#gulden coins

[kuberish]

A while ago I was doing some world building stuff when I saw a buddy also doing some coin art (greek). It's difficult to establish some economy when there's such a sheer size difference between humans and Fire Giants. So far these "sticks" were the best solution. Coins didn't make sense for me as it would be difficult for humans to carry around giant fuckin' coins. The metal sticks can be broken down by Fire Giants or melted together. Paper makes so little sense and wood gets eaten by Fire Giants. I still have to workshop a currency name (still thinking about Gulden lol), but I got TIME until the town itself gets introduced. I know they look like breadsticks but that's fine :^) Eventually I want to properly establish how the economy works because that shit is FUN It's common for Fire Giants in Utgard to work for humans. And it IS a very uncommon sight when you're not from Utgard. My point is, I want there to be a union of Fire Giants and guess who is the boss :^)

[thatswhywelovegermany]

keinen (roten) Heller wert sein

literally: to not be worth a (red) heller

to be of very low value

Origin: The “Heller”, a copper coin originally minted in Schwäbisch Hall, was worth only a fraction of a Batzen or Gulden.

[tumblerose-art-studio]

Okay so On my main I made a chart for a potential Gravity Falls Swap AU and decided to draw this universe's Gideon, named Gulden Krypto, a Mind Demon, known for appearing to people in over their heads and need guidance, usually Fortune Tellers, Oracles, people with social anxiety, etc.

He meets Dr. Mason "Dipper" Pines when Dipper utters an ancient incantation and finds his mind invaded by Gulden in his sleep, claiming to be a Muse who will help Dipper unlock the secrets of Gravity Falls.

Gulden's Design is heavily based on Gideon's Pendant from The Hand That Rocks The Mabel, The Name Gulden derives from the Dutch and German word for a Gold Coin, I think it works rather well, I also gave him a Cowboy Hat because in the show Gideon wears those surprisingly often.

[sheltoner]

foreign coin collection tour!

@baguette975 asked me to talk about my coins and i could never say no to talking abt my coins

before i begin i want to say that basically all of these coins have been given to me over the years, so i have not been to most of these places 👍 (i don’t love to travel over seas and maybe i don’t appreciate it as much as i should for having this collection but wtv)

starting off strong with my UK coins! in this picture there are 1 pound, 50p, 20p, 10p, 5p, 2p, 1 penny, and a 1/2 penny coins. i have a lot of these coins bc the thing that started this collection was a magnet game with UK coins that my parents bought me a long time ago lol

i also have shillings, along with irish pence and shillings and one east african shilling

next are my dutch coins! in this picture are 5 gulden, 2 1/2 gulden, 1 gulden, 25 cent, 10 cent, 5 cent, and 1 cent coins. the 10 cent coins are the smallest coins i have, they are a bit bigger than my thumbnail

these are my french coins. i have 20 francs, 10 francs, 5 francs, 2 francs, 1 franc, and 1/2 franc coins

austria! i have 1 shilling, 50 groschen, 10 groschen, 5 groschen, and 2 groschen coins

these are multiple counties in one picture for the sake of being under the photo limit. italy (top left) i have 100 lire, 10 lire, and 5 lire. switzerland (top right) i have 10 rappen, 5 rappen, 1 rappen, and 1/2 franc. norway (bottom left) i have 1 krone, 50 øre, 25 øre, and 10 øre

more miscellaneous coins that i don’t have more than 4 for 1 country. denmark (top left) 1 krone, 25 øre, 10 øre, 1 øre. belgium (top right) 20 francs, 1 franc. spain (bottom right) 5 pesetas, 1 peseta. greece (bottom center) 10 lepta. czechoslovakia (bottom left) 1 haler, this coin is so dirty and oxidized that you can’t see anything on it in the pic 😭

germany! i have coins for 5 marks, 2 marks, 1 mark, 10 pfennig, 5 pfennig, 2 pfennig, and 1 pfennig

i have USSR coins! i have one 5 rubles and three 1 ruble coins. the 5 rubles coin is the biggest in my collection

i also have just regular euros. i have 2 euro, 1 euro, 50 cent, 20 cent, 5 cent, and 1 cent coins

uruguay! i have 10 pesos, 5 pesos, 2 pesos, and 1 pesos coins

mexico, 100 pesos, 50 pesos, and 20 pesos coins

miscellaneous picture #3. thailand (top, center) 10 baht and 1 baht. indonesia (top left) 50 rupees. india (center left) 1 rupee. brazil (bottom left/center) 25 centavos. colombia (center/bottom center) 100 pesos. peru (bottom right) 5 soles.

canada! i have 25 cent, 10 cent, 5 cent, and 1 cent coins

and now. my special guys. on the left is a hungarian revolutionary period coin from 1848. on the right is what i believe to be a chinese kiang-soo province 10 cash coin, or at least that’s what i can gather from it. it’s a very well worn coin so it’s hard to see the design on the other side or read the few words in english on that side, but google image search helped a lot if that’s to be trusted. these two coins are my favorite :)

these last ones are coins but just tokens and stuff like that. top left is copenhagen tram tokens, top right is ferry tokens for cities not to be named for my privacy, bottom left is a collectible coin (i think that’s the purpose?) from the ben franklin science institute, bottom center is an old nyc transit token, and bottom right is some sort of game token

so those are my coins! there’s a lot of them lol

[ecosmining]

How Cryptocurrency Mining Works: Process, Methods, and Risks

Cryptocurrency mining is a topic of interest for many people. Today, there are numerous opportunities available for those who want to earn money, and one of them is cryptocurrency mining, which can provide a significant income.

