวลาการส่งของ หมายเหตุ Remark 2483 ก้อนลูกเต๋า ( วัสดุ ( วัสดุ เหล็กชุบซิงค์

#การเจาะวงจรไฮดรอลิคก้อนลูกเต๋า #ก้อนลูกเต๋า #ก้อนลูกเต๋าเจาะย่อวงจรไฮดรอลิค #Case history #case reference #Case Study #Hydraulic Oil Manifold junction block #hydro static pressure test #Maintenance-Recondition-Overhauls ( M.R.O )#Manifold Block #pressure test #Spare-parts and MRO ( Maintenance-Replacement-Overhaults ) divisions

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nothern-seaside1-blog · 5 years ago

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Does Your Decorative Concrete Sealant Pass The Test? 7 Things You Can Improve On Today

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dharmraj2022 · 2 years ago

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Significant Contributions / Achievements

Prepared Process Plan and provided Technical Inputs for Manufacture of 200x Heat Exchangers, 150x Pressure Vessels and about 125x Columns & Reactors involving complex metallurgies, manufacturing intricacies and stringent Design – Material Procurement, Inspection and Testing requirements complying to varied Service applications.

Established Special Processes e.g., Tube Expansion, Bolt Tightening, In-situ machining, Hydro-test arrangements, U Tube bending etc as an aid to Manufacturing team.

Prepared Scheme for unloading of Heavy Shell Sections, each weighing <100MT and Dia. 8M at Jetty and shifting it to Manufacturing / Assembly shop and executed successfully.

Provided relevant technical inputs for fabrication of Critical pressure vessel for Defence sector, each shell sections weighing 125MT, Vessel Dia. 8m to 10m, Thk.25 to 60mm, Length – 152m, involving Precision & Heavy fabrication with shell ovality requirements of 0.2% of the radius & Fabrication Wt.5000MT.

Hydro-test blanking scheme for 700 plus nozzles in a large shell section having water volume as 5000 tons and test pressure 30 kg/cm2, demonstrated satisfactory type testing of 18 different configuration of blanks to Customer Inspection agency as approval for the scheme, and proved as successful design with zero leakage during Hydro-test of the vessel.

Finalised scheme, selected & procured tooling, established parameters by mock-up, identified machine and machine operators with fall back option, satisfactorily completed match taper reaming of DIA. 67 mm, 1:10 taper over 120 mm length– 12 nos. holes in Gear Box Flange of material Titanium. Received great appreciation from Management and Customer for timely and successful completion of this critical activity.

Lift plans for Heavy Equipment and complicated structures inside the shop and ensured the safe and successful handling. Handled 400 MT consignment inside the shop with 2, EOT cranes of 180T capacity each, for a travel of 152m, first time at L&T HED, Vizag Unit.

Received appreciation letter from Qatar Petroleum for completing “Shutdown” activities related to replacement of 1st three stages NGL-3 Booster Compressor Knock-out (K.O.) drums with zero accidents and in a time frame ahead of schedule with 1st train shutdown activity in 25 days, 2nd in 19 days and 3rd in 18 days as against CDD of 25days. Acknowledged appreciation from SAIPEM for delivery of RO skids, 1 month ahead of schedule.

Ensured availability of major project items through “Project Procurement” function, – LPG Pumps, Compressors, Firefighting pumps, Bottling Unit, Mounded Storage Bullets and other Piping & Instrumentation items on time resulting into handing over of LPG Bottling plant as per schedule and to the satisfaction of Qatar Petroleum.

Remained instrumental in establishing the ZHI’s Khursaniyah Mobile manufacturing facility for NGL Bullets. Led the site construction team of 125 people comprising Project Planning, Stores, Manufacturing, Maintenance, Administration, Health, Safety and Logistics

Managed the site construction team of 200 people and executed the project within the safety rules and quality standards Became a part of One of the ambitious projects of ONGC for revamping of Oil & Gas facilities in Assam.

Executed Bayer-TDI Germany projects for supply of Critical Lethal service static process equipment successfully (first time in Praj) resulting into repeat orders from Bayer for their HDI Evolution project, USA. (MOC – SS & CS).

Instrumental in successful completion of First of a Kind project for supply of 02nos Special Reactors for DCW’s C-PVC Project in Tamil Nadu. Reactor manufacturing was complex involving precision fabrication and machining, these reactors are manufactured first time in India from Praj. Reactor MOC – CS + Ni Clad, Rectangular in shape comprising critical assembly of UV lamps which were High value proprietary bought out items sourced from France.

Supply of Scrubbers and Separators for Thyssen Krupp’s Petro-Vietnam Fertilizer project. MOC – SS 904L.

Supply of 48 nos. volume bottles (MOC–CS) required for Air Compressor package being supplied by GE Oil & Gas for Dangote Refinery, Nigeria. Demonstrated effective Contract change management skills ensuring timely approval of change order claims and timely realization of receivables.

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industrialblog · 3 years ago

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Check out some important turbines

Impulse Turbine

In these turbines, the static pressure inside the runner is constant, and the turbine runner is at atmospheric pressure. The runner spins in the air, and the fluid is sprayed to the blades through the nozzle to exchange energy with the turbine. A jet nozzle or a series of nozzles directs the high-speed flow to the blades, which are usually in the shape of buckets or cups. Therefore, only pressure changes occur in the nozzles.

Turbines actually act as converters. They convert wind or sea energy into electrical energy and are considered as an alternative to non-renewable resources. There are different types of turbines, such as Impulse Turbine, wind turbine, etc.

In the case of steam turbines, such as would be used for marine applications or for land-based electricity generation, a Parsons-type reaction turbine would require approximately double the number of blade rows as a de Laval-type impulse turbine, for the same degree of thermal energy conversion.

Francis Turbine

Francis turbines are primarily used for electrical power production. The power output of the electric generators generally ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 1000 MW, though mini-hydro installations may be lower. The best performance is seen when the head height is between 100–300 metres (330–980 ft).

rancis turbines are employed regularly in hydroelectric power plants. In these power plants, high-pressure water enters the turbine through the snail-shell casing (the volute). This movement decreases the water pressure as it curls through the tube; however, the water’s speed remains unchanged. Following the passing through the volute, the water flows through the guide vanes and is directed towards the runner’s blades at optimum angles.

Kaplan Turbine and Hydrokinetic Turbine

HK turbines have relatively simple designs without the need for a reservoir or spillway. Initial testing indicates the adverse environmental effects are minimal, and the simplicity of these designs results in low-cost installation and maintenance. Therefore, this simplicity makes these systems valuable in rural or remote areas. In the following figure, you can see the flow conditions of hydrokinetic turbines.

A Kaplan turbine is one kind of a propeller hydro turbine (particularly a reaction turbine) used in hydroelectric plants. Waterflow both in and out of Kaplan turbines through its rotational axis, which is called axial flow. The point that makes Kaplan turbines special is that the blades can change their demand to preserve maximum efficiency for various water flow rates.

References:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/hydrokinetic-turbines/

https://www.youtube.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/kaplan-turbine/

https://www.energy.gov/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-francis-turbine/

https://www.ethosenergygroup.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/impulse-turbine-working-principle/

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raj219-blog · 4 years ago

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HYDRO STATIC PRESSURE TEST

How the hydro static test carried out for pressure vessel.???

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little-p-eng-engineering · 4 years ago

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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions

May 23, 2018

P.Eng.

Meena Rezkallah

Piping loads are classiﬁed into three types: sustained loads, occasional loads, and expansion loads. These three types of loads and the corresponding analysis will be discussed in this section in detail.

Method of analysis. The piping stress analysis to be performed could be a simpliﬁed analysis or a computerized analysis. The choice of the proper analysis depends on the pipe size and the piping code. For small (nominal diameter 2 in and under) pipe except nuclear Class 1 pipe, a cookbook-type, simpliﬁed analysis could be performed. For nuclear Class 1 piping, since the requirements are more stringent, a computerized analysis is required. A detailed description of a cookbook-type, simpliﬁed analysis and a brief description of a computerized analysis are given in the section that follows, ‘‘Methods of Analysis.’’ Generally, before computerized analysis is performed, pipe supports may be located using the cookbook method.

Sustained Load: Pressure

Internal pressure in piping usually induces stresses in the pipe wall rather than loads on the pipe supports. This is because pressure forces are balanced by tension in the pipe wall, resulting in zero pipe support loadings. A discussion of unbalanced forces in the pipe created by pressure waves during ﬂuid transients is given in the subsection ‘‘Dynamic Loads.’’

Pressure Stress.

The longitudinal stress developed in the pipe due to internal pressure can be calculated as follows:

The second equation gives pressure stress in terms of the ratio of pipe ﬂow area to metal area. It also provides a more accurate result. Both equations are acceptable to the code.

Expansion Joint.

In piping design, elbows, bends, and pipe expansion loops normally provide adequate ﬂexibility for piping thermal expansion and contraction. However, in some cases this ﬂexibility may not be adequate. As a solution, expansion joints may be used to absorb the expansion and contraction of pipe.

In general, expansion joints are used for the following applications:

Where thermal movements would induce excessive stress in normal piping arrangements

Where space is inadequate

Where reactions transmitted by pipe supports or anchors create large loads on supporting structures

Where reactions to equipment terminals are in excess of allowables

When expansion joints are used in piping, the pressure forces can no longer be balanced by tension in the pipe wall, and the pressure forces will be resisted by pipe supports and anchors.

There are many types of expansion joints available, ranging from a piece of rubber hose to metal bellows. The metal bellows expansion joint is most commonly used for power or process piping. Figure B4.6 shows the various components of a bellows expansion joint.

Expansion joints do not have the capability to transmit large pressure forces. Restraints are usually installed on both sides of the expansion joint to prevent the pressure force from pulling the joint apart. The pressure force developed in the expansion joint is equal to the internal pressure times the maximum cross-sectional area over which it is applied. Since an expansion joint increases the ﬂexibility of a piping system, the ﬂexibility (spring rate) of the expansion joint should be incorporated in the piping stress analysis.

Sustained Load: Weight

The total design weight load of pipe supports includes the weight of the pipe, ﬁttings, insulation, ﬂuid in pipe, piping components such as valves, valve operators, ﬂanges, and so on, and the supports themselves.

Hydrotest and Other Occasional Loadings.

To assure the integrity and leak tightness of a piping system designed to Section III of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code or ASME B31.1, the codes require that a pressure test be performed prior to placing the system in service. The most commonly used test is the hydro-static test. When a steam or gas piping system is to be hydro-tested, the effects of the weight of the water on the system and its supports must be considered. A hydro-weight stress analysis should be performed to assure that the pipe supports, which have been designed for the normal operating condition, are able to withstand the hydro-test loads. If permanent supports cannot withstand these hydro-test loads, temporary supports may be added. Spring supports are available with hydro-static test stops,which, in effect, transform the units into rigid supports. Whether or not required by code, other conditions, such as the added weight of a cleaning medium of density greater than that of the process ﬂuid, must be considered in a manner similar to that discussed above. Both dynamic and static loading analyses may be impacted by ﬂushing and blowing-out activities during construction or after major rework.

Thermal Expansion Loads

For weight analysis, the more pipe supports installed, the lower the stress developed in the pipe. However, the opposite is true for the case of piping thermal expansion. When thermal expansion of the piping due to ﬂuid or environmental temperature is restrained at supports, anchors, equipment nozzles, and penetrations, large thermal stresses and loads are caused.

Thermal Modes.

Piping systems are generally analyzed for one thermal condition or mode, that is, the maximum operating temperature. However, piping systems that have more than one operating mode with different operating temperatures concurrently in different parts of the piping system should be analyzed for these operating thermal modes. With the aid of system ﬂow diagrams or piping and instrumentation drawings (P&ID), the stress analyst can determine the thermal modes required for a particular piping system. For B31.1 piping and ASME Class 2 and 3 piping, the required thermal modes can be determined by using good engineering judgment in selecting the most severe thermal conditions. For ASME Class 1 piping, the required thermal modes can be determined by examining the load histograms speciﬁed in the design speciﬁcation.

Free Thermal Analysis.

During the initial stage of piping analysis, an unrestrained (i.e., no intermediate pipe supports) or free thermal analysis may be performed. This analysis is performed for the worst thermal mode and includes only terminal points such as penetrations, anchors, and equipment nozzles. The result of this free thermal analysis usually gives useful information, which can be utilized by the stress analyst in the later stages of the piping analysis. Generally, a resulting thermal expansion stress < 10 ksi (68,948 kPa) means adequate ﬂexibility exists in the piping system. The piping locations with low resulting thermal displacements would be good locations where rigid supports may be installed without adversely affecting the ﬂexibility of the piping system. The resulting equipment nozzle loads could be used to evaluate the capabilities of the equipment for meeting the equipment manufacturer’s nozzle allowables.

Imposed Thermal Movements.

Thermal expansion of equipment causes displacements in the attached piping. Thermal stresses may also be caused due to thermal anchor movements at terminal ends and intermediate restraints. Therefore, appropriate thermal analysis for thermal anchor movements relating to the respective thermal modes should also be performed. Sometimes, it is possible for thermal anchor movements to exist when the piping is cold. In such cases, analysis in the cold condition, with only the thermal anchor movements as input, may be required.

LOCA Thermal Analysis.

In nuclear power plants, following a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), the containment (the building structure designed to contain ﬁssion products) expands due to the rise in temperature and pressure inside the containment. This containment thermal growth results in large containment penetration anchor movements which affect the connected piping. It is not required to qualify the piping for this faulted condition. Thermal analysis for these LOCA anchor movements is used only for the evaluation of ﬂanges, equipment nozzle loads, and pipe support loads.

Temperature Decay.

For piping systems having a portion of the system with stagnant branch lines (dead legs) as shown in Fig. B4.7, it is necessary to consider

the temperature decay in the piping. One simple approach to this temperature attenuation problem is as follows:

For a piping system with water, the temperature of the branch pipe is assumed to be the same as the run pipe up to a length equivalent to 10 times the inside pipe diameter. The remaining portion of the branch pipe may be considered at ambient temperature.

For a piping system with steam or gas, the temperature of the branch pipe is considered the same as the run pipe up to the closed valve.

For cases such as thermal transient analysis of ASME Class 1 piping, where a more accurate temperature proﬁle along the branch pipe may be required.

Stress Ranges.

