#gravitational astronomy

[kreuzaderny]

Monster gravitational waves spotted for first time

Gravitational waves are back, and they’re bigger than ever.

After the historic first detection of the space-time rattles in 2015 using ground-based detectors, researchers could have now rediscovered Albert Einstein’s waves with an entirely different technique. The approach tracks changes in the distances between Earth and beacon stars in its Galactic neighbourhood called pulsars, which reveal how the space in between is stretched and squeezed by the passage of gravitational waves.

Whereas the original discovery spotted waves originating from the collision and merger of two star-sized black holes, the most likely source of the latest finding is the combined signal from many pairs of much larger black holes — millions or even billions of times the mass of the Sun — slowly orbiting each other in the hearts of distant galaxies. These waves are thousands of times stronger and longer than those found in 2015, with wavelengths of up to tens of light years. By contrast, the ripples detected since 2015 using a technique called interferometry are just tens or hundreds of kilometres long.

[without-ado]

Jewelled Ring of the Lensed Quasar RXJ1131-1231 l Webb

[spacetelescopescience]

This Hubble image showcases the “Molten Ring” galaxy. These golden strands of cosmic taffy are the result of gravitational lensing, where the light of a background galaxy is distorted by the gravity of an intervening galaxy cluster: https://bit.ly/3yKXojR

[aspaceinthecosmos]

hello! i've got some GROUNDBREAKING space news for you!

scientists have uncovered evidence for a gravitational wave background (GWB) in our universe, and the way they went about it is fascinating.

To fully understand what's going on here, we need to go into a bit of background information.

First of all: what are gravitational waves? gravitational waves are often called 'ripples' in spacetime, often caused by extremely energetic processes such as black holes colliding, or two neutron stars orbiting each other closely.

So, how did scientists figure this out? They used 67 pulsars (known as the Pulsar Timing Array) throughout the Milky Way, practically creating a galaxy-sized telescope in order to study this.

Pulsars are the extremely dense cores of massive stars, left over after they go supernova. These are fascinating on their own, but for this project, they had an essential feature: Pulsars rapidly rotate (think up to hundreds of rotations per second), spewing radiation out in pulses from their magnetic poles. For some pulsars, these radiation jets cross Earth's line of sight, and we get incredibly constant bursts of radio signals, which can be catalogued and used as a sort of standard, universal clock.

Here is a link to a gif showing the rotation of a pulsar. Please be warned for flashing and eyestrain.

For 15 years, a team of astronomers working for the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), used radio telescopes around the globe to track minuscule changes in the signal patterns from pulsars. The changes they found are due to the slight movement of spacetime between us and the pulsars, stretching and compressing the paths of their radio waves as extremely low frequency gravitational waves pass through the universe (yes, that includes you. your atoms, as well as the atoms making up everything around you, are very slowly shifting position, dancing along to the heartbeat of the universe).

At the moment, scientists are still debating what could have caused this gravitational wave background, but some there are some leading theories: the GWB could be caused by trillions of binary black hole systems (black holes orbiting each other) throughout the universe. It could also be due to cosmic inflation, or even the big bang itself. Scientists just don't know yet, but the opportunities this discovery opens up are incredible.

The knowledge of the GWB could help us better understand the formation of early galaxies, or even help us understand the origin of the universe.

[mindblowingscience]

Will future humans use warp drives to explore the cosmos? We're in no position to eliminate the possibility. But if our distant descendants ever do, it won't involve dilithium crystals, and Scottish accents will have evaporated into history by then. Warp drives have their roots in one of the most popular science fiction franchises ever, but they do have a scientific basis. A new paper examines the science behind them and asks if a warp drive containment failure would emit detectable gravitational waves. The paper is titled "What no one has seen before: gravitational waveforms from warp drive collapse." The authors are Katy Clough, Tim Dietrich, and Sebastian Khan, physicists from institutions in the UK and Germany.

Continue Reading.

[natureintheory]

CROP: An autumnal scene at the Institute Pond: onlookers observe a gravitational-wave-emanating event in the dark, star-filled water — two black holes orbiting around one another, sending out ripples. Art by Olena Shmahalo for The Institute Letter.

[mysticstronomy]

WHY DOES TIME GO SLOWER IN SPACE??

Blog#329

Wednesday, September 6th, 2023

Welcome back,

Time dilation goes back to Einstein’s theory of special relativity, which teaches us that motion through space actually creates alterations in the flow of time. The faster you move through the three dimensions that define physical space, the more slowly you’re moving through the fourth dimension, time––at least relative to another object. Time is measured differently for the twin who moved through space and the twin who stayed on Earth.

