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comparatist · 4 years ago

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Here's my updated and edited version of Kalpana Chawla's article!

Kalpana Chawla: The First Indian In Space

It’s almost 14 years since Kalpana Chawla left us, but her memory still resides in the heartbeats of millions of Indians. Her sudden demise was a matter of shock for the whole nation as they were waiting with bated breath for the landing of ‘The Colombia' but their wait turn into a moment of horror when the spaceship met with a terrible accident on the re-entry into the earth killing 6 crew members and Chawla in 2003.

• Childhood: Kalpana was born in Karnal, Haryana in the family of Sanjyoti Chawla and Banarasi Lal Chawla on 17th March 1961. She was the youngest child of her family and was affectionately called Montu. Her family were refugees of the partition, therefore faced tough times while trying to bring stability in the financial area, often opting for various fields of business, even sale of clothes. At last they tried their hand in the tyre manufacturing which turned out to be successful.

Kalpana did her primary education from the Tagore Bal Niketan in Karnal at a time when girls were found more in kitchens than in classrooms. In those times girls made up nearly 10% of the class strength. Her regular attendance and penchant for sketching aeroplanes during art classes from an early age, didn’t get unnoticed by her teachers.

Long before she actually dreamt of navigating the sky, her fascination lay in the vastness of the sky and marvellousness of the stars, she used to gaze at, while lying all down on a cot in the courtyard on summer nights. In an interview with India Today, she said, “The sense of awe for the heavens started here.” When her father noticed her love for flying, he took her to a local flying club, where she got to taste her dream for the first time and that fuelled the passion all the way more.

• Early Education And Obstacles: She completed her bachelors in Aerospace Engineering from Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh. She had decided of pursuing engineering when she was only 10 years old. When her father got to know about this, he advised her to think about taking up a field which is more ‘feminine' like teaching or medicine to which her response was, “This is what I really want to do.” When she got admitted in the college her teachers too discouraged her from taking the field which was still considered as one of the many domains reserved for the men and got answered by the same set of words. Attending the college in Chandigarh meant moving out of home, another milestone in the era of the normalisation of women ‘settling down' without receiving proper education.

• Shifting To The US: Since she saw no further hope for the Masters in Aerospace Engineering in India, in 1982 she flew to USA to continue education from the University of Texas, Arlington and received her Doctorate Degree from the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1988. Her love was primarily for aeroplanes and chasing horizons through the air, goals always been to work on designing and building high-tech planes. Wanting to become an astronaut was a dream that developed much later.

• Joining NASA: After the completion of her Doctorate course, Kalpana got a job at NASA’s Ames Research Centre, California(ARC). ARC focused on astrobiology, supercomputing, roboting lunar explorations etc. all of which help in NASA’s space missions. Her specific area of research was computational fluid dynamics(CFD) where her job was to devise methods to accurately predict the pattern of air flow around an aircraft. In 1990 she was naturalised as an US citizen. The Challenger Disaster in 1986, where the space shuttle broke apart within 73 seconds after its launch killing all its crews couldn’t discourage Kalpana from applying in NASA space programme. In 1994, she got the opportunity to be a part of their upcoming 16-day microgravity mission. The STS-87 mission abroad the space shuttle Columbia began on November 19th, 1997 with a 6 member crew.

Her duty there consisted of operating a robotic arm to deploy the Spartan satellite used to study the sun in collaborator collaboration with SOHO(Solar and Heliospheric Observatory), a NASA/European spacecraft. Apart from being the mission specialist, she was also responsible for heading several microgravity experiments while on board the spacecraft. The STS-87 orbited the earth 252 times covering 6.5 million miles in 376 hours and 34 minutes.

She talked about the amazing experience she had in this piece upon her return, “When you look at the stars on the galaxy, you feel that you are not just from a particular piece of land, but from the solar system.”

• Columbia Disaster: Her second mission to space as a mission specialist on STS-107 Columbia was on January 16th 2003. The 7 member crew managed to conduct 80 microgravity research experiments on their 16-hour mission clocking in 24 hours a day by working in shifts. When the mission ended, the space shuttle preceded to return back home to Kennedy Space Centre, Florida. During the launch, a piece of shield that protects the spacecraft from heating up on the re-entry came off the wing of the shuttle. On 1st February 2003 on its way back, the heat generated when passing through the earth’s atmosphere destabilised the shuttle and caused it to break up into many pieces. All crew members were instantly killed. With the two missions Kalpana had travelled a total of 30 days, 14 hours and 54 minutes in the space.

• Legacy: “The path from dreams to reality does exist. May you have the vision to find it, the courage to get onto it and the preserverance to follow it.”- Kalpana Chawla. She was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal Of Honour, The NASA Space Flight Medal and The NASA Distinguished Service Medal.

Her trajectory of achievements finds no parallel, which is probably why her life inspires so many woman to navigate the space and continue to influence them in the fields of science.

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drmadhuriblaha · 4 years ago

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Is breastfeeding beneficial to newborn & mother?

We celebrate World Breastfeeding Week per annum from 1st to 7th August. Breast milk for a baby is like golden drops that's mother’s gift to her newborn for a healthier future. We are here to market, protect and support breastfeeding practices. Breastfeeding benefits both mother & newborn. Let's mention the benefits they receive from one another. Observing benefits to a newborn:

It is a perfect nutrition for them which is quite more than just food with adequate quantity of proteins (whey and casein), fats, lactose & vitamins.

Easily digestible

Protects against bacterial & viral infections thanks to its antibodies

Also reduces the chance of ear infections, respiratory infections & diarrhea

Reduces risk of allergy & asthma

Skin to skin contact i.e. Kangaroo care also promotes bonding with one another.

breastfed infants are also found to possess a better IQ score

They have fewer chances of developing obesity, diabetes & cancers within the coming years

Fewer chances of SIDS (Sudden infant death Syndrome)

Benefits to mother are not any less. They’re as follows:

Helps to reduce weight post pregnancy delivery; burns calories

Helps in the involution of the uterus, as it returns to pre-pregnancy size

Reduces risk of ovarian & breast cancer

Reduces risk of osteoporosis

Saves money and time

Contraception effects

Our advice to expecting parents is that:

Initiate breastfeeding within an hour of birth

Continue till 6 months exclusively

That breast milk is an elixir tailored to infant growth & developmental needs.