What is Cryptocurrency Mining?

First, let’s understand what cryptocurrency mining means. It all started with Satoshi Nakamoto, who in 2007 began developing the principles of cryptocurrency mining (Bitcoin). In 2009, the first mining application was released. The generation of the first block, “Genesis 0,” brought the first 50 bitcoins to its creators. In the same year, the first purchase of BTC for dollars took place: $5.02 was sold for 5050 bitcoins (which is an astronomical sum today).

The essence of the cryptocurrency mining process is the creation of new blocks in the cryptocurrency network. For this, the mining equipment solves complex mathematical problems. For each new block, cryptocurrency coins are issued. Miners can then store them in their wallets or sell them on exchanges.

How Does Cryptocurrency Mining Work?

To understand the principles of mining, it is necessary to clearly understand how bitcoin is mined.

Information about each transaction within the BTC network is recorded in a special block, which confirms the authenticity of the transfer.

Blocks form a single chain — the blockchain. Each block contains the hash of the header of the previous block, the hash of the transaction, and a random number.

The miner’s equipment performs mathematical calculations to determine the block hash.

After calculating the hash, the miner receives a reward and adds a new block to the general register of transactions.

The mining process is protected using the Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake algorithms. These are sets of rules according to which transactions are conducted, mining is carried out, and other actions are performed within the network.

Proof-of-work (“proof of work”). The algorithm organizes the operation of the entire cryptocurrency network, verifies the authenticity of transactions, and so on. After a certain amount of cryptocurrency is mined in the network, PoW increases the complexity of the calculations. As a result, miners are forced to constantly increase the power of their farms and devices. PoW is the algorithm of a large number of cryptocurrency networks: from bitcoin to LiteCoin and DogeCoin. Proof-of-Stake (“proof of ownership”). An analog of PoW, the essence of which is that the greatest chance of mining cryptocurrency is received by the one who owns the most coins, and not the most powerful equipment. The algorithm reduces the decentralization of the network but significantly reduces energy consumption. PoS is currently used by Ethereum.

Mining Algorithms

To understand how to mine cryptocurrency, you need to know about the most popular mining algorithms at the moment. These technologies form the basis of cryptographic calculations and affect the mining speed, the necessary equipment and its power, the level of energy consumption, and so on.

SHA-256. The basis of mining on this algorithm is the creation of a 256-bit signature. It is demanding on the hash rate (for mining, a minimum of 1 Gh/s is required). Calculations last from 7 minutes. It is used in the mining of Bitcoin, Bytecoin, Terracoin, 21Coin. Ethash. The hashing algorithm was first used to mine ether. In the mining process, the emphasis is on the volume of video card memory. Ethash is used in the networks Ethereum Classic, KodakCoin, Ubig.

Scrypt. It works on the PoW (Proof-of-work) principle. Compared to SHA-256, it has a higher calculation speed and lower requirements for the power of computing equipment. The algorithm is used in the mining of Dogecoiun, Gulden, Litecoin.

Equihash. An algorithm with which you can mine cryptocurrency on home computers. It is used in the mining of Bitcoin Gold, Zcash, Komodo. CryptoNight. The algorithm is designed for mining cryptocurrency on home computers. It allows you to mine even on a not very powerful video card. The only condition is that it must be discrete. It is used in the mining of Bytecoin and Monero.

X11. The algorithm was developed by the creators of the Dash token. It has excellent data protection and low energy consumption.

Types of Mining

What does cryptocurrency mining mean in terms of organizing the process? There are several types of mining that depend on the equipment used and the number of team members.

By Equipment Type

In mining, you can use different equipment: you need to choose a suitable cryptocurrency and install software. Each type of equipment will differ in calculation speed, resource consumption, durability, etc.

CPU (Central processing unit) CPU mining is the use of a PC processor for cryptocurrency mining. It is characterized by very low calculation speed and, accordingly, low profitability. However, it is still relevant among solo miners due to low energy consumption requirements. To increase mining efficiency, you need to choose processors with a high frequency, a large number of cores and threads. It is not recommended to mine on laptops. With CPU mining, you can mine Dogecoin, Monero, Electroneum.

FPGA-module (Field-Programmable Gate Array) The use of an FPGA module is one of the promising ways to mine cryptocurrency. Their advantage/difference lies in the possibility of reprogramming the module for the desired mining algorithm. Thus, you can switch between different cryptocurrencies. Another beneficial difference is that FPGA modules provide a better hash rate-energy consumption ratio. The main disadvantage of FPGA mining is the cost of the modules and the complexity of their setup.

Hard Drive You can also use the HDD of your PC for mining. The work is carried out according to the Proof-of-Capacity (“proof of resources”) algorithm. Mining on a hard disk takes place in two stages: plotting and mining. First, the generation of random solutions takes place, which are saved on the HDD. Then the number of the scoop is calculated, and the deadline is determined. Then the minimum deadline is selected, and the miner who beats the rest receives a reward. The calculations do not require high power but only a lot of free space on the hard drive.

By Number of Participants

You can mine cryptocurrency both alone and in a company with other miners. All this has both its advantages and disadvantages.

Solo Mining The oldest form of mining. The miner independently selects equipment, sets up software, chooses a cryptocurrency, and starts mining. All costs are borne by him. But the reward for the mined block is received in full by the solo miner. During the birth of the cryptocurrency industry, this was the most profitable form of mining, as the calculations were fast and did not require large capacities. Today, solo mining is worth doing when mining promising altcoins.

Mining Pools A mining pool is a combination of miners who start working on creating blocks together. As a result, this significantly increases the overall chances of getting cryptocurrency. There are two main types of pools with different payment mechanisms. Pay-Per-Share (PPS), in which the miner receives a reward for each hash created within the pool — even if the block was not created. Pay-Per-Last-N-Shares (PPLNS), with accrual of the reward only when the block is created.

Cloud Mining This is a type of passive mining. In this case, the user pays for the rental of capacities on the territory of the data center of the company. The equipment starts mining, and with the help of a mobile application or a personal account on the site, the client monitors the results. Profit depends on the rented capacities, the cost of cryptocurrency, and the options in the company’s service.

Mining Profitability

To make a profit from cryptocurrency mining, you need to make a preliminary calculation of costs. If you want to create your own farm, you need to calculate:

Costs for purchasing and maintaining equipment. Payment for electricity. Rent of premises for the farm. The computing power of the equipment, which determines the amount of cryptocurrency mined per month. Assess changes in the value of the chosen cryptocurrency: an accurate forecast will allow you to imagine the expected income.

Mining profitability A profitable option for earning money can be the purchase/rental of ASICs or cloud mining. Their profitability depends only on the starting budget. If you calculate the minimum entry threshold by product, then you can get the following approximate figures:

Purchase of Antminer S21 188TH ($5000): expected income $550* per month. Rent of Antminer S21 188TH for 12 months ($3200): expected income $320* per month. Cloud mining contract ($150): expected income $225* for 60 months. These calculations provide you with forecast information based on the BTC forecast, which will reach $120 thousand. and FPPS 0.0000008. This is not a guarantee of future results, and accordingly, it is not advisable to rely too much on such information due to its inherent uncertainty.

Risks of Cryptocurrency Mining

The cryptocurrency industry has certain risks:

Problems with legislation. Very often, mining is not regulated by the legislation of countries, and in some, it can be completely prohibited, for example, in Taiwan, Kyrgyzstan, Vietnam, Romania, and Ecuador. Before starting to work with cryptocurrency, you definitely need to consult with a lawyer. A good solution to the problem can be the services of a hosting company, which will take any risks upon itself.

The issue of profitability. For successful bitcoin mining on your own, you need to buy powerful computing equipment. It not only costs quite a lot but also requires a huge amount of electricity and careful maintenance. Therefore, it will not be possible to place it at home. At the same time, mining on a home PC or a small farm will be unprofitable due to high competition with large farms and pools.

The difficulty of accurately forecasting income. It is difficult to calculate future income from the sale of mined cryptocurrency: the complexity of mining, the popularity of coins, and their value can and will regularly change.

The Future and Prospects of Cryptocurrency Mining

The industry continues to actively develop around the world. Users know that they can get a good income from cryptocurrency mining, even if they mine altcoins: Ethereum, Tether, BNB, Solana, etc. BTC is the undisputed leader of the industry, the course of which affects users’ trust in it.

After the fourth bitcoin halving in April 2024, the profitability of mining changed. To maintain the previous level of mining, it is necessary to increase existing computing powers. Therefore, miners continue to unite in pools or use the services of hosting companies. In the near future, this trend will not only be preserved but will also receive its development.

Conclusion

Despite periodic declines, bitcoin continues the trend of growth, which makes investing in cryptocurrency mining a profitable investment. With the development of mining pools and the appearance of large farms, it is difficult for a solo miner to get a significant income. Therefore, the best option may be cloud mining or the purchase/rental of an ASIC farm from a hosting company, which will take over the installation and maintenance of the equipment. With ECOS.am, you can focus on mining and investing in BTC. We take on all the other work.

[golden-route]

Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: 1915 Austrian 1 Ducat Gold Franz Joseph I Uncirculated Gold Coin.

