#historydetective

[livsunit3fashionportfolio]

The American Civil War

The American Civil War began in 1861 and ended in 1865. The conflict was the costliest and deadliest war that was fought on American ground, with 620,000 out of 2.4 million soldiers killed, millions injured and most of the south states destroyed.

In the North, the manufacturing industry was well established, and agriculture was limited to smaller scale farms, however the South's economy worked around a system of large scale farming that was reliant on black enslaved people as labour, to grow crops, specifically cotton and tobacco. Due to the increasing opposition of slavery in North America, the South states feared of the abolishment of slavery and that the existence of it in America was in danger as slaves were the backbone of their economy. This was the beginning of the causes of the Civil War in America.

The key issue between the North and the South was that the Southern states wanted to be in charge of the federal government so that they could abolish any laws that they opposed, and so that they could spread slavery into western states, whereas the North stood by their decision to keep white only labour. After Abraham Lincoln's success in becoming president in 1860, without any support or votes from the south. Due to this the south had no influence in the government so they decided that the only way to solve this was through war.

Lincoln issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all enslaved people in the rebellious states after January 1, 1863. However, he did not got as far as to free the enslaved people in the states loyal to the union. 186,000 Black Civil War soldiers joined the union army before the war ended, 38,000 lost their lives.

In 1865 on the eve of their victory, the union lost its leader, after a confederate sympythiser John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln in Washington on April 14. Sherman received Johnson's surrender in North Carolina on April 26, which effectively put an end to the Civil War.

Referencing:

History.com Editors. (2009). Civil War. [Online]. History.com. Last Updated: 20 April 2023. Available at: https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history [Accessed 13 February 2024].

PBS Editors. (2014). Causes of the Civil War. [Online]. PBS History Detectives. Available at: https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/causes-of-the-civil-war/#:~:text=A%20common%20expl [Accessed 13 February 2024].

[deblala]

Islam In America | History Detectives | PBS

https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/islam-in-america/

[jamieroxxartist]

Today in Pop Culture History: Dec 6, 2013 After its authenticity is verified on the PBS series #HistoryDetectives, the #FenderStratocaster that #BobDylan played in his historic performance at the #NewportFolkFestival1965 is purchased at a 2013 auction for an astounding $965,000. It had spent the previous 48 years with the family of Dylan’s personal pilot, who received no reply when he told Dylan to retrieve the gear he left behind.

(https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5819879/bob-dylans-newport-stratocaster-sells-for-nearly-1-million)

*a Custom #Commissioned #Painting I painted a few years ago: ‘#Dylan #PopArt!’ 2006 acrylic and oil blend on canvas 18"x24" by @ArtistJamieRoxx #JamieRoxx (www.JamieRoxx.us) This Sold Painting is Not Available

[geofftarrant]

Karl Blosfeldt was a German photographer who was active in the early 20th century and was particularly noted for his macro photography of flowers. In 2019, his work was on display at Chateau Trevarez in central Brittany. Mounted on large boards with the stunning surroundings as a backdrop, it shows that a good eye for a picture is infinitely more important than the equipment that is used.

[rofawn]

#History #historymatters #historyofgreekphilosophoy #historyofmemes #historyofshoes #historyfollowtrain #historytutor #historythroughart #historyofvideogames #historyofscience #historyoftheday #historygeek #historyhappens #historydetective #historyofchina #historyofeurope #HistoryMaker #historyofsrilanka #historygirl #HistoryRepeats #historyofcomics #historyofanimation #historyproblems #historyofireland #historyandpics #historyofglass #HISTORYVEVORECORD #historyofphotography #historyofarts #historyofcoffee https://www.instagram.com/p/BrDX7-BnIEN/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=1uouzas6yi85b

[edwardprendick1896]

How many ghosts would not have known guns that fire multiple rounds in life?

sorry for the delay anon, been a busy day travelling.

i'm not a military historian so i'm afraid i can't help you much here. assuming you mean guns that can fire multiple rounds/shots before re-loading (rather than multiple rounds/shots at once), robin, mary and kitty would not have known about these. robin due to the time he was alive, and kitty and mary due to their social status. it's only a "probably not" for kitty and mary though.

an early, multi-shot, wheel lock pistol was made for Emperor Charles V (ca. 1540), so humphrey may have known about multi-shot firearms.

From 1750-1850 duelling pistols were coming into fashion, which matches up with thomas' death in 1824. multi-shot firearms were mass produced after thomas' death. they would of course be around when lady b was alive, but i doubt she was interested in firearms. The Captain, Pat and Julian would all be aware.

Here is a handy timeline i just found:

https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/gun-timeline/

thanks for the ask <3

[obtener2]

Monday, April 7, 1862, Washington, DC. President Lincoln signs treaty with Great Britain for suppression of African slave trade. [See June 10, 1862. Abraham Lincoln to the Senate and House of Representatives, 10 June 1862, CW, 5:265.]

A Family and Nation Under Fire

#iBooks https://goo.gl/SAVc8A

#nook https://goo.gl/DSQXGu

#Amazon: https://goo.gl/A3brGd

KSU http://goo.gl/Z3z4Xs

"Previous government attempts to negotiate an international solution to the slave trade had failed miserably. Within a year Lincoln opened negotiations with Great Britain and in 1862 a treaty was signed. The two nations agreed to work together to search merchant vessels, and prosecute suspected slave traders. Within a few years the slave trade diminished, and before the end of the Civil War it ceased." [Source: PBS, History Detectives https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/suppression-of-the-slave-trade/ ]

[gerimars]

"Colorado What?" Ghost sign spotted in Ft. Collins, Colorado, October 16, 2018. I can't make out all of this ghost sign. Can you? What does it say? #GhostSign #OldSign #AdvertisingSign #PaintedSign #OldPaint #Advertising #Antique #OldBuilding #BrickBuilding #BrickWall #Architecture #History #Travel #Adventure #FortCollins #OldTownSquare #ColoradoHistory #Colorado #WhatDoesItSay #HistoryDetective #Bygone #PuddlesPityParty #SmartphonePhotography #GalaxyPhoto #ByGeriMars (at CooperSmith's Pub & Brewing) https://www.instagram.com/p/BpLPkDEnvhG/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=1gc1eztbuk42g

[thevictorianinternet-blog]

The Victorian Internet and Today

As time evolves, so does technology. Throughout the book The Victorian Internet, written by Tom Standage, readers are able to see how our communication came to be what it is today because of the scientists who were so proactive in creating something long lasting and great. Since April of 1746, scientists have strived to prove that interactions between individuals could take place over great distances. During this time, this was first proven with a mile-long chain of monks who felt an electric shock from the wire they each held. In this moment, finding that electricity could be sent over wire successfully sparked the intrigue and drive for scientists to create something more, like the telegraph.

To begin, Claude Chappe was a scientist who most successfully performed the earliest version of the telegraph. With the help of his brother, he used his specialized “signaling system”. This system worked by clanging a casserole dish that corresponded to numbers on two clocks that only had the second hands. They were able to synchronize times that they then translated into letters, words, and phrases. Because this was auditory, they were limited by distance. However, knowing this, he was inspired to create a visual design. This was a five-foot tall, pivoting wood panel that was painted black on one side and white on the other. It worked by flipping the panel to correlate the correct numbers of their prior method. To extend distance more, they used telescopes at their various sites. On March 2nd, 1791, the brothers were able to successfully send messages from Brulon, France to Parce, France, approximately ten miles away. The entire experiment took about four minutes to transmit. A friend of Chappe’s, Melito, suggested name “telegraph” for the technology. Thus, the telegraph was born.

Wanting to push the limits of his technology further, Chappe designed a new model of the visual telegraph that consisted of two rotating arms on the ends of a longer rotating bar. These rotating bars created various angles that allowed for 92 different combinations for letters, numbers and syllables. A codebook with 92 pages was created and allowed for total of 8,464 total combinations by transmitting two separate codes. A pulley system was later integrated to make the telegraph bars easier to control. After seeing how successful the work was, the idea was brought to National Convention of France to test how far messages could be sent. The test took eleven minutes for the three towers to send a message, but was successful. Pleased by their work, France constructed the Paris-Lille Telegraph line, which consisted of fifteen telegraphs in a row between the two cities to translate messages for the French Republic. It was later extended to Dunkirk, and another telegraph line in eastern France was built a few years later. By the mid-1830s there were approximately 1,000 telegraphs in Europe.