The clock in motion will tick more slowly than the clocks we’re watching on Earth. If you’re able to travel near the speed of light, the effects are much more pronounced.

Unlike the Twin Paradox, time dilation isn’t a thought experiment or a hypothetical concept––it’s real. The 1971 Hafele-Keating experiments proved as much, when two atomic clocks were flown on planes traveling in opposite directions.

The relative motion actually had a measurable impact and created a time difference between the two clocks. This has also been confirmed in other physics experiments (e.g., fast-moving muon particles take longer to decay).

So in your question, an astronaut returning from a space journey at “relativistic speeds” (where the effects of relativity start to manifest—generally at least one-tenth the speed of light) would, upon return, be younger than same-age friends and family who stayed on Earth.

Exactly how much younger depends on exactly how fast the spacecraft had been moving and accelerating, so it’s not something we can readily answer. But if you’re trying to reach an exoplanet 10 to 50 light-years away and still make it home before you yourself die of old age, you’d have to be moving at close to light speed.

There’s another wrinkle here worth mentioning: time dilation as a result of gravitational effects. You might have seen Christopher Nolan’s movie Interstellar, where the close proximity of a black hole causes time on another planet to slow down tremendously (one hour on that planet is seven Earth years).

This form of time dilation is also real, and it’s because in Einstein’s theory of general relativity, gravity can bend spacetime, and therefore time itself. The closer the clock is to the source of gravitation, the slower time passes; the farther away the clock is from gravity, the faster time will pass.

Originally published on technologyreview-com

COMING UP!!

(Saturday, September 9th, 2023)

"WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A STAR, A PLANET, AND A MOON??"

[itsgerges]

Best Regards The Gravitational Waves Reflection In The Solar System (Analytical Study) (Revised) https://app.box.com/s/yx3tx5lsvwy4025p4j3mwfeliwhtka07 or https://app.box.com/s/9wywdejkxqh7x4g791ntf3p3p01kkm8f or https://www.tumblr.com/itsgerges/759715471336570880/the-gravitational-waves-reflection-in-the-solar?source=share or https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/236389.html

Abstract Paper question How Is Planet Velocity Defined? Paper Hypothesis No. (1) The solar system is one energy moves in space and reflects 3 times - the points of the reflection are the planets- as a result- the planets are created depending one each other by this energy reflection. The Explanation Of The Hypothesis No. (1) I- Preface Why do we need to define Planet velocity here? Because Planet velocity definition disproves The Solar System Classical Description. II- The hypothesis Explanation in details 1 The Energy Reflection Definition 2 The Energy Reflection Proves 3 The Energy Reflection Result 4 The Energy Reflection Objective 5 Saturn Creation Depends On Uranus And The Earth Let's explain the previous items in following I- Preface

Why do we need to define Planet velocity before any other discussion in this paper? Because Planet velocity disproves The Solar System Classical Description. The classical description refutation is a great event because the theories depend on it and – that means- more than 12 theories are wrong in the modern physics book Shortly- more than the half of the modern physics book provides imaginary ideas and wrong theories because the solar system classical description is wrong. Let's see examples to explain that clearly Example No. (1) No Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity- Newton is wrong- I have proved this fact since long time- and I explained that- Planet moves by the force caused its creation- means- the planet creation and motion is done by one force only otherwise this planet would be broken- simply – if two forces have effects on the same planet it would be broken- means- the planet moves with its creation force- again No planet moves by the sun gravity- The example shows a gap between the physics book and the solar system facts – Newton imaginary idea is believed by everyone since 400 years! But- the example doesn't show how great the gap is- in fact the shock is coming from The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory- let's see the next example Example No. (2) The Sun Is Created By The Planets Motions Energies–The Sun Is A Phenomenon Here we can see the gap clearly The solar planets were found in their orbits before the sun creation and the planets were revolving around a point in space (this point has no light) The planet motion produces energy (1/2 mv^2) and this energy is stored in the space in waves form- the planets were revolving around this point for long periods till the stored motion energy in the space be massive energy-

From this massive motion energy the light beam is created (the sun rays is created) The sun rays is created from this energy- that tells why the sun corona temperature is 5 millions Kelvin but the sun surface is 5800 Kelvin- simply- because The Sun Is Not Doing Nuclear Fusion To Produce Its Rays, the rays is created by the planets motions energies– The Sun Rays Show The Great Gap Between The Physics Book And The Facts The wrong description is the reason behind the imaginary ideas and wrong theories in the physics book- one more example- the scientists won Nobel prize in physics for their discovery for the gravitational waves- these scientists told us – the gravitational waves are produced by the sun gravitational field which is NOT FACT– the gravitational waves are produced by Planet motion energy- where the planet moves and produces energy (1/2 mv^2) and the planet can't store its motion energy inside its body otherwise its temperature would be raised for that the planet motion energy is stored in the space In Waves Form- the scientists discovered these waves and they called them gravitational waves!! Let's provide one more example

Example No. (3) The big bang theory tells us the planet creation is done by random process- in details- the theory tells–some planets are suffered from collisions and these collisions changed their diameters and masses- by that we can't know their original diameters and masses by that the current values of these diameters and masses are found by chance and without any geometrical reasons and should be considered random data- For example- Jupiter diameter now is 142984 km but what's this diameter value in the first creation of Jupiter? The big bang theory and all random creation ideas are wrong and nonsense- shortly- I have my planet diameter equation which proves Planet diameter is created based on a geometrical rule- means- for example- Jupiter diameter is created at first as 142984 km and never changed since its creation- if any planet had collision and changed its diameter this collision results would be recorded in this planet motion features- as happened with Mars- Mars original orbit was between Mercury and Venus and Mars had migrated to its current orbit- and Mars had collided with Venus and The Earth in its migration motion- but Mars diameter equation refers frequently to its original orbit features and data- that tells the planet motion provides a record for its history because all data is required for planet motion- by that – all data depends on geometrical rules and no random process is used in it – let's introduce my planet diameter equation in following…. Planet Diameter Equation (v1/v2)= (s/r)= I v = Planet Velocity and r = Planet Diameter s= Planet Rotation Periods Number In Its Orbital Period I= Planet Orbital Inclination (example, 1.8 degrees be produced as a rate 1.8) v2, s, r and I are belonged to one planet and v1 is belonged to another planet The planet (v1) is defined by test the minimum error

Earth Equation uses Neptune velocity

Mars Equation uses Pluto velocity

Jupiter Equation uses the Earth moon velocity

Saturn Equation uses Mars velocity

Uranus Equation uses Neptune velocity (As Earth)

Neptune Equation uses Saturn velocity

Pluto Equation uses the Earth moon velocity (As Jupiter) (The Equation works from The Earth To Pluto) (the discussion explains the reason) Example Neptune Equation (89143 /49528) = 9.7/ 5.4 =1.8 89143 = Neptune rotation periods number in Neptune orbital period 49528 km = Neptune diameter 9.7 km/s = Saturn velocity 5.4 km/s = Neptune velocity 59800 days = Neptune orbital period (and Neptune rotation period =16.1 hours) 1.8 degrees = Neptune Orbital Inclination The equation tells planet diameter is created based on its velocity –means- Neptune diameter is 49528 km because Neptune velocity is 5.4 km/s The Equation Concept Planet diameter should be a function in its orbital distance –otherwise- this planet would be broken by its motion- the fact is that – The necessary requirement for planet safe motion is to create a function between this planet diameter and its orbital distance BUT- the designer can't create a function has only 2 variables (Planet diameter and its orbital distance)- the function in this case can't be useful because – If this planet changes its orbital distance its diameter would be broken also because the diameter is a direct function in the orbital distance without any other variables -As A Result The designer created the planet diameter as a function in this planet rotation period and the planet rotation period is created as a function in this planet velocity and the planet velocity is created as a function in this planet orbital distance- by that- the function between the planet diameter and its orbital distance is created but the function contains also more variables (rotation period, orbital period and velocity)- by that- if the planet changes its orbital distance- this planet diameter will not be changed but its rotation period, orbital period, and velocity will be changed and the diameter will be saved- NOTICE-Mars is the example for this theory because Mars original orbit was between Mercury and Venus and Mars had migrated from its original orbit to its current one- after Migration Mars changed its motion data but the diameter is saved

NOTICE- Planet diameter equation is very useful to analyze the energy reflection in the solar system because the equation shows the changes in data resulting from the energy reflection- for example- the equation produces the planet orbital inclination-but in Saturn equation- the equation produces the value (0.4) while we know Saturn orbital inclination is 2.5 degrees- the value (0.4) is produced because the energy is reflected in Saturn and that caused effect on the data by that the value (2.5) become (1/2.5) = 0.4- that's why I refer to my planet diameter equation in this discussion because the equation can work as a tool of anatomy which can see clearly what's happening for the energy in each planet- Matter Definition My planet diameter equation provides a new definition for the matter – this definition is found to answer the question- (How Can Planet Velocity And Motion Be Defined Before This Planet Creation?)

