#henri f. ellenberger

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What books do you recommend reading for college students?

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

The novel chronicles an era that Fitzgerald himself dubbed the "Jazz Age". Following the shock and chaos of World War I, American society enjoyed unprecedented levels of prosperity during the "roar...

Ulysses by James Joyce

Ulysses chronicles the passage of Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day, June 16, 1904. The title parallels and alludes to Odysseus (Latinised into Ulysses), the hero of Homer's Odyss...

Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes

Alonso Quixano, a retired country gentleman in his fifties, lives in an unnamed section of La Mancha with his niece and a housekeeper. He has become obsessed with books of chivalry, and believes th...

Moby Dick by Herman Melville

First published in 1851, Melville's masterpiece is, in Elizabeth Hardwick's words, "the greatest novel in American literature." The saga of Captain Ahab and his monomaniacal pursuit of the white wh...

One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez

One of the 20th century's enduring works, One Hundred Years of Solitude is a widely beloved and acclaimed novel known throughout the world, and the ultimate achievement in a Nobel Prize–winning car...

In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust

Swann's Way, the first part of A la recherche de temps perdu, Marcel Proust's seven-part cycle, was published in 1913. In it, Proust introduces the themes that run through the entire work. The narr...

The Discovery Of The Unconscious by Henri F. Ellenberger

This classic work is a monumental, integrated view of man's search for an understanding of the inner reaches of the mind. In an account that is both exhaustive and exciting, the distinguished psychiatrist and author demonstrates the long chain of development,through the exorcists, magnetists, and hypnotists,that led to the fruition of dynamic psychiatry in the psychological systems of Janet, Freud, Adler, and Jung.

Nineteen Eighty Four by George Orwell

The story follows the life of one seemingly insignificant man, Winston Smith, a civil servant assigned the task of perpetuating the regime's propaganda by falsifying records and political literatur...

The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck

Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers, the Joads, driven from their home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry. In a ...

The Odyssey by Homer

The Odyssey is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other work traditionally ascribed to Homer. The poem is fundamental to the m...

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is an analysis of the history of science. Its publication was a landmark event in the sociology of knowledge, and popularized the terms paradigm and paradigm...

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

The book is narrated in free indirect speech following the main character Elizabeth Bennet as she deals with matters of upbringing, marriage, moral rightness and education in her aristocratic socie...

War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy

Epic in scale, War and Peace delineates in graphic detail events leading up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of fi...

The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri

Belonging in the immortal company of the great works of literature, Dante Alighieri's poetic masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is a moving human drama, an unforgettable visionary journey through the ...

Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

Catch-22 is a satirical, historical novel by the American author Joseph Heller, first published in 1961. The novel, set during the later stages of World War II from 1943 onwards, is frequently cite...

The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner

The Sound and the Fury is set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County. The novel centers on the Compson family, former Southern aristocrats who are struggling to deal with the dissolution of their fa...

Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

It is a murder story, told from a murder;s point of view, that implicates even the most innocent reader in its enormities. It is a cat-and-mouse game between a tormented young killer and a cheerful...

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison

The novel addresses many of the social and intellectual issues facing African-Americans in the early twentieth century, including black nationalism, the relationship between black identity and Marx...

Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë

The narrative is non-linear, involving several flashbacks, and two primary narrators: Mr. Lockwood and Ellen "Nelly" Dean. The novel opens in 1801, with Mr. Lockwood arriving at Thrushcross Grange,...

The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Dostoevsky's last and greatest novel, The Karamazov Brothers, is both a brilliantly told crime story and a passionate philosophical debate. The dissolute landowner Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov is mur...

The Stranger by Albert Camus

Since it was first published in English, in 1946, Albert Camus's extraordinary first novel, The Stranger (L'Etranger), has had a profound impact on millions of American readers. Through this story ...

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses is...

To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf

A landmark novel of high modernism, the text, centering on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920, skillfully manipulates temporality and psycholog...

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens

Great Expectations is written in the genre of "bildungsroman" or the style of book that follows the story of a man or woman in their quest for maturity, usually starting from childhood and ending i...

The Trial by Franz Kafka

Written in 1914, The Trial is one of the most important novels of the twentieth century: the terrifying tale of Josef K., a respectable bank officer who is suddenly and inexplicably arrested and mu...

The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka

The Metamorphosis (German: Die Verwandlung) is a novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915. It is often cited as one of the seminal works of short fiction of the 20th century and is widely st...

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

Set in the London of AD 2540 (632 A.F. in the book), the novel anticipates developments in reproductive technology and sleep-learning that combine to change society. The future society is an embod...

Les Misérables by Victor Hugo

Les Misérables is a novel by French author Victor Hugo and is widely considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century. It follows the lives and interactions of several French characters ov...

The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas

Set against the tumultuous years of the post-Napoleonic era, The Count of Monet Cristo recounts the swashbuckling adventures of Edmond Dantes, a dashing young sailor falsely accused of treason. The...