[collgm]

1 Gulden 1938

Ciao a tutte/i oggi inserisco un bellissimo Gulden del 1938

Hello at all today i insert a beautiful coin, 1 Gulden 1938

[my-red-rose-things]

luckygames.io Best 69 Roll Over Strategy : Earn and mine Gulden coins free

[balthazar147]

So I had a little contest running on my Facebook page. (Balthazar metalworks if you want to like it) and I just finished the prize for the winner. this is a very neat little ring. made using an 1940 silver 5ct from the guilder and a 1 guilder coin. supplied by the winner herself. turned out really cool! #gulden #guilder #5ct #silver #zilver #nickel #ring #jewelry #coinring #coin #contest #winner #handmade (bij 's-Hertogenbosch) https://www.instagram.com/p/BztbLUFIG1B/?igshid=1hotuterwki97

[numismaticarnaiz]

Holanda, 2 1/2 Gulden, 1898. #holanda🇳🇱 #holanda #gulden #silvercoin #coin #amsterdam #collection #nederland https://www.instagram.com/p/B1IK6hnggGG/?igshid=1iexk59t9ntbv

[germanicseidr]

Peel Helmet

This Roman helmet was discovered back in 1910 on 17th june by peat cutter Gebbel Smolenaars in Helenaveen, Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands. This find was a true spectacle back in 1910. Gebbel took the helmet to his home, polished it and put the object on display. Visitors were allowed to see the helmet after paying 0,10 gulden cent.

After a few weeks, Gebbel decided to sell the helmet to the rijksmuseum van oudheden in Leiden where it still remains until this very day, I visited this helmet yesterday. Stories quickly sprung into existence about the mysterious owner of this helmet. Did this helmet belong to a Roman soldier who drowned in the swamps? Was he perhaps captured by the Germanics or Celts and sacrificed to the Gods?

You have to realise that archeology was different in the early 20th century. Archeologists were only interested in the shiny rare objects and not in the actual place where the objects were found or in the circumstances surrounding the objects. Think of the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb. Archeologists showed zero respect towards the body or the actual place of burial, they were only focused on the golden treasures going so far as to even rip off Tutankhamun's head in order to remove the priceless death mask.

More objects were discovered next to the helmet: coins, pieces of leather, shoes, a fibula and horse gear. This quickly led to the assumption that this Roman was a cavalry soldier who drowned in the swamp with his horse. New research was conducted in the 1980's by Carol van Driel who came up with another conclusion about how the objects ended up in a bog.

It is now believed that there wasn't a Roman soldier who drowned in these swamps but that these objects were put here as an offering. According to the helmet's inscription, the owner served in the 6th cavalry unit Stablesia. The pieces of leather indicates that all of these objects were packed inside a piece of a Roman tent and dumped into the swamp.

It's easy to date this helmet and the pieces of leather thanks to the coins that have been found. The coins shows emperor Constantinus so this helmet must have been worn around 319AD. This was quite a turbulent time for the Roman empire and especially its border regions. The inner conflict of Roman emperors, politics and constant attacks by Germanic tribes led to a weakened border.

The cavalry unit this helmet belongs to, the Stablesia unit, was not just a regular cavalry unit but the elite corps tasked with the protection of the emperor himself. It seems unlikely that Constantinius visited modern day Helenaveen so it appears that the owner of the helmet was not in active duty anymore. Perhaps he left the army and deposited his gear in the swamp as a thanks to the Gods for his survival. Perhaps he decided to return to his tribe and wanted to get rid of all objects that made him appear Roman.

Who knows what exactly happened here 1700 years ago. Was he proud of his service as bodyguard of the Roman emperor? Did he miss his home so badly that he deserted and deposited his Roman gear inside a bog? Was it a sacrifice to thank the Gods for his survival or was it a combination of both? Was he a Celt, Germanic or Roman? Sadly all his memories have been lost in time and the only thing we have left are the objects he decided to place inside this bog.

The helmet itself is covered in a silver-gilt sheathing and was most likely used as a parade helmet. The origin of the unit is also still shrouded in mystery. Perhaps this unit was recruited from soldiers, both auxiliary and legionary, who showed enough loyalty to fullfill the role of a bodyguard. Perhaps they were recruited from northern Italy. If the owner was indeed a Roman, why did he place his gear in the swamps on the borders between Germania and Gaul instead of his own homeland?

Here is a photo of the helmet and the gear made by myself in the rijksmuseum van oudheden, Leiden, the Netherlands

[the-paintrist]

Lucas Cranach the Younger -  Portrait of the artist's father, Lucas Cranach the Elder - 1550

Lucas Cranach the Younger (Lucas Cranach der Jüngere; October 4, 1515 – January 25, 1586) was a German Renaissance painter and portraitist, the son of Lucas Cranach the Elder.

Lucas Cranach the Elder (German: Lucas Cranach der Ältere German, c. 1472 – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is known for his portraits, both of German princes and those of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation, whose cause he embraced with enthusiasm. He was a close friend of Martin Luther. Cranach also painted religious subjects, first in the Catholic tradition, and later trying to find new ways of conveying Lutheran religious concerns in art. He continued throughout his career to paint nude subjects drawn from mythology and religion.