The only one that can ensure this is often the mother apart from the support of family, community, ASHA & ANGANWADI workers

Government has also undertaken initiatives: First is that of Health & Family Welfare Department’s Mother’s Absolute Affection (MAA) Program & second is Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojna implemented by Women & Child Development Ministry. This is often a cash transfer scheme for mothers of 19 or more years to own a secure delivery for his or her first childbirth. BPNI (Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India & WABA (World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action) are working to beat barriers to optimal breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding Trends in India on exclusive breastfeeding for six months has overall increased from 46.4% to 54.9% and considerably in Haryana & Bihar.

The NFHS survey showed that breastfeeding within an hour of birth increased from 22.3% in 2005-06 to 42.4% in 2015-16. The advice by healthcare professionals is 10 to 12 feeds per day or 2000 feeds during a rolling period of 6 months. If we work together, we will reduce 20,000 breast cancer deaths and 800000 childhood deaths annually.

We as Gynecologists are working hard to empower not only the mother but father and family too Dr. Madhuri B Laha Believes in this and makes all her patients aware of the various advantages of #breastfeeding.

I will conclude by saying that infant nutrition must be a Jan Andolan with specific plans; then only we will ensure our future generations to be healthy.

#bestgynaecologistinpune normaldeliveryspecialistinpune highriskpregnancyspecialistinpune

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newstechreviews · 4 years ago

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Archana Ghugare’s ringtone, a Hindu devotional song, has been the background score of her life since March. By 7 a.m. on a mid-October day, the 41-year-old has already received two calls about suspected COVID-19 cases in Pavnar, her village in the Indian state of Maharashtra. As she gets ready and rushes out the door an hour later, she receives at least four more.

“My family jokes that not even Prime Minister Modi gets as many calls as I do,” she says.

Ghugare, and nearly a million other Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) assigned to rural villages and small towns across India, are on the front lines of the country’s fight against the coronavirus. Every day, Ghugare goes door to door in search of potential COVID-19 cases, working to get patients tested or to help them find treatment.

With 8 million confirmed COVID-19 cases, India has the second-highest tally in the world after the United States and its health infrastructure struggled to cope with the surge in COVID-19 patients this summer. India spends only 1.3% of its GDP on public health care, among the lowest in the world. The situation is stark in rural areas where 66% of India’s 1.3 billion people live and where health facilities are scant and medical professionals can be hard to find.

India’s ASHA program is likely the world’s largest army of all-female community health workers. They are the foot soldiers of the country’s health system. Established in 2005, a key focus of the program was reducing maternal and infant deaths, so all recruits are women. They have also played an essential role in India’s efforts to eradicate polio and increase immunization, according to numerous studies.

Read More: How the Pandemic Is Reshaping India

But even as health authorities have leaned on ASHAs to quell the spread of COVID-19 in rural areas, where a substantial number of new cases have been reported, many of these health care workers say the government is failing them. Pay was meager to begin with, but some workers have reported not being paid for months. Their hours have increased dramatically, but pay rises, when they have come, have not reflected the increased demands. Many ASHAs have also complained about not being provided adequate protective equipment for their high-risk work.

“They are the unsung heroes who are fighting to contain the unfettered spread of the virus in rural areas,” says Dr. Smisha Agarwal, Research Director at the John Hopkins Global Health Initiative. She argues it is vital to improve pay to boost morale and sustain this frontline workforce.

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Ghugare was chosen from her village of 7,000 people in 2011. Since then, she has overseen countless births, meticulously monitored the health of thousands of newborn babies and strictly ensured immunization through door-to-door awareness campaigns. The personal relationships she built over the years have helped in the fight against COVID-19, giving her a good grasp of the medical histories of most of the 1,500 people assigned to her. “It’s all in here,” she says pointing to her head.

Before the pandemic, she was expected to work two to three hours per day, for which she was paid about 2,000 rupees ($27) a month, with incentives for completing tasks in the community. Now, she’s spending 9 to 10 hours a day working to combat COVID-19. She had to cut back her other job working at a farm, and most of the bonuses have dried up as well. The Indian government has given her a 1,000-rupee ($13.50) COVID-19 stipend, but that doesn’t make up for the lost income.

Conditions like these are pushing many of these women to breaking point. Some 600,000 ASHAs went on strike in August to demand better pay and recognition as permanent government employees. (They are currently classified as volunteers, which renders them ineligible for minimum wages and other benefits.)

“The extra work we used to do earlier to ensure our stomachs weren’t empty has stopped now,” Ghugare says.

New Delhi, Aug. 9, 2020. ASHAs protest in New Delhi, demanding better pay and recognition. Photo by T. Narayan/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Read More: India’s Biggest Slum Successfully Contained COVID-19. But Can Its Residents Survive the Economic Collapse?

Heading out the door, she puts on a face mask and headscarf to protect herself while mentally running through the symptoms of one of the possible COVID-19 patients she had been phoned about earlier. Knowing that the individual suffers from diabetes, which makes people more vulnerable to coronavirus, Ghugare begins working out how to prioritize the case and arrange transportation to a center, about 40 minutes away, for urgent testing.

Some cases are particularly challenging. There are days when villagers refuse to talk to her. Worried about being forced to go to the hospital and missing work—a major hardship when people depend on daily wages for a hand-to-mouth existence—people often hide symptoms. Then there is also the menace of fake news, often spread on WhatsApp.

Ghugare arrives at a house in the sweltering heat, where it takes her almost 20 minutes to persuade a man to get his wife tested for COVID-19. Because of a false rumor spread via messaging apps, he is convinced his wife’s kidneys will be removed if she goes to hospital. In the end, he relents. “Dealing with fake WhatsApp forwards is one of the most exhausting parts of the job,” Ghugare says.