The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli

Il Principe (The Prince) is a political treatise by the Florentine public servant and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli. Originally called De Principatibus (About Principalities), it was origi...

Animal Farm by George Orwell

Animal Farm is a dystopian novella by George Orwell. Published in England on 17 August 1945, the book reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era before World War II. Orwell, a democrat...

Paradise Lost by John Milton

Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton. It was originally published in 1667 in ten books. A second edition followed in 1674, redivided into twelve...

A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway

The novel is told through the point of view of Lieutenant Frederic Henry, an American serving as an ambulance driver in the Italian army during World War I.

All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren

All the King's Men portrays the dramatic political ascent and governorship of Willie Stark, a driven, cynical populist in the American South during the 1930s.

Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust is a tragic play, although more appropriately it should be defined a tragicomedy, despite the very title of the work. It was published in two parts: Faust. Der Tr...

Hamlet by William Shakespeare

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, or more simply Hamlet, is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601. The play, set in Denmark, recounts how Pri...

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare

This lyrical tragedy of two star-crossed lovers and their feuding families is one of the world's most famous love stories.

Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville

De la démocratie en Amérique (published in two volumes, the first in 1835 and the second in 1840) is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville on the United States in the 1830s and its strengt...

Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury

A totalitarian regime has ordered all books to be destroyed, but one of the book burners suddenly realizes their merit

Neuromancer by William Gibson

The novel tells the story of a washed-up computer hacker hired by a mysterious employer to work on the ultimate hack. Gibson explores artificial intelligence, virtual reality, genetic engineering, ...

Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand

Ayn Rand's epochal novel, first published in 1957, has been a bestseller for more than four decades as well as an intellectual landmark. It is the story of a man who said that he would stop the mot...

Homage to Catalonia by George Orwell

Homage to Catalonia is political journalist and novelist George Orwell's personal account of his experiences and observations in the Spanish Civil War, written in the first person.

The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

The Gulag Archipelago is a book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn based on the Soviet forced labor and concentration camp system. The three-volume book is a massive narrative relying on eyewitness testimon...

Ethics by Baruch de Spinoza

Philosophical Investigations by Ludwig Wittgenstein

Philosophical Investigations is, along with the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, one of the two most influential works by the 20th-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. In it, Wittgenstein discus...

The Essential Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson by Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of indivi...

On Liberty by John Stuart Mill

On Liberty is a philosophical work by 19th century English philosopher John Stuart Mill, first published in 1859. To the Victorian readers of the time it was a radical work, advocating moral and ec...

Beyond Good and Evil by Friedrich Nietzsche

Beyond Good and Evil (German: Jenseits von Gut und Böse), subtitled "Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future" (Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft), is a book by the German philosopher Friedrich N...

The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA by James D. Watson

The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA is an autobiographical account of the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA written by James D. Watson and pub...

The Possessed by Fyodor Dostoevsky

The Possessed is an 1872 novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Though titled The Possessed in the initial English translation, Dostoevsky scholars and later translations favour the titles The Devils or Demon...

The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov

The Master and Margarita (Russian: Ма́стер и Маргари́та) is a novel by Mikhail Bulgakov, woven around the premise of a visit by the Devil to the fervently atheistic Soviet Union. Many critics consi...

The Idiot by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

The Idiot is a novel written by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky and first published in 1868. It was first published serially in Russian in Russky Vestnik, St. Petersburg, 1868-1869. The Idiot...

Memories, Dreams, Reflections by Carl Jung

Memories, Dreams, Reflections (original German title Erinnerungen Träume Gedanken) is a partially autobiographical book by Swiss psychologist Carl Jung and associate Aniela Jaffé. The book details ...

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Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology

Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology

Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology Rollo May, Ernest Angel, Henri F. Ellenberger (Editors) Since its publication, Existence has been regarded as the most important, complete, and lucid account of the existentialist approach to psychology. From the works of the leading spokesmen of the existential analytic movement, the editors have selected classic case histories and other…

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Read PDF The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry EBOOK -- Henri F. Ellenberger

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PDF The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry PDF -- Henri F. Ellenberger

The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry - Henri F. Ellenberger

READ & DOWNLOAD Henri F. Ellenberger book The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry in PDF, EPub, Mobi, Kindle online. Free book, AudioBook, Reender Book The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry by Henri F. Ellenberger full book,full ebook full Download.

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DESCRIPTION BOOK : This classic work is a monumental, integrated view of man's search for an understanding of the inner reaches of the mind. In an account that is both exhaustive and exciting, the distinguished psychiatrist and author demonstrates the long chain of development?through the exorcists, magnetists, and hypnotists?that led to the fruition of dynamic psychiatry in the psychological systems of Janet, Freud, Adler, and Jung.

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Author : Henri F. Ellenberger

Pages : 976 pages

Publisher : Basic Books

Language : eng

ISBN-10 : 0465016731

ISBN-13 : 9780465016730

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Henri F. Ellenberger, Ethnopsychiatry, edited by Emmanuel Delille, translated by Jonathan Kaplansky, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2021

Henri F. Ellenberger, Ethnopsychiatry, edited by Emmanuel Delille, translated by Jonathan Kaplansky, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2021

Henri F. Ellenberger, Ethnopsychiatry, edited by Emmanuel Delille, translated by Jonathan Kaplansky, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2021 What is the relationship between culture and mental health? Is mental illness universal? Are symptoms of mental disorders different across social groups? In the late 1960s these questions gave rise to a groundbreaking series of articles written by the…

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Comentario en torno a “El estudio de caso psicológico y psicoanalítico (Siglo XIX- Inicios del Siglo XX)” de Jacqueline Carroy*

Elena Levy Yeyati

¿Es posible escribir una historia objetiva en y del psicoanálisis, desde fuera del mismo?

Introducción

Voy a indicar dos puntos que dan un contexto de lectura al trabajo de Carroy sobre el estudio de caso psicoanalítico en torno al cual hoy estamos hablando.

I- La perspectiva de la idea de construcción versus la del realismo dentro del marco de la filosofía de la ciencia.

Sintetizando algunas ideas de Miller expuestas en El Otro que no existe y sus comités de ética (2005) diré que esta tensión se da entre dos posiciones extremas: por un lado están quienes destacan el carácter de semblante del saber y de las prácticas sociales y que son considerados ficcionalistas; y, por el otro, quienes consideran que hay un real que no tiene un carácter relativo y que es más que una forma de hablar de él y que son considerados realistas en un sentido duro. Lacan, al afirmar que la verdad tiene estructura de ficción, introdujo respecto de Freud una visión ficcionalista que se opuso a su perspectiva cientificista. Por esta razón el lacanismo entra en USA como narratología. Pero el ficcionalismo contemporáneo lleva al irrealismo escéptico que equivale al relativismo norteamericano. Aquí es donde cobra sentido realizar una investigación acerca de lo que podría constituir una orientación de la clínica psicoanalítica hacia lo real. Esta investigación debería tomar en cuenta alguna teoría de la referencia que, por lo que se desprenderá de mi exposición, tiene que tener cierta relación con el paciente real pero que debería cuidar de no confundirse demasiado con la identidad civil de éste.

II- Las investigaciones historiográficas sobre psicoanálisis

Las investigaciones historiográficas sobre psicoanálisis, de las cuales forma parte el trabajo de Jacqueline Carroy, no son ajenas a lo que mencioné en el punto anterior.

Esto podremos verlo si contrastamos las ideas de la autora con algunos de los trabajos de historiografía de otros autores a los que ella misma nos remite. Si bien se basa en bibliografías comunes Carroy tomará distancia del movimiento de historiadores que pretende transformar la leyenda del psicoanálisis de dorada en negra. Sin embargo, a la hora de señalar una influencia pionera en su trabajo tanto Carroy, como los negros detractores del psicoanálisis, coinciden en una: la publicación de El descubrimiento del inconciente de Henri Ellenberger en 1960.

Resumiendo, hay distintos planos concernidos por el tema del estudio de caso psicoanalítico:

1-la transmisión de un caso ¿contiene algo real o es pura narratología?

2-los enunciados del psicoanálisis ¿qué clase de verificación pueden tener?

3-ya que la verosimilitud de Freud y la historia de sus cuestionamientos son inseparables de una lectura política y transferencial ¿es posible escribir una historia realista-objetiva en y del psicoanálisis desde fuera del psicoanálisis mismo?

El realismo del caso psicológico

Dice Carroy: “Desde hace algunos años, muchos trabajos se han propuesto hacer una historia de los saberes “psi” focalizando la atención en los casos, particularmente, estudiando el rol de los pacientes en la elaboración de esos saberes, así como las relaciones que se han podido anudar entre los “psi” y sus sujetos... Existe un requisito realista en todo caso psicológico, es decir, éste no podría inventarse... Eso da lugar, según el término consagrado y utilizado en el s XIX, a una “observación”, o aun a veces, a una “auto observación”. De allí surge el interés tanto por la representatividad de los sujetos llamados “típicos” (de un carácter, de tipos de síntomas, de una enfermedad, etc.) como por la identidad (civil) de estos mismos sujetos. “Los problemas de la representatividad y de la identidad del sujeto se revelaron como cruciales tanto para los psicólogos como para los historiadores del saber “psi”, dice la autora. Basándose en las tesis de Ellenberger, Carroy subraya la importancia que los sujetos inspiradores tuvieron en la historia de la llamada “psiquiatría dinámica”.

Henri Ellenberger fue un psiquiatra e historiador suizo (1905- 1993) comprometido con el Daseinanalyse. Los textos de H. Ellenberger que Carroy toma como referencia principal son el artículo “Psychiatry and its Unknown History” (1961) y el libro El descubrimiento del inconciente. Historia y evolución de la psiquiatría dinámica (1960).

Para darles una idea más amplia de lo que puede significar el realismo del caso en el horizonte de los trabajos a los que me refiero voy a hacer una breve puntuación sobre el primer artículo.

En “Psychiatry and its Unknown History” (1961) Ellenberger dice que hay dos modos típicos entre los que se distribuyen los grandes descubrimientos en psiquiatría y que no pertenecen al campo de la investigación científica:

1-un psiquiatra profundamente afectado de síntomas neuróticos se sobrepone a ellos ganando un insight de importancia para la psiquiatría.

2-un psiquiatra hace de uno de sus pacientes -por lo general una mujer histérica- objeto especial de investigación psicológica. El psiquiatra desarrolla con el paciente una relación larga, compleja y ambigua con resultados fructíferos para la psiquiatría.

Ejemplos del primer tipo son Robert Burton autor de Anatomía de la melancolía en el s XVII; Morel que en el s XIX propone el delirio emotivo (fobia) describiéndose a sí mismo; Freud de quien acababa de publicarse su correspondencia con Fliess y la biografía hecha por Jones. En todos los casos el método consistía en exhaustivas auto observaciones.

Dentro del segundo tipo de descubrimientos juega un papel importante el carácter “mitopoiético” del inconsciente constantemente ocupado creando historias y mitos y que en la histeria se expresa a través del lenguaje de los órganos (aunque también opera en los sueños, los ensueños y las actuaciones: sonambulismo, posesiones, fugas, hipnosis). Ellenberger sostiene que es la histeria la que con sus misterios y engaños seduce a los investigadores quienes, a su vez, ejercen influencia personal en la cura de sus pacientes, lo que plantea la pregunta acerca de la naturaleza de esta relación. La relación es equívoca, ambigua y el terapeuta se deja conducir por los desvíos mitopoiéticos del inconciente de su paciente, así como por sus propias expectativas. Una vez reconocida la equivocación (es palabra del autor) los resultados se traducen en una ganancia para ambos, ya que, con algunas excepciones, Ellenberger comenta que una vez liberadas de su histeria de juventud, estas mujeres revelaron tener aptitudes nada comunes, transformándose en personalidades sobresalientes que merecieron reconocimiento y respeto. Por su lado, el clínico como resultado de ese encuentro atravesaba una transformación en el desarrollo de sus ideas, o al menos influenciaba a otros a través del relato de su experiencia, como puede verse en la influencia que tuvo el caso Anna O. para Freud a través de Breuer.

Para Ellenberger la ligazón entre la histérica y su médico es lo que marca la trayectoria de la “psiquiatría dinámica” que va desde Franz Anton Mesmer (1734- 1815), fundador de la doctrina del magnetismo animal, hasta Freud y Jung, pasando por Charcot y Janet.

Ellenberger señala que hay una relación de exclusión entre el positivismo en medicina y las tendencias que revalorizan la relación de la histérica con el médico. O sea que para Ellenberger la visión realista (no es un término de él) del caso convive con una apreciación romántica del psicoanalista, hipnotizado, él mismo, por un solo caso.

Por mi parte, yo no comparto la idea de Ellenberger sino la de Germán García cuando escribe, respecto de la supuesta continuidad de Mesmer a Freud que “entre un inconsciente y otro está la hiancia que separa al psicoanálisis del más puro misticismo”.

El caso en cuestión, la verosimilitud de Freud, las sospechas de Ellenberger

Ellenberger inspiró trabajos desmistificadores del psicoanálisis como el de F. Sulloway en 1979 (Freud Biologist of mind) o el de Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen en 1995 (Souvenirs d’Anna O.), quienes en 2005 reeditaron sus ideas en un “libro negro”. Ellos, como aquél, se propusieron liberar a la historia del psicoanálisis, de sus mitos y leyendas. Ellenberger decía que ese era el modo de poder reconocer objetivamente su invención. Los otros sólo se proponían destruirlo.

Todo empezó con la revelación de la identidad civil de Anna O, es decir Berta Pappenheim. En el apartado “La obra de Freud. La teoría de las neurosis”, del cap. VII de El descubrimiento del inconsciente Ellenberger dice: “Freud vio el punto de partida del psicoanálisis en la experiencia de Breuer con Anna O. Hasta la fecha, el relato más elemental sobre el psicoanálisis comienza con la historia de aquella joven cuyos numerosos síntomas histéricos desaparecieron uno tras otro, según Breuer conseguía hacer que ella los evocara en las circunstancias específicas que habían conducido a su aparición… El velo de la leyenda que rodea esta historia sólo ha sido parcialmente descorrido por la investigación objetiva”.