Cranach had a large workshop and many of his works exist in different versions; his son Lucas Cranach the Younger and others continued to create versions of his father's works for decades after his death. He has been considered the most successful German artist of his time.

He was born at Kronach in upper Franconia (now central Germany), probably in 1472. His exact date of birth is unknown. He learned the art of drawing from his father Hans Maler (his surname meaning "painter" and denoting his profession, not his ancestry, after the manner of the time and class). His mother, with surname Hübner, died in 1491. Later, the name of his birthplace was used for his surname, another custom of the times. How Cranach was trained is not known, but it was probably with local south German masters, as with his contemporary Matthias Grünewald, who worked at Bamberg and Aschaffenburg (Bamberg is the capital of the diocese in which Kronach lies). There are also suggestions that Cranach spent some time in Vienna around 1500.

From 1504 to 1520 he lived in a house on the south west corner of the marketplace in Wittenberg.

According to Gunderam (the tutor of Cranach's children), Cranach demonstrated his talents as a painter before the close of the 15th century. His work then drew the attention of Duke Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, known as Frederick the Wise, who attached Cranach to his court in 1504. The records of Wittenberg confirm Gunderam's statement to this extent: that Cranach's name appears for the first time in the public accounts on the 24 June 1504, when he drew 50 gulden for the salary of half a year, as pictor ducalis ("the duke's painter"). Cranach was to remain in the service of the Elector and his successors for the rest of his life, although he was able to undertake other work.

Cranach married Barbara Brengbier, the daughter of a burgher of Gotha and also born there; she died at Wittenberg on 26 December 1540. Cranach later owned a house at Gotha, but most likely he got to know Barbara near Wittenberg, where her family also owned a house, which later also belonged to Cranach.

The first evidence of Cranach's skill as an artist comes in a picture dated 1504. Early in his career he was active in several branches of his profession: sometimes a decorative painter, more frequently producing portraits and altarpieces, woodcuts, engravings, and designing the coins for the electorate.

Early in the days of his official employment he startled his master's courtiers by the realism with which he painted still life, game and antlers on the walls of the country palaces at Coburg and Locha; his pictures of deer and wild boar were considered striking, and the duke fostered his passion for this form of art by taking him out to the hunting field, where he sketched "his grace" running the stag, or Duke John sticking a boar.

Before 1508 he had painted several altar-pieces for the Castle Church at Wittenberg in competition with Albrecht Dürer, Hans Burgkmair and others; the duke and his brother John were portrayed in various attitudes and a number of his best woodcuts and copper-plates were published.

In 1509 Cranach went to the Netherlands, and painted the Emperor Maximilian and the boy who afterwards became Emperor Charles V. Until 1508 Cranach signed his works with his initials. In that year the elector gave him the winged snake as an emblem, or Kleinod, which superseded the initials on his pictures after that date.

Cranach was the court painter to the electors of Saxony in Wittenberg, an area in the heart of the emerging Protestant faith. His patrons were powerful supporters of Martin Luther, and Cranach used his art as a symbol of the new faith. Cranach made numerous portraits of Luther, and provided woodcut illustrations for Luther's German translation of the Bible. Somewhat later the duke conferred on him the monopoly of the sale of medicines at Wittenberg, and a printer's patent with exclusive privileges as to copyright in Bibles. Cranach's presses were used by Martin Luther. His apothecary shop was open for centuries, and was only lost by fire in 1871.

Cranach, like his patron, was friendly with the Protestant Reformers at a very early stage; yet it is difficult to fix the time of his first meeting with Martin Luther. The oldest reference to Cranach in Luther's correspondence dates from 1520. In a letter written from Worms in 1521, Luther calls him his "gossip", warmly alluding to his "Gevatterin", the artist's wife. Cranach first made an engraving of Luther in 1520, when Luther was an Augustinian friar; five years later, Luther renounced his religious vows, and Cranach was present as a witness at the betrothal festival of Luther and Katharina von Bora. He was also godfather to their first child, Johannes "Hans" Luther, born 1526. In 1530 Luther lived at the citadel of Veste Coburg under the protection of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and his room is preserved there along with a painting of him. The Dukes became noted collectors of Cranach's work, some of which remains in the family collection at Callenberg Castle.

The death in 1525 of the Elector Frederick the Wise and Elector John's in 1532 brought no change in Cranach's position; he remained a favourite with John Frederick I, under whom he twice (1531 and 1540) filled the office of burgomaster of Wittenberg. In 1547, John Frederick was taken prisoner at the Battle of Mühlberg, and Wittenberg was besieged. As Cranach wrote from his house to the grand-master Albert, Duke of Prussia at Königsberg to tell him of John Frederick's capture, he showed his attachment by saying,

I cannot conceal from your Grace that we have been robbed of our dear prince, who from his youth upwards has been a true prince to us, but God will help him out of prison, for the Kaiser is bold enough to revive the Papacy, which God will certainly not allow.