By around 1:30 p.m., she has already worked six hours. Before the pandemic, she would have wrapped up and headed to her second job. But now she still has a long list to get through to meet her daily target of visiting 50 houses.

Photo by Raj K Raj/Hindustan Times via Getty ImagesNew Delhi, June 25: ASHAs talk amongst themselves while conducting door to door survey to identify COVID-19 cases. Photo by Raj K Raj/Hindustan Times via Getty Images

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Demands like these have driven many ASHAs to protest. “We are warriors who were sent to war without any weapons,” says Sunita Rani, an ASHA from the northern state of Haryana. She has been protesting against the state government since July and says she won’t give up until their demands are met. “If we can fight a virus, we definitely know how to fight our governments.” The Indian government hasn’t yet responded to their demands for permanent government employment.

Most health experts seem to agree that ASHAs are underpaid. But some say that making their roles full-time is more complicated. “The beauty of this role is the mix of incentives that tend to energize ASHAs to perform better,” says Dr. Jyoti Joshi, the director of South Asia at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policies, a public health research organization. She says retaining the incentives for completing tasks, while adding benefits like free family health checkups, might be one solution.

Pay varies by state, and salaries can range from 2,000 rupees ($27) to 10,000 rupees ($135) per month, according to a national union for ASHAs. Many workers also depend on receiving bonuses. For instance, Ghugare receives 100 rupees ($1.25) if she vaccinates a child against measles, mumps and rubella and 600 rupees ($8) for delivering a baby for a family living below the poverty line.

Some economists argue that making nearly a million female health care workers full-time employees, and paying them more, will not only benefit India’s health system but might also help revive the country’s battered economy, one of the worst hit by the pandemic. “Employing and putting wages into the hands of so many people will definitely be beneficial to the rural economy, ” says Dipa Sinha, an economist at the Ambedkar University in New Delhi.

It might also help recover India’s plummeting rate of female workplace participation, for which the country is among the bottom 10 in the world. Experts have attributed this to cultural attitudes and the slowdown in the agricultural sector, where most rural women work. Sinha says that this gender disparity plays into the issue of ASHAs not being recognized for their work. “Who volunteers for six to eight hours a day?” she says. “It’s because they are women that their work is undermined. You can’t do this to a cadre of men.”

Ghugare shares that sentiment although she didn’t take part in the protests. With her two children growing older, expenses are increasing. An increased salary with benefits would help her give her family a better life.

As she walks back home at dusk, she knows her day isn’t done yet. There is household work to get to before getting started with a report on the day’s survey. It will be midnight before she calls it a day. That is, if the phone doesn’t ring again.

“It feels like there is a sword over our heads,” she says. “A hanging sword.”

#Blogger

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billion-heartbeats · 4 years ago

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Blue skies for all Air pollution is now the biggest health risk in India with 16.7 lakh deaths in 2019. The coronavirus only brings to danger level a problem that is already associated with childhood asthma, cancer, heart disease and poor agricultural growth, among other issues. Clean air is now not just desirable, it is also completely and absolutely necessary to the continuation of life and the economy. The case for a clean air Act for India, therefore, is laying down the law clearly and succinctly —and then creating a single body to enforce it. The key aspect of such a law would be that states — and not just cities — would be accountable for their emissions, with money and projects held back if they failed. At the heart of the problem is a lack of political will, a symptom of a legal and political order which puts private profit before public health. Behind the choking haze lies the fossil fuel industry, which continues to profit from polluting our air. There are still 139 cities in India which are not covered under National Clean Air Programme. There are no places left in the country that can be considered “healthy and breathable”. Right to Breathe Clean Air The blue skies emerged like a phoenix from decades of smog in Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore and other previously polluted cities this year because of the COVID-19 lockdown offered a tantalizing but temporary vision of how bright our future might look. Those blue skies could become permanent instead of ephemeral If India can speedily and successfully transition away from fossil fuels to clean air technology. United Nations General Assembly have the opportunity — and duty — to tackle the deadly pollution the economy spews and work to achieve everyone’s right to breathe clean air. In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly passed a ground-breaking resolution, recognizing that access to clean water is a basic human right. Around the world, genuine progress is being made in providing clean water to tens of millions of people every year. No similar UN resolution on the right to breathe clean air, has ever been passed. Surely the time has come. Trump’s ‘filthy air�� jibe has left some gasping. Well, we did not need a certificate from him. But for a change he has told the truth. Telling truth is no crime! It is a fact that Delhi’s air pollution has reached gas chamber levels. It happens every year during this time of the year and for most part of the year. World Air quality report-2019 India is 5th most polluted country in the world Air pollution knows no boundaries. Pollution can be transported thousands of kilometres, as we occasionally realize in the United Kingdom when dust blown from the Sahara mixes with home-grown pollution to turn the sky, and pollution indices, an alarming red. We have seen it happen in Delhi when agricultural fire from Punjab and Haryana make Delhi a gas chamber! Let’s stop being squeamish about what Donald Trump has said about filth and filthy air in our country. 21 of the 30 most polluted cities of the world are in India! Let’s not shoot the messenger. Let us work to change the narration. It is unfortunate that the jibe has come from Trump the president of USA which happens to be the largest polluter historically & its per capita greenhouse gas emissions are 6 times that of India. As for as the filth Even the NRIs talk as badly about our cleanliness back home. No doubt India’s air is a global embarrassment for us but Trump’s commentary on India’s air in the backdrop of his justification of withdrawing from Paris Agreement is unfortunate and juvenile. In India we call clean air, Prana Vayu- one that maintains life. Oxygen is prana Vayu. Clean air is a fundamental human right. Everyone needs clean air to breathe. Billions of people world over today is breathing dirty, polluted unbreathable air which is causing a global public health crisis. Every minute, a child dies of illness caused by air pollution. Every minute, ten adults die, prematurely, because of dirty air inhaled during their lifetime. According to the best available evidence, air pollution causes between 1,241,000 and 1,795,181 premature deaths annually in India. The global total, 7 million premature deaths, vastly exceeds the death toll of COVID-19. It also exceeds the combined total of deaths caused annually by war, murder, car accidents, plane crashes, Ebola, malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. Among its terrible toll, air pollution kills hundreds of thousands of children aged five and under. Over ninety percent of the world’s population lives in regions where air pollution exceeds World Health Organization standards. Women and children in particular are exposed to air pollution in the supposed safety of their own homes at levels far higher than found in even the world’s most smog-ravaged cities Delhi and Bangalore included! • the scientific evidence about the impacts of air pollution on human health is unequivocal. Breathing dirty air causes respiratory illness, heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, negative birth outcomes, and a range of other problems. • the economic costs inflicted by poor air quality, especially in low and middle-income countries are enormous. Children missing school, adults missing work, health care costs and the value of lives lost add up to trillions of dollars annually. • air pollution is preventable Clean Air to breathe must be regarded as a fundamental human right, related to the rights of life and health, and a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. The human rights perspective changes everything, because governments have clear, legally enforceable obligations to respect, protect, and fulfil human rights. Five national academies of science and medicine—from Brazil, Germany, South Africa, and the United States—issued a powerful statement about air pollution’s immense impacts on public health. May be Indian academy forgot to join. The problem is preventable. Named after economist Simon Kuznets, the hypothesis is that pollution in a country is low when it is impoverished. As incomes rise, the amount of pollution produced increases, but beyond a certain threshold of income, the pollution decreases again as pollution control technologies are deployed and governance structures are implemented. There are six key steps that states need to take to protect human rights from air pollution. These include: • establishing air quality monitoring networks; • quantifying the main sources of air pollution; • engaging and informing the public; enacting laws, regulations, and air quality standards; • developing a national action plan to achieve the standards; • allocating adequate resources to implement the plan; and • evaluating progress, and if necessary, taking stronger actions. India Launches a National Clean Air Program Politicians who think that this problem will go away on their term are in for a rude shock. It’s not going anywhere, unless countries start correcting the l ledger of natural resources. the country’s air pollution challenge is complex. There’s no time to lose. The NCAP is the first time the government has put in place a time bound target for particulate matter reduction. The NCAP’s focus on coordinated city, state, and regional actions, evidence-based policy making, public outreach, and accountability is encouraging. Yet, while the NCAP touches upon many of the key issues that need to be addressed. Dr N Prabhudev Former Director Sri Jayadeva institute of Cardiology Former VC of Bangalore university Former Chairman Karnataka state Health Commission [email protected]

