#glycoproteine

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Research Manuscripts of S. Sunkavally, p 591.

[cdbioglyco]

CD BioGlyco provides one-stop custom services for glycoprotein-based vaccine development to meet customers' research needs. We are confident to be your essential research assistant in the field of glycobiology.

[maryjayne1]

Questions and Answers

We’ll secure this post at the top and gradually incorporate your inquiries, providing answers alongside. Please ask any questions in the comments section below. This approach will streamline the search process. Let’s initiate this process with:

This approach will help me with questions and answers frequently asked:.

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1. What is the main purpose of gcmaf.

GcMAF is an immunotherapy product that, according to current clinical experiences, has been free of any adverse side effects in patients. It is designed to activate macrophages, which are crucial components of the immune system.

2. What does GcMAF stand for, and what rolls does it play in our bodies?

GLYCOPROTEIN MACROPHAGE ACTIVATING FACTOR

Lets Explore Gc Proteins, followed by their separate role in the Macrophage Activation factor.

A glycoprotein is a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to their polypeptide chains. This attachment of carbohydrates, known as glycosylation, occurs during or after the protein is made (cotranslational or posttranslational modification). Glycoproteins are found throughout the body and play various roles, including in cell structure, immunity, hormones, and cell-cell interactions . They are also integral to the membranes of cells, where they are involved in signaling and recognition processes. Glycoproteins can be categorized by their glycosylation type, such as N-linked or O-linked, depending on where the sugars are attached to the amino acid chain .

MAF: Macrophage-activating factor (MAF) is a type of signal, often a lymphokine, that primes macrophages to become more active in various immune functions. This includes enhancing their ability to destroy tumor cells, secrete cytokines, and clear pathogens . MAFs also influence macrophages to present antigens via MHC I molecules, participate in T-helper (Th) cell responses, and affect other immune responses.

Macrophages can exhibit different activated phenotypes depending on the combination of MAFs they receive. These are primed by signals like IFNγ and TNF to have increased activity against pathogens and tumor cells, and they secrete inflammatory cytokines.

Regulatory macrophages: These are induced by factors like glucocorticoids and are involved in producing anti-inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin 10, which can inhibit immune responses.Overall, MAFs play a crucial role in determining the behavior and function of macrophages within the immune system.

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3. Does GcMAF have the ability to reduce inflammation?

We have studied GcMAF for its potential role in modulating the immune system, which includes the ability to reduce inflammation.

This research suggests that GcMAF helps regulate the body’s inflammatory response by activating macrophages at sites of infection or inflammation and then inducing their apoptosis, which is the process of programmed cell death, when they are no longer needed. This, according to scientific findings, helps reduce the severity and duration of inflammatory responses.

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4. What are the ingredients of the polar GcMAF sprays and vials that you discuss within this group.

Deglycosylated GC MAF in stablised PBS buffer system.

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5. What time of day is best to use the spray and is with or without food and water.

Based on current guidelines, it’s advised to take first thing in the morning and refrain from consuming any food or drinks for 15 minutes prior to and following the use of the spray. The dosage varies depending on the purpose of usage and the age of the individual, with lower amounts recommended for children.

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6. Is GcMAF useful for horses and pets.

Please understand that medical trials are conducted on animals for several key reasons, which are for humans and pets. Jump to number 5 if you are overwhelmed with my response

:

Animals, particularly mammals like mice, share a significant amount of their DNA with humans, making them suitable models for studying human diseases and treatments https://med.stanford.edu/animalresearch/why-animal-research.https://www.bing.com/search?form=SKPBOT&q=Biological%20Similarity

1. : Animals can develop many of the same health issues as humans, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, allowing researchers to study these conditions and potential treatments https://med.stanford.edu/animalr.../why-animal-research.html.

And https://www.bing.com/search?form=SKPBOT&q=Health%20Problem%20Susceptibility

2. : With shorter life cycles, animals can be observed over their entire lifespan or even across generations, providing valuable insights into disease processes and long-term effects of treatments https://med.stanford.edu/animalr.../why-animal-research.html. And https://www.bing.com/search?form=SKPBOT&q=Whole%20Life%20Span%20Study

3. : It’s often not feasible or ethical to perform certain types of research directly on humans, so animals serve as surrogates to test the safety and efficacy of new treatments before they are considered for human trials https://med.stanford.edu/animalr.../why-animal-research.html.