During the siege Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, remembered Cranach from his childhood and summoned him to his camp at Pistritz. Cranach came, and begged on his knees for kind treatment for Elector John Frederick.

Three years afterward, when all the dignitaries of the Empire met at Augsburg to receive commands from the emperor, and Titian came at Charles's bidding to paint King Philip II of Spain, John Frederick asked Cranach to visit the city; and here for a few months he stayed in the household of the captive elector, whom he afterward accompanied home in 1552.

He died at age 81 on October 16, 1553, at Weimar, where the house in which he lived still stands in the marketplace. He was buried in the Jacobsfriedhof in Weimar.

Cranach had two sons, both artists: Hans Cranach, whose life is obscure and who died at Bologna in 1537; and Lucas Cranach the Younger, born in 1515, who died in 1586. He also had three daughters. One of them was Barbara Cranach, who died in 1569, married Christian Brück (Pontanus), and was an ancestor of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

His granddaughter married Polykarp Leyser the Elder, thus making him an ancestor of the Polykarp Leyser family of theologians.

[reality-is-lemons]

Hey The Witcher fanbase of tumblr what does a gulden coin look like?

I know it's the currency of Rivia but I can only find references for oren and lintar coins?

Also, if I cant find one, should I just use a different coin? If so then which one? I'm doing an art,,,

Pls I need it so badly I'm trying to sketch a tattoo idea

[ltwilliammowett]

The Batavia Mutiny or the Batavia Graveyard Massacre

Replica of the VOC Batavia (c) wikipedia

On 29 October, Batavia set off for Batavia (Jakarta) for the new flagship of the VOC Vereenigde Oost-indische Compagnie, the Dutch East India Company. It was to supply coins (260,000 gulden) and silverware worth about 30 million euros today, 30 cannons, two antiques by the artist Rubens and sandstone blocks already worked for a portico. According to official figures there were 316 (some sources said 341) people on board, including officers, traders, soldiers and passengers. The command was given by the experienced merchant Francisco Plesaert, the captain was Ariaen Jacobsz who led the Batavia in a convoy of seven ships.

But already in the North Sea the convoy was torn apart and so only three ships came together again, the Batavia the Assendelft and the Buren. On the way to the Cape of Good Hope there were more incidents on board. Pelsaert and Jacobsz clashed, which was due to Jacobsz drinking. This led to the Captain teaming up with a certain Jeronimus Cornelisz. Cornelisz was the third most important man on board and was a bankrupt pharmacist from Haarlem. At some point both forged a plan to get the Batavia into their hands and tried to instigate a mutiny. They did so by attacking the highest ranking passenger, 27-year-old Lucretia van den Mijlen / or Jans, who was on her way to her husband. She was chosen because she had her own cabin and only travelled with her mags, but also because she had rejected Jacobsz's advances. She was attacked in the middle of the night by masked men "hanging the Lady van den Mijlen overboard on her feet and indecently abusing her body". Later she claimed to have recognized the voice of Jan Evertsz, a man dedicated to the captain. Jakobsz and Cornelisz hoped to win several supporters for the mutiny by a disproportionate representation of these measures. But because the lady recognized her attackers, the mutineers had to wait until Pelsaert would arrest the culprits, which didn't happen because he had been ill for a long time.

On 4 June 1629, during a clear full moon night, the Batavia ran from the lookout to the Morning Reef at the Houtman Abrolhos (Lat. 28º 29.422S, Long. 113º 47.603E), off the coast of Western Australia, despite warnings.

FOURTH JUNE, Monday morning, on the 2nd Whitsunday, with a clear full moon (2) about 2 hours before daybreak, during the watch of the skipper (Ariaen Jacobsz), I lay in my bunk and suddenly, with a rough, terrible movement, felt the ship's rudder kicking, and immediately afterwards I felt the ship being held in course against the rocks, so that I fell out of my bunk. Then I ran up and discovered that all the sails were in top, the wind southwest, that the course at night had been northeast and north, and that was right in the middle of a thick spray. There was only a small surf around the ship, but shortly after that you could hear the sea breaking hard around you. I said, "Skipper, what have you done by your ruthless negligence to put this noose around our necks?" (from Pelsaerts journal)

The Batavia runs onto the reef    (c) Pelsaert’s Journal                          

A desperate attempt was made to save the Batavia by pushing the cannons off the board but nothing helped and so Pelsaert decided to evacuate the ship. During the evacuation, 70 men remained on board including Cornelisz who planned to repair the ship and then kidnap it to India to sell it and its cargo. The survivors landed on Beacon Island. Commander Pelsaert, Captain Jakobsz and about 40 men set up camp on Traitor Island. They had saved some ship's supplies, barrels of biscuits and some water. But there was no fresh water springing on these coral islands. That's why Pelsaert decided to look for help and sail to Batavia with all those who were with him. It took them a total of 33 days to get there. But this help was misunderstood by the survivors on Beacon Island and so the island where the commander was became the island of traitors.