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newsboy360 · 4 years ago

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Haryana Woman, Locked In Toilet For Over A Year By Husband, Rescued: Cops The victim's husband claims that she is mentally unstable. Panipat (Haryana): A woman, who was allegedly locked inside a toilet for over a year by her husband in Haryana's Rishpur village, was rescued by Women Protection and Child Marriage Prohibition Officer Rajni Gupta along with her team.

#Rishpur village #Woman locked up inside toilet

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bloggvalley · 4 years ago

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Haryana Woman, Locked In Toilet For Over A Year By Husband, Rescued: Cops

The victim’s husband claims that she is mentally unstable.

Panipat (Haryana):

A woman, who was allegedly locked inside a toilet for over a year by her husband in Rishpur village, was rescued by Women Protection and Child Marriage Prohibition Officer Rajni Gupta along with her team.

While talking to ANI, Rajni Gupta said that she acted upon information and rescued the woman on Wednesday.

“I…

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#cities

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ajabhishekvideos · 4 years ago

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Haryana Woman, Locked Inside Toilet For Over A Year By Husband, Rescued: Police The victim's husband claims that she is mentally unstable. Panipat (Haryana): A woman, who was allegedly locked inside a toilet for over a year by her husband in Rishpur village, was rescued by Women Protection and Child Marriage Prohibition Officer Rajni Gupta along with her team.

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newsoutbursts · 4 years ago

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Woman, Locked Inside Toilet For Over A Year By Husband, Rescued: Police The victim's husband claims that she is mentally unstable. Panipat (Haryana): A woman, who was allegedly locked inside a toilet for over a year by her husband in Rishpur village, was rescued by Women Protection and Child Marriage Prohibition Officer Rajni Gupta along with her team.

#Rishpur village #Woman locked up inside toilet

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nijjhar · 4 years ago

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Punjabi -Shankar Varniye Pukkae Haraami politicians that will create sec... Punjabi -Shankar Varniye Pukkae Haraami politicians that will create sectarian riots worse than 1947 https://youtu.be/jMLGU5IP8kk The Great Spiritual Doctor Satguru Nanak Dev Ji appeared among the highest corrupt, LAALCHI, and egoistic in the Veda knowledge Bedi Khatri of Mehta surname appeared among them and his own father didn't value him but a Bhatti Jatt calling himself Rajput, which is not a tribe, BHULAAR, did most. There is a Saying, I remember, "MAAJHA MAIDA, DOABA DALLIAH AND MALWA DOOPHAARR. Beyond that in Haryana, people are more Mindful of their tribal identity and this planet earth is for the habitation of those who are the sons of Adam, BANDAE DAE PUTTAR, and DAEH SHIVA VAR MOOHAE. Chaudhry Dara Randhawa Jatt, Great Wrestler never said Sikh Jatt or Sikh Qom but this politician cum comedian Shayair Navjot Sidhu Jatt on the opening ceremony of Corridor, declared Sikh Panth, Samaaj, Millatt, etc. a Qom, caste, Kabeela, clan, etc. of the physical body. By doing so, he replaced his Jatt Qom with Sikh Qom and became a SHANKAR VARNIYA PUKKA HARAAMI. So, are these Kairon and Badal Dhillon Jatt families who have adopted the name of their villages as if their mothers were well-known prostitutes that served the whole village but she couldn't identify the real father of her child and so, give the mother village name to them. Same applies to the Dhaliwal Surjit Singh Barnala of the family Bhagat Dhanna Jatt of Dhaliwal surname. Such stupid and over clever people want to be the Jathedars of Akal Takht that is the Seat of The Nirmallae Sants, the Apostles of Sikhism. Bhindranwala Brar Jatt was neither a Sikh that he carried weapons into the Holiest of Holy Complex in Amritsar meant for the Sikh Bhagtan and Nirmallae Santan but the clever Munnmukh Khatris, the Meenaeh of Lala Prithvi Chand, a Sodhi Khatri, who shut the Door of Harmandir Sahib at the face of the Last on Earth Christ = Satguru Tegh Bahadur Ji and when Sachae Paatshah Gobind Singh Ji sent the Nirmallae Sants to take their seats at Akal Takht, they were thrown our by the Munnmukh Sodhi Lala Khatris. So, that is why Sachae Patshah Gobind Singh Ji went for the most treacherous and clever Sodhi Khatri Lala Madhu Dass to do the job of revenge and to show his skill of getting the one who blessed him with weapons, Sachae Patshah get killed by two Pathans to show his true colours, which Lala Prithvi Chand Sodhi Khatri wanted to take over the Gadhi of Satguru Ram Dass Ji, which was supposed to go the youngest son Arjan Dev Ji; what applies to the flesh, the opposite to spirit. In short, in the Traeta Yug of Shri Ram Chander, the Muryada Purshotum Avtar in the line of Moses, they were Devta but their women were clever and got 12 years exile for Ram Chander Ji and just the opposite is happening in the Kalyug, the Khatris have become so clever Munnmukh Kararr, CHIKARR, full of filth that Lotus Flowers Satguru Nanak Dev Ji, a Mehta Khatri whose father was well versed in the Veda, PUTT JAMAN KHATRANIAN; KOI KOI BAHMNIAN, who beat the people of tribes such as Sarsutt, Gaur, etc. that are assigned the job or Varna of Brahmin called Cohen among the Chosen People of the Levi tribe that was assigned this job. John, the Baptist was of the Levi tribe who was supposed to be the Headstone in the Temple but the clever people of Judah tribe of angelic king David ousted him out of the temple as they preferred people of Jews of the physical body called outwardly, Shankar Varniye as the Khatris were Sikhs of the physical body or of appearances and not spiritual inwardly. HINDU, SIKH, MUSLIM, ETC. ARE OF THE MIND, MUNN, NAFS, ETC. DAA HUNDA HAE NAHKEH TANN DAA. Such Pukkae Haraamis - John 8v44 have no right to live in Satyug that will follow Kalyug and they all will be killed in the ensuing Atomic War so that the sons of Man, Shiv could live in Perfect Peace in this world. According to the Chosen People that use to live in the Garden of Eden, Israel but thrown out for being unfaithful to Abraham and Yahweh, the Saltless people, Pukkae Haraamis called Tares, Matt 13v24-30, and today they are getting bundled up in Israel for the FINAL BURNING IN THE ATOMIC WAR EXPECTED ON 14/05/2023 when Israel is 75 ( 10 x 7 = 70 fully Protected + 5 years of grace ) years old. The Third Panth Khalsa that carries weapons have nothing to do with the Amritsar Complex of Sikh Bhagatan and Nirmallae Santan or they were not compatible as demonstrated by Bhai Khaniah Ji. So, what the hell this TERRORIST BHINDRANWALLA WAS DOING THERE? Khatris created such characters and Khatris suffered the most during the 1984 riots. Also, a Sikh of common sense called Surtti could be judged by his appearance in Brahma, BRAHM KAE BAETTE SHABD PAHSHAATAH, that he doesn't tuck up his beard as these fashionable Sikhs of appearances do; JAEHDI DARRI NAA MUSHH OH DO JAHAN DAA LUCH. Banned www.gnosticgospel.co.uk/Youtbe.htm Baptism www.gnosticgospel.co.uk/johnsig.pdf Trinity www.gnosticgospel.co.uk/trinity.pdf

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loyallogic · 4 years ago

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Child Marriage and its Impacts, Consequences and Effects on the Girl Child

This article is written by Ayushi Mahajan.

Abstract[1]

In India, Marriage is considered as one of the most important social institutions through which society perpetuates as it is a means of establishing family relations. This social institution is expressed in many forms of rituals and ceremonies. In India, around 45 percent of the girls are wedded below 18 years of age. Niger is placed on top in the world for child marriages under 18 years of age (74.5%), followed by Chad, Mali, Bangladesh, Guinea and Central African Republic. Majority girls who are married before 18 years of age are from poor families. Most of the girls use to face problems like domestic violence, pregnancy problems and death cases. Girls who are younger than 15 years are more prone to die in childbirth than a woman who is in her 20s. The age group under 18 year has a high fertility. Child brides often show signs and symptoms of sexual abuse and post-traumatic stress such as feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and severe depression.

Introduction

Child marriage is considered as one of the burning and hot issues of Indian society. It refers to a social phenomenon practised in some societies in India, where a young girl (below the age of fifteen) is married to an adult man. One another form of practice of child marriage is that in which the parents of the would be bride and groom arrange a future marriage. In this kind of marriage both, the girl and the boy do not meet each other until they reach the marriageable age. Child marriage constitutes a gross violation of human rights, leaving physical, psychological and emotional scars for life. Usually sexual activities starts soon after marriage, and pregnancy and childbirth at an early age can lead to maternal as well as infant mortality. Moreover, girls and women who marry at a younger age are more likely to experience domestic violence within their matrimonial home.

There are many factors which are considered to be the reasons for the prevalence of child marriages. Some of them are Gender inequality, social norms, perceived low status of girls, poverty, lack of education, safety concerns about girl children and control over sexuality. Several states of India have introduced incentives to delay marriages. For example, the state of Haryana introduced the program named as “Apni Beti, Apna Dhan” in the year 1994, which states “My Daughter, My Wealth”. It is a conditional cash transfer program which is dedicated to delay young marriages by providing a government paid bond in her name and the amount of Rs.25, 000 in her account only on the condition that she is not married on her 18th birthday.

As per Indian laws, the marriageable age is 21 years for males and 18 years for females.

Origin of Child Marriage in India

It is believed that the origin of child marriages is from the time of Muslim Invasions that began more than 1,000 years ago. Invaders used to rape unmarried Hindu girls or kidnap them forever which lead the Hindu community to marry off their daughters at an early age or even from their birth to protect them.

During the ruling time of Delhi Sultanate, political atmosphere was turbulent and ruled by Muslim Sultans in an absolute monarchy government. During this period the Sultans produced the practices of child marriage and considered the status of women very lower.

According to Dharmasutras, they state that a girl should be married after she has attained the age of puberty. According to Manusmriti, a father is considered to have done wrong to her daughter if he fails to marry her before she attains the age of puberty and if the girl is not married within 3 years of reaching puberty, she herself can search for a husband. According to Medhatithi’s Bhashya, it states that the right age of a girl to marry is eight; this same thing can also be deduced from Manusmriti. According to the Tolkappiyam, it states that a boy should marry before he reaches the age of sixteen years and a girl should marry before she reaches the age of twelve years.

Usually the parents of children especially the girl are often poor who enter into the child marriage and they use marriage as a tool to make her future better as a girl is usually considered as someone else’s property since birth. This happens in areas with little or no economic opportunities.

At many places it is a perception that the demand of dowry is directly related to the age of a girl. Dowry is a practice in India where the bride’s family transfers wealth to the groom and his family; it is a demand and condition of marriage. It is found among all religious faiths in India.

In some parts of India, the existence of personal laws is also a main reason for child marriages.

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Facts and figures about Child Marriages in India[2]

In India, It is estimated that there are over 24 million child brides. According to the National Family Health Survey, 40% of the World’s 60 million child marriages take place in India. According to the International Center for Research on Women, India has the 14 highest rates of child marriages in the world.

Indian marriage system varies by region, caste and tribe. Child marriage rates are lower in South-East India and higher in the North-West region of the country. Bihar, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are the states with the highest rates of child marriage. As per District-Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS), which was recently conducted for Health Ministry, Bihar was reported as worst state for child marriages where nearly 70% of women are married in their early twenties having been married by the age of 18 years; the best state is considered as Himachal Pradesh with marriage rate of 9%. Over the past 15 years, Child marriage has declined by just 11% – less than one percent per year. The Annual Healthy Survey carried out in 2011, shows a more rapid decline in nine surveyed states.

Who are more prone?

The girls who have low levels of education, limited or absent peer networks, restricted mobility and less access to mass media such as T.V., radio and newspapers as compared to boys are more prone to child marriages.

The problems include soaring birth rates, grinding poverty and malnutrition, high illiteracy and infant mortality, and low life expectancy, especially among rural women. High fertility rate is attributed to an early marriage i.e., the earlier a time a woman marries, the more likely she is to give birth to a larger number of children, consequently placing a high demand on her health.

On the other hand, as soon as the marriage happens, young brides are forced to prove their fertility after marriage and to give birth to children, especially sons. A young girl with minimal or no education, raised to be submissive and subservient, married to an older man, has little ability to negotiate sexual activity.

Reasons responsible for Child Marriages[3]

The discrimination against women begins from womb and ends with tomb. The discrimination reflects in their education, family, socio political spheres, employment and work place. The child marriage system is also a reflection of these discriminations against women. There are many factors which are responsible for child marriages:

Poverty of Family

Even today in rural areas many females and female children are denied their equality to common resources when a family is poor. Female members, mainly female children are victimized by poverty of the family. A poor family usually jeopardizes female children. Every chance is opted so that the burden of a female child is avoided. So poverty is one of the reasons why families naturally resort to child marriages to avoid all sorts of burden of a female child.

Social Insecurity

Social security is one of the major social factors why child marriages happen. Many people have this perception that a married woman is much safer from societal offences than an unmarried woman. Unmarried women are viewed with malafide intentions that lead to crimes against them. So to be secure from these offences, assaults, teasing against unmarried girls, their parents are in a hurry to marry their daughters soon after she attains puberty or even before that.

Avoiding share in Ancestral Property

Generally in rural areas parents use to think that all their ancestral property belongs to their sons and if they marry their daughters at an early age then they will be out of the share. If marriage of the girl child is done at an early age then they would not demand her share. Therefore the right of females to share ancestral property is also one of the reasons responsible for child marriages.

Avoiding expenditure on Female Education

Usually families discriminate between boys and girls. In investment on education, male children of the house are considered as the future assets and economic base of the house that will work and earn money whereas female children are considered as a burden as they do not need to work and have to look after the household chores before and after marriage. Due to these reasons female children are given less or no priority.

Effects of Child Marriage[4]

Early Pregnancy-Health complications

Child marriages usually lead to an early pregnancy which results in many health complications. Without having the proper knowledge about the sexual activities and bodily changes which occur during puberty she cannot cope with changes in her during pregnancy. Today even elderly women too are not in the position to guide her properly. In the olden days elderly women used to monitor the situation perfectly during pregnancy, during delivery and during post-delivery. But nowadays elderly women neither have knowledge as did women in olden days nor have the positive attitude to approach proper medical people.

Fall in High Fertility Age Group

When a girl is married at an early age, she normally tends to have more children and unwanted pregnancy. Lack of access to modern medical facilities to avoid or postpone pregnancy, women are forced to have pregnancy and carry the child.

Inabilities to Plan or Manage Families

Young girls exercise less influence and control over their children and have less ability to make decisions about their nutrition, health care and household management.

Effect on sexual health of young girls

Young girls use to face considerable physical pain associated with sexual intercourse as a result of the physiological immaturity of their sexual organs. Complications due to pregnancy at a young age frequently include perforation of the bladder or bowel, due to prolonged labor and HIV AIDS etc.

Desire for Male Child

Due to desire for a male child, young girls and women are forced to conceive as many times as she can till she gives birth to a male child.

