#hyaenodonts

[dougdimmadodo]

October's Fossil of the Month - Simbakubwa (Simbakubwa kutokaafrika)

Family: Hyena Cat Family (Hyainailouridae)

Time Period: 23-22 Million Years Ago (Early Neogene)

Currently known only from fossilised teeth and lower jaws discovered in Kenya's Messa Bridge fossil site, Simbakubwa kutokaaffrika was originally described as a prehistoric species of hyena before reexamination of fossils housed at the Nairobi National Museum of Kenya led to it being reclassified as a hyaenadont (a member of the extinct order Hyaenadonta, the members of which were generally dog-like animals with similar jaws and teeth to modern hyenas, although their teeth differed from true carnivorans today in that they lacked modified molars used for crushing and tearing seen in animals such as bears and dogs, and seemed to grow their teeth in slower than most modern carnivores.) While the limited variety of Simbakubwa fossils means that much of its biology is a mystery, it is notable among the hyaenadonts because of its size; estimates of its body size based on the size of its jaws suggest that, while most hyaenodonts were comparable to a large dog in size, it was at least as large as a lion, with the most generous estimates suggesting that it may have weighed as much as 1,500kg/3,307lbs (surpassing even modern Polar Bears in size,) although as the more complete fossils of related species suggest that members of the "hyena-cat" family of hyaenodonts that Simbakubwa belonged to had extremely large heads compared to their bodies it is unlikely that it actually reached such as size. Based on the shape of its teeth and the presumed strength of its jaws it is likely that Simbakubwa was purely carnivorous and fed on large mammals such as rhinoceros and gomphotheres (extinct relatives of modern elephants,) although based on the lack of any preserved teeth showing adaptations for crushing it is unclear if members of this species also fed on bones as other hyaenodonts and modern hyenas are known to do. While the circumstances of Simbakubwa's extinction are unclear, it is plausible that as the earth gradually became cooler and drier as it approached a series of "ice ages" in the later neogene resources became scarcer and large carnivores were among the first species to be affected by this. While the binomial names of most species are derived from Greek and/or Latin, Simbakubwa kutokaaffrika is Swahili, translating roughly to "great lion from Africa."

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*Note - The second image above shows a Simbakubwa lower jaw (bottom) compared to a modern Lion skull (top.)

Image Sources: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simbakubwa-kutokaafrika_2.jpg

and

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/new-species-ancient-carnivore-was-bigger-than-polar-bear-hyaenodonts

[tyrannoninja]

Simbakubwa kutokaafrika was a large predatory mammal that prowled Africa around 23 million years ago, during the early Miocene epoch. Approximating the size of a rhinoceros, it may have looked like a big cat with a dog- or hyena-like head, yet it belonged to another group of carnivorous mammals known as the hyaenodonts which died out around nine million years ago. It probably hunted primitive rhinos and elephant cousins, dispatching them with its large shearing teeth and powerful bite.

[tysonfurybattlepass]

is this a fucking joke to you

that pic of the simbakubwa kutokaafrika mandible next to a lion skull and this thing’s jawbone is almost TWICE as long as a lion’s entire fucking head horrible awful terrible unacceptable illegal

[proflambeovt]

Paleovember 2023, Amphicyon!

Coming from the Miocene, the members of this genus and it's family are colloquially referred to as 'bear-dogs' due to possessing traits similar to both bears and dogs, whom they were related but not ancestral to. This was a widespread genus, ranging across Europe Africa, Asia, and North America, with the largest species, A. ingens, growing up to the size of a polar bear. These were adaptable and generalist hunters, able to subsist on a wide range of foods. This initially allowed amphicyonids to outcompete an earlier group of predators, the hyaenodonts. Ironically, though, this jack-of-all-trades approach failed with the arrival of modern, more specialized carnivoran groups, including cats, dogs, bears, and hyenas.

[sina-man]

"Scavenger disagreement"

Anpucar vs Grey-bearded rainsnapper

Anpucar

A specialised scavenger of roa's woodlands and possibly the one and only hyaenodont of roa. Anpucar has a symbiosis with several flesh-eating bacteria , some insects and even fungi to better deal with carcasses and protect itself from getting infected. But it also made Anpucar more protected against predation , as a risk to get infected by it is very high. Even touching Anpucar can end up in being infected. Together with this , Anpucar doesn't hesistate to fight for a carcass. Using sharp bite and long front claws to give painful injuries. Sometimes so many flesh-eating bacteria or other companions can be near or inside it that it looks like it is covered in black cloud with purplish air coming from it's mouth.

Grey-bearded rainsnapper

An omnivorous teratornithid found in rainforests of roa. Those are big opportunists which will eat practically anything. Huge beak is both good at crushing nuts and occasional small animals. Sickle claw on legs is used mostly to help tear down meat on carcass or for climbing. They are solitary but will often gather together around carcasses. One of the biggest and weirdest birds of roa.

[captainswaglord500]

Razortail/Pinetail/Chichilen

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Reptilia

Clade: Archosauromorpha

Clade: Crocopoda

Order: Rhynchosauria

Family: incertae sedis

Genus: Acanthocaudasaurus

Species: A. tahuretensis (“Tahureti spiny-tailed lizard”, “Tahureti” being a demonym for the historical region of Tahuret, a jungle and dry forest kingdom in northern Xenogaea)

Temporal range: Holocene to recent (10,000 kya - present); genetic divergence suggests a probable Miocene origin (10 mya - present).

Information:

A member of the rhynchosaur clade, this reptile’s placement within its own family is a contentious topic, in part due to its mix of basal and derived features. There are three competing theories regarding this, however: the first is that the razortail is a basal rhynchosaur which has convergently evolved derived rhynchosaur features (such as a partially beaked jaw), the second is that it is a derived rhynchosaur which has re-evolved several atavistic traits (such as the more slender, lizard-like build of earlier members of the clade), and the third and most widely-accepted theory being that it represents an early offshoot of the lineage leading to more derived forms, a so-called “missing link” between the two. Alas, this is not the only thing which makes this species quite unique compared to other members of its clade: an unusual example of an omnivore coming from an ancestrally herbivorous lineage, the razortail’s diet is best described as “indiscriminate”. Its main food sources consist largely of palm fronds, fallen fruits, nuts, seeds, large arthropods, small vertebrates (though it especially takes a liking for the multituberculates which share its habitat), and even eggs, the latter of which it actively seeks out. Individuals living in cities have been observed to even go after stray dogs and cats, as well as feral pigeons. Scavenging is also frequent, and cannibalism is documented but rare. Of course, with such indiscriminate dietary habits comes a high ecological pressure for competition, and as such, the razortail is fiercely territorial and reactive. However, while it extends such aggression towards its own kin mercilessly, rarely if ever tolerating the company of other razortails outside of its small hunting group, known as a caravan, with other animals, it is the embodiment of the phrase “its bark is worse than its bite”: it tends to flee from threats it does not believe it can successfully intimidate, though it may puff itself up and hiss and gurgle towards those it believes it can intimidate, throwing its spiny tail in front of it to add to the display. If approached or handled further, it may lunge forward, hissing and gurgling even more loudly, and will only bite if all else fails. The bite of this animal is deceptively strong, and can be strong enough to sever fingers and toes. That said, the amount of provocation it takes to get to this point is extreme, and to get bitten by this animal practically requires you to go looking to get bitten. Unfortunately, this animal often lives near human settlements, in part due to the easy source of food that is refuse piles and in part due to its acquired liking for coconuts and bananas, crops imported during medieval times by Austronesian sailors. As such, its relationship with the native inhabitants of the region is complicated, being simultaneously valued for its prowess for hunting the multituberculates and rodents which commonly eat crops but also detested or its own proclivity towards eating these crops itself. 

Despite being only around the size of a Komodo dragon, this animal’s reputation far precedes it in the jungles and dry forests (and increasingly the neighboring grasslands) it calls home: this animal’s tendency to square up against significantly larger troodonts, dromaeosaurs, and even hyaenodonts has earned it the moniker of the “bulldog lizard” in some areas. Alas, this animal also squares up against rauisuchids and medium-sized theropods. So reviled is this creature by the animals it shares its ecosystem with, that dinosaurs which have lost chicks to razortails will abandon entire nests and start anew. Nonetheless, this animal is also preyed upon by the most brazen predators, its catalogue of predators including large theropods, amphicyonids, saber-toothed cats, prestosuchids, phytosaurs, hyaenids, hyaenodonts, oxyaenodonts, marsupial lions, sparassodonts, and humans. As such, this animal’s mottled, vibrant green and brown coloration is an adaptation which allows it to blend in with the foliage of its home. Another unique adaptation this animal has is its metabolism: a rare example of a heterothermic non-archosaurian diapsid, the razortail is able to inefficiently moderate its own internal temperature. However, as this is energetically costly, it typically relies on the surrounding environment to regulate its body temperature. With superb eyesight, the razortail is cathemeral and is able to be active in both the high afternoon sun and the pitch black of the midnight, hauling itself into the trees with its powerful forelimbs to sleep in the branches when not foraging or socializing. Able to run at speeds of up to 30 mph, this animal is also well-adapted for running fast in short bursts, something which aids it both in hunting and in fleeing from predators. This species appears to be uniquely resistant to the venom of many hymenopterans and snakes, the venom only knocking it unconscious for an hour or two before being metabolized. As such, it has little if any issue feeding on the nests of bees and wasps and is one of the few animals which control venomous snake populations. Some evidence suggest it engages in a form of commensalism with some species of therocephalians living in the same region as it, the more endothermic and muscular therocephalians serving as the brute force needed to make the kill while the razortails serve as the speed needed to corral prey into waiting jaws. This animal is quite versatile as well, and can regenerate damaged body parts with ease, even being able to regenerate parts of its eye if damaged. This species is one of the most successful in Xenogaea from a conservation standpoint, numbering nearly 2 million animals and counting, and its adaptability has allowed it to colonize previously uncharted territory for its species over a relatively short period of time, with most evidence pointing towards this species undergoing a distributive radiation. Likewise, this species’ presence in its native range is likely vital to the spread of the Xenogaean jungle pine, an araucarian conifer species found throughout the northern stretches of the Isle of Perils, as the razortail eats the cone by first crushing them before consuming them, spreading a few stray seeds on the ground in the process and allowing others to pass through its bowels to be excreted in its urea. Another thing to note about this bizarre creature is that the teeth at the front of the lower lip are fused into an exposed, bony plate whereas those on the top are concealed by lips.

In the winter months, when the tropical air is cooler, these animals are one of the few to make love. Congregating in massive groups, the males, whose hormones turn their throat pouches a vibrant blue and red during the mating season, are drawn in by the pungent pheromones the female produces, which are often described as having a strong mushroom-like smell. Though the female will mate with as many males as possible to ensure the fitness of her clutch, males will still fight one another for mating rights. Mating usually occurs on the ground, but maybe also occur in the trees, and the males will usually bite down gently on the back of the female’s neck to prevent her from struggling during copulation. After the female has mated with as many viable males as possible, she will chase away any other suitors aggressively. In a few weeks, she will lay a clutch of 20-30 leathery-shelled eggs in a small burrow at the foot of a tree, which she will guard ferociously, continuously adding and removing dirt as needed and only leaving the burrow for short periods to eat and drink, something which is risky, given that other razortails might eat her clutch. Sex determination is based on temperature, with the colder eggs producing males and the warmer eggs producing females. In roughly 5 weeks, the eggs will hatch and the young are cared for by the mother for roughly a year, after which they are big enough to fend for themselves. Full size is reached at 5 years old and sexually maturity at 7 years old, and in the wild, the young may live to nearly 20-25 years old, whereas in captivity, they may live as long as 30-40 years old. Homosexual behavior is extensively documented in this species, with both males and females engaging in same-sexual copulatory behaviors such as mounting. In fact, an estimated 50% of razortail sexual encounters are same-sex. 

As touched on earlier, this species has a long and highly-complicated relationship with the native inhabitants of the region: simultaneously treated as a savior from pest animals which feed on cash crops and as a nuisance for feeding on said crops itself, captive-bred razortails appear to be undergoing a form of domestication, the first instance of true domestication ever being documented in a nonavian and non-archosaurian reptile. These captive-bred razortails are stockier, have larger eyes, and appear to be undergoing greater encephalization than their wild-born cousins. In captivity, they are used as pest control and guard dogs, their aggression deterring large predators and humans looking to do harm alike. However, its tendency to see other domesticated animals as potential prey make it extremely difficult to keep in close quarters with other pets, especially birds and rodents. Hence, most house-trained razortails are either kept alone, kept with a companion, or sleep outside. Captive-bred specimens are often given a very diverse diet, with the most highly-recommended diet consisting of mice, fish, crab (used as a substitute for the giant invertebrates it normally hunts), lettuce, celery, tomato, avocado, mango, peanuts, bananas, and strawberries. Likewise, this species is exceptionally emotionally intelligent, forming a similar level of emotional connection to its caretakers as dogs, chirping, grumbling, and rumbling to convey happiness to its owner. Its flesh is variously considered a delicacy in some areas, its taste supposedly being gamey and not unlike goat meat. That said, it is tough and sinewy, which makes it difficult to cook properly. Though fossils of this species are quite young, only going back to the very beginning of the Holocene around 10,000 years ago, genetic divergence when comparing its genetic sequence to close relatives indicates its lineage likely originated around 10 millions years ago in the Miocene.

[wraith-of-thiodolf]

favorite prehistoric mammal?

probably hyaenodonts as a whole...

[animar64]

It's A Prehistoric Caturday!

“Lions hunting Bison, Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc Cave, France. Upper Paleolithic, c.35000 BCE …   Simbakubwa Kutoaafrike is not related to cats or any living carnivore. The are Hyaenodonts. Hyaenodonts are thought to have evolved in Africa during the Paleocene era immediately after the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago, before spreading into Europe and Asia. I think of of them as cats with…

[paleoart]

Had a lot of fun doing these gigantic hyaenodonts for Eons: #Hyainailurus and #Simbakubwa were very large predators that could have surpassed polar bears in size. Learn more about them here: http://y2u.be/rK2nvNxAuk4

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[alphynix]

It Came From The Wastebasket #08: Stem-Carnivoramorphs Do What Creodon't

Creodonts were some of the earliest predatory placental mammals to evolve after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, first appearing in the mid-Paleocene about 60 million years ago. Represented by two main lineages – the oxyaenids and the hyaenodonts – they ranged across North America, Eurasia, and Africa, and were the dominant large carnivorous mammals until the end of the Eocene (~34 million years ago), with forms like Sarkastodon being some of the biggest mammalian land predators of all time.

After that point they started to decline over most of their range, gradually being replaced by early carnivorans – but the hyaenodonts retained their dominance for a while longer in Africa, diversifying during the Oligocene and early Miocene and producing more giant apex predators. The last known representatives of these animals survived in Asia until the late Miocene, just 9 million years ago, ending an impressive run that had lasted for most of the Cenozoic.

This grouping was originally named in the 1870s to encompass just the oxyaenids and Didymictis (a genus now considered to be a viverravid). Just a few years later hyaenodonts, miacids, arctocyonids, leptictids, and mesonychids were all lumped in, too – and at one point creodonts were even a part of the massive insectivoran mess before instead being classified as ancestors of the carnivorans.

During the first half of the 20th century creodonts were recognized as actually being a loose collection of mostly-unrelated mammals, and over the next few decades various groups were gradually removed and reassigned to other parts of the mammal family tree. Towards the end of the century most of the creodont wastebasket had been cleared, and just the oxyaenids and the hyaenodonts were left as two branches of one seemingly distinct creodont lineage.

The cougar-sized oxyaenid Patriofelis ferox (left) & the bear-sized hyaenodont Hyaenodon gigas (right)

…But their evolutionary relationships were still a problem.

They'd been traditionally considered to be early carnivorans, but although they had flesh-slicing carnassials the creodonts' versions of these teeth weren't quite right. Different teeth in their jaws had been specialized for this function compared to those of true carnivorans – with oxyaenids and hyaenodonts having slightly different arrangements compared to each other, too – suggesting a lot of convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry.

By the 1990s it wasn't clear anymore if the oxyaenids and hyaenodonts were even closely related to each other, or what type of mammal they actually were.

But over the last couple of decades the consensus seems to have become that creodonts weren't a single natural group, but that they were still related to carnivorans – oxyaenids and hyaenodonts were actually two separate offshoots of the Ferae, forming an evolutionary grade of stem lineages between pangolins and the carnivoramorphs.

———

Nix Illustration | Tumblr | Twitter | Patreon

[netmassimo]

An article published in the "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" reports the identification of an extinct species of carnivorous mammal whose estimated weight is higher than that of polar bears. Dr. Nancy Stevens and Dr. Matthew Borths of the Ohio University named it Simbakubwa kutokaafrika after studying fossils dating back some 22 million years ago discovered in Kenya between 1978 and 1980 but never studied. In its ecosystem it was a top predator and is the oldest representative discovered so far of the group of hyaenodonts.

[typhlonectes]

Africa’s largest mammalian carnivore had canines ‘the size of bananas’ 

Named Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, which means “big lion from Africa” in Swahili, the apex predator would have played a similar role in the region’s ecosystem as today’s lions, whose ancestors did not arrive in Africa until 3.7 million years later. Prior to that, Simbakubwa was one of the only land-dwelling carnivores in Africa, part of a group of giant extinct mammals called hyaenodonts. But whereas modern lions have only one pair of specialized, meat-slicing teeth on either side of their jaws, Simbakubwa had three, making it a formidable enemy...

Read more: Science News | AAAS

[vacuum-fluorescent-display]

lion? I’m sorry lion??

[champawattigress]

'Giant lion' fossil found in Kenya museum drawer

A new species of giant mammal has been identified after researchers investigated bones that had been kept for decades in a Kenyan museum drawer.

The species, dubbed "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika" meaning "big African lion" in Swahili, roamed east Africa about 20 millions years ago.

But the huge creature was part of a now extinct group of mammals called hyaenodonts.

"Based on its massive teeth, Simbakubwa was a specialised hyper-carnivore that was significantly larger than the modern lion and possibly larger than a polar bear," researcher Matthew Borths is quoted by AFP news agency as saying.

[tlaquetzqui]

Actually hyena-mounted soldiers should probably be “ienry”, since these words should be from Italian, not direct from Latin, and the Italian word for hyena is iena. (It apparently used to be hiena, but I don’t know how recently.)

The Latin word canarius descends to Italian as the word canaio, but it means “dog breeder”. (But “canary” actually does have to do with dogs, because the place’s name is “island of dogs”.) I think the word you actually want, for dog-mounted soldiers, is brackry, which comes from bracco “hound”, and then from bracchiere (same -iere as in cavaliere “horseman, knight”), which means “whipper-in, person who keeps hunting-dogs in line”. From which you can then construct *braccheria, which in the real world probably means something like “dog management” (both the endeavor itself and those engaged in it, as cavalleria means both the horsemen of a military force and the virtues they are expected to exhibit), but which would, in a world where people can ride dogs, refer to them.

This leads me to think my goblins, whose talking oxyaenids are known as “grim-hounds”, also have a brackry, same as the halflings (theirs is even also light, though it can talk). My elves, who ride a larger, talking version of Homotherium that I call “panthers” in the narrative, would presumably be described as having “panthry”; except for the dark elves, whose talking hyaenodont mounts are called “brutes”, and I will call their mounted soldiery “belvry”. Belbus, one of the other Latin words for “hyena”, probably comes from the same root as belua, meaning “brute”, and that is belva in Italian.

Then my dwarves, who ride giant talking wolverines (based on Megalictis but with a very generous interpretation of “as big as a black bear”) that I refer to as “martens”, have “martory”, because the Italian word for “marten” is martora. The orcs and ogres ride giant talking swine, the one the size of cattle and the other the size of the giant European hippopotamus H. major, which would presumably be “porcry” (maybe “porkry”?), from porcheria, but that’s the Italian for “pigsty”. Nevertheless—Italian uses the same word for “mounted soldiers” as for “code of honor of knights” (where English uses the Italian form for the first one and the French form for the latter, which is admittedly cheating).

Of course, because coming up with a “-ry” term for every weird thing your setting’s inhabitants might ride is probably annoying to the readership…I just actually call them “knights” or “Xs mounted on/riding Ys”.

[sina-man]

Snigort

A hyaenodont found in uplands and mountains of LoLT. It's the top predator in this area , hunting anything aviavable. With it's short powerful limbs and specialised claws it is an impressive climber , able to ambush prey in the most unexpected places. Robust bone-crushing jaws are efficient at quickly dealing with prey , and processing carrion after that. It's ancestor was most likely an small arboreal carnivore , which got trapped in mountains when they were first formed but managed to adapt to a new environment.