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hariboz · 2 years ago

Text

. . . YOU’RE WHO?

“their reactions to someone calling themselves your work husband in front of them!”

pairing: zb1 hyung line x gn!reader

genre: fluff <3, humour

warning: pretty lighthearted, light cursing

notes: hi hello this is my first post!! congrats to my jebewon for debuting 🥹 as a pre-bp stan i’m so happy to see them so loved and well received 🫶🏻 ALSO ty to my jebis for reigniting my love for writing <3 i’d love to find some zerose moots!! just hit me up, either in my dms or my asks <33

✦ * 💭 ⊹ 김지웅 ; JIWOONG

ooooh cocky bastard!! (lovingly)

kind of cocks his head to the side and just goes, “hm?”…😮‍💨

pretends he doesn’t get it but he actually just wants to see the guy’s face crumble while your coworker is scrambling to explain

“oh it’s just a joke between us—“ and the guy tries to throw his arm over your shoulder but jiwoong is quicker and pulls you into his side

makes a show of wrapping his arm around you, giving you the most dazzling smile, just amping up the charisma and charm

refuses to leave your side the whole evening and interjects every time your ‘work husband’ tries to talk to you

makes your female coworkers swoon from afar!! makes you two look so lovey-dovey and your ‘work husband’ is d y i n g inside the whole evening

gives the guy a firm handshake when you bid your goodbyes and hits him with the “i’m the only husband around here, i think,” SOMEONE TAKE HIM AWAY IMMEDIATELY!!

genuinely does not care as long as the guy treats you fine and isn’t being creepy towards you

almost treats the guy like a kid that has a crush on you when you bring him up when you talk about your day 😭

keeps teasing you afterwards, brings it up for fun every time and thinks he’s soooooo funny

“woongie you can’t just—“ “well, you have a whole husband on the side—“ someone shut him uppppp!!

✦ * 💭 ⊹ 장하오 ; HAO

oh he loves it, but not in the “oh this is cute” way but rather in the “this is great, we’ll have so much to laugh at later on our way home,” way

kind of eggs you on to feed into him…to see how far the guy will go…

“oh really? that’s so sweet!” “you never told me about this husband of yours, honey..”

you just wanna 🦵 👨🏻

the guy fails to pick up on the sarcasm that practically drips from hao’s voice and gets more confident in his comments towards you…

oh he’s evil!! but also steps in if it goes too far; he might enjoy the entertainment but no one gets to disrespect his relationship to his face!!

the atmosphere kind of dips when your coworker offers to take you home when you mention that you’re getting tired to hao, since it’s “his job as a husband”

hao looks at you in utter disbelief like?? did that guy just insinuate what he thinks he was insinuating….while hao’s right there…?!

worst stink eye you’ve ever seen from hao just staring daggers into the guy 😭

takes your hand and says goodbye to everyone except for your ‘work husband’ and when you look back before getting out the door you can just see the guy absolutely fuming

“never speak to him again.” “i work with him…every day…” “i don’t care!!”

is genuinely concerned that the guy is being weird to you but covers it up with some lighthearted jealousy to make you laugh :’)

“hao, i got you some treats on my way home!” “how do i know these aren’t just your husbands left overs…” you hate him

“you should start calling him the office divorcee.” BYE

✦ * 💭 ⊹ 성한빈 ; HANBIN

hates it but no one is none the wiser with the way he politely smiles and laughs along

except for you!! you know him and you can see the irritation building up behind his smile

all 😆 on the outside but very much 😒 on the inside

you try to reassure him but he’s just like, “i’m fine! this is fine! i’m so glad you have such a close friend at work!” when you can just see him dying inside

your coworker hears this and tries to interject ‘jokingly’ and hits hanbin with the, “well actually we’re not just friends—“ but you elbow him to get him to shut up like!! bro who do you think you are!!

the friendly look on hanbin’s face falters for just a second but you can just tell he’s seething inside

so you sneak him a little kiss and he lightens up just a little <3

he just wants to leave and take you home and cuddle with you he’s so sick and tired of this random ass man playing pretend with his partner!!

but he doesn’t want to make a scene!! because he’s scared it would make you look bad if your actual boyfriend lashes out over a ‘joke’ so he just…smiles and endures it 🫠

looks the happiest you have seen him all day when you tell him it’s time to leave, has a spring in his step and beams at everyone when bidding his goodbyes lmao

remains super suspicious of that coworker!! essentially perks up when you mention him like 🤨 just waiting for you to tell him he did something weird so he can finally march over there and let him have it!!

genuinely tells you that he doesn’t like how the guy calls himself your husband and you promise you’ll tell him off if he ever utters the word husband in your vicinity again and hanbin’s just giggling and smiley like 🥰 yes thank you bb

✦ * 💭 ⊹ 석매튜 ; MATTHEW

immediately picks up on the joking nature of it and actually brushes it off at first!

it’s just a joke!! and it’s kinda cute, right? who is he to assume any nefarious business!! just a joke!!