High difference in age between bride and bridegroom

Generally there is a lot of age difference between the bride and the bride groom. In most of the child marriages it is the bride who is a child and not the bride groom. When the bride is child she naturally does not have any freedom to express her opinions on any of family life and she has to blindly obey the orders of her husband.

Laws against the Child Marriage in India[5]

The Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929

The Child Marriage Restraint Act, which is also known as Sarda Act, was a law enacted to restrain the practices of Child Marriage. Its main goal was to eliminate the evils placed on young girls who could not handle the stress of married life and to avoid early deaths. This act defined a male child as 21 years or younger and a female child as 18 years or younger which was 18 years and 14 years earlier respectively, and a minor as a child of either sex as 18 years or younger which was 14 years originally. The punishments prescribed for a male to member between the age gaps of 18 to 21 was imprisonment of 15 days or fine of Rs.1, 000 or both. The punishment prescribed for a parent or guardian of a child taking place in the child marriage was imprisonment of up to three months or a possible fine.

The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act of 2006

Under this act, the marriageable age for a male is prescribed as 21 years and that of a female is 18 years. A decree of nullity can be obtained by a girl who has entered into a child marriage within 2 years of attaining the age of 18 years.

Child Marriage is prohibited in India as per the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006.

What does this law do?

This law:

Provides for maintenance for the girl in a child marriage;

Allows anyone who was a child at the time of getting married to legally undo it;

Treats children born out of child marriages to be legitimate, and makes provisions for their custody and maintenance, and;

Consider certain kinds of child marriages where there was a force or trafficking as marriages which never happened legally.

What is a crime under this law?

It is a crime:

To attend or take part in a child marriage (as a parent or guardian);

To allow, encourage or fail to stop a child marriage (as a parent or guardian);

To perform or help with a child marriage in any way;

For an adult male to marry a child wife.

Where can we go to stop or undo child marriage?

We can directly go to a District Court and make an application- the judge can pass an order directing the people involved to not to take part in the child marriage.

We can go to a Child Marriage Prohibition Officer for help with annulling a child marriage.

Hindu Marriage Act, 1956

Under Hindu Marriage Act, there are no certain provisions for punishing the parents or people who solemnized the marriage. A girl can get the marriage annulled only if she wants to get married before attaining the age of fifteen years and she challenges the marriage before turning eighteen.

Muslim Personal Law

Muslim law’s provisions are based on the interpretation of Quran by scholars. Under the Muslim Laws, there is no bar to child marriage. The couple after marriage has an “option of puberty” known as Khayar-ul-bulugh in which they can repudiate the marriage after attaining the age of puberty. However they can only do this if they are under eighteen years of age and the marriage has not been consummated. The age of marriage under Muslim law is the age of puberty which is 15 years.

Indian Christian Marriage Act (ICMA)

ICMA provides that a preliminary notice is to be issued 14 days prior to the commencement of the marriage, if the marriage is to be contracted between the minors. After the expiration of the said period, the parties can go on with the marriage without the consent of their guardians.

Legal Action on Marital Rape

In India, there is a standing legal confusion as to Marital Rape within prohibited Child Marriages in India. In Indian Laws, Marital Rape per se is not considered as crime, but the position for the same with regard to children is still in confusion. While the exception under the Indian Penal Code Section 375 and 376, is applicable to adults only, puts an exception and allows marital rape of a girl child between the ages of 15-18 years by her husband. However this provision of exception has been read down by the Supreme Court of India many times. It comes to a point that sexual intercourse with all wives below 18 years of age shall be considered as rape; one other new and progressive legislation which is Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 disallows any such sexual relationships and puts such crimes with marriages as an aggravated offences.

CEDAW

The Convention on The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is an International bill attempting to end discrimination against women. This convention states that child marriages should not have a legal effect and all legal actions must be taken to enforce a minimum age, and that all marriages must be put into an official registry. India signed this convention on July 30, 1980 but stated a declaration that because of the nation’s size and increasing population, it is impractical to register all marriages of the country.

Directions in which the Government and NGOs have initiated efforts:

Framing laws against child marriages.

Increasing access to girl’s education.

Changing harmful cultural norms.

Maximizing foreign assistance.

Addressing the unique needs of child brides.

Supporting community programs.

Providing young women with economic opportunities.

Evaluating programs to determine what works.

Government’s Initiatives

The Government of India took major steps to eradicate the evil of child marriage in the Indian societies. The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1929. Its objective is to eliminate this evil of child marriage which had the potentialities of dangers to the life and health of a female child, who could not cope the stress and the strains of a married life and to avoid the early deaths of such minor mothers. It defines such terms:

“Child” means a person who, if a male, is under twenty one years of age, and if a female, is under eighteen years of age.

“Child Marriage” means a marriage to which either the contracting parties is a child.

“Contracting party” to a marriage means either of the parties whose marriage is or is about to be thereby solemnized.

“Minor” means a person of either sex who is under eighteen years of age.

Whoever performs conducts or directs any child marriage shall be punished with simple imprisonment which may extend to three months and shall also be liable to fine, unless he proves that he has reasons to believe that the marriage was not a child marriage.

Consummation of “Gauna” is not considered to be a part of marriage ceremony. The marriage being complete before the consummation, a person may be convicted under this act, though consummation has not taken place.

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Suggestions[6]

There are certain suggestions which can be adopted in order to lessen child marriages:

Develop strong support systems to keep girls in school. Provide scholarships where necessary and encourage teachers to support girls.

Strengthen and establish community networks and partnerships involving girls clubs, teachers, elders, local government officials, women and youth groups, community and religious leaders, etc. that jointly work towards ending early marriage.

Strengthen the role of the judicial system particularly the police, judges, and persecutors through training on enforcement of the law against early marriage.

Efforts should be made to give-up the factors motivating child marriages, all efforts should aim at changing the gender biased attitudes of parents and society by imparting proper education on one hand and eradicating poverty on the other.

Conclusion

Child Marriages are considered as one of the social menace that cannot be curbed easily without the support of the society. There have been demands to make child marriages void ab initio under the Prohibition of Child Marriages Act since a long time, but Indian society is complicated and complex and making child marriages void will only jeopardize the rights of women who are the victims of child marriage. Many a times the parents of the girl child forcibly marries their daughters to some elder man so that that person can give some money to the girl’s family and from that money their financial condition can turn better.