On another side of the globe, Samuel Morse in America was also working on the electric telegraph. He created a method of communication by using short and long bursts of current, that would later develop into dots and dashes, that correlated to various numbers and letters in a codebook. After finding this successful, he then created a way for the dots and dashes to be recorded on paper and then translated by their receiver. The major problem he faced was that only short distances worked, so he reached out to a friend, William Fothergill Cooke, who knew Michael Faraday, for help. Faraday was well known and respected for his knowledge in electricity and electromagnetism. After getting his information and after many tests, Morse teamed up with Leonard Gale and they were able to successfully make Morse Code messages send through ten miles of wire, inspiring Morse to push the technology further. It also took away the use of a codebook as well. Cooke had gone on to partner with Charles Wheatstone and they successfully a created quick, five-pin needle telegraph of their own, but it only could perform 20 letters and had no codebook. As most modern historians report, Morse Code was on its way to becoming one of the most important technologies in history.

This week in tech. (2017, May 04). Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/significant-demonstration-morse-code/ 

Looking further, in 1837 Cooke and Wheatstone identified a niche market for their product; the London Birmingham Railway, the Great Western Railway, and the Blackwall Railway. Through the years 1838 to 1868, the telegraph would be monopolized by Western Union in the U.S. Per Du Boff, author of Business Demand and the Development of the Telegraph in the United States, “The industry began with a single monopoly patent, grew through a wild, disorganized adolescence, and matured into a national monopoly, Western Union” (Du Boff 448). This monopolization starts from Ezra Cornell who’s purchasing on patent rights for many Midwestern lines as Western Union comes into play (Du Boff 489). Which Western Union makes an agreement with Cornell in order to control these lines. In order to expand the networking of telegraph services. After patents were bought, Western Union goes through State regulations in order to build State-to-State lines.

With the patents bought out between companies, it was hard for competition to rise. Without competition, poor management was maintained throughout the lines. “Firms that provided low quality would lose their customers” (Du Boff 490). “However, without competition, no punishment was possible, and firms underprovided quality” (Du Boff 490). So, for the telegraph strive, competition is required for the device to grow. With competition, between other firms, higher quality telegraph could’ve been built in response.

In 1842, Morse went to Congress to get funding, and he received $30,000 towards building an experimental line between Baltimore & Ohio Railway Co. A couple years later in 1844, the Whig National Convention took place and Morse successfully was able to transmit the names of the nominees before they arrived. The line was between Washington and Baltimore, and although he was successful, the telegraph at this point was still viewed as a novelty, not as a way to communicate.

Finally, in 1852 there was a rapid growth seen in the usage of the telegraph. In 1861, the Transcontinental telegraph line was complete. With the increased use of the telegraph, communication between states in the United States became a regular occurrence. According to Tomas Nonnenmacher (1997) “the telegraph … operated between states, making it an important test case for state regulation of interstate commerce” (p. 489) Particularly, Nonnenmacher compares the way in which interstate telegraphy regulations were similar to the regulations put into place for canals and railroads across state lines. This led to the development of telecommunication, although it was of poor quality at the time. Unfortunately, it also made previous communication methods obsolete, such as the Pony Express.

Telegraphs soon became part of everyday life. But it was expensive, so one had to be richer than not to afford this method of communication.  In January of 1854 Cyrus W. Field, a self-made wealthy businessman of the paper trade, met with Frederic N. Gisborne. Gisborne was an English engineer focused on extending a telegraphy network to Newfoundland. Gisborne, at this meeting, convinced the scientifically ignorant Cyrus Field to inquire further and participate as the business-manager and backing agent for the project. Field wrote to Morse and to Matthew Fontaine Maury regarding the feasibility of the project and the best route for the wiring.

Two years later the New York - St. John’s line was completed. Field had, at this point, also established the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company. During a business venture in London, Field met John Brett who became involved with building a transatlantic telegraph. Morse was also in London at the time, and successfully demonstrated the ability to send long-distance signals across a circuit. This finding spurred Field and Brett to establish the Atlantic Telegraph Company. They persuaded the British and American governments to provide funding for a transatlantic telegraph given the government being later allowed free message carrying. Dr. Edward Orange Wildman Whitehouse was appointed the official electrician, although his knowledge of telegraphy was self-taught and he lacked experience and training. He was appointed by Field, however, for his trust in experimental results over theory. Ultimately, Whitehouse’s incompetence led to the first three attempts at laying the telegraph cables to failure in 1857. On the fourth attempt, the cable was successfully laid across the Atlantic ocean, however within one month the telegraph system ceased to function. The public outcry and William Thomson’s demonstration against Whitehouse’s system lead to Whitehouse being fired.

Investigations Transatlantic Cable. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/transatlantic-cable/

William Thomson later became the leading figure for submarine telegraphy. In 1864, six years after Whitehouse was fired, Thomson completed a working telegraph across the Persian Gulf. The Atlantic Telegraph company utilized Thomson’s advances in telegraphy to petition and again work toward creating a transatlantic telegraph network. In 1865 the world’s largest ship at the time, the Great Eastern, set sail laying cable for the Atlantic Telegraph Company’s second attempt at a transatlantic telegraph. The cable itself utilized William Thomson’s advice and findings from his success on the Persian Gulf. Unfortunately, after about ⅔ of the cable was laid it broke and there were no successful efforts to retrieve it from the ocean’s depths. Later that year the Great Easternset out on the second attempt to lay cable, which turned out to be successful. Hence, the first transatlantic telegraph system was established.

Investigations Transatlantic Cable. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/transatlantic-cable/ e

The transatlantic telegraph system created a couple problems. Particularly, due to increased demands of telegraphs, there became consistent back-ups. Eventually it came to the point that message-runners would travel the couple hundred feet between telegraph centers to distribute messages for re-transcription. This, however, instilled the idea that telegraphy was just an expensive postal service. To solve this problem, in 1853, Josiah Latimer Clark, an engineer of the Electric Telegraph Company, proposed a “steam-powered pneumatic tube system to carry telegraph forms the short distance from the Stock Exchange to the main telegraph office.” He tested this idea.  This idea was implemented underground between two telegraph stations, and was capable of carrying up to five messages simultaneously. It became clear, however, that only five messages at a time could still not keep up with the demand. Hence, in 1858, a second set of pneumatic tubes was introduced and a partial vacuum tube was tested, although led to an explosion and rejection of this item for carrying messages. In 1870, however, a breakthrough was made. The tube diameter was increased, allowing the ability to carry up to sixty messages simultaneously. The tube diameter increased to be able to carry up to sixty messages simultaneously, significantly impacting the public perception back toward the use of the telegraph.

Additionally,people were finding opportunities for fraud, theft, and deception in regards to the telegraph. It all started in the 1830’s when the Blanc brothers tried to bribe a telegraph worker into putting mistakes on messages so they could figure out if the stock market went up or down that day. After that incident, in the 1840’s, people continued to take advantage of the telegraph by placing bets on horse races when, they already knew the results. Many similar incidents happened because, people were able to break codes from the telegraph. This was illegal and, only governments and officials of the telegraph companies had access. There was a need for codes because, many people did not trust the telegraph. They never knew who would end up seeing their messages when they were being transmitted.

In 1864 the French government decided that they needed to do something about the codes. The major countries of Europe were invited to a conference in Paris to agree on a set of rules for international telegraphy. By 1865, The International Telegraph Union (ITU) was born. They decided that anyone could have access to the codes. In 1845 the U.S. had already adopted this concept. Francis O.J. Smith and Henry J. Rogers published a book and dictionary dedicated to the telegraph and codes. Codes were also much cheaper to send for people because, several words could be replaced.

In 1870 the demand for codes grew because of the submarine telegraphy. This allowed messages to be sent by distant lands. Companies also began to develop codes that were specific to them. In 1875, The International Telegraph Union tried to stop companies from bending the rules. They imposed a fifteen letter limit. This resulted in people following the rules but, coming up with obnoxious codes. In 1885, they tried to tighten the rules even more by imposing a ten letter limit. They also decided that, words had to be genuine.

In 1887, Franklin T. Primrose sued the ITU because, there was an error with him misplacing a latter which, changed the meaning of his whole message. He had an option of the message being verified and chose not to so, he lost. Because of this, in 1890, there were look up books provided to help with error correction. There was also a official vocabulary of all permitted words. If anyone used a permitted word, they would be charged. In 1894 the ITU came up with a 1st edition of a vocabulary book but, it got scrapped because common words were omitted. They began starting a new one but, in the end,  it was too much work. People ended up getting what they wanted, which was to send coded messages.

In 1872 The Western Union Telegraph Company in the U.S. implemented a way to transfer money using the telegraph. They started with $100 and by 1877, they were transferring $2.5 million dollars annually in over 38,000 transactions.

Before the invention of the telegraph news could only travel as fast as people could.  Newspapers would compete with one another to see who could get the news first. Once the telegraph became more widespread newspapers used it to get information from all around the world faster than they ever have before.  The Times had the market on newspapers up until the 1820’s when the Journal of Commerce and Courier and Enquirer became popular as well. In the 1830’s newspapers became a staple form of media for the public to read due to the cheap, mass produced publications.

Because of the new access the Times was able to publish reports from Cape Town and Rio in their January 9th, 1848 edition. It was not long after the newspapers started using the telegraph that the government used it as well. They used it to communicate with their troops overseas as well as to bring news from the front lines back to the people. In 1859 Reuter, a prominent man in the newspaper industry of the time, obtained a copy of a crucial speech from the French government concerning their relations with Austria and gave it to the Times within two hours. He also used the telegraph to report from all three camps of the French and Sardinian war.

The government grew weary of the reach that telegraphs have during times of war. With the transmissions being able to be sent almost anywhere it was easier for enemies to get ahold of critical information from the opposing army. Not only is that a possible complication caused by the telegraph; but access to one can give an army an advantage. That was proven during the Fashoda incident when British and French armies found themselves in a standoff in Sudan. Due to their access to a telegraph the British army was able to get correspondence back to Britain relaying untrue information about the state of the French troops which, once relayed to the French government, caused the French to be ordered to retreat. Despite all of the negative effects of the telegraph people still had the hope that the telegraph would bring the world together in peace.

After 1850, the telegraph caused a wave of accelerated information. Through the communication of telegraph people were able to communicate with each other in a matter of seconds. With that said, this also changed how business could operate. In the United States the telegraph was used mostly for businesses to communicate prices of products such as; cotton, metal, or other goods. A businessman, stationed in New York, could send a telegram asking for inventory in Chicago, and have their answer in minutes. Telegrams were sent and received between businesses, which created the network for businesses to prosper. Which also caused major telegraph companies to profit and expand. It was said that by the 1880s, Western Union and monopolized the telegraph business, controlling almost 80 percent of telegram traffic.

In some other countries, like Europe, the telegraph was used by the public. Europe had given control of the telegraph to the Post Office in 1869. Where the Post Office devised telegram addresses in order to direct messages. The Post Offices offered different services or rates to businesses in order to increase telegram usage. Which worked effectively well, as some businesses had direct lines installed within their organizations. In order to cut time of going to the Post Office to deliver messages.

The demand for telegraphs were endless. Businesses needed updates on information 24/7. In the world of stocks, the demand for price fluctuation was crucial. In the U.S. stock for gold was a hot item for brokers to know. The telegram could relay the prices, but the price for sending each message could potentially cause profit loss. So, the creation of “Gold Indicators” were created in order to inform brokers of gold stocks.

Dr. S. S. Law created the gold indicator, inspired from the telegraph, to create a more formal communication method within the Gold room. Law’s device consisted of two drums marked with figures. Connected through an electrical wire it could give a live feed of what gold prices were at any moment’s notice. These devices could be installed in offices for other brokers to have a direct feed. The device was later improved by E. A. Callahan in 1867, which was an immediate success as well. Callahan’s device made a ticking noise, which printed the prices on a piece of paper. This was quite a device to have for merchants and businessmen to have at their disposal. With the invention of new devices, the telegraph could soon have other competition to compete with. After the 1870s, the community that the telegraph had created would see a change in interaction.

Overall, the telegraph changed dramatically throughout the years. What was once seen as something unimportant and meaningless, suddenly became a necessity people could not live without. There have been advantages in communicating with loved ones and businesses, but also disadvantages having to deal with corruption and theft from people taking advantage of this new innovation. However, despite all of this, the telegraph became part of our society and led towards the ease and efficiency we are able to have today in communicating worldwide with one another. 

References:

Du Boff, R. B. (1980). Business demand and the development of the telegraph in the United States, 1844 - 1860. The Business History Review, 54(4), 459-479. doi:10.2307/3114215

Jepsen, T. (2018). “A new business in the world”: The telegraph, privacy, and the U.S. Constitution in the nineteenth century. Technology and Culture, 59(1), 95-125. Doi: 10.1353/tech.2018.0007

Nonnenmacher, T. (1997). Law, emerging technology, and market structure: The development of the telegraph industry, 1838-1868. The Journal of Economic History, 57(2), 488-490. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951052

Standage, T. (2007). The Victorian Internet. New York: Walker Publishing Company.

[fmpvaughanbrinkman]

The Golden Age of American Radio

In its heyday, radio was easily the most popular medium globally, more so than television was and ever will be. At the start of the 30′s, 12 million American households owned a radio, and by 1939 this total had exploded to more than 28 million. The Great Depression and the massive influx of unemployment left many people with little more to do than stay indoors and listen to radio. Many jumped onto the bandwagon right away and soon dozens of shows of all different calibers were on the air, from religious preaching to mystery detective hours, there was something for everyone. According to journalist Anne O’Hare McCormick, radio was the first “truly mass medium, linking great cities and remote hamlets in the same instantaneous event”. When WW2 started, the governments of the world began using the radio like never before, promoting the buying of war bonds or in the case of Hitler’s Germany, propaganda. Once the war ended however, radio soon declined in favour of newer visual media.

Information sourced from both��https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/radio-in-the-1930s/ and https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2014/11/10/radio-the-internet-of-the-1930s

[mongoose232323]

From Feb. 23, 2018

These NRA Cretins Are BatShit Crazy!!!

Just What In The Hell Did NRA Spokeswoman

Dana Loesch Mean When She Said “Fully-

Automatic Firearms” Existed During The Time

Of The Founding Fathers??

From A Weapons History Article...

Historical timeline of the development of modern

weapons starting at 1364 with the first recorded

use of a firearm and ending in 1892 with the

introduction of automatic handguns. Before the

matchlock, guns were fired by holding a burning

wick to a "touch hole" in the barrel igniting the

powder inside.

http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/gun-timeline/

Like Most Trump Supporters And NRA Crazies

Dana Loesch Is Committed To Lying...

https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_5a8e50f4e4b0617d4639e009/amp

[tundrakatiebean]

Here’s the actual source: http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/suffrage-pennant/

It’s in the examples under the main story of suffragette items.

Pro-tip it’s not a source if it doesn’t have a link or the information for someone to find it easily on their own

“Votes for Women” stockings, 1910. Source: PBS Facebook.

[jamieroxxartist]

Today in Pop Culture History: Dec 6, 2013 After its authenticity is verified on the PBS series #HistoryDetectives, the #FenderStratocaster that #BobDylan played in his historic performance at the #NewportFolkFestival1965 is purchased at a 2013 auction for an astounding $965,000. It had spent the previous 48 years with the family of Dylan’s personal pilot, who received no reply when he told Dylan to retrieve the gear he left behind.

(https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5819879/bob-dylans-newport-stratocaster-sells-for-nearly-1-million)

*a Custom #Commissioned #Painting I painted a few years ago: ‘#Dylan #PopArt!’ 2006 acrylic and oil blend on canvas 18"x24" by @ArtistJamieRoxx #JamieRoxx (www.JamieRoxx.us) This Sold Painting is Not Available

[geofftarrant]

Prelude

My name is Joseph Fourier but this is not my story.  I am a mathematician by calling and I have lived a long and prosperous life largely in the service of the Emperor Napoleon.  In order to understand more clearly what I am about to relate it is necessary to give you a little of my background.  I was born in Auxerre in 1768 to a poor family but became an orphan at the age of 9.  At the start of the Revolution some twenty years later I was active initially in my own district serving on the local Revolutionary Council.  I later moved to Paris but then during the Reign of Terror, I was  imprisoned when I argued against the new policy of mass arrests and executions.  It was really quite ironic.  The Council at the time was made up of two factions who were struggling with each other for control.  The leader of the controlling group was a man called Maximilien Robespierre and I managed to obtain an audience with him to argue my case.  Even if I say so myself, I argued passionately and eloquently for my life to be spared but to no avail. I was sent back to my cell to wait for the trek to the guillotine.  As things transpired it was only a matter of days later that control was wrested from the faction in charge and Robespierre himself was executed.  This however, is not his story either.  It is, in fact, the story of a man who was appointed by Robespierre to prosecute me.  His name is Antoine Lestrade.

[curiositydotcom]

Learn how calling loved ones builds stronger social connections than texting does, why the return of wolves improved life for every animal in Yellowstone, and how body snatchers of the 19th century contributed to modern medicine.

Call, Don't Text, for a Stronger Social Connection by Kelsey Donk

Kumar, A., & Epley, N. (2020). It’s surprisingly nice to hear you: Misunderstanding the impact of communication media can lead to suboptimal choices of how to connect with others. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000962 

Texas McCombs. (2020, September 10). When We Fear an Awkward Phone Call, We Often Turn to Text. Medium; Big Ideas. https://medium.com/texas-mccombs/when-we-fear-an-awkward-phone-call-we-often-turn-to-text-62ac6eec93e5 

Phone Calls Create Stronger Bonds Than Text-Based Communications. (2020, September 11). UT News. https://news.utexas.edu/2020/09/11/phone-calls-create-stronger-bonds-than-text-based-communications/ 

The Return of Wolves Improved Life for Every Animal in Yellowstone by Reuben Westmaas

Tobin, K. (2015, September 4). Did wolves help restore trees to Yellowstone? PBS NewsHour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/wolves-greenthumbs-yellowstone 

Peglar, T. (2020, June 30). 1995 Reintroduction of Wolves in Yellowstone. My Yellowstone Park. https://www.yellowstonepark.com/park/yellowstone-wolves-reintroduction 

Travsky, A. (2014, February 19). Wolves Bring Aspen Back. My Yellowstone Park. https://www.yellowstonepark.com/things-to-do/wolves-bring-yellowstone-back 

Farquhar, B. (2020, June 30). Wolf Reintroduction Changes Ecosystem. My Yellowstone Park. https://www.yellowstonepark.com/things-to-do/wolf-reintroduction-changes-ecosystem 

Why 19th-Century Body Snatchers Were an Essential Part of Medical Science by Steffie Drucker

Body Snatching Around The World | History Detectives | PBS. (2014). Pbs.Org. https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/body-snatching-around-the-world/

The Era of the Body Snatchers. (2014, October 16). Mentalfloss.Com. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/59550/era-body-snatchers

Body snatching | Britannica. (2020). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/body-snatching#ref1179705 

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‌Ghazanfar, H., Rashid, S., Hussain, A., Ghazanfar, M., Ghazanfar, A., & Javaid, A. (2018). Cadaveric Dissection a Thing of the Past? The Insight of Consultants, Fellows, and Residents. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2418 

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[jabrieamontague]

This was a great article and clip to watch to get a better understanding of comic books. This was not just something made up this was apart of our history. This was a part in time where we needed comfort and that comfort came from comic books.