What's The Matter And How Is Created? The matter and space are created from the same one energy and both move with the motion of this energy from which they are created- but- the matter creates for itself a distinguish form and moves by different velocity from the space motion (notice the gravitational waves prove the space has motion and not static). This is similar to the sea of water- the space is similar to the sea of water and the matter is similar to a whirlpool (vortex) found on the sea page- The whirlpool (vortex) is created by the sea water and it's carried by the sea water motion- spite of that- the whirlpool is different in its form from the sea waves – also the whirlpool moves by different velocity from the sea waves motion velocity- this example gives explanation for the matter definition- the matter is similar perfectly to the whirlpool on the sea page- it's created by the sea water motion but it has a distinguish form and different velocity from the sea waves- Also The whirlpool dimensions depend on the sea water motion features- for example – we have a whirlpool its diameter is 2 meters, this diameter is formed by the sea water motion features (the water velocity- amount-pressure -……etc) that tells the whirlpool is found later after the sea creation- and the water motion is found before the whirlpool creation- this meaning is a fact for the matter creation and dimensions- the matter dimensions are created based on this matter motion- means- the motion is defined before the matter creation- this is proved strongly by my planet diameter equation- the equation tells (for example) Neptune diameter is 49528 km because Neptune velocity is 5.4 km/s- the whirlpool idea explains how the planet matter data is defined based on its motion- because The original energy was found in motion at first and the planet matter is created from this moving original energy and the planet matter dimensions are defined by this original energy motion features- after the planet creation, the planet moves with this original energy motion means the planet moves this same motion based on which the planet data is created that's why the planet data is in full harmony with the planet motion features. Also the idea shows the planet motion reason- as I proved before- no planet moves by the sun gravity- Newton is wrong- because the planet creation and motion are done by one force only otherwise this planet would be broken if two forces have effects on it Here we see the planet motion reason- the planet moves with the original energy from which this planet is created- What's the original energy? The original energy is one light beam energy- because – the solar planets and their distances are created from one energy and this energy is provided by one light beam –means – the planets are geometrical points found on the same one light beam and the planets move with this light beam motion- By that the planets are similar to carriages in one train and the light beam is this train engine- the light motion causes all planets motions NOTICE - this definition of the matter and planet is very important for our discussion because the paper hypothesis no. (1) tells – the solar system is one energy moves in the space and reflected on some points and these points are the planets- the reflection of energy discussion will show how each planet data and motion depend on the other planet motion by the energy reflection effect- shortly- (The Planet Is A Geometrical Point) this idea is the best one can explain the energy reflection data- by that we can understand how the energy motion and reflection can effect on the planet creation and motion- the energy reflection discussion is found in the paper first hypothesis explanation.

Planet Velocity Definition

Again let's ask ……Why Do We Need To Define The Planet Velocity? ………. Because – the planet velocity definition refutes the solar system classical description- the definition proves the planet is a geometrical point on the moving energy (and refute the classical definition tells – planet is a solid body created independently from the space and other planets) – in fact the planets are created depending on each other – The 9 planets are as 9 knots or snarls on the same one rope or cable – No planet is created independently– also all of them are created by the same one motion and the same one reason- (imagine you have a ladder or stairs is consisted of 9 units- all units are similar and found for the same reason)- the data proves this fact also Planet velocity definition provides a powerful proof against Newton theory of the sun gravity-No Planet Motion Depends On Its Mass- Newton is wrong- the velocity Definition Doesn't Refer To Planet Mass- Also planet velocity definition provides a direct strong proof for the energy reflection in the solar system- also – the velocity definition explains the complex machine behind the planet motion which refutes again the naïve idea of Newton about this motion- The planet velocity definition shows the general design of the solar system where all planets data is defined based on its velocity- means- the planet velocity is defined at first (after the orbit definition) and all other data is defined based on this velocity as we have seen the planet diameter is defined by the rate (v1/v2) by my planet diameter equation and planet orbital distance is defined by the rate (v1/v2)^2 and planet orbital period is defined by the rate (v1/v2)^3- shortly- the motion is the planet life

SHORTLY I refute the solar system classical description and I wanted to put a piece of strong proof in the first pages of my paper to show that the refutation doesn't depend on ideas or logical analysis- but the refutation depends on the contradiction between the physics theories and the planets creation & motion data- If the contradiction is proved that tells the description is wrong because the planets data can NOT be wrong Let's start our discussion How is planet velocity defined? Kelper stated, planet orbit defines its velocity, this rule is proved by the equation (v1/v2)^2=(d2/d1) where (d= planet orbital distance) and (v= planet velocity) BUT How Is The Planet Velocity Defined? And By What Rules? Planet velocity is defined by Three Rules let's see them in following (i) First Rule v1v2 = constant= 322 (my 5th equation)

47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity) x 6.8 km/s (Mercury velocity) =322 35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 2 =322 29.8 km/s (The Earth velocity) x 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) x 2 =322 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity) x 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity) =322 (Max error 2%) The rule (v1v2=322) tells the velocities are defined in pairs and not individually, each planet velocity has its own complementary- the rule tells the velocities are reflected on one another- the reflection of energy and data will be studied in details in planet velocity discussion- In this rule we interest for the constant (322)- let's ask- why the constant = 322?