Jones acababa de publicar la biografía de Freud (1953) revelando el nombre real de la paciente. A partir de allí Ellenberger investiga la historia de esta mujer: sus orígenes, su educación, sus obras y, fundamentalmente, los documentos que daban cuenta del tratamiento que realizó con Breuer entre 1880 y 1882. “Existe una gran distancia entre las descripciones de la filántropo judía y asistente social Berta Pappenheim, y las de la paciente histérica de Breuer, Anna O. Si Jones no hubiera revelado la identidad de las dos figuras, es seguro que nadie la hubiera descubierto. En cuanto a la historia de Anna O, existen dos versiones, una dada por Breuer en 1895 y la otra por Jones en 1953”. Es Jones el que pone en circulación que la finalización del tratamiento de Breuer no coincidía con la curación sino con una interrupción brusca, luego de la manifestación de síntomas de un embarazo histérico: Breuer se escapa, se va de luna de miel con su mujer, la embaraza a ella, Anna O fue internada, etc. Para Jones la paciente había engañado al psicoterapeuta y el supuesto prototipo de la cura catártica no era una cura en absoluto. Comparando la versión de Breuer con la de Jones respecto de Anna O, Ellenberger observa en la de Jones una serie de inexactitudes- funcionales a una intención mistificadora del hombre Freud y su descubrimiento-, basadas en rumores y sin aplicar la regla del historiador “compruébalo todo”. Para rehabilitar a Breuer, contra el desprestigio al que lo condena Jones, Ellenberger interpreta el caso de Anna O en continuidad con un tipo de casos que se daban con frecuencia en la década de 1820 pero que eran muy raros en 1880: a los viejos magnetizadores Anna O. no les hubiera parecido tan extraordinaria como le pareció a Breuer. Era uno de esos casos en los que la paciente dictaba al médico las pautas terapéuticas que tenían que utilizar, profetizaba el curso de la enfermedad y anunciaba la fecha de su terminación. “Claro está que en 1880, cuando el uso autoritario de la hipnosis había suplantado a la antigua terapia del regateo, una historia como la de Anna O ya no era fácil de comprender”, aclara el autor.

Pienso que estas observaciones se pueden utilizar para cuestionar su propia perspectiva continuista: cuando el Otro al que el síntoma se dirige ya no es el mismo, tampoco lo es su sentido.

Así, en el capítulo que estoy reseñando, Ellenberger concluye que una de las grandes dificultades para evaluar el grado y la naturaleza de la influencia del psicoanálisis se deriva del hecho de que “desde el comienzo, el psicoanálisis creciera en una atmósfera de leyenda, con lo que no será posible realizar una valoración objetiva sin separar antes los hechos verdaderamente históricos de los legendarios”. Luego de lo cual Ellenberger hace una interpretación “Una ojeada rápida a la leyenda freudiana revela dos características principales. La primera es el tema del héroe solitario que lucha contra una horda de enemigos, sufriendo ‘los golpes y picotazos de la violenta fortuna’ pero triunfando al final. Con ello se exagera considerablemente la amplitud del antisemitismo, de la hostilidad del mundo docente y de los supuestos prejuicios victorianos. La segunda característica de la leyenda freudiana es el olvido del contexto científico y cultural en que se desarrolló el psicoanálisis; de aquí la afirmación de la absoluta originalidad de sus conclusiones, honrándose al héroe con los descubrimientos de sus predecesores, colaboradores, discípulos, rivales y contemporáneos”. Descartada la leyenda, podemos ver los hechos bajo una luz distinta. Freud se nos presenta como un profesor de la Europa central de su tiempo. Al poner el descubrimiento freudiano en una continuidad histórica con los magnetizadores e hipnotizadores Ellenberger termina por considerar que la innovación de Freud no consistió en la introducción de nociones como “resistencia”, “transferencia” e “inconsciente”, sino en analizarlas como una herramienta básica del tratamiento. La originalidad freudiana consiste en la creación del método psicoanalítico, más que en los conceptos.

Podemos oponer la posición continuista del psiquiatra suizo- que le permite decir que la psiquiatría dinámica va del magnetismo animal al psicoanálisis- a lo que plantea Germán García (2005) en “Fluctúa pero no se hunde” donde señala que el inconciente de Freud debe separarse sin atenuantes de cualquier versión anterior. “Sería difícil hacer del inconciente romántico (a la Mesmer) un antecedente del que descubre el psicoanálisis” dice García.

La visión idealista de Ellenberger sobre la conformación de una historia del psicoanálisis y su transmisión tal vez radique en el hecho de que el autor no parece gustar de la distinción entre verdad material e histórica. Cuando propongo esta distinción pienso en la rectificación que Freud dirige a su propio enfoque su “Autobiografía”. Para ello cito nuevamente el texto de García ““En El Porvenir de una ilusión formulé un juicio fundamentalmente negativo sobre la religión; más tarde hallé la fórmula que le hacía mejor justicia: su poder descansa, sí, en su contenido de verdad, pero esa verdad no es material, sino histórica.” A la racionalidad de la verdad material (referencial) -continúa García- se la matiza con la verdad histórica convertida en realidad psíquica por las fantasías del deseo.”

H. Ellenberger hace pensar que en su esfuerzo monumental por realizar una historia objetiva y realista del psicoanálisis, liberándolo de sus mitos y leyenda, pone en peligro fundamentos que forman parte de la disciplina misma.