On arrival at Batavia, the Batavia boatswain was executed on charges brought by Commander Pelsaert for outrageous conduct before the loss of the ship. Skipper Jacobsz was arrested for negligence, again on Pelsaert's word. Seven days later Pelsaert was sent back to save the survivors, but it took him 63 days to get back.

The so-called mutiny or massacre of Cornelisz is based on the reports of the survivors and the report of the commander himself. Therefore, please do not take the whole thing for granted immediately, and consider it with caution.

During this time the survivors renamed the island the Batavia’s Graveyard, because they recognized that they would die without water and food on this stretch of land. The Batavia sank and with it Cornelisz and all the men left behind. But he and the other survivors used the bowsprit for rescue and came to the cemetery. There he immediately scraped all able men around him, turning the sails of the Batavia into a tent for himself and confiscating all firearms, knives and swords. He orders his subjects to build driftwood rafts. During this time he makes the plan that if a ship should come to the rescue he would use it as a pirate ship.

Cornelisz rescue and the beginning of the massacre (c) Pelsaert’s Journal

But everyone who could become dangerous to him had to be killed, so he sent the soldiers under the command of Wiebbe Hijes to the High Island to let them search for water and food there. Of course he doesn't keep his promise to pick them up again and believes that the men there are dying. He also sends large groups of castaways to Verraderseiland and Robbeneiland. There is no drop of water on any of the islands. At the Batavia cemetery only the faithful of Cornelisz remain, the sick and weak are added and the women he and the others hold as sex slaves. The most attractive, Lucretia van den Mijlen , was reserved for him. Probably from principle since she had indirectly prevented the first attempt at mutiny.

The masscare (c) Pelsaert’s Journal

The killing begins at night, first the strongest are removed, then the sick, women and children. 

Parts of the Mass graves on Batavia Graveyard (c) National Geographic

Cornelisz men lurk near the tents, and as soon as someone comes out to pee, they cut his throat and bury his body. They also ask people to fish with them and then drown them in the sea. And some are tied up and then forced to go into the water themselves. From the 9th of July this also happens during the day, smaller groups who are put to die on the other islands unfortunately survive and are then slaughtered. At the Graveyard similar things happen, and the dead are thrown into mass graves. While Cornelisz plays with life and death, something else happened on the High Island. Because the soldiers under the command of Wiebbe Haijes had survived. They had searched on this island after they found no water and found on the neighbouring island Cats Island (now known as West Wallibi Island) which. But after some people who had escaped the massacres on the other islands had reached their island and told of Cornelisz's reign of terror, Haijes began preparations to ward off a possible assault by the murderers. Everyone on Cornelisz's side tried to pull the soldiers to his side, who were warned by a smoke signal that he had agreed with Haijes to find this water, that these men were still alive, failed. He himself went to them, travelled to Cats Island to use his powers of persuasion to lure the men into a deadly trap.

The rescue and the end of the mutiny (c) Pelsaert’s Journal

Here he met the end of his cruel reign. He and 5 of his men were overwhelmed and bound. Cornelisz was kept alive, but his companions were duly executed. On 17 September Pelsaert reached the stranded with the Sardam.

On the 17th. do. in the morning, at dawn, our anchor lifted again, the wind north; were then about 2 miles from the high island, ran towards it for. (45) - Before noon, as we approached the island, we saw smoke on a long island 2 miles west of the wreck, also on another small island near the wreck, which we were all very happy to find alive in the hope of finding a large number, or rather all people. - So I sailed by boat to the highest island that was closest and took a barrel of water, ditto bread and a barrel of wine; when I arrived there, I saw no one to wonder about. I jumped ashore and at the same time we saw a very small yoke with four men rowing around the northern point; one of them, called Wiebbe Hayes, jumped ashore and ran towards me and shouted from afar: "Welcome, but go back on board immediately, because there is a group of villains on the islands in front of the wreck, with two sloops intending to confiscate the yacht". (from Pelsaerts journal)

After a brief confrontation with the remaining mutineers who gave up immediately after facing a supremacy, the interrogations took place and after everything was cleared up, the verdict was pronounced on September 28. The condemned were to have their right hand cut off and, in the case of Cornelisz, both hands, before being killed on the gallows.

Cornelisz is hanged on the island; the other followers in Java are condemned and partly tortured to death (c) Pelsaert’s Journal

JERONIMUS CORNELISZ, from Haarlem, pharmacy, and late under the merchant of the ship Batavia, on Monday the first of October, when he asked for the baptism, to Seals Island, to a place prepared for them to exercise justice, and there first, to cut off both his hands, and then he will be punished on the gallows with the cable until death follows, with the confiscation of all his money, gold, silver, monthly wages and all the claims he may have here in India against the General's profits. East India Company, our Lord Masters. ( from Pelsaert's Journal)

In the end, after all was over and all mutineers had been executed, out of 316 (341) people on board the Batavia only 116 survived. The actual number is complicated because of the number on board the ship when it left Holland, some people left on the voyage or died, in addition one person was picked up in Sierra Leone and an unknown number of children was born on the voyage or died on the island. On 5 December 1629 the Sardam returned to Batavia with the other survivors and recovered a load of coins and jewels. The smaller perpetrators, who had been whipped, keel-pulled and dropped from the court arm as punishment on their way home, were executed. Wiebbe Hijes and some of his men were rewarded with a promotion for their resistance to the mutineers. Hijes became sergeant and the other non-commissioned officers, of course, received a higher salary.

Parts of the wreck, some cannons and the stone portico (c) western australian museum

Ongeluckige voyagie, van’t schip Batavia, nae de Oost-Indien … Amsterdam 1647 (Pelsaert’s Journal)

To what extent these narrated events actually coincide with the talking is questionable. The whole thing is based on witness statements and the report of Pelsaert, who in turn could only give witness statements and the statements from the interrogations, since he himself was not present. It is known that there were mass graves, also that many of them had been killed by force, but there were also graves with deceased that did not show any violence. That there was violence, but whether everything went as described, well that cannot be proven.

Sources: 

Mike Dash, Der Untergang der Batavia. 2007

Ongeluckige voyagie, van’t schip Batavia, nae de Oost-Indien … Amsterdam 1647 (Pelsaert Journal)

M.R.C. Fuhrmann-Plemp van Duiveland (Hrsg.): Der Untergang der Batavia und andere Schiffsjournale und Originalberichte aus der großen Zeit der niederländischen Seefahrt im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. Horst Erdmann, Tübingen 1976

https:// www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/07/01/the-batavia-mutiny-and-massacre-of-1629-is-still-rev ealing-secre_a_21422401/

https:// web.archive.org/web/20150417144427/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/batavia- massaker-die-blutspur-des-schrecklichen-jeronimus-a-1028583.html

https:// www.nationalgeographic.com.au/history/australias-most-infamous-shipwreck. aspx

https:// historianet.nl/techniek/scheepvaart/psychopaat-aan-boord-dood-de-sterksten-het -eerst

http:// museum.wa.gov.au/research/research-areas/maritime-archaeology/batavia-cape-inscri ption/batavia

[eurotekening-blog]

History of the Currencies in The Netherlands

The Netherlands uses the euro since 2002 as the official currency. The European Union has 28-member, and 19 other countries the Netherlands uses the euro. But the guilder was the Dutch currency since 1680.

The Euro

In Europe, for the Eurozone countries, the common currency is the euro. When the national border was crossed, the European travelers had to face troubles. But the euro solve this problem. As the euro currency can be exchanged each time when needed. The euro also can be subdivided into 100 cents like the dollar.

The euro has banknote and coin. 500 euros, 200 euros, 100 euros, 50 euros, 20 euros, 10 euros, and 5 euros are the banknotes, and 2 euros, 1 euro, 50 cents, 20 cents, 10 cents, 5 cents, 2 cents, and 1 cent are the coins.

Continuously the American dollar and euro have fluctuated. The euro, on the foreign exchange, is the second most traded currency. The first is the dollar. You can check online reputable currency converter such as XE.

The Euro in the Netherlands

The Dutch Queen Beatrix featured the minted Netherlands coins from 1999 to 2013. The Netherlands euro coins were featuring with King Willem Alexander when the Queen abdicated the throne in 2013.

In the Netherlands and Ireland and in Finland, some cash transactions are rounded down to the nearest 5 cents (1 cent, 2 cents, 6 cents, and 7 cents) to avoid the use of the two smallest coins. And up to the 5 cents rounded up (3 cents, 4 cents, 8 cents, and 9 cents). As payment, 1 and 2 cent coins are still accepted- as a member of the EU. In the Netherlands, travelers can feel free to use them.

Over 100 euros many local businesses refuse to accept banknotes, noted that. Also, in the cash register, at 50 euros some even draw the line.

The Netherlands' Former Longtime Currency

Before 2002, the Netherlands uses guilder and the tourists who visited before that time period known this. Guilder was used by the tourists and the most Dutch residents. But it retires in that year. For euros until 2007 the guilder coins were interchangeable.  Now guilder coin has no value but you can keep them in your collection. Also, until the year 2032 guilder banknotes can be exchanged for the currency. So if you have, you can exchange it.

Since 1680 the Dutch currency uses the guilder. However, from the Dutch word meaning "golden" the Dutch name "gulden" derived. Originally the coin was made of gold, and the name indicates that. The florin, another old currency from which the Dutch guilder was derived the symbol is "fl" or "ƒ". "een dubbeltje op z'n Kant"- in popular expressions traces of the former currency survive. That means "a dime on its side" when translating.

 The Philips Company (the Dutch electronics company) invented the CD which is a little-known piece of trivia, the dubbeltje because after the ten-cent guilder coin the size of the center hole in a compact disc was modeled.

“For more in-depth information about anchor text I highly recommend this euroteken op toetsenbord article

[golden-route]

Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: 1875 Netherlands 10 Gulden Gold Coin King Willem III.