Also from the above discussion, it can be concluded that in early marriages, the girl child’s reproductive and sexual health is affected the most. The child brides suffer from high rates of obstetric complications, pregnancy induced hypertension, higher mortality rates, premature delivery, high incidence of miscarriages and stillbirths. The risks of early marriage are not just limited to the girl child alone, but also to the child that is born out of that marriage as a result of an early pregnancy. The infant mortality rates are also high along with incidences of premature delivery and low birth weight of the newborn child.

There is tremendous pressure on young wives to bear a child. Early sexual activities also expose adolescents to a greater risk of contracting Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) including HIV AIDS. Early marriage and pregnancy is one of the major cases of maternal mortality in India.

Mere legislation will not serve the purpose unless there is support and backing from the society. Uniform Civil Code would also help in preventing child marriages to some extent.

References

B. Suresh Lal, Child Marriage In India: Factors and Problems, Department of Economics, Kakatiya University, Warangal, 2013 https://www.researchgate.net.in

Laws on Child Marriage in India https://blog.ipleders.in/laws-child-marriage-in-india

Child Marriage https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/social-awareness/child-marriage

Child Marriage Act, 2006

Child Marriage In India: A Study of Situation, causes and Enforcement of Prohibition Of Child Marriage Act http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/genrep/Report_Child_Marriage_In_India.pdf

[1] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278022723_child_marriage_in_india_factors_and_problems

[2] https://vikas[edia.in/social-welfare/social-awareness/child-marriage

[3] https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/social-awareness/child-marriage

[4] https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/social-awareness/child-marriage

[5] https://blog.ipleders.in/laws-child-marriage-in-india

[6] http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/genrep/Report_Child_Marriage_In_India.pdf

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bloggvalley · 4 years ago

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Woman, Locked Inside Toilet For Over A Year By Husband, Rescued: Police

The victim’s husband claims that she is mentally unstable.

Panipat (Haryana):

While talking to ANI, Rajni Gupta said that she acted upon information and rescued the woman on Wednesday.

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enewsz · 4 years ago

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International Labour Organisation writes a letter to PM Narendra Modi, after ten Central trade unions of India complaints about the reformed labor law to ILO

28 May, 2020: International Labour Organisation writes a letter to PM Narendra Modi on May 22 after ten Central trade unions wrote a letter, submitting their protest against the newly reformed labour laws in India to International Labour Organisation(ILO) in Geneva, on May 14, 2020. These unions included the All India Trade Union Congress, Indian National Trade Union Congress, the Centre of Indian Trade Unions, the Hind Mazdoor Sabha, the Trade Union Coordination Committee, the All India United Trade Union Centre, the Self-Employed Women's Association, the All India Central Council of Trade Unions, the United Trade Union Congress and the Labour Progressive Federation. The letter signified new labor laws, decided to be implemented by ten states of India are the ultimate violation of the rights of the workers and the word ethics of ILO and though, India has been an essential member of ILO since 1919, its new laws for the labors are against the 144th conversations of ILO as the convention collaborated the principles of government, employees and the workers. “Please allow me to assure you that the ILO director-general has immediately intervened, expressing his deep concern at these recent events and appealing to the prime minister to send a clear message to central and state governments to uphold the country’s international commitments and encourage engagement ineffective social dialogue," said Karen Curtis, the chief of the Freedom of Association Branch under the International Labour Standards Department of ILO in his letter to the central trade unions. Though one (law about wages) of the new four laws of labor has been approved by both of parliament and government, labor minister Santosh Kumar Gangwar has remarked the reformation of 44 laws in 4 sections of law is not justified as he also assumed that two of the four sections would come under the Parliament from standing committee in the upcoming session. Sudden changes in labor laws such as expanding the work hours from 8 to 12 hours in several states and the right to fire the workers according to the authorities are not only harmful to the employees but also against their will and consent, temporary remuneration and less inspection for a period of three years in several states of India. Still, the laws about minimum wages, women, and child workers are partially the same as before. As Karen Curtis mentioned in his letter to the trade unions, any change of the decision made by Indian government and authorities of labour will be informed by ILO to the unions immediately and the violation of labour legislation and international labour standards will not be underestimated. Several states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Gujrat has announced to support the newly designed laws for the labours in the respective states along with other states like Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Assam, and Odisha.

However, the letter against the new labour laws from ILO to PM Narendra Modi has intervened the occurrence of these new laws as several states like Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are on their way to withdraw their order for the labours to work 12 hours per day instead of 8 hours. Though, MP has kept the law of appointing contractual workers according to Factories act 1948. Apart from this, when other countries decided to set the schedule of 48 hours of work per week and India set the working hour as 60 hours per week for its workers. It is not only the infringement of occupational and health & work laws of labours but it also breaks the laws of social security and the Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FPRW) as well. “We, trade unions, have written to the Prime Minister as well and hope he takes note and asks states to protect workers’ rights. We are collecting our information on the problems faced by workers all over the country and will share this with ILO in a second complaint letter soon," said the secretary-general of All India Trade Union Congress, Mr. Amarjeet Kaur. However, Rajiv Kumar, the vice-chairman of the Niti-ayog think tank has declared that the reformation of new laws is not complete abolition of the previous labor laws. Meanwhile, The trade unions have also submitted another joint complaint against the laws on May 25, mentioning, “at this very turbid and uncertain situation, the ILO must powerfully and effectively intervene to prevail upon the Government of India to refrain from such exercise of abrogation of all basic labor rights unilaterally trampling underfoot the basic concept of social partnership and tripartism as espoused by ILO." The unions have confirmed to inform the ILO about the other problems and inconvenience of the migrant labors of the country, concerning the Inter-State Migrant Workmen, act 1979 and their severe problems due to the pandemic situation of COVID-19. Read the full article

#ILO #InternationalLabourOrganisation #PMNarendraModi

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