Bibliografía

Carroy, J. “L’étude du cas psychologique et psychoanalytique (s XIX- XX)” En Penser par cas. París. Ed. de l’EHESS (2005)

Ellenberger, H. El descubrimiento del inconciente. Historia y evolución de la psiquiatría dinámica. Ed. Gredos. Madrid (1960)

Ellenberger, H. “Psychiatry and its Unknown History” en Beyond the Unconscious. Essays of Henri Ellenberger. M.Micale, ed.Princeton University Press (1961)

García, G. El psicoanálisis y los debates culturales. Ejemplos argentinos Ed. Paidós (2005)

Miller, J.A. El Otro que no existe y sus comités de ética. Seminario en colaboración con E. Laurent Paidós (2005)

  _____________________________________

* Exposición realizada el 28 de marzo de 2006 en el Centro Descartes en la actividad de Lecturas Críticas: El estudio de caso (S XIX / XX) en torno a un trabajo de Jacqueline Carroy.

[keywords-r-us-blog]

Reference List

Anushka Gupta, Saatchiart online, The Five Senses, https://www.saatchiart.com/anushkasureka

Bargh J.A.. Social psychology and the unconscious: The automaticity of higher mental processes, Philadelphia: Psychology Press, 2006

Barker, C 2007, Issues of subjectivity and identity, in Cultural studies: theory and practice, 3rd edn, Sage Publications, London

Blake E. Ashforth and Fred Mael, Social Identity Theory and the Organization, Academy of Management, 1989

Fiorazo on May 18, 2015 in David Fioranzo Blog, Entertainment, Miley Cyrus May Not Care but We Should, http://davidfiorazo.com/2015/05/miley-cyrus-may-not-care-but-we-should/

Disney Movies Anywhere, Colours of the Wind,https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4IEmIzWf_X4lEPtGm7kgzQ

Dr Ben G. Yacobi, The Limits of Philosophy, Published: Philosophy Now, 2012, https://philosophynow.org/issues/92/The_Limits_of_Authenticity

Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, Farlex 2012, http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/

Heather Anonymous, Blog, What does creative identity mean to you? Published: 4 JUNE 2015, https://nearlythere.com/about/

Henri F. Ellenberger, F Ellenberger, The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry, Published: Basic Books, 2008

Howes, D 2005, Skinscapes: embodiment, culture, and environment, in C Classen (ed.), The book of touch, Berg, New York

IMDb online, http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000030/

Jane Alexander blog entry, ‘Art therapy-painting the unconscious mind’, Published on May 18, 2015 by Daily Mail, https://brutallyfrank.wordpress.com/2015/05/18/art-therapy-painting-the-unconscious-mind/

Jason Castro, Where Does Identity Come From? Published: May 28, 2013 by Scientific American, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/where-does-identity-come-from/

John A. Bargh, Ezequiel Morsella, The Unconscious Mind, Published: SAGE journals, January 1, 2008

Judy Berman, 10 Famous Artworks Inspired by Other Famous Artworks, | June 13, 2012, http://flavorwire.com/293497/10-famous-artworks-inspired-by-other-famous-artworks

Katcher, A. and Beck, A,  Health and caring for living things, Anthrozoos , 1, 175–183, 1987

Kate O’Sullivan, My creative Identity entry, June 2nd 2015- A Playful Day blog, http://www.aplayfulday.com/blog/

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McLeod, S. A. (2015). Unconscious Mind. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/unconscious-mind.html

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[narrativestrategieslucysummers]

Research BA2a: Lecture 3 - Post 6: The Discovery of the unconscious

In the 19th Century (when Jekyll and Hyde was written), the idea of the unconscious mind was just emerging - partially through research into hypnosis. Theories were still being uncovered and little was known about it. The idea of a hidden self, who could possibly act without your knowledge was a very alarming thought for readers in the 19th century. Although Jekyll and Hyde was clearly fictional, it played on real concerns of it’s era. This is what made it so much more haunting. 

This is a really interesting concept and something interesting that could be played with in narrative. Especially since it was a real worry of the time. There could be also something quite romanticised about the whole idea of a hidden self that you have no control of, so works really well for fictional purposes.

For further information/reference on this I could look into The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry Henri F. Ellenberger (1970) - http://www.mhweb.org/mpc_course/ellenberger.pdf

“This classic work is a monumental, integrated view of man’s search for an understanding of the inner reaches of the mind. In an account that is both exhaustive and exciting, the distinguished psychiatrist and author demonstrates the long chain of development—through the exorcists, magnetists, and hypnotists—that led to the fruition of dynamic psychiatry in the psychological systems of Janet, Freud, Adler, and Jung.’

[allbestnet]

Guest Book Recommendations From The Tim Ferriss Podcast

Robert Cialdini : Influence

Denis Johnson : Jesus' Son: Stories

Khaled Hosseini : The Kite Runner; A Thousand Splendid Suns

Nassim Nicholas Taleb : Antifragile; The Black Swan; Fooled by Randomness

John Medina : Brain Rules

Malcolm Gladwell : Outliers

Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner : Freakonomics

Andrew S. Grove : High Output Management; Only the Paranoid Survive

Peter Thiel with Blake Masters : Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future

Neal Gabler : Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination

David Michaelis : Schulz and Peanuts: A Biography

Randall E. Stross : The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World

Steve Martin : Born Standing Up: A Comic's Life

Ben Horowitz : The Hard Thing About Hard Things

Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson : Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions and Hurtful Acts

Richard P. Feynman : Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!

Dan Harris : 10% Happier: How I Tamed the Voice in My Head, Reduced Stress Without Losing My Edge, and Found Self-Help That Actually Works - A True Story

William J. Bennett : The Book of Virtues

Jon Huntsman : Winners Never Cheat

Marty Gallagher : COAN: The Man, The Myth, The Method: The Life, Times & Training of the Greatest Powerlifter of All-Time

H. Jackson Brown Jr. : Life's Little Instruction Book

Frederick Exley : A Fan's Notes

Elle Luna : The Crossroads of Should and Must

William C. Dement : The Promise of Sleep

Mark Z. Danielewski : House of Leaves

Oliver Sacks : Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain

Sam Harris : Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion

Daniel J. Levitin : This Is Your Brain on Music

Milan Kundera : The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Paulo Coelho : The Alchemist

William Deresiewicz : Excellent Sheep

Ayn Rand : Atlas Shrugged

Ayn Rand : The Fountainhead

Joseph Campbell : The Power of Myth; The Hero with a Thousand Faces

Friedrich Nietzsche : The Genealogy of Morals

Josh Waitzkin : The Art of Learning

Tim Ferriss : The 4-Hour Body; The 4-Hour Workweek

Ben Goldacre : Bad Science, Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients

Thomas Ricks : Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2003 to 2005

Lawrence Wright : The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11; Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief

Plato : Symposium

Eiji Yoshikawa and Charles Terry : Musashi: An Epic Novel of the Samurai Era

Carol K. Anthony : A Guide to the I Ching

Jon Krakauer : Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town

William J. Mann : How to Be a Movie Star

Gary Shteyngart : Super Sad True Love Story

Alice Miller : The Drama of the Gifted Child

Robert W. Firestone : The Fantasy Bond

Jean Liedloff : The Continuum Concept

Tony Robbins : Personal Power

Travis Christofferson : Tripping Over the Truth

Francis Collins : The Language of God

C.S. Lewis : The Screwtape Letters

Thomas Seyfried : Cancer as a Metabolic Disease: On the Origin, Management, and Prevention of Cancer

Ellen Davis, MS and Keith Runyan, MD : Ketogenic Diabetes Diet: Type 2 Diabetes

Ellen Davis, MS : Fight Cancer with a Ketogenic Diet

Milan Kundera : The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Michel de Montaigne : The Complete Essays

Marcel Proust : In Search of Lost Time

Elbert Hubbard : A Message to Garcia

Ayn Rand : Atlas Shrugged

James Clavell : Sho_gun

Kenneth H. Blanchard : The One Minute Manager

John McPhee); for kids: The Empty Pot (Demi : For adults: Levels of the Game

Jon L. Dunn and Jonathan Alderfer : National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America

Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin : Pihkal: A Chemical Love Story; Tihkal: The Continuation

Christopher Vogler and Michele Montez : The Writer's Journey

Charles Grodin : It Would Be So Nice If You Weren't Here

Tim Ferriss : The 4-Hour Body

J.R.R. Tolkien : The Hobbit

Anthony Bourdain : Kitchen Confidential

James Allen : Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America

Gabriel Garci_a Ma_rquez : One Hundred Years of Solitude

Ta-Nehisi Coates : Between the World and Me

James C. Humes : Speak Like Churchill, Stand Like Lincoln: 21 Powerful Secrets of History's Greatest Speakers

Harry Crews : A Feast of Snakes; Car

Steve Krug : Don't Make Me Think

Douglas W. Hubbard : How to Measure Anything: Finding the Value of Intangibles in Business

Jordan Ellenberg : How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking

Roger Fisher and William Ury : Getting to Yes

Isaac Asimov : Foundation

Peter F. Hamilton : The Reality Dysfunction (The Night's Dawn Trilogy)

Galen Rowell : Mountain Light

Timothy D. Wilson : Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious

Leon A. Harris : Merchant Princes: An Intimate History of Jewish Families Who Built Great Department Stores

John le Carre : Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy; Little Drummer's Girl; The Russia House; The Spy Who Came in from the Cold

Michael Lewis : The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine

Atul Gawande : The Checklist Manifesto

Lee Child : all of Lee Child's books

Various : The Bible

Christopher McDougall : Natural Born Heroes

J.R.R. Tolkien : Lord of the Rings

Laurence Gonzales : Deep Survival

Richard Bach and Russell Munson : Jonathan Livingston Seagull

Frank Herbert : Dune

Fred Kofman : Conscious Business: How to Build Value Through Values

Yuval Noah Harari : Sapiens

Marcus Aurelius : Meditations

Steven Pressfield : The War of Art

Budd Schulberg : What Makes Sammy Run?

Ron Chernow : Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.

Sarah Bakewell : How to Live: Or a Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer

Rich Cohen : The Fish that Ate the Whale: The Life and Times of America's Banana King; Tough Jews

Matthew Josephson : Edison: A Biography

Brooks Simpson : Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity

Ray Bradbury : Fahrenheit 451

Peter Matthiessen : At Play in the Fields of the Lord

Yuval Noah Harari : Sapiens

Robert Cialdini : Influence

Ted Koppel : Lights Out: A Cyberattack, A Nation Unprepared, Surviving the Aftermath

Budd Schulberg : What Makes Sammy Run?

Julia Cameron : The Artist's Way Morning Pages Journal

Steven Pressfield : The War of Art

Anton Myrer : Once an Eagle

David Brooks : The Road to Character

Mark Rothko : Any picture book of

Paul Arden : It's Not How Good You Are, It's How Good You Want to Be

John Keegan : The Second World War

Malcolm X and Alex Haley : The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Kahlil Gibran : The Prophet

Lao Tzu : Tao Te Ching

Antoine de Saint-Exupe_ry : Wind, Sand and Stars

Stephen Batchelor : Buddhism Without Beliefs

James Clavell : Sho_gun

Jonathan Spence : The Search for Modern China; The Death of Woman Wang

essay by Tennessee Williams : ÒThe Catastrophe of SuccessÓ

Nassim Nicholas Taleb : The Black Swan

Jessica Livingston : Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days

David Kushner : Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture

Dani Shapiro : Still Writing

Seneca : On the Shortness of Life

Plato : The Republic

Oliver Sacks : On the Move: A Life

Henry David Thoreau : The Journal of

Margaret Mead and James Baldwin : A Rap on Race

Simone Weil : On Science, Necessity and the Love of God: Essays

Daniel Gilbert : Stumbling on Happiness

Edward Abbey : Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness

Robin Wall Kimmerer : Gathering Moss

Dodie Smith : I Capture the Castle

Ayn Rand : Atlas Shrugged

Paulo Coelho : The Alchemist

Ernest Hemingway : The Complete Short Stories

James Allen : As a Man Thinketh

Viktor E. Frankl : Man's Search for Meaning

William Strauss : The Fourth Turning; Generations

Nicole Daedone : Slow Sex

Carol Dweck : Mindset

Simon Sinek : Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action

Thich Nhat Hanh : The Miracle of Mindfulness: An Introduction to the Practice of Meditation

James Surowiecki : The Wisdom of Crowds

Lao Tzu, translation by Stephen Mitchell : Tao Te Ching

Jon Kabat-Zinn : Wherever You Go, There You Are

Boris Johnson : The Churchill Factor: How One Man Made History

Milton Friedman : Free to Choose

Kevin Starr : California

Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson : Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion

Elliot Aronson : The Social Animal

Jay Abraham : Getting Everything You Can Out of All You've Got

Brian Wansink : Mindless Eating

Robert Collier : The Robert Collier Letter Book

Keith Ferrazzi : Never Eat Alone, Expanded and Updated: And Other Secrets to Success, One Relationship at a Time

Mark H. McCormack : What They Don't Teach You at Harvard Business School

Lee Iacocca : Iacocca: An Autobiography

Atul Gawande : The Checklist Manifesto

Erik Davis : TechGnosis: Myth, Magic, and Mysticism in the Age of Information

Steven Kotler : The Rise of Superman: Decoding the Science of Ultimate Human Performance

Tim Ferriss : The 4-Hour Workweek

Kazuo Uyeda : Cocktail Techniques

Ryan Holiday : The Obstacle Is the Way

Robert Heinlein : the works of Robert Heinlein

Walpola Rahula : What the Buddha Taught

Bhikkhu Bodhi : In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon

Rene Girard : Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World

Peter Thiel : Zero to One

Ben Horowitz : The Hard Thing About Hard Things

Jack Kerouac : On the Road; The Dharma Bums

Lao Tzu : Tao Te Ching

Robert Pirsig : Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance

Gregory David Roberts : Shantaram

Ernest Hemingway : For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea; The Green Hills of Africa

Larry W. Phillips : Ernest Hemingway on Writing

Carol Dweck : Mindset

B. Alan Wallace and Brian Hodel : Dreaming Yourself Awake: Lucid Dreaming and Tibetan Dream Yoga for Insight and Transformation

Alice Miller : The Drama of the Gifted Child

Sebastian Junger : Tribe: On Homecoming and Belonging

Angela Duckworth : Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

Anders Ericsson and Robert Pool : Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise

Colonel David H. Hackworth : About Face: The Odyssey of an American Warrior

Cormac McCarthy : Blood Meridian: Or the Evening Redness in the West