And

4. : Many treatments developed for human use are also beneficial for animals, improving veterinary care and contributing to the health of pets https://med.stanford.edu/animalr.../why-animal-research.html

And https://www.bing.com/search?form=SKPBOT&q=Veterinary%20Benefits

The results from animal trials are crucial for advancing medical science, but it’s important to note that they don’t always directly translate to humans due to species differences. What works in animals may not work the same way in humans, and vice versa. Therefore, while animal studies provide a foundation, they are just one step in a comprehensive process that includes rigorous human clinical trials to ensure safety and effectiveness for human patients https://medicalxpress.com/.../2017-08-animal-trial....

5. In the context of pets, most of the findings from animal trials can be applicable, as many pets are also mammals and share similar biological systems. However, each species has its unique characteristics, so veterinary scientists must carefully evaluate how findings from one species can be applied to another. This is why the development of veterinary medicines also involves specific trials designed for the target species https://med.stanford.edu/animalr.../why-animal-research.html.

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6. According to research. Would GcMAF be useful for PANS/PANDA

pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome is commonly called PANS. PANDAS is a subtype of PANS with a specific known cause, exposure to a strep infection. While PANS/PANDAS occurs mostly in children who do not also have Autism Spectrum Disorder, in rare cases, a child may have both conditions.

PANS is an infection-triggered autoimmune disorder affecting the basal ganglia, which can result in a multitude of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including OCD-like behaviors, tics and/or restrictive eating in children and adolescents.

Because it is an autoimmune condition, and this will cause inflammation and nagalase levels to spike. In accordance with science studies, yes, Gcmaf has the capacity to benefit PANS patients. It is not claimed as a curative approach. Gcmaf has the ability to help the immune system as described in the scientific research provided in this group.

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7. Is GcMAF in food?

While some products claim to contain or stimulate the production of GcMAF, these claims are not supported by scientific evidence. It’s important to be cautious of claims regarding GcMAF in food products and to rely on peer-reviewed scientific research when considering health-related information.

Milk products are not considered GcMAF for several reasons:

1. GcMAF is a specific protein derived from the modification of vitamin D-binding protein, which is not naturally present in milk products such as yogurt.

2. Milk products do not contain GcMAF and therefore can not be claimed to have the same purported benefits

3. It’s important to differentiate between naturally occurring compounds in milk and those that are the result of specific scientific processes, like the production of GcMAF. Milk products, while nutritious, do not contain GcMAF and should not be confused with it or its associated medical claims.

GcMAF (Gc protein-derived macrophage-activating factor) is a naturally occurring protein in the human body that plays a role in the immune system. It is not typically found in foods. Instead, GcMAF is a result of the modification of vitamin D-binding protein, which is a process that does not occur in food production or preparation

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8. Where can I purchase Gcmaf and what is the product range?

I don’t sell any products, I study the science.

I am often asked what countries have distributorships for the GcMAF, which we refer to and what is the range of products. The range of products are as follows:

Nasal and mouth sprays 7500ng in 20ml units

Nasal and mouth sprays 1500ng in 20ml units

Vials 7500ng in 3ml units

Vials 1500ng in 3ml units

Creams 15,000ng in 40ml units

Currently these are the countries with distributorships:

America

Europe

Isreal

Turkey

England

Candice Bradstreet is in contact with all distributors, she will connect you with your nearest distributor. she can be contacted in this group or, you can private message me for details, or even email me ariamaryjayne@gmail.com

if emailing, please check your spam folder within 48 hours, if you have not received my reply.

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9. What are your thoughts regarding GcMaf plus creams.

I prefer to base my response through science.

The product in question is derived from raw bovine colostrum and undergoes a fermentation process. It is important to note that fermentation will initiate the degradation of GcMAF. Furthermore, the pH balance and composition of this cream, which includes both antioxidative and antioxidant elements, appear to lack harmonious integration. The inclusion of vitamins in topical formulations may not be beneficial unless a deficiency exists. Due to the nuances of its manufacturing process, the cream cannot be classified as a GcMAF product. While this does not negate other potential utility of the cream, it is crucial to understand that the final product doesn’t align with its purported claims. My expertise is centered on the study of GcMAF products exclusively.

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10. Can GcMAF be made at home? The ingredients of genuine gcmaf are not YOGURT they are as follows; Deglycosylated GC MAF in stablised PBS buffer system.

This group refers to Gcmaf which CAN NOT be made from fermentation, spores or yogurt culture. You are forming a probiotic which is NOT gcmaf. Gcmaf is a complex process that CAN NOT be made at home in a kitchen. Deglycosylation process and buffer system is only part of the technology of gcmaf. There are two interpretations for the fermentation. One is, using any industrial enzyme to produce products so fermentation here referes to enzyme activity. But, in biochemical terms fermentation is a different pathway of cell metabolism which is followed by glycolysis.