The constant 322 depends on the speed 1.16 million km per second because (1160000 seconds = 322 hours) - Means Mercury (47.4 km/s) moves in 6.8 hours a distance = 1.16 million km and Uranus (6.8 km/s) moves in 47.4 hours a distance = 1.16 million km Shortly -we realize that the constant 322 is produced based on the speed 1.16 million km per second- means- the planets velocities are complementary each other because they are defined as functions in this same speed 1.16 million km per second (This is similar to electron and positron are produced from Gamma ray, The two particles depend on Gamma energy in their masses) Based On This Data I concluded there's a light beam its speed 1.16 million km per second and from this light beam energy the solar system is created- and the planets velocities are defined as functions in this speed 1.16 million km per second and that causes the velocities to be complementary each other- (Please note the speed 1.16 million km per second is proved strongly by other data in my paper specially because the light created the space at first before any planet creation by that all distances in the solar system are created by the energy of this light beam and its speed 1.16 million km per second is registered in the data)

(ii) Second Rule v1v2 = 1 The velocity here uses the solar day (86400 seconds) – let's prove that-

Mercury moves per solar day = 4.095 million km Venus moves per solar day = 3.024 million km The Earth moves per solar day = 2.574 million km The Moon moves per solar day = 2.4 million km Mars moves per solar day = 2.082 million km Jupiter moves per solar day = 1.1318 million km Saturn moves per solar day = 0.838 million km Uranus moves per solar day = 0.5875 million km Neptune moves per solar day = 0.4665 million km Pluto moves per solar day = 0.406 million km AND 0.406 (Pluto velocity) x 2.4 (the moon velocity) = 1 (error 2.5%) 0.4665 (Neptune velocity) x 2.082 (Mars velocity) = 1 (error 2.5%) 0.5875 (Uranus velocity) x 3.024 (Venus velocity)/1.772 = 1 (error 2.5%) 0.838 (Saturn velocity) x 1.1318 (Jupiter velocity) = 1 (error 5%) (1.772 = π^1/2) The second rule tells very similar meaning (v1v2= constant= 1) The data uses the velocities per solar day for that the constant is changed from 322 into 1 but the rule is the same- (v1v2= Constant) I want to say- the rule (v1v2 = Constant) tells a clear idea that (The Velocities Are Reflected On Each Other) this conclusion is simple one (A x 1/A= constant=1) The rule proves the energy is reflected in the solar system and this reflection has effect on the planets data and for that the planets velocities are defined by this energy reflection and the velocities are produced complementary each other as a result. Notice The second rule causes confusion because the complementary player is changed- for example Pluto is complementary with Venus (in the first rule 35 x 4.7 x 2 = 322) but Pluto is complementary with the Earth moon in the second rule (0.406 x 2.4 = 1) that tells the players are changed which is illogical idea- how can we solve this problem? The third rule solves it – let's see this rule in following (iii) Third Rule v1/v2 = 0.8 (based on the planets order) 47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity) x 0.8 = 38 (35 km/s = Venus velocity error 7.25%) 35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 0.8 = 27.78 (The moon velocity) 29.8 km/s (The Earth velocity) x 0.8 = 24.1 (Mars velocity) (error 1%) 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity) x 0.8 = 2 x 9.7 (Saturn velocity) 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity) x 0.8 = 2 x 5.4 (Neptune velocity) (error 3%) 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocity) x 0.8 = 5.4 (Neptune velocity) 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) x 0.8 = 4.3 (Pluto velocity 4.7 the error 7.25%) Please note The error 7.25 is found by the rate 1.0725 – that means 47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity) x 0.8 = 38 = 1.0725 x 35 km/s (Venus velocity) 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) x 0.8 = 4.3= 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) / 1.0725 29.8 km/s (Earth velocity) = 27.78 km/s (The moon velocity) x 1.0725 We know the rate 1.0725 is found by Lorentz length contraction effect- and we know this rate has effect on around 40% of all planets data – that's why we see this rate has effect on the planets velocities definition-