The thermal stresses developed in the pipe are in fact ‘‘stress ranges,’’ that is, the difference between the unit thermal expansion for the highest operating temperature and for the lowest operating temperature.

For piping systems that do not experience temperatures below ambient temperature, the stress range is the difference between the unit expansion for the maximum thermal mode and that for 70 F (21 deg C). (See later subsection ‘‘Seismic Anchor Movement and Building Settlement Analysis.’’)

For systems with supply from a pool or river which might go below 70 F (21 deg C) in the winter, negative coefﬁcients of expansion should be considered in evaluating the stress range.

Occasional Loads: Seismic

The code of Federal Regulation 10 CFR Part 50 requires that safety-related piping in nuclear power plants be designed to withstand seismic loadings without loss of capability to perform their function. For nonnuclear piping in regions of high seismic activity, this design requirement should also be considered.

OBE and SSE.

Nuclear piping systems and components classiﬁed as Seismic Category I are designed to withstand two levels of site-dependent hypothetical earthquakes: the safe-shutdown earthquake (SSE) and the operational-basis earth-quake (OBE).

For conservatism, the OBE must usually be equal to at least one-half of the SSE. Their magnitudes are expressed in terms of the gravitational acceleration g. Their motions are assumed to occur in three orthogonal directions: one vertical and two horizontal. Seismic Category I systems are deﬁned as those necessary to assure:

The integrity of the reactor coolant pressure boundary

The capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition

The capability to prevent or mitigate potential off-site radiation exposure

Types of Seismic Analysis. Generally, piping seismic analysis is performed through one of three methods: time-history analysis, modal response spectrum analysis, or static analysis.

The equation of motion for a piping system subjected to an externally applied loading (seismic excitation) may be expressed as

This equation could be solved by time-history analysis.

Time-History Analysis.

Time-history analysis is based on hypothetical earth-quake data in the form of ground displacement, velocity, or acceleration versus time. The piping system is represented by lumped masses connected by mass-less elastic members. The analysis is performed on this mathematical model by the direct numerical integration method. At each time step, the piping stresses,displacements, and restraint loads are calculated. Time history simulates the behavior of the piping system during the seismic excitation. The main advantage of time-history analysis is that analytically it is more accurate and less conservative compared to other approaches. The main disadvantages of time-history analysis are the excessive computational time required and the difﬁculty of obtaining a realistic earth-quake input time function.

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis.

The seismic response spectrum is a plot of the maximum acceleration response of a number of idealized single-degree-of-freedom oscillators attached to the ﬂoor (structure) with certain damping. These response spectra are based on design response spectra and speciﬁed maximum ground accelerations of the plant site. Usually, a series of curves with different damping values for operating and design basis earthquakes for each orthogonal direction are generated, as shown in Fig. B4.8. In the modal response spectrum analysis, the piping system is idealized as lumped masses connected by mass-less elastic members. The lumped masses are carefully located to adequately represent the dynamic properties of the piping system. After the stiffness and mass matrix of the mathematical model are calculated,the natural frequencies of the piping system and corresponding mode shapes for all signiﬁcant modes of vibration are also determined using the following equation:

The modal spectral acceleration taken from the appropriate response spectrum is then used to ﬁnd the maximum response of each mode:

Using the maximum generalized coordinate for each mode, the maximum displacements, the effective inertia forces, the effective acceleration, and the internal forces and moments associated with each mode are calculated as follows:

These modal components are then combined by the appropriate method (see later subsection ‘‘Methods for Combining System Responses’’) to obtain the total dis-placements, accelerations, forces, and moments for each point in the piping system.

Two types of response spectrum analyses can be performed depending on the pipe routing and attachments to buildings and structures.

Single-Response Spectrum Analysis. This type of analysis is performed using an enveloped response spectrum curve that covers all buildings and elevations to which the piping system is attached.

Multiple-Response Spectrum Analysis. This type of analysis is used where the piping is attached to various buildings or structures that have a wide variation in the amplitude or frequency of accelerations. In such cases, various response spectra curves may be applied at corresponding support and anchor points in the piping system.

Static Analysis. Static analysis may be used to evaluate power piping or some piping systems in nuclear power plants. It is performed by analyzing a piping system for the statically applied uniform load equivalent to the site-dependent earthquake accelerations in each of the three orthogonal directions. All rigid restraints and snubbers supporting the pipe in the direction of the earthquake acceleration are included in the analysis. The total seismic effect is obtained by combining the results of the three directions.

The minimum earthquake force for structures described in ANSI A58.1 is also one form of static seismic analysis. The code recommends that a lateral seismic force will be assumed to act non-concurrently in the direction of each of the main axes of the structure in accordance with the formula:

Damping. Damping is the phenomenon of dissipation of energy in a vibrating system. Each damping value expressed as a percentage of the critical damping is represented in the seismic response spectrum by a separate curve. The higher the damping value, the lower would be the effects of the seismic excitation. The damping values to be used for different levels of the earthquake are given by the NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) Regulatory Guide 1.61, as shown in Table B4.7.

When a system has both categories of pipe sizes mentioned in the table, dual damping values should be considered in the analysis.

Alternative damping values for response spectrum analysis of ASME Classes 1, 2, and 3 piping are given in ASME Code Case N-411-1, as shown in Fig. B4.10. These damping values are applicable to both OBE and SSE. They are also independent of pipe size. As can be seen from Fig. B4.10, the damping values of Code Case N-411-1 are generally higher than the damping values given in Regulatory Guide 1.61. The industry has been applying these higher damping values to existing piping systems to reduce the number of snubbers installed in the plants in order to save snubber maintenance cost. The use of Code Case N-411-1 is acceptable to the NRC subject to the conditions described in the NRC Regulatory Guide 1.84.

Mass Point Spacing. In a seismic analysis, the piping is represented by lumped masses connected by mass-less elastic members. The locations of these lumped masses are referred to as the mass points. In order to accurately represent the piping, the mass points on straight runs of pipe should be no farther apart than a length of pipe which would have a fundamental frequency of 33 Hz (see the later subsection ‘‘Cookbook-Type Analysis’’). Mass points should also be located at all supports, concentrated weights such as valves, valve operators, ﬂanges, and strainers, and at the end of cantilevered vents and drains. At least two mass points should be placed between supports in the same direction.

Cutoff Frequency, Rigid Range, Zero Period Acceleration, and Missing-Mass Effect. Generally, the piping response spectrum analysis is terminated at a frequency called the cutoff frequency. The cutoff frequency is usually speciﬁed as the frequency beyond which the spectral acceleration remains constant, and this constant spectral acceleration is known as the zero period acceleration (ZPA) (seeFig. B4.8).Supposing a piping system is so designed and supported that the ﬁrst mode is higher than the cutoff frequency; then as far as the computer program is concerned,this piping system does not receive seismic excitation at all. Consequently, the result of this seismic analysis is invalid because of the artiﬁcial constraint speciﬁed by the stress analyst. This phenomenon, known as the missing-mass effect, could also occur in the following cases:

On pipe runs with axial restraint (support, anchor, or nozzle) where the longitudinal frequency could be higher than the cutoff frequency

Concentrated masses in a piping system supported in such a manner that the frequency of that portion of piping is high

Most of the computer programs normally used for piping stress analysis have the capability to evaluate the missing-mass effect. These programs usually utilize the acceleration from the spectrum at the cutoff frequency (ZPA) to calculate the missing-mass effect.

Methods for Combining System Responses. In general, there are two approaches for the combination of system responses. One approach, the absolute sum method (ABS), adds the peak system responses. The second approach, square root–sum-of-squares method (SRSS), gives a combined response equal to the square root ofthe sum of the squares of the peak responses. The SRSS method is preferred over the ABS method because not all the peak responses occur simultaneously. In a response spectrum modal analysis, if the modes are not closely spaced (two consecutive modes are deﬁned as closely spaced if their frequencies differ from each other by less than 10 percent of the lower frequency), responses could be combined by taking the SRSS method. For closely spaced modes, the NRC suggests that the method of combining the responses by the SRSS method may not be conservative. An acceptable method of grouping the closely spaced modes of vibration and combining the responses is described in the NRC Regulatory Guide 1.92.

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ir-anuk · 5 years ago

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20 Reasons You Need To Stop Stressing About Buy Masonarysaver Decorative Concrete Sealer

Yet another vital rationale to seal is defense from freeze thaw spewing or breaking. We make use of a sealer that could make your concrete water-proof. This helps prevent water from moving into the pores of the concrete and increasing in the course of freezing temperatures. In this article in Ohio, this is crucial.

Armor SX5000 sealer has minimal VOCs which solvent-based concrete sealer brings about drinking water along with other liquids to bead right away when it comes into connection with the surface area.

Made for use on each inside and exterior concrete, MasonrySaver® Decorative Concrete Sealer is suited to use on a range of surfaces wherever a strong gloss complete is ideal which includes concrete patios, driveways, sidewalks as well as garage floors.

Is usually applied about each water based and solvent based sealers which have been used Formerly without possessing any adhesion troubles.

This concrete sealer can be placed on unsealed cement, brick, and pavers; does not improve the looks of one's concrete; and lasts for approximately a decade.

Restrictions: Not well suited for use in excess of asphalt surfaces. This solution is made for use on horizontal or vertical surfaces. Tend not to use on underneath-grade surfaces that are issue to critical hydro-static pressures. When applying in regions subjected to sizzling tire visitors, enable suitable time for product to remedy just before putting the area again into surface.

Rust-Oleum Epoxy Protect don't just helps you to resist these materials but in addition enhances the shine on the concrete and keeps it this way for some time.

It's important to be sure There's an abundance of air flow. Be sure to change off all pilot lights and gas. If at all possible, test to operate in the Element of the day once the temperature is cooler.

Watch Class For more than a century, The Euclid Chemical Business has served the worldwide setting up sector being a globally high quality supplier of specialty products and technical assistance expert services for the concrete and masonry development business.

INFUSION forty four “GLOSS” is often a non-yellowing, Drinking water Based Epoxy-Acrylic suitable for inside concrete sealing purposes. INFUSION 44 “GLOSS” is often a large solids coating that gives a superior large gloss end to your large number of inside horizontal or vertical concrete and ma-sonry finishes.

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Foundation Armor AR350 sealer is a good option for warehouse and garage floors as well as for patios, pool decks, driveways, and many others. You'll be able to either go in for the standard obvious sealer or Make a choice from a range of color choices, including the non-slip and matte selections. The applying of this concrete sealer is really easy—You may use a pump sprayer or roller.

You’ll shed NextDay supply Should your cart includes a number of products not labeled “NextDay eligible”.

You won’t get NextDay delivery on this order since your cart has merchandise(s) that aren’t “NextDay qualified”. If you prefer NextDay, we can preserve the other objects for afterwards.

When the temperature isn't much too sizzling, then implement a whole new coat of sealer to re-liquify the prevailing sealer. Even so, if bubbles continue on to variety then attempt sealing in the course of a cooler time of 12 months.

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cyberturtledreamland · 5 years ago

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Job. งานการทดสอบการอัดน้ำ Hydrostatic Pressure Test ที่ 150 - 200 bar ทิ้งไว้ Soaking Time > 24 ชม. เป็นอย่างน้อย ชุดทดสอบแรงดัน ส่งไปหน้างาน + ประกอบติดตั้งที่หน้างาน

Job. งานการทดสอบการอัดน้ำ Hydrostatic Pressure Test ที่ 150 – 200 bar ทิ้งไว้ Soaking Time > 24 ชม. เป็นอย่างน้อย ชุดทดสอบแรงดัน ส่งไปหน้างาน + ประกอบติดตั้งที่หน้างาน

Re : Job. งานเบิกเข้าสโตร์ / งานการทดสอบการอัดน้ำ Hydrostatic Pressure Test ที่ 150 – 200 bar ทิ้งไว้ Soaking Time > 24 ชม. เป็นอย่างน้อย Request dated 15/7/57 สั่ง ชุดทดสอบแรงดัน ที่เบิกไปหน้างาน + ประกอบติดตั้งที่หน้างาน Item Description Qty 1 เกจวัดแรงดัน “TECSIS”/Germany Pressure Guage 0 – 250 bar 2 EAModel : 01.10DS63A Body : SUS 304 Connection : Brass/Bottom 1/4″NPT Dial…

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#การทดสอบแรงดัน #คำถาม . Case Study #Case history #case reference #Case Study #Hydraulic Pressure Tester #hydro static pressure test #hydrostatic pressure test #Hydrostatic Pressure Test ที่ 150 - 200 bar #hydrotest #pipe line #pipe test #pressure test

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ozzyozmcozman-blog · 5 years ago

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Is Tech Making Decorative Concrete Sealers And Coatings Better Or Worse?

Also, huge bubbles would form as a result of the product or service being applied from the Sunshine and pooling in very low parts of the sample. If it was warm at enough time of set up, this product suffered bonding qualities likewise. This created for far more problems to suitable.

Right after viewing solution depth webpages, search listed here to discover an easy technique to navigate back again to internet pages you have an interest in.

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Solvent-based sealers can be found in breathable-kind remedy-and-seals and in addition straight sealers that are not breathable. Using this type of in your mind You must be knowledgeable of which kind of sealer you may have so that you can utilize the right item to your substrate you're sealing. Contemporary concrete demands a overcome-and-seal solution that is breathable.

This wiki has long been up-to-date 15 situations since it was to start with printed in August of 2015. For household Do it yourself-ers and experts in the development business, these concrete sprayers can make quickly operate of sealing driveways and partitions, spot cleaning stained surfaces, and in some cases making use of concrete together with other mixtures to some substrate.

Spills could be wiped absent easily as you’ve additional this on the surface as being the formula penetrates deep into your concrete although continue to allowing it to breathe and dry out.

Restrictions: Not ideal for use about asphalt surfaces. This product or service is created for use on horizontal or vertical surfaces. Usually do not use on under-quality surfaces which might be matter to critical hydro-static pressures. When applying in spots subjected to scorching tire traffic, let ample time for product to heal right before Placing the region back again into surface area.

6 months just after Trojan was utilized, the ASTM-123D check was executed by having two 2” core samples. Following diamond sawing the cores in 50 %, the test revealed that the Trojan penetrated two inches.

It’s suited to use both of those inside of and outdoors and may be used employing a pump sprayer or roller. Here is the fantastic products for garage floors, pool decks, warehouses or driveways.

Which product or combination of products would you recommend to seal this concrete floor and also supply some what of a moist appear? Thanks "set":null,"listing":null Reply Share

Even in hotter climates, temperature, abrasion, and contaminants will weaken the substrate over time. Trojan will forever fill the pores that can help stop upcoming spalling/deterioration and supply a lot easier routine maintenance of the floor. It truly is like pouring liquid plastic into your concrete.

Together with your fantastic suggestions past summer season I requested and used your sealer [Trojan Masonry & Concrete Sealer]. I'm incredibly proud of the results. It labored well. In fact, I've had a few paint spills over the garage floor and a couple of weeks afterwards, they wiped correct off and cleaned up really very well--and it was very good 20 year [latex] paint.

From independent contractor to enterprise development rep to systems coach. In 2012 - 2014, Andy began dealing with TCP like a guide although continuing to run a successful contracting business enterprise. In 2014, he offered that business enterprise which is now devoted full time on the achievements & upcoming progress on the Concrete Protector’s methods and merchandise traces. From installation expertise to promoting know-how, Andy is dedicated to assisting contractors build and expand their very own successful decorative concrete company.

Polyaspartic concrete sealers also dry very rapid and allow for rapid turnaround assignments. Polyaspartics are somewhat dearer that all kinds of other sealer styles but they provide unmatched longevity and function.

It is crucial to help keep all associates of the crew educated, towards the best of your ability, on merchandise expertise and application strategies. Look at To make sure which kind of merchandise you are setting up and make an effort to help keep yourself as well as your crew educated.

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catpsteverogers-blog · 5 years ago

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The Worst Advice You Could Ever Get About Best Decorative Concrete Sealer

Another check is always to comprehensively clear the concrete and permit it to dry. When you then spot a drop of drinking water on it as well as the concrete instantly darkens, the sealer is most likely long gone. If it beads, even for just a several seconds, there is most likely however sealer current as well as the concrete might not need to be resealed.

It isn't the cheapest point around, and It is really a little bit out-of-category in that it pretty much sprays out concrete, as an alternative to concrete sealer, nevertheless it's an essential Instrument that may enable you to maintenance a harmed wall or driveway before you decide to go about sealing it. We also added a brand new product from Chapin, which characteristics incredibly sturdy Viton seals and gaskets to increase the number of substances it may possibly take care of, as well as a stainless steel design by Smith Overall performance that has well designed features like a strain release valve and quick-adjust pump seals.

H2o-based sealers need to be utilized pretty thinly — about 250 to three hundred sq. ft for each gallon, without having puddling. Remember to again-roll excessive product from reduced regions of the pattern if necessary.

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Examination effects confirmed that there was no scaling just after a hundred weathering cycles (via mechanical brush) on the concrete which was sealed with Trojan instead of extreme scaling on untreated samples with the concrete.

You'll have heard that it can be done to make use of muriatic acid to etch your concrete surface. Sadly, muriatic acid is often utilized mainly because it’s less costly than professional products.

Constraints: Not ideal for use in excess of asphalt surfaces. This merchandise is made for use on horizontal or vertical surfaces. Usually do not use on beneath-quality surfaces which can be topic to critical hydro-static pressures. When employing in areas subjected to hot tire targeted visitors, allow for adequate time for product or service to overcome in advance of putting the realm back again into floor.

The D.B. Smith Contractor is an incredible worth, with a considerable paddle grip which makes it hassle-free for relocating between sites, and a simple-to-cleanse filter to simplify routine maintenance. It involves unique nozzles to match the precise work at hand. Viton seals for chemical resistance

If you're Functioning outdoor, You can utilize a power washer to blow the sealer off. Normally, you need to use wide scrapers to drag the re-liquified sealer into a pile. We recommend employing aluminum painter's shields as scrapers. These can be found at neighborhood dwelling advancement stores.

Not only will it secure but Additionally, it leaves a satin shine that may convey out colour in dulled substrates and can final approximately 5 years prior to a recoat is required.

Concrete Sealant - Concrete is incredibly porous and subject matter to 'freeze-thaw' problems in Wintertime climates, whereby drinking water freezes while in the pores throughout the night then thaws out throughout the day. This frequent contraction/growth helps 'spall' (chip/fragment/flake) concrete.

Efficiency - Will be the concrete sealer produced by a dependable business? Take a look at the reviews - are folks satisfied with the general performance? Before getting a product Test to find out if you can buy a sample size very first.

Thanks for studying the great print. Regarding the Wiki: We don't take sponsorships, free goods, samples, promotional goods, or other benefits from any on the solution brand names featured on this page, besides

LIMITATIONS: Not well suited for use in excess of asphalt surfaces. This product is designed for use on horizontal or vertical surfaces. Will not use on down below-quality surfaces which can be matter to intense hydro-static pressures. When making use of in spots subjected to sizzling tire targeted visitors, allow for enough time for solution to heal just before putting the region back again into surface.

The marketplace in general is so accustomed to the more mature solvent-based formulation wherever the timing to recoat wasn't critical. We made use of to apply the 1st coat, Permit it tack up, lay down One more coat and bounce within the truck and travel away. Present day VOC-compliant formulas will need time to allow the first coat to dry just before recoating.

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collinsfire · 4 years ago

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Fire Extinguisher Recharge – When and Why?

Fire extinguishers are acknowledged as the first line of defense in case of fires in residential and commercial spaces. Many people take these extinguishers for granted as 24×7 ready-to-use portable safety devices, which are not valid. Though they can be used any time if not recharged, the impact may not be as expected. Fire extinguishers can turn out to be incapable of dousing fire without fully recharged and pressurized. To avoid any unlikely scenario, one must consider recharging fire extinguishers as a regular practice.

Business and building owners must realize the importance of owning and maintaining fire extinguishers. Their timely maintenance can save on lives and expenses in the longer term. Also, a recharged fire extinguisher fills you with a sense of security. Let’s take a closer look and understand the details about recharging a fire extinguisher.

When to Recharge the Fire Extinguisher?

Recharge Fire Extinguisher After Every Use

Recharging the extinguisher immediately after use is essential. The duration of usage hardly matters in these cases as even with 2-3 seconds of use, the extinguisher’s internal pressure decreases, which calls for a recharge. Moreover, after one use, the fire extinguisher may not last long the second time, causing delays that can easily convert into casualties.

Periodically Recharge Fire Extinguisher

When shelved for long, fire extinguishers can sometimes develop tiny leaks that can release the internal pressure. The fire extinguisher can lose its effectiveness without your knowledge. To avoid any surprises, fire protection agencies encourage proactive inspection and recharge periodically every few years.

Besides usage, environmental factors also hold the potential to cause depressurization in fire extinguishers. This further adds to the periodic inspection of fire extinguishers. In addition to a recharge, inspections also ensure the absence of any structural defect.

Indicators of Recharge

While it is advised to get a fire extinguisher recharged regularly, sound knowledge about it helps reassure that the recharge has been successful. The fire extinguisher comes with a pressure gauge and pressure needle. If this needle points in the green zone of the pressure gauge, this signifies that the fire extinguisher is successfully recharged. These markings are made according to the specifications provided by the manufacturer.

How is Fire Extinguisher Recharged?

Fire extinguisher recharging primarily requires an extinguishing agent and a recharge unit. To start with, the fire extinguisher is wholly depressurized and then dismantled. Rigorous cleaning of all the parts takes place. A thorough check for leaks and other defects is done, followed by the fire extinguisher’s re-assembling. The extinguishing agent is re-filled, and the cylinder is re-pressurized. Different tests like hydro-static tests are performed to identify any loophole in the fire extinguisher cylinder and its functionality like deformations and leaks.

To ensure optimum volume, the technicians weigh the fire extinguisher and ensure that the total weight falls in line with the tolerance prescribed by the manufacturer. Finally, a new tamper seal is installed along with the recharge tag containing vital information such as total weight and the technician’s identity. The cost of the recharge generally varies with the size of the cylinder and the extinguishing agent used in it.

Who Can Recharge?

Training is available for individuals to learn to recharge a fire extinguisher. However, it is advised to hire professional fire protection services. Along with trained professionals, these services are equipped with the necessary material and equipment. Also, different extinguishing agents’ involvement demands training to use them, which automatically comes with professional services. Another benefit of hiring professional agencies is the regular maintenance of fire extinguishers without any reminder. From the user’s side, they should keep a check on the pressure gauge to ensure the pressure needle lies in the green zone. This can help the user in identifying the need for a recharge in case they forget the date of the last recharge.

Fire Extinguisher Recharge Practices

Generally, all the commercial spaces practice regular fire drills, which can be an apt time to check the functioning of the fire extinguishers. A recharge or inspection can be the next step, depending on their condition. A similar practice is advised for homes and residential complexes. Residences are more vulnerable to fire extinguishers faults as they are rarely used in case there is no accident. Training to check the pressure of the fire extinguisher can be given to maximum people to spread awareness and prevent any unnecessary surprise at the time of need. Also, assessing the weight of the fire extinguisher can be a possible method to determine the need for a recharge. Frequent inspections are advised in areas with a history of fires or the areas that witness vandalism cases. One important thing to take care of is regarding the type of fire extinguisher. While reusable extinguishers should be recharged, single-use extinguishers should be replaced in low pressure or multiple uses. This blog post about "Fire Extinguisher Recharge" was first published on our website here https://www.collinsfire.com/fire-extinguisher-recharge-when-and-why

from Collins Fire & Safety Inc https://collinsfire.blogspot.com/2020/08/fire-extinguisher-recharge-when-and-why.html

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