Yogurt making at home IS NOT GCMAF!

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11. Does Gcmaf cure Autism?

Cure is a big claim which I can not make.

There are too many co-factors when it comes to the Autism umbrella.

After reading study cases and observing results. I see the benefits for individuals on the Autism spectrum with elevated nagalase levels. I have whitnessed gcmaf aiding in speech development, coordination, and other life skills. I recall detailing a specific case study involving a young individual whose progress I closely monitored, it was shared within this group. The comprehensive analysis revealed significant improvements: enhanced speech, increased calmness, reduced repetitive behaviors, better coordination, and responsive behavior to parental instructions. Notably, the individual named Wes, began to exhibit empathy and initiate affectionate gestures like hugs, there were other positive changes observed which you can read about.

Together with Dietary enhancements, tailored to address deficiencies identified in blood tests, also contributed to the overall progress.

While this product is not a cure for autism — a condition with diverse etiologies including genetic factors, environmental influences, and in some cases vaccine-related impacts — it can be a valuable component of a broader therapeutic strategy.

In summery, the product has no known side effects, if nagalase levels are high, it certainly has the potential to make a difference. I don’t see it as a fully curable measure.

It’s important to recognize that autism has multifaceted origins and would seem to support a holistic approach to management.

Reference link to Wes, the case I followed and recorded:

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12. What’s is the difference between the applications of creams, vials and sprays:

Transdermal applications, such as the creams, are meticulously formulated to match the skin’s pH and optimize penetration. The skin’s outermost layer, the stratum corneum, acts as a barrier but has been traversed by science through various mechanisms, including hydration of the skin, which alters the barrier properties, and the use of chemical enhancers that modify the lipid structure of the stratum corneum to increase its permeability. This method is recorded particularly beneficial for children who may not tolerate sprays and for targeting skin conditions while also providing systemic immune support.

Nasal sprays are absorbed through the mucosa in the nasal cavity, which is richly vascularized, allowing for rapid systemic absorption and bypassing first-pass metabolism. This route is advantageous for delivering the active ingredients swiftly to the bloodstream, producing a quick therapeutic effect. while also providing systemic immune support.

Sublingual administration:

This is where the spray is placed under the tongue, is another effective absorption route due to the rich blood supply in that area.while also providing systemic immune support.

Injectable is often the preferred method for more severe conditions due to their high absorption rates and rapid onset of action. Subcutaneous injections injections deliver Gcmaf directly and absorbed slowly which seems to showing favorable results in the treatment of certain Cancer, giving a gradual release into the bloodstream .In summary, the choice of delivery method — transdermal, nasal, or injectable — depends on the condition being treated, the desired speed of absorption, and patient-specific considerations.

________________

13. Hi i have the order form! it has Oral Colostrum

VDTP tablets

60 pills per unit. I’m interested to know what these do? Compared to spray ect.

I have previously discussed how colostrum products should be avoided.

I advise against the consumption of milk-based products during serious illness, including colostrum. Lactose, the sugar found in milk derived products, are more difficult for individuals to digest, especially when they are unwell. This is because the body may produce less lactase, the enzyme needed to break down lactose, leading to discomfort such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. Moreover, dairy is well known to thicken mucus, which might exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, avoiding lactose can help prevent these potential issues and contribute to a more comfortable recovery.

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14. Is GcMAF legal?

Gcmaf is currently considered off-label, which doesn’t means it’s illegal. In situations involving late-stage cancer, where no alternative curative treatments are available, off-label products may be considered by people. Health is not owned by the FDA!

Products not approved by the FDA are not illegal; it simply indicates that they have not been verified by the FDA for specific uses.The FDA is a private company.

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15. My child doesn’t like nasal sprays and it is difficult to get the spray under his tongue, please advise.

Please don’t be concerned regarding the absorption of gcmaf orally as absorption in the mouth occurs not only only sublingual but also using buccal routes. Sublingual administration involves administration under the tongue where it dissolves and is absorbed by the blood vessels there. This method allows the medication to enter the bloodstream quickly, bypassing the digestive system.Buccal administration is when the drug is placed between the gums and the cheek. The medication dissolves and is absorbed by the blood vessels in the cheek.Both methods are used for their rapid absorption into the bloodstream and are beneficial for patients who may have trouble with the nasal spray.

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16. Is D3 important:

Hormone/vitamin D3 is directly connected to Gcmaf.

There are limitations of the D25 test known as 25 hydroxy, the D25 test only measures vitamin D’s inactive form and might not fully reflect one’s vitamin D levels due to individual differences in how it’s converted to the active form, D1,25, influenced by genetic factors.

It’s advisable not to depend solely on the D25 test for assessing vitamin D levels.

This test, which measures the inactive form of vitamin D, hasn’t been updated to reflect our current understanding of vitamin D metabolism.

The test operates on the outdated belief that everyone converts inactive vitamin D to its active form at the same rate. However, genetic research has revealed that this conversion rate varies significantly among individuals due to differences in their vitamin D receptor (VDR) genetics. Consequently, a person who converts vitamin D slowly may appear to have adequate levels when, in fact, their active vitamin D level is low. Conversely, a fast converter might show low D25 levels but could actually have high active vitamin D levels, risking toxicity if given additional synthetic vitamin D.

It’s challenging to find doctors skilled in interpreting these tests by their ratio. For a safer assessment, it’s recommended to measure both D25 and active D1,25 levels from the same blood sample.

Acknowledging that the conversion from inactive to active vitamin D varies among individuals is crucial for accurate vitamin D assessment. Genetic differences affecting the vitamin D receptor (VDR) play a significant role in this process and consequently, in the body’s response to vitamin D intake.

Measuring both D25 and D1,25 levels simultaneously offers a more complete picture of vitamin D status and metabolism.

This dual measurement can reveal the balance between the vitamin D forms, informing more tailored supplementation plans. We recommend to measure both D25 and D1,25 levels for a comprehensive evaluation and to account for individual metabolic variations.

The metabolic pathways of Vitamin D are complex, with each form serving distinct functions. The key lies in maintaining a balance among all these components for optimal results.

The impact of synthetic substances, including d3 on retinol uptake, can vary depending on the specific context and the synthetic compounds in question. Generally, retinol uptake into cells is facilitated by certain proteins, such as stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6). In some cases, alterations in the expression of these proteins can affect retinol uptake. For instance, a study on endometriosis showed that progesterone receptor is necessary for high STRA6 expression, which controls retinol uptake. In endometriotic stromal cells, decreased expression of STRA6 led to reduced retinol uptake.

D3

It is possible to produce non-synthetic vitamin D3. Natural sources of vitamin D3 include lichen, a type of algae that grows on rocks and tree bark, and is a sustainable source of vitamin D3 https://organicshortlist.com/organic-vitamin-d/. Vitamin D3 can also be derived from fish oil and sheep lanolin. Fish oil comes from the skin of fatty fish such as salmon or tuna, which naturally contain vitamin D, while lanolin is a waxy substance secreted by glands found in a sheep’s skin

Moreover, advancements in technology have led to the development of methods like the continuous microflow process, which is a greener and more efficient way to synthesize vitamin D3 compared to traditional batch processes

This process involves UV photoirradiation and high temperature and pressure to optimize and simplify the synthesis of crystalline vitamin D3 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-019-01634-6.

It’s important to note that when choosing vitamin D supplements, it’s beneficial to look for those that are labeled as natural or organic, as they are likely to be free from synthetic additives and may be better for health and safety https://www.approachwellness.com/natural-vitamin-d.html.

Please take a 25 hydroxy test to establish your D3 levels, 90 to 100 is the optimal range to aim for.

Here are some links to purchase a good source of D3. Feel free to add other plant forms in the comments section of this post.

UK https://www.british-supplements.net/.../clean-vitamin-d3...

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17. Does Gcmaf activate vitamin D receptors?

GcMAF itself does not directly activate vitamin D receptors (VDR), it is involved in the pathway of vitamin D metabolism. The activation of macrophages by GcMAF can lead to various downstream effects, including those related to vitamin D functions. For instance, the activation of VDR modulates the expression of certain cytokines which are responsible for a shift toward the M1 phenotype of macrophages.In summary, GcMAF is closely related to the vitamin D system and its effects on the immune system, but it does not directly activate vitamin D receptors. Instead, it influences the immune response through its action on macrophages and is associated with the broader regulatory mechanisms of vitamin D.

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28. Are herxheimer/ detox reactions ever a side effect when starting sublingual GcMAF? Thank you.

During the 24 years of research no known negative side effects have been reported.

‐ — ‐ — — — — — — —

29. Where can I purchase nagalase kits.

Nagalase kits can be purchased online. Note: change the currency to usd by clicking on the price

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30.

3

Only questions relating to GcMAF. Other health related topics can be found in other groups we manage

And

#maryjaynearia #glycoproteins #gcmaf #D3

Only questions relating to GcMAF. Other health related topics can be found in other groups we manage

And

#maryjaynearia #glycoproteins #gcmaf

[gauricmi]

From Glycans to Function: Navigating the Landscape of Glycomics

Glycomics, the study of complex carbohydrates known as glycans, represents a multifaceted field that delves into the diverse roles these molecules play in biological systems. By unraveling the intricate relationships between glycans and cellular function, researchers navigate a complex landscape that holds promise for advancing our understanding of health, disease, and beyond.

Glycomics in Biological Context: Glycans are ubiquitous in nature, adorning cell surfaces and influencing a myriad of physiological processes, from cell-cell recognition to immune response modulation.

Understanding the functional significance of Glycomics requires comprehensive analysis of their structures, interactions, and dynamics within biological systems.

Glycan Biosynthesis and Regulation

The intricate process of glycan biosynthesis is tightly regulated within cells, involving a complex network of enzymes, transporters, and regulatory factors.

Dysregulation of glycan biosynthesis pathways can have profound implications for cellular function, contributing to disease states such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic syndromes.

Glycomics Technologies and Analytical Approaches

Advances in glycomics technologies, including mass spectrometry, glycan microarrays, and glycan profiling techniques, have revolutionized our ability to study glycans in unprecedented detail.

These analytical approaches enable researchers to map glycan structures, characterize glycan-protein interactions, and elucidate glycan-mediated signaling pathways, providing valuable insights into their functional roles.

Get More Insights On This Topic: Glycomics

[abhijitsathe1]

Glycoprotein Market Forecast 2024 to 2032

Glycoproteins are a type of biomolecule that consist of a protein attached to one or more carbohydrate chains. These carbohydrate chains are often composed of sugars or sugar derivatives, and they are covalently bonded to specific amino acid residues within the protein structure. Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes and are found in nearly all living organisms.

The Glycoprotein Market was valued at USD 467.49 Million in 2022 and is expected to register CAGR of 0.8% by 2032.

The Glycoprotein market is driven by key factors such as biopharmaceutical industry growth, rise in research and development and growing personalized medicine.

Get PDF Sample Report:https://www.xcellentinsights.com/enquiry/sample/2142

By Market Vendors:

Sigma

Creative Diagnostics

R&D Systems

Enzo Life Sciences

Thermo Fisher Scientific

Epitope Diagnostics

BD Biosciences

By Types:

N-linkage

O-linkage

By Applications:

Hospital

Research Institutes

Get Full report + Tables + Graphs: https://www.xcellentinsights.com/reports/glycoprotein-market-2142

About Us:

Xcellent Insights is a market intelligence provider and consulting firm. We offer data-driven research services based on multiple analysis frameworks which helps businesses across the globe to understand current market scenario and align their strategic initiatives.

We offer syndicated research reports, customized research reports, consulting services and datasets which are mapped across multiple datapoints.

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Contact Us:

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[life-on-our-planet]

Vampire bats are small leaf-nosed bats that mainly feed on the blood of livestock. They're equipped with echolocation and heat sensors to find the best spot to feed on an animal, and their saliva has a glycoprotein called draculin which acts as a blood thinner to facilitate the meal. ©Smithsonian Channel

[whats-in-a-sentence]

This model was later replaced by an alternative concept in which xyloglucans fully coated the surfaces of cellulose microfibrils and directly tethered them into a load-bearing network, with pectins and glycoproteins forming an independent, interpenetrating matrix (Figure 14.20A). (...) The revised view posits a microscale network containing biomechanical "hot spots", which are limited junctions of bundled cellulose microfibrils where wall extensibility and mechanics are controlled (Figure 14.20B and C).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[beakers-and-telescopes]

With the fast fashion industry… how it is… finding sustainable ways to make fabric is super important.  Fibers from synthetic fabrics make up 35% of the microplastics that make their way to the ocean.  Natural fibers sourced from plants or animals are much more environmentally sound options, including silk.

Currently, the only way to get natural silk on a large scale is to harvest it from silkworms.  You’ve probably heard about the strength and durability of spider silk (it is 6x stronger than Kevlar!) but as of yet there hasn’t been a good way of getting it.  Raising spiders the way people do silkworms isn’t really an option.  Spiders need a lot of room to build their webs compared to silkworms, and individual spiders don’t produce that much silk.  Plus, when you put a whole bunch of spiders in captivity together, they tend to start eating each other.

Attempts to artificially recreate spider silk have also been less than successful.  Spider silk has a surface layer of glycoproteins and lipids on it that works as a sort of anti-aging “skin”- allowing the silk to withstand conditions such as sunlight and humidity.  But this layer has been very tricky to reproduce.

However, as scientists in China realized, silkworms produce that same kind of layer on their silk.  So what if we just genetically modified silkworms to produce spider silk?

That is exactly what the researchers at Donghua University in Shanghai did.  A team of researchers introduced spider silk protein genes to silkworms using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and microinjections in silkworm eggs.  In addition to this, they altered the spider silk proteins so that they would interact properly with the other proteins in silkworm glands.  And it worked!  This is the first study ever to produce full length spider silk proteins from silkworms.

The applications of this are incredibly exciting.  In addition to producing comfortable textiles and new, innovative bulletproof vests, silkworm generated spider silk could be used in cutting edge smart materials or even just to create better performing sutures.  In the future, this team intends to research how to modify this new spider silk to be even stronger, and they are confident that “large-scale commercialization is on the horizon."

[covid-safer-hotties]

Reference saved in our archive

Not only is this a potential route of transmission from mother to fetus, it damages the placenta in a way that could potentially undernourish or starve the fetus. "Just a cold" that gives pregnant women massive risk of placentitis.

Abstract

Objectives: Pregnant women are at increased risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and adverse neonatal outcome, primarily preterm birth and stillbirth. Our study aimed to investigate to which extent SARS-CoV-2 affects placental tissue and if viral replication within the placenta is evident, thus if there is a correlation between placental damage and adverse pregnancy outcome such as stillbirth.

Methods: We prospectively collected placentas from 61 SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant women and 10 controls. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization studies were performed on all placentas with antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 proteins, ACE2, various immune cells, and inflammatory markers or probes for SARS-CoV-2 genes and an antisense strand.

Results: The measured scores of SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein, nucleocapsid, and antisense strand indicating replication correlated with both the severity of maternal symptoms and presence of stillbirth. Specifically, 15/61 placentas exhibited replication, while the three cases with stillbirth had high or maximal replication scores. ACE2-H-score was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients, while the expression of various immune cells did not differ statistically. In multivariate analysis, presence of maternal comorbidities correlated with presence of severe COVID-19 infection.

Conclusion: We report evidence of active in vivo SARS-CoV-2 replication in the placenta after maternal infection in pregnancy in a case–control setting in a large population. Intensity of placental viral replication as well as viral levels were higher in women with severe or critical COVID-19 disease, supporting the rationale that severity of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection could correlate with the severity of placentitis. Replication was maximal in cases of stillbirth, which suggests direct placental involvement in the pathophysiology of this dramatic outcome. Continuing to advocate for preventive measures against COVID-19 during pregnancy, including (re)vaccination, as well as appropriately counseling women with diagnosed infection, are of utter importance.

[humancelltournament]

Human Cell Tournament Round 1

Propaganda!

In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CD4+ T helper cells are white blood cells that are an essential part of the human immune system. They are often referred to as CD4 cells, T helper cells or T4 cells. They are called helper cells because one of their main roles is to send signals to other types of immune cells, including CD8 killer cells, which then destroy the infectious particle. If CD4 cells become depleted, for example in untreated HIV infection, or following immune suppression prior to a transplant, the body is left vulnerable to a wide range of infections that it would otherwise have been able to fight.

In cell biology, a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis), and the transport of materials within the plasma membrane. Vesicles perform a variety of functions. Because it is separated from the cytosol, the inside of the vesicle can be made to be different from the cytosolic environment. For this reason, vesicles are a basic tool used by the cell for organizing cellular substances. Vesicles are involved in metabolism, transport, buoyancy control,[2] and temporary storage of food and enzymes. They can also act as chemical reaction chambers.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Scientists in China have synthesized spider silk from genetically modified silkworms, producing fibers six times tougher than the Kevlar used in bulletproof vests. The study, published September 20 in the journal Matter, is the first to successfully produce full-length spider silk proteins using silkworms. The findings demonstrate a technique that could be used to manufacture an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic commercial fibers such as nylon. "Silkworm silk is presently the only animal silk fiber commercialized on a large scale, with well-established rearing techniques," said Mi. "Consequently, employing genetically modified silkworms to produce spider silk fiber enables low-cost, large-scale commercialization." Scientists have eyed spider silk as an enticingly sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers, which can release harmful microplastics into the environment and are often produced from fossil fuels that generate greenhouse gas emissions. But turning to nature for alternatives isn't without challenges. Previously developed processes for spinning artificial spider silk have struggled to apply a surface layer of glycoproteins and lipids to the silk to help it withstand humidity and exposure to sunlight -- an anti-aging "skin layer" that spiders apply to their webs.

Read more.

[er-cryptid]

Classification of Hormones

-- hormones can be chemically classified into four groups

Amino Acid Derived -- made from modified amino acids

Polypeptide and Protein Hormones -- chains of amino acids -- normally about 100 amino acids long -- some are glycoproteins -- glycoproteins contain glucose or other carbohydrate groups

Steroid Hormones -- lipids synthesized from cholesterol -- characterized by four interlocking carbohydrate rings

Eicosanoids -- lipids synthesized from fatty acid chains of phospholipids -- fatty acid chains of phospholipids are found in the plasma membrane

.

Patreon

[tenth-sentence]

Glomalin is a glycoprotein in structure, we think; we still don't know for sure.

"Soil: The incredible story of what keeps the earth, and us, healthy" - Matthew Evans

[entomo-maniac]

More about the bat (more of her anatomy, than anything)

Besides her wings, she has other "modifications", like an elongated eye socket, a larger nasal passage, and a tail (which becomes a vestigial organ in her adult stage), she also has in her saliva the glycoprotein draculin alongside the presence of anesthetic and vasodilator substances.

Something also worth noting is that when it is "reborn", it is more of a cloning, as the new instance has few or almost no memories of the last one. Her diet at this stage usually consists in insects, reptiles, amphibians, spiders, pollen, nectar, and fruits. In her adult years her digestive system adapts to a liquid diet, so she can only consume blood.

Fun fact: She looks more like a baby sphynx in her first months, rather than a bat or human baby.

[transgenderer]

The musculature of the short-beaked echidna has a number of unusual aspects. The panniculus carnosus, an enormous muscle just beneath the skin, covers the entire body.[45] By contraction of various parts of the panniculus carnosus, the short-beaked echidna can change shape, the most characteristic shape change being achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened, so protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines. It has one of the shortest spinal cords of any mammal, extending only as far as the thorax.[46] Whereas the human spinal cord ends at the first or second lumbar vertebra, for the echidna it occurs at the seventh thoracic vertebra. The shorter spinal cord is thought to allow flexibility to enable wrapping into a ball.[47]

The panniculus carnosus is a part of the subcutaneous tissues in vertebrates. It is a layer of striated muscle deep to the panniculus adiposus.[1] In humans, the platysma muscle of the neck, palmaris brevis in the hand, and the dartos muscle in the scrotum are described as a discrete muscle of the panniculus carnosus. Some of the muscles of facial expression in the head are part of the panniculus carnosus. In other parts of the body, the layer is vestigial, and may be absent or may exist only as microscopic, disconnected fibers.

The musculature of the face, jaw and tongue is specialised for feeding. The tongue is the animal's sole means of catching prey, and can protrude up to 180 mm (7 in) outside the snout.[22] The snout's shape, resembling a double wedge, gives it a significant mechanical advantage in generating a large moment, so makes it efficient for digging to reach prey or to build a shelter.[48] The tongue is sticky because of the presence of glycoprotein-rich mucus, which both lubricates movement in and out of the snout and helps to catch ants and termites, which adhere to it. The tongue is protruded by contracting circular muscles that change the shape of the tongue and force it forwards and contracting two genioglossal muscles attached to the caudal end of the tongue and to the mandible. The protruded tongue is stiffened by a rapid flow of blood, which allows it to penetrate wood and soil. Retraction requires the contraction of two internal longitudinal muscles, known as the sternoglossi. When the tongue is retracted, the prey is caught on backward-facing keratinous "teeth", located along the roof of the buccal cavity, allowing the animal both to capture and grind food.[26][49] The tongue moves with great speed, and has been measured to move in and out of the snout 100 times a minute.[22][50] This is partly achieved through the elasticity of the tongue and the conversion of elastic potential energy into kinetic energy.[49] The tongue is very flexible, particularly at the end, allowing it to bend in U-turns and catch insects attempting to flee in their labyrinthine nests or mounds.[51] The tongue also has an ability to avoid picking up splinters while foraging in logs; the factors behind this ability are unknown.[49] It can eat quickly; a specimen of around 3 kg (6.6 lb) can ingest 200 g (7.1 oz) of termites in 10 minutes.[52]

The echidna's stomach is quite different from other mammals. It is devoid of secretory glands and has a cornified stratified epithelium, which resembles horny skin. Unlike other mammals, which typically have highly acidic stomachs, the echidna has low levels of acidity, almost neutral, with pH in the 6.2–7.4 range. The stomach is elastic, and gastric peristalsis grinds soil particulates and shredded insects together. Digestion occurs in the small intestine, which is around 3.4 m (11 ft) in length. Insect exoskeletons and soil are not digested, being ejected in the waste.[52]

The leathery snout is keratinised and covered in mechano- and thermoreceptors, which provide information about the surrounding environment.[57][60] These nerves protrude through microscopic holes at the end of the snout,[61] which also has mucus glands on the end that act as electroreceptors. Echidnas can detect electric fields of 1.8 mV/cm—1000 times more sensitive than humans—and dig up buried batteries.[62] A series of push rods protrude from the snout. These are columns of flattened, spinous cells, with roughly an average diameter of 50 micrometres (0.0020 in) and a length of 300 micrometres (0.012 in). The number of push rods per square millimetre of skin is estimated to be 30 to 40.[63]Longitudinal waves are believed to be picked up and transmitted through the rods, acting as mechanical sensors, to allow prey detection.[64]

Numerous physiological adaptations aid the lifestyle of the short-beaked echidna. Because the animal burrows, it must tolerate very high levels of carbon dioxide in inspired air, and will voluntarily remain in situations where carbon dioxide concentrations are high. It can dig up to a metre into the ground to retrieve ants or evade predators, and can survive with low oxygen when the area is engulfed by bushfires. The echidna can also dive underwater, which can help it to survive sudden floods. During these situations, the heart rate drops to around 12 beats per minute, around one-fifth of the rate at rest. This process is believed to save oxygen for the heart and brain, which are the most sensitive organs to such a shortage; laboratory testing has revealed the echidna's cardiovascular system is similar to that of the seal.[38] Following the devastation of a bushfire, echidnas can compensate for the lack of food by reducing their daytime body temperature and activity through use of torpor, for a period of up to three weeks.[53]

A well-developed olfactory system may be used to detect mates and prey. A highly sensitive optic nerve has been shown to have visual discrimination and spatial memory comparable to those of a rat.[65] The brain and central nervous system have been extensively studied for evolutionary comparison with placental mammals, particularly with its fellow monotreme, the platypus.[66][67] The average brain volume is 25 ml (0.88 imp fl oz; 0.85 US fl oz), similar to a cat of approximately the same size;[68] while the platypus has a largely smooth brain, the echidna has a heavily folded and fissured, gyrencephalic brain similar to humans, which is seen as a sign of a highly neurologically advanced animal. The cerebral cortex is thinner, and the brain cells are larger and more densely packed and organised in the echidna than the platypus, suggesting evolutionary divergence must have occurred long ago. Almost half of the sensory area in the brain is devoted to the snout and tongue, and the part devoted to smell is relatively large compared to other animals.[69]

The short-beaked echidna has the largest prefrontal cortex relative to body size of any mammal,[66] taking up 50% of the volume in comparison to 29% for humans.[70] This part of the brain in humans is thought to be used for planning and analytical behaviour, leading to debate as to whether the echidna has reasoning and strategising ability.[70][71] Experiments in a simple maze and with a test on opening a trap door to access food, and the echidna's ability to remember what it has learnt for over a month, has led scientists to conclude its learning ability is similar to that of a cat or a rat.[72]

The solitary short-beaked echidna looks for a mate between May and September;[27] the precise timing of the mating season varies with geographic location.[93] In the months before the mating season, the size of the male's testes increases by a factor of three or more before spermatogenesis occurs.[94] Both males and females give off a strong, musky odour during the mating season, by turning their cloacas inside out and wiping them on the ground, secreting a glossy liquid believed to be an aphrodisiac.[42] During courtship—observed for the first time in 1989—males locate and pursue females. Trains of up to 10 males, often with the youngest and smallest male at the end of the queue,[95] may follow a single female in a courtship ritual that may last for up to four weeks; the duration of the courtship period varies with location.[22][96] During this time, they forage for food together, and the train often changes composition, as some males leave and other join the pursuit.[95] In cooler parts of their range, such as Tasmania, females may mate within a few hours of arousal from hibernation.[97]

Before mating, the male smells the female, paying particular attention to the cloaca. This process can take a few hours, and the female can reject the suitor by rolling herself into a ball.[94] After prodding and sniffing her back,[94] the male is often observed to roll the female onto her side and then assume a similar position himself so the two animals are abdomen to abdomen, having dug a small crater in which to lie. They can lie with heads facing one another, or head to rear.[98] If more than one male is in the vicinity, fighting over the female may occur.[98] Each side of the bilaterally symmetrical, rosette-like, four-headed penis (similar to that of reptiles and 7 centimetres (2.8 in) in length) is used alternately, with the other half being shut down between ejaculations. Sperm bundles of around 100 each appear to confer increased sperm motility, which may provide the potential for sperm competition between males.[98][99] This process takes between a half and three hours.[98] Each mating results in the production of a single egg, and females are known to mate only once during the breeding season; each mating is successful.[100]