Let's remember the question- In the rule (v1v2=322) we found that Pluto is complementary with Venus because 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 2 = 322 But in the rule (v1v2 =1) we found Pluto is complementary with the moon because 0.406 mkm (Pluto Velocity Daily) x 2.4 mkm (The Moon Velocity Daily) = 1 The question asked – if the planets velocities are defined in pairs complementary each other and not individually how can the players be changed? The answer tells – the planets velocities are rated by (0.8) based on the planets order means – the moon velocity daily 2.4 mkm = Venus velocity daily 3.024 mkm x 0.8 The rate (0.8) defines all planets velocities depend on each other by order-

Now let's see Planet velocity final definition – because- the definition uses three planets velocities together and not only two – let's put that clearly in following- (iv) The Planet Velocity Final Definition (A) 47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity) x 0.8 = 38 km/s (Venus velocity 35 km/s) Venus moves per solar day 3.024 million km -But 1/3.024 = 0.3307 million km = Uranus moves per solar day 0.5875 million km /1.77 (note 1.77 = π^1/2) and (38 = 35 x 1.0725) For that 47.4 km/s (Mercury velocity) x 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocity) = 322 (B) 35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 0.8 = 27.78 km/s (The Moon velocity) The moon moves per solar day 2.4 million km -But 1/2.4 = 0.406 million km = Pluto moves per solar day 0.406 million km For that 35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 2 = 322 (C) 29.8 km/s (The Earth velocity) x 0.8 = 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity) Mars moves per solar day 2.082 million km -But 1/2.082 = 0.4665 million km = Neptune moves per solar day 0.4665 million km For that 29.8 km/s (The Earth velocity) x 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocity) x 2 = 322 (D) 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity) x 0.8= 2 x 5.24km/s (Neptune velocity 5.4 km/s error 3%) Neptune moves per solar day 0.4665 million km - But 1/0.4665 = 2.082 million km = Mars moves per solar day 2.082 million km For that 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity) x 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity) = 322 Shortly Three planets velocities are defined in each equation- that tells the planet velocity definition is a process more complex than the simple equation (v1v2= constant) Notice The 9 planets velocities total is 176 km/s – if we add the Earth moon velocity (29.8 km/s) the total will be 205.8 km/s The planets velocities are complementary also for this velocity 205.8 km/s – let's see 205.8 km/s = Mercury velocity (47.4 km/s) x Pluto velocity (4.7 km/s) / 1.0725 205.8 km/s = Venus velocity (35 km/s) x Neptune velocity (5.4 km/s) x 1.0725 205.8 km/s = Earth velocity (29.8 km/s) x Uranus velocity (6.8 km/s) 205.8 km/s = Jupiter velocity (13.1 km/s) x Neptune velocity (5.4 km/s) x 3 Mercury velocity = 2 Mars velocity by that Pluto will be used for Mars also Max error (3%) Please Note- Saturn is exceptional because 205.8 km/s = 9.7 km/s (Saturn velocity) x 21.4 Where 21.4 hours = 2 x 10.7 hours (Saturn rotation period) Means- the distance is passed by all planets motions in one hour equal the distance is passed by Saturn in 2 rotation periods (21.4 hours) that tells more analysis is required for Saturn velocity- as we should do later. (v) A Question (Why Is The Rate (0.8) Used To Define Each Planet Velocity Based On Its neighbor?) Kepler stated (Planet orbit defines its velocity) and My planet orbital distance equation proves each planet orbit is defined based on its neighbor – means- my equation uses only 2 neighbor planets orbital distances Here also-Planet velocity is defined based on its neighbor – means- this connection enabled Kepler to conclude his statement (Planet orbit defines its velocity)

But Why The Rate (0.8)?? The rate (0.8) is found by the energy reflection effect on Planets velocities definition, for that we need to analyze the energy reflection process deeply to see how the planet velocity is defined by it - The energy reflection process is discussed deeply in the first hypothesis explanation- let's start its discussion in following…

II- The Hypothesis Explanation In Details Let's remember the paper first hypothesis The solar system is one energy moves in space and reflects 3 times - the points of the reflection are the planets- as a result- the planets are created depending on each other by this energy reflection.

In following we discuss the energy reflection process in details because the planet velocity definition proves the planets data is reflected on each other and we here try to see as deep as possible how this reflection process is done – the discussion is divided into 5 items which are Item No. 1 The Energy Reflection Definition Item No. 2 The Energy Reflection Proves Item No. 3 The Energy Reflection Result Item No. 4 The Energy Reflection Objective Item No. 5 Saturn Creation Depends On Uranus And The Earth Let's start our discussion in following Item No. 1 The Energy Reflection Definition Here we define the reflection of energy – let's do that in following The solar system is one energy- this energy moves through the space- we can imagine this energy as a light beam or electromagnetic wave- and- the data tells this energy is reflected- let's suppose this energy is reflected from the point (A) to the point (B)- now- these points (A and B) are planets in the solar system- That tells, the planet is a point in space on which the energy is reflected- it's difficult to accept such strange idea- BUT The planets data is more strong than our evaluation- we will see that- the planets data is created by the reflection of energy- this fact is proved strongly and doubtless- For that I analyze the reflection of energy process in details because by this process the planets are created and the energy cycle is completed- for that – we examine the reflection of energy deeply - Now- let's define the energy reflection in following (i) The energy is reflected three times in the solar system- from Pluto to Neptune (1st reflection) and from Uranus to Jupiter (2nd reflection) and from Venus to Mars (3rd reflection) The first and second reflections are unified and work together as one reflection only (later will explain why) - by that – the solar system has 2 basic reflections- the reflection in the outer planets and the reflection from Venus and Mars (ii) The reflection of energy is proved strongly because the planets data are changed as a result- let's write these changes in following v What's used as (A) before the reflection will be used as (1/A) after the reflection. v What's used as (a distance) before the reflection will be used as (a period of time) after the reflection v The velocities be squared –the rate (v1/v2) before reflection will be (v1/v2)^2 after the reflection. v The energy direction is changed by the reflection usually v The players of the rates of time are reflected also – These changes are found in all reflections of energy- that's why the proof is powerful and can't be refuted because the planets data shows the reflection process details (iii) Let's see the changes in the planets data generally

(Venus reflection) By this reflection of energy Venus orbital circumference 680 million km will be used as Mars orbital period 687 days and it defines Jupiter orbital period (4331 days = 2π x 687 days) and also Saturn orbital period (10747 days = 4π x 687 days x (1/0.8)) where Uranus orbital inclination (0.8 degrees) creates effect on Saturn data AND Venus Orbital Period 224.7 days be used as 227.9 million km (Mars orbital distance) AND Also the reflection defines the planets diameters by that Venus circumference 38025 km = Mars Circumference 21346.6 km x 1.772 (π=3.14159= 1.772^2) (more data about this reflection is discussed later) (The Outer Planets Reflection) The reflection is done by Jupiter to Uranus, by that, Jupiter orbital circumference 4900 million km will be used as Uranus orbital period 30589 days where (30589 days = 4900 days x 2π and Neptune orbital period 59800 days = 4900 days x 4π and Pluto orbital period 90560 days = 4900 days x 6π Notice- the reflection in the outer planets depends basically on Saturn and it's more complex than this simple data but I put similar data for comparison and later we will discuss the details ALSO The energy reflection at Venus passes above the Earth to Mars- where the Earth moon suffers from the length contraction effect and its motion distance daily is 2.4 mkm = 2.574 mkm (The Earth motion distance daily) / 1.0725 Similar to that The energy reflection at Jupiter passes above Saturn to Uranus – Where Saturn suffers from the length contraction effect because 1433 million km (Saturn orbital distance) x 1.0725 = 2 x 778.6 million km (Jupiter orbital distance) - And- the Earth moon daily displacement is 88000 km and during 10747 days the total be 940 million km=The Earth orbital circumference (where 10747 days = Saturn orbital period) The previous data shows the reflection energy effect generally- it's important because it compares the data in two different groups and proves the data behaviors are similar- that proves these behaviors are caused by the same one cause- But we will analyze each reflection in more details to see how each data is created Item No. 2 The Energy Reflection Proves (a) Venus reflection of energy is discussed in item no. (4), But - Here We Analyze The Energy Reflections In The Outer Planets- There are two reflections in the outer planets (from Neptune to Saturn) and (from Uranus to Jupiter)- let's explain the energy trajectory The energy is sent firstly from Pluto to Neptune and then The energy is reflected from Neptune to Saturn–means- it's one reflection is started by Pluto and finished by Saturn- later the energy is reflected one more time from Uranus to Jupiter- but we have to ask- if the energy was in Saturn orbit why this energy is returned again to Uranus? The reason is–Saturn is created as a result for an interaction between Uranus and the Earth- means- Uranus is Saturn Father- and the energy is got by Saturn sent automatically to Uranus and Uranus reflects this energy to Jupiter- we will discuss the process in details later. AND I put Saturn and Uranus relationship analysis in point No. (5) to prove that Saturn is Created by Uranus effect- (b) Also there's story I have to summarize before the data discussion- Pluto energy is reflected to Neptune – this is the first reflection- means- Neptune should send this same energy to Uranus and then to Saturn and the other planets-BUT – Neptune didn't send the energy to Uranus but kept the energy in Neptune orbit – Uranus could not release the energy from Neptune orbit- for that- Uranus created the interaction with the Earth to create Saturn – Saturn is the warrior created to release the energy from Neptune orbit- by that Saturn released the energy from Neptune orbit and sent it immediately to Uranus and Uranus reflected this energy one more time toward Jupiter- this story is told in details in the paper discussion – (CONT) Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292 Physics Department- Physics & Mathematics Faculty Peoples' Friendship university of Russia – Moscow (2010-2013)

Curriculum Vitae https://www.academia.edu/s/b88b0ecb7c E-mail mrwaheid@gmail.com, mrwaheid1@yahoo.com gergesgerges@yandex.ru ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147 Facebook https://www.facebook.com/gergis.tawadrous VK https://vk.com/id696655587 Tumblr https://www.tumblr.com/blog/itsgerges Researcherid https://publons.com/researcher/3510834/gerges-tawadrous/ Google https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2Y4ZdTUAAAAJ&hl=en Livejournal https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/profile Pocket https://getpocket.com/@646g8dZ0p3aX5Ad1bsTr4d9THjA5p6a5b2fX99zd54g221E4bs76eBdtf6aJw5d0?src=navbar

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[ramblingsfromthytruly]

researching about gravitational singularities instead of studying chemistry for my exam tomorrow that i'm severely under-prepared for 🎀🎀

[bibliobibuli25]

There is this group of galaxies in the universe which looks eerily similar to the Cheshire Cat. The cluster is very important - it is a brilliant manifestation of Einstein's theory.

.

The galaxies SDSSCGB 8842.3 and SDSSCGB 8842.4 are the two eyes of the Cheshire cat. The smile is a result of something called gravitational lensing. The light has been bent and stretched by the large amounts of mass contained in the foreground galaxies.

This might not be the best explanation for gravitational lensing but I hope it gets the point across.

Image credits - https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2015/cheshirecat/

[midwestaesthetics]

Sumptuous

The moon pairs well 

With my heart tonight

Both are full like 

Silver lined plates

Time, its shooting on by

Like comets in skies

Clear as spotless glass

And I can’t wait to partake

Of this feast laid upon my table, tonight

[livingforstars]

A Galaxy Gravitational Lens - December 20th, 1995.

"Sometimes it takes a keen eye to see a good mirage. Around the center of the red galaxy image in the above photograph lie four blue "smudges." Each smudge is actually a different image of the same background quasar. The central galaxy happens to fall directly in the light path of the quasar. Consequently, the huge mass of the galaxy is able to pull separate images of the quasar around it - an effect called gravitational lensing. Hence we see a gravitational mirage! Astronomers have hopes of using light differences between these quasar images to not only "weigh" the central galaxy, but even provide clues about the expansion rate and composition of the Universe."

[islam-defined]

Allah Created Gravity (The invisible pillars 13:2)

Al-Khazini (Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini (أبوالفتح عبدالرحمن منصور الخازنی) (Persian/ Iranian astronomer) during 1115–1130 writes in his book Kitāb mīzān al-hikmah very big details and explanations of gravity (i.e., al-thiqul) especially specific gravity and center of gravity among the many other subjects, one of them astronomy, of course.

He said, “ Gravity varies directly as the distance from the center of the world… ”.

Many years later this subject was again revived by Sir Isaac Newton.

[mindblowingscience]

Scientists may soon be able to detect the most mysterious entity in the universe using a fleet of next-generation satellites, a new theoretical study suggests. Dark matter — a poorly understood substance that does not emit, absorb or reflect light but exerts a clear gravitational influence on other matter — dominates the universe. Despite being more than five times more abundant in space than ordinary matter, dark matter's composition and properties remain entirely unknown.

Continue Reading.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

When astronomers speak of the universe's age, though, they are seeking something universal – they are seeking a measure that has the same meaning everywhere. The uniformity of change throughout space provides a way of doing that.⁹

9. You could also travel to just outside the edge of a black hole, and remain there, engines firing away to avoid being pulled in. The back hole's strong gravitational field manifests itself as a severe warping of spacetime, and that results in your clock's ticking far slower than it would in a more ordinary location in the galaxy (as in a relatively empty spatial expanse). Again, the time duration measured by your clock is perfectly valid. But, as in zipping around at high speed, it is a completely individualistic perspective. When analyzing features of the universe as a whole, it is more useful to have a widely applicable and agreed upon notion of elapsed time, and that's what is provided by the clocks that move along with the cosmic flow of spatial expansion and that are subject to a far more mild, far more average gravitational field.

"The Fabric of the Cosmos" - Brian Greene