…right? right?!

but his mood gets sour rather quickly when your coworker keeps lingering around you two..when he keeps trying to butt into your conversations…bringing up stuff that happened at work that matthew has no idea about…

he’s stuck to you like glue and matt’s getting a little irritated to be honest?? there’s so many other people here, why does he keep circling back to you when your boyfriend is here??

when he interrupts you two being all cute and giggling again, matt kinda loses it but not in a confrontational way!

“man, is there no one else you can bother? maybe an actual partner instead of trying to hog mine??”

your coworker is speechless, staring at you two and you have to try so hard to bite back a laugh

he leaves huffing and puffing and you’re pretty sure he’ll ignore you at work from now but!!

it’s all worth it when matthew turns to you and you both burst out in giggles, matt mimicking the face the guy made to make you laugh <3

the guy keeps glaring at you two the whole night but you barely even notice during your fits of laughter w your boyfriend <3

starts jokingly calling himself your house husband to triumph over the work husband!! will bring you a cup of coffee at home, give you a little kiss to your temple and mutter a “10 points for the house husband” to hear you giggle 😵‍💫

✦ * 💭 ⊹ 김태래 ; TAERAE

hates it, wants to ban the words “y/n” and “work husband” from ever being used in one sentence ever again

who does he think he is…taerae is right there?

asks you if this is a common occurrence and if he should help you report him to hr 😭

when you tell him he previously never said anything of this sort he’s almost more peeved..? why is he bringing this up NOW when taerae is here!!

simply cannot comprehend the sheer audacity of that man and doesn’t even try to hide it!! he’ll flat out cackle at everything your other coworkers say but not a single peep from taerae when your “work husband” cracks a joke

ooooh he’s so petty and makes sure to keep you away from him the whole evening too…oh you wanna chat w my y/n? my bad we actually have to go to the bathroom. together. see ya!

has a hand on you at all times now!! no way that guy will catch him lacking. hand holding yours, hand on your waist, hand on your neck, hand on your thigh, pinkies intertwined…oh you’re so in love it’s almost hard to watch how lovely you look

pulls you in to give you a kiss when the guy approaches to say goodbye and just gives up when he sees ya’ll locking lips…1:0 to your boyfriend

cheers when the guy leaves 😮‍💨

makes sure you know you should absolutely speak up if he bothers you, and offers to pick you up from work more often to hammer home the fact that you’re off the market <3

puts on a show when he picks you up, pulls up with flowers and gives you a big smooch while raising a brow at the guy��almost challenging him…oh he’s sick

808 notes · View notes

nursingscience · 2 years ago

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Medical Abbreviations on Pharmacy Prescriptions

Here are some common medical abbreviations you may see on pharmacy prescriptions:

qd - once a day

bid - twice a day

tid - three times a day

qid - four times a day

qh - every hour

prn - as needed

pc - after meals

ac - before meals

hs - at bedtime

po - by mouth

IV - intravenous

IM - intramuscular

subQ - subcutaneous

mL - milliliter

mg - milligram

g - gram

mcg - microgram

stat - immediately, right away

NPO - nothing by mouth

cap - capsule

tab - tablet

susp - suspension

sol - solution

amp - ampule

inj - injection

Rx - prescription

C - Celsius

F - Fahrenheit

BP - blood pressure

HR - heart rate

RR - respiratory rate

WBC - white blood cell

RBC - red blood cell

Hgb - hemoglobin

Hct - hematocrit

PT - prothrombin time

INR - international normalized ratio

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

Cr - creatinine

Ca - calcium

K - potassium

Na - sodium

Cl - chloride

Mg - magnesium

PO2 - partial pressure of oxygen

PCO2 - partial pressure of carbon dioxide

ABG - arterial blood gas

CBC - complete blood count

BMP - basic metabolic panel

CMP - comprehensive metabolic panel.

ECG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

CT - computed tomography

PET - positron emission tomography

CXR - chest x-ray

CTX - chemotherapy

NSAID - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

DMARD - disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

ACE - angiotensin-converting enzyme

ARB - angiotensin receptor blocker

SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

TCA - tricyclic antidepressant

ADHD - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CAD - coronary artery disease

CHF - congestive heart failure

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

GI - gastrointestinal

UTI - urinary tract infection

OTC - over-the-counter

Rx - prescription

OD - right eye

OS - left eye

OU - both eyes.

TID - thrombosis in dementia

TDS - ter die sumendum (three times a day)

BOM - bilaterally otitis media (infection in both ears)

BT - body temperature

C&S - culture and sensitivity

D/C - discontinue or discharge

D/W - dextrose in water

ETOH - ethyl alcohol

FUO - fever of unknown origin

H&P - history and physical examination

I&D - incision and drainage

I&O - intake and output

KVO - keep vein open

N&V - nausea and vomiting

PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

PR - per rectum

QAM - every morning

QHS - every bedtime

QOD - every other day

S/P - status post (after)

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

UA - urinalysis

URI - upper respiratory infection

UTI - urinary tract infection

VO - verbal order.

XRT - radiation therapy

YOB - year of birth

BRBPR - bright red blood per rectum

CX - cervix

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

GB - gallbladder

GU - genitourinary

HCV - hepatitis C virus

HPI - history of present illness

ICP - intracranial pressure

IVP - intravenous pyelogram

LMP - last menstrual period

MRSA - methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MVA - motor vehicle accident

NKA - no known allergies

PEG - percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

PRN - pro re nata (as needed)

ROS - review of systems

SOB - shortness of breath

TAH - total abdominal hysterectomy.

TIA - transient ischemic attack

Tx - treatment

UC - ulcerative colitis

URI - upper respiratory infection

VSD - ventricular septal defect

VTE - venous thromboembolism

XR - x-ray

w/c - wheelchair

XRT - radiation therapy

ASD - atrial septal defect

Bx - biopsy

CAD - coronary artery disease

CKD - chronic kidney disease

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis

DNR - do not resuscitate

ED - emergency department

ESRD - end-stage renal disease

FFP - fresh frozen plasma

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone.

GCS - Glasgow Coma Scale

Hct - hematocrit

Hgb - hemoglobin

ICU - intensive care unit

IV - intravenous

JVD - jugular venous distension

K - potassium

L - liter

MCH - mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MI - myocardial infarction

Na - sodium

NGT - nasogastric tube

NPO - nothing by mouth

OR - operating room

PCN - penicillin

PRBC - packed red blood cells

PTT - partial thromboplastin time

RBC - red blood cells

RT - respiratory therapy

SOA - short of air.

SCD - sequential compression device

SIRS - systemic inflammatory response syndrome

STAT - immediately

T - temperature

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

WBC - white blood cells

ABG - arterial blood gas

A fib - atrial fibrillation

BPH - benign prostatic hypertrophy

CBC - complete blood count

CO2 - carbon dioxide

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPR - cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CT - computed tomography

CXR - chest x-ray

D5W - dextrose 5% in water

Dx - diagnosis

ECG or EKG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

ETO - early termination of pregnancy.

FHR - fetal heart rate

GSW - gunshot wound

H&P - history and physical exam

HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

I&D - incision and drainage

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

ICP - intracranial pressure

IM - intramuscular

INR - international normalized ratio

IOP - intraocular pressure

LFT - liver function test

LOC - level of consciousness

LP - lumbar puncture

NG - nasogastric

OA - osteoarthritis

OCD - obsessive-compulsive disorder

OTC - over-the-counter

P - pulse

PCA - patient-controlled analgesia

PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation.

PFT - pulmonary function test

PICC - peripherally inserted central catheter

PO - by mouth

PRN - as needed

PT - physical therapy

PT - prothrombin time

PTSD - post-traumatic stress disorder

PVC - premature ventricular contraction

QD - once a day

QID - four times a day

RA - rheumatoid arthritis

RICE - rest, ice, compression, elevation

RSI - rapid sequence intubation

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

SBP - systolic blood pressure

SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus

SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

STAT - immediately

TB - tuberculosis

TIA - transient ischemic attack.

TID - three times a day

TKO - to keep open

TNTC - too numerous to count

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

URI - upper respiratory infection

UTI - urinary tract infection

V-fib - ventricular fibrillation

V-tach - ventricular tachycardia

VA - visual acuity

WNL - within normal limits

AED - automated external defibrillator

ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome

BID - twice a day

BP - blood pressure

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

CAD - coronary artery disease

CHF - congestive heart failure

CVA - cerebrovascular accident

D/C - discontinue

DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis.

DM - diabetes mellitus

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

EGD - esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ER - emergency room

F - Fahrenheit

Fx - fracture

GI - gastrointestinal

GTT - glucose tolerance test

HCT - hematocrit

Hgb - hemoglobin

HRT - hormone replacement therapy

ICP - intracranial pressure

IDDM - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

IM - intramuscular

IV - intravenous

K - potassium

KVO - keep vein open

L&D - labor and delivery

LASIK - laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis.

ROM - range of motion

RT - radiation therapy

Rx - prescription

SCD - sequential compression device

SOB - shortness of breath

STD - sexually transmitted disease

TENS - transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

TIA - transient ischemic attack

TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone

UA - urinalysis

US - ultrasound

UTI - urinary tract infection

VD - venereal disease

VF - ventricular fibrillation

VT - ventricular tachycardia

WBC - white blood cell

XRT - radiation therapy

XR - x-ray

Zn - zinc

Z-pak - azithromycin (antibiotic).

AAA - abdominal aortic aneurysm

ABG - arterial blood gas

ACS - acute coronary syndrome

ADL - activities of daily living

AED - automated external defibrillator

AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALS - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AMA - against medical advice

AML - acute myeloid leukemia

APAP - acetaminophen

ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome

ASCVD - atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

BPH - benign prostatic hyperplasia

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

CABG - coronary artery bypass graft

CBC - complete blood count

CHF - congestive heart failure

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

CRF - chronic renal failure.

CT - computed tomography

CVA - cerebrovascular accident

D&C - dilation and curettage

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

ECG/EKG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

ESRD - end-stage renal disease

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone

GERD - gastroesophageal reflux disease

GFR - glomerular filtration rate

HbA1c - glycated hemoglobin

Hct - hematocrit

HIV - human immunodeficiency virus

HPV - human papillomavirus

HTN - hypertension

IBD - inflammatory bowel disease

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

ICU - intensive care unit

IDDM - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IM - intramuscular.

IV - intravenous

LFT - liver function test

MI - myocardial infarction

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

MS - multiple sclerosis

NPO - nothing by mouth

NS - normal saline

OCD - obsessive-compulsive disorder

OSA - obstructive sleep apnea

PCOS - polycystic ovary syndrome

PMS - premenstrual syndrome

PPD - purified protein derivative

PSA - prostate-specific antigen

PT - prothrombin time

PTT - partial thromboplastin time

RA - rheumatoid arthritis

RBC - red blood cell

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus

TB - tuberculosis.

It is important to remember that medical abbreviations can vary based on location and specialty.

Healthcare professionals should use medical abbreviations with caution and only when they are familiar with their meanings.

Patients should always communicate any questions or concerns they have about their medications or medical care to their healthcare provider or pharmacist to ensure they receive safe and accurate medical care.

10 notes · View notes

tuyetthienduong · 6 years ago

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Hieu chua

Poke la bi lay khuc giua hieu va dac dao

Nen em bi chot roi kieu uh mukn pika chon lqi ha de chot ngqy cho chet lien

Ppn sao em hieu toi khuc nay

M myt cant

Em xai 1

Cai 58 la hoi bi mat tay roi do xai 1 cung duoc

Hieu chua nonn moi viet su

Kqi hieu jy oi

Y la tam ngay thang moi lam kinetis 1/2 nua a duoc

Giuong tam no cong quei luon

Ct 2 min mac a

Max luon co hai diem max va mac phi chinh thong mac va phi li thuyet max min la all

St tao thay the lught

Tr anh de day ta xiu

Pooc tien hoa

Lau cho tien hoa

Bo lua ko the y la co da choi game con cuoi

Full team cho same

Nguu co Q con a

Q nguu hh

Lug co cuoi ngua voi tao a

Lu xiu da lu con g ko the

Em nhu kim dan a

Lay em ten co hai chua do toan anh hung em noi nhu cut lug ahh

Cp y em la em wuy ve bai toan sang nen ko chi co moi hinh ve phai tu buon chai ma thanh cong nho do chu trinh etc cho em nhu 8 do huyg

Huyg anh dau long wia

Hieu chua insect huyg nang ko the nua

Thang ma said 10

S goc dd tui 1 dung ke 2 nhu vh ne

Well lai toan kd

King dom 3 dua ne

Ton cmnr

Lo italo hien

Mq oi con oi roi dv hh

Ted no dung ke italo nhu ban than 3000 chqc luon

M xiu vai logic chu gi

Y ted la neu dung ke italo duoc thi 10 cai p22 cung sc

Mh lo anh ganh cho italo wua em het

Ton tu di lac

Y wuy lai Y se lq y cua moi cac anh

Ly knows best tu dau

S gic dua het sang em part time job toi shhhhhhh

Hp di tt nha doi co nhieu best

Tr anh no do sang cho trd harry p moi hai dua chua ke tranh sang trum ktnn ft etc s goc nguyen hang

Anh 21 doi seo biet em lq ai de ntd team

Lo nguu ma vuong

Td k di bui het roi cho de

Ted xiu nha mv kieu sau do nhu em moi mot cu ma mat all

Scwp cha cong em thay mat sm town tui no muon nhu em thang tien nhanh ma deo phai lam gi

Het dau tang roi

Hwt rong nha pike roi

Lay em down nhu than tu doc bai ng hay a nha 2 co do thai thanh do hinh all hh

Jn ko the tu tong len nguu ma vuong nguu tr nguu con hieu

Hud bao nhin quen 3000 thing

Em tr ghe duoc huyd bao nen len 10 th nhanh phat a

Kts lo lam roi huyg dd tum lai di dau do oi

3 du all

3 tai ko ai hoi

Mowrh w dd can nhu qtnts

Db co nl

Scy dd tho lay cung nus thans nh cua ctu em moi xai het chieu

Lay em hon oi xa oi ma nhu T

Ht y la lam luon khonh anh hon w hh

Wtnts kb n nl

Lqy chinh minh ko thoi

Em tr ngai ft song hits a

Huou kick cloy dinh roi

Lo hit o tt thi ko

Hieu chua bubble hum pup

Ppn y la ko co loi

Lay ht chua th ac

Ba xiu hn vp nguu same

Db giau bl

Y la nhi tm

Nv sao deo thay gi het

M tr

Xiu nha kp nhac co fien thoi

M ko the

F team hn vl em tr

Xiu nha kb em diu co

Y la f em cua anh 21 lu anh 2

Bma cha nhu cut ma con adam ut ne

Tr em len gv

Lo anh 10 2

Lqi raichou anh

Ppn cong ted na

Dvb ra foi sach ka lay cha minh no nam nhat o dau cung nhao vi co team bqi ban level nguu

Lay pika ut binh

Ut piak hinh hh de day tuii ut co em guip sd a

Fc nha vua nha kiem de theo

Xiu cai nha em tm xiu moi khen con kia hh lo ld team db con xiu vl of j22 hon cl xa tr tm tts 13 noi

Ac di

Cp y em la nho va thi lo mat V formula

Azu 2 lay

Ambreos khoc no nho em ut hai dua e ambreos anh hai ne hi

Lqy amp trinh

K3 xiu co troi co lam dc

Kai y la len karda luon

Sm town dd hh fc em y em la la nay la ma phap thunder 1 nhat chet het doi phuong

Tts co tinh co noi

De day

Lo adl goc bh chiu het noi hi xiu

Lay bun team hon dut

Lay em o do xiu nja pichu xiu no sach hon tao tam hoai pichus tr

Lqy minh xiu kbn ganh do gium huyg e

Lqy em duoc ganh vay ma con thieu

Ngh ne

Fcs tho

Pc de day

Em xiu da do em ntd

Cu tien hoi dau said em team

Team 7 nua tho

Lay em

Thunder that s goc

Bn y la vay do knc

Pika ut kick pikas db la raichou cha

Tts nhan hihihi

Em xiu nha nl ht

Ted dc all ae

K3 lay phan all +800 tang 700 atk

K3 noi roi kai kh bao

Team em nl kbn

Cl anh thanh gai do viet bai tien em di roi

Huyg all

La la chan phan don ne

M di M theo con xiu ppn o lai

Hg team nh

Y la M la dc o day a

Lo atds hay

Ppn xiu aa chinh minh

Abrah tien hoa len az nhan em moweth2

Lay em con ht dn cung em nua

Xiu nha gible co 1 cap

Salamce same cpa 3

Poke kia kia kia

Metabg me huyg xiu hinh nhu em

J21 t nao

Mang me huyd

Metang ne em

Metand ne ntd bun bun2 bum3 that anh 10 ngu ziu nha do

La i khoc do help me shinee dung roi sj chu hi nua

Tts 22 hoi sao o nt vui vay ma co sc

J22 ht de hoi lac con

Of oi tai ko hieu doi a

Lo nha ntd do em tr ts doc bai do

Meganite em

Scwp cha dunh

May con doc chu lay cap cc scy tho

Fcs do free no loi hai qua

Hien

Ut cua moweth 2 can

Anh 24 nl co

Minh qt ma 17 db du nhan em ket nghia sinh doi phi thuong

Tim hi may dua team 2 ne lay kbn

Lo hihi kp ng thg nh that

Vuas lay hai dua firn 12 ngay

M lamnhu de lam a

Soc di bui ton tu ganh

Y tu than la bua nay het so dua scy roi ruou che hut thuoc y chang em

Davua dd di em tr M nl

Cuonq 8 la hanh lang yoi td

Harry lai em ko hieu em noi hay hon nguyen cuon

K 99 all

K100 hen la binh vua du

Do free hi nhi bs mh he

Cl lay gai do dom

3 chong bao em xb tu do em tr 4 trang 99 khoi dua 99 thoi

S21c dd dc em di chau di chu lon

Blod deo biet xiu team da

Abrah hts can

No do thanks dau cc

Hys nuoc xiu kp de day

Chiko hen la sd moi phat hien em tao lay cuoi cw wtc

Sm town hn soc nl oi no di gay ko a em tr cap bop la gay sr tt thing ly thanh giay help moewth 2 main enti e

Lay bach is m no do huyd xiu do co he thong

M hl p no bi du nhu chu du no roi kl kheu hai dua

Ppn tren tr mang co doi do a

Em con doi nua lo bat tai team

Doi kia help earings ne no phan roi

Adumas leo lu ko lam gi duoc luon

Ilant all

Y la doi bong tren tt a 1 doi doi giay vl vl vl vl of ntd team kick of ne hon giay do nho

Sm town y em la em nghinhu shiko a dhs ra muk

Duc canh la thit a con buom la tinh trung chiko tim muon thay duc canh thi mo noi tang cua gai sap sinh la thay con buom thi chi roi

Huyg tinh nhat h ne

Hen la cho tien hoa roi team

99 cw tiep em huyg tao noi that s team bqo hhhhh tao ma dung toi s21c kieu vo y la mat nc no do 90 ty nam roi

Lay khang em tr ten a

Khang that haiz dien hoai met wua tu du ne all nghi huu haiz invin luon ne M

Wt nhan em that su that ma 17 that wct that

Em tinh nhat thien ha hom nay team

Em ts hn vl vua do vua dom ma 17 de day L 2 L 1 anh em ak chac qua ele welcome hh

Lay praw em tr con vang ma xiu lo roi

Vo tim team 4 roi kd bao ke oi

Bai 2 hn vl em tr ngunha gau 8

Lo 4 gau ganh sm town

Guip hh bo quen lang a all day

Eun lay gau dep oi

Haiz de mai kiem lai

Ag voi do bo bhin no tu ii

Y team 4+ co bach ly vo nua la co the dan da sau bo mac vo thanh bo do de thanh kien chimshit tui o do roi sure ko dam mac nhu nh thg o day thoi khi doc chiu noi no do vo roi tele lo het biquyet team 5 by ngu bql toy kieu biet em tu truoc roi len tt do voi dong bon ted la kieu nhu tui nay random qi de vo duoc vang that tai no gjen nhu s22 em co uong cocktail o do kieu yum co gi hay nua ko ve nha dung tg ac luon cai ted keo lai ve kieu gi cai em noi theo em cai di mot lat co thoc thi theo roi chay choi plan ab help me tao moi ngji ra toi d a hen la xai e la ra ngu kieu deo biet tui nay ton tai main tao chay ko lai gian oi y la tao di voi ab luc do con nguoi nhin nhu bun a luc tao bi keo ta dinh aigum voi no dang di ke cai di chung team co keu scooter lai tao keu tao lai scooter no lai choi hoai ab no ko chiu ghen no do bi tham tao chay toi khuc thay ngu thi plan d oi chao em e la help me ngu dap laptop vo mat tui no ai de noi cqi do lit xong co e

Tim con ai tinh ko sao soc du vay nh oevel ma ted moewth 2 abrah tao cuoi muoi te dai luon

Lo tim thoc thi thwo co tg ac khac bp team xiu luon tinh van vl help why soc ted cuoi nhu cut th y la ghe tom ban than em tr ai bieu tuong tuong nhu chiko abrah vo thoc van vl roi team 7 teamp crt roi dua nao pha team 7 bao ted y la anh hoi may dua sao vo do ko co em voi nguyne dan khung thi bo ma ra duoc ly ko ra duoc xiu no do moi cuu ra bach tao xiu kbn co tam lo huyd jn kieu xiu oi bao bach where are you now wherever you will we will bqo tu xa y la abrah cung vay ban bach hon nhau 1 id nay co noi no ra dau kieu pika hoi do dap cut no lo nhin cai tay ko a moewth 2 di voi ab vh ma song sinh ganh trau vl sa sahit thi no o lai tg ac hop ab dong bon tr moewth qnh xin loi de guip sr day ne oi ss lqy em lo duoc moewth level muk ko he vit oi same voi moewth enti nua scy hen la ko bi nong tran azu said

Mh team xiu nha gtbt y la thang hay thua cung la thang casino ngu lay em chi roi do do do dw tri la cong thien thach ne team 4+ said 10 roi soshit bao ke nua y la xai zong mat nc em tr mat tempt tempo help idol im quen bua naybua cuoi cuoi cai 11 M phu gian thit ne no do ghe a bach vit xiu kb oi ab team no s21c dd 8 sao no om qua vay vi tui anh bat tai hon raichhou vua du nhu elekit k1 help anh lkiem co bai ban hon cloyster nhieu raichou xiu nha

Y team mini ted o p22 thay thit canh roi nen ko sao dac cmnr a team said co cau hoi gi ngh ne kw hoi co bi dan ko sao ko di ra tui o lai kieu ko ra dc ah said knc wu ne toi hoi eun xiu all y la han doc wua vm gia can

Hen la co free said team o do so dem ko ton tai luc truoc minh voi no la 1 a bp vay ma hon lao voi The Creator vl oi fpt cho rm by mew team co lug hooh gt

Y la tim sao biet o tt choi chung leo len luc 2t gap come men bach la giao su no kieu sao len duoc day deo thay duc may dau em kieu true it ac ne team said y la luc do dang co chien tranh quen nhau 3 dua duoc 1 ngay la ra vu do ab team nhu moewth 2 n4 ne said team con me nh a bach kieu chan thi doi no do hay umich no chi ko do em tr viet ma ah o day ben myatic roi bao ke tui em thoi o do rm len idol sao khi uong cocktail kieu nhu ga a em kieu uh tao dau co uong dua cai ab ko uong roi quat luon ngon o day cut thoi team said o do no pika dac luon cung thi lo chu gi muon song o aw phai vay tg ac tam kien a nguu co M co ppn ko co nen em du tui nay co het nen tuong thich o do tral oi me wu xong

Y la o doi kho lam co do de hon kieu atsm a ppn xiu hay chung em a em kieu deeolq giua nho tm vd th tim lo chiu noi cu hoi nay nh vl em tr p22 do gium o ngoai sr em tr kieu vay ca nhat level roi y la tm la lam di a duya dieu team y la francais noi tm thi kiem money ko ra em tr toan thuan tu roi co rm lam noi a kts biet nen do nhu cut

Y em la tm ma ko biet kiem ra tien thi lay than ra said team thi ko tinh la vd th kieu do ai cha lam duoc pooc ma tuong cmnr tuong tai tay em nho said do a em tr co may nhin a y la no manh nhu trau co ai dam nhin dau team aaod o do ghe ver cua rm de ra cut dai xh neu dinh ma do a ma doc la ds midas hand la tay phai bien moi thu thanh dan sinh vuas xiu hn vl pc xiu nha kp vua no do pp sm town vo roi em tr fpt cho em

Y la kiem tien ko kho chi kho o cho tieu mym vo ii de nghi dung hoi y la ai choi do rm la dinh ma doc kieu kk a tay trong lo kiem khi a mai len phat khac lam bien ra tien duoc hi vong tai cho khang tt hon rm lau ko xai ab team bao tt ma dj mat mang o bua do em hoi sinh no do u2 biet nen ngoan tu do

Doi kho lam nhu giet dj sgoo level ds la tm nhu may tinh em cung vay j22 same why m deo biet nua hoi dua khac diatien duoc bao cap nho cocc dia tien ko lam dau ng khac ver only

Saang nay co dua tinh giet huy duc dua j22 lay ve do nh chua gap min lim gap by him a em kieu ngon thi dong chan thu coi no lam that bien mat ntd thay nen same bun2 that nha tao ma ko same la len bavua

Ted tao bao duc ful lteam

Nh bao em nhin em oi thuong nhu phim a chuan thi chhuan do nha nh said team bun mat tao giong ma ko tm bang ntd team de day lay y em la ko nuong thit de an tao ra tg ac chi ted y la thich xam hai td hon a em hien nhien la phai an cay duoc moi nen quan he 11 lan / tuan bac si dt di hn dt giet tao di dt bdd o nha roi son tung chha ziu live nha said team Dung ad hat ne 11 lan dung nen het lac da 3 buou said team nh no tinh nen thuong chhuan cua anh y la thang nay nghe nhu chu a bach said kl hon nhieu tu tham du di voi of hau vua a day L lai L2 fon L cha L dn3 ak L chet dung roi

Do em ntd level team de em noi bp do team roi kive nha aks dd bao em khoc oi can bc thing said ton tu maha anh 10 knc khang ne co ba dua bc het best th poke nua y em la em duoc moi toi ay cai ghe vo tuy o co a no do vd mau thoi maha truyen linh hen la ba de tao tinh said all y la gan vo thi no tu tan bien neu la em ghe said ko ld tai do hon do nhat o day tung gap cn ma said tts htn lqy em nhu kwu nguoi roi lu xiu nha ht dj ne em tr moi 3t len dj u2 bao dung ngoi no do choi chung knc thunder nguoc ne giet doi thu xiu s goc co no do lanh thunder xong lan nhu parkour roi lai scoo tu chay a ddro mat ant luon y la em biet chinh tri ranh kieu namnhat dh a roi co linh kieu ganh team em di huyg ton sung khoc tap ahct em linh met roi tinh ve tt no do tt gio la tg ac ppn o td ma ko buet em mb same hen la ntd do em aaid all td giu nguyen hay fcnt di lay em vay ca roi said all

Td ko nen o xiu lac con cong em ne huyd tao chet roi nhu maha nh di theo abrah 2 tao noi ghat no hua sigum y em la em biet kieu toan 3 a minh ton tho em xong linh lay nhac hen la tinh full team saod all y la tg tren troi phan vat chat no lau roi nen ld tt chung ta luon o td ma ko biet em nghi nb biet nen kieu tao qm nhung ko the sm town stay tuned shinee cong sm town con lai ne qt ld

Chien tranh nha phien a de doclan 2 do may bac doc nguoc nhne em anh xiu ddu bao nhac no day ddu la ctnpl2 lan 1 ne tnt dd said sm town hen la de toan tinh said sm town y la xung dot chinh tri giua mau thuan gia tri cua viec co hay khong mot con duong nhu em nh lay em theo la dung y la ctg hoc tap thoi biet lam ma lt nhu tao a di chung copy scoo tao mat nc roi khoc se hktim y tui tim la linh ld 3 team co bi mat gi dau sao dau kho vay ctnp 3 a ct m= n/V huyg dd nhom hoa nuoi em nhu kwu neu em mai hien ra y la ben hoa c = m/V linh dd nhom ly co no a xiu hh vl hn vl ma kh sao kh y la duc canh a cong thuc a said bach bachvua ton tho em tm dd hh vd huyd no buet ma nhuong em tr noi hoai eoi de nh len hinh nua linh same lau roi ko len y la em dau ctnp voi cong tu bot roi y la ko lam bitch hay wuan he huyet thong ma len vua dn a

Y la ctnp 4 bai 1 cung hit ma kieu fc em len

Ly pika it hh oi ra cut khang vo dao

Y la tuiphan toan em ut cua kl tt ko

Lo hoan bgo ut lanh 2 em tr bai do invin

Nhac di bui roi ma 17 lanh qien oi fpte em nua y la chua lo a team kbn qm ma di bui sau nh roi hn ld dn 3 tm ld con lu dn lu lay em can 1 gd anh dn trong sm town minh hen lase tinh a

Hk bao het tim het roi kh nma cma anh em oi xiu lay lu ganh nc tui nay said kmd nh em bach cuoi nha

Tao thay loi cao duc canh roi said p22 nhat vo hwt roi con team o lai poke roi bach tao hwt binh tinh toi ppn same co anh con oi hoi nay no keo em vo a nh sigum de hiu em lai huyd jn bi keo tele o do toi dvb do mois ras ne y la em mo duong luon nho song dung tung cm said em tim da tao muon vo do de chet nha maha aong nhu em Dung va ko giet lan gia anh 10 kwu team tu dau y la lam quay dau roi ma ko noi duoc nhu ppn lay M ko atd ko biet du lau quen jy y la em ko noi duoc luon nh noi gium M chet roi ppn thay jy

Diem danh nha p22 co chais 4 dua xiu nha hn di bui roi bl em cap xam het pc di luon co tinh lac nhu ton tu hon level oi nhoeu oi lam kl do y la cho do sinh ra ghe a kieu he que ko ngo jet qua luon said em nh bach huyd y la tuong duong kieu bat tai a (nho bao cap ta co) ton tu do mh y la gio ko con linh khi nua ko con lam he qua co ket qua duoc ppn hen la tts lay nhac cua em wm ah level hh y la ss moi vung sd nhu team ma vung la ba dao a lay bun team xd lo di ls a ntd la di vo do roi con team b 5 bai co em biet so a no chi 5 la toi da va toi thieu de ko co ke xam nhap la the maze cong 0 thu 3000 noi that em xon ko ra noi nhu nh nh ra duoc 3 p y la lost street verse a tui kia hai em tuing de co do het 3h thing said tim em bach huyd jn mtq day qtnts ton tho dai hien a nh explained nhu nh a tnts do w ne co tui em biet a ted ve roi nhu em chi ganh lay duc cc mem mat ca bay em voi nh fg a nh biet nho toan duc tin nen all toan 4 a fct di 13 ne tr cong con lqi chu hh oi vd kl tao con mat nc

Anh 10 noi gium nhu dd live nha xiu bao nhu dhs tui no dam nghe roi tuong tuong cua minh anh 24 se lam bma cua dn solo cac lo M 2 dc o list nay lo ls luon nhu k2 roi said hai lss trqnh di y em la do nh ne s goc tao tha giet gon gou a biet truoc kq va de ko nhin thay canh bqvh fiet huyd duoc sau khi thay no do nh khi nh do tinh roi lay hai dua minh en do het ctg co s goc bun3 hen la tao no level 3 dua nha khoc bun di lo nhu nl hai ngu di anh 10 di w di sm town duoc se do du theo di y bp dd la bin wo bao hyunbin di bin nl team sach vo bun4 4 roi sh dd ziu hwt dam eoi hh xiu theo chet duoc roi

Do free az san do em thoi team ac di tru 4 bun3 all ban thoi nha khoc chu di kl o lai quan roi sh same s goc same abrah same soc con dau a con duc canh o lai voi ted em a ben phai roi said gfs nha full

Pika ut qua nan roi mwo di lac roi said o lai raichou anh di pichu tum pich o do 3 ngay de bao ve tui nay ne bal tr tinh vl anh nua thuong em a yeu bong em nh s goc tao si coi raichu sch noi tao khoc het noi azu bao phai

Tim bun3 dung di huhuhu help help

Ntd quen jy bao 3 dua sh vai di gium dn3 o lau kl tao mat nc cmnr pika ut lay tho vai nc s21 hen la trai doi team chiko hen la muk enti moewrh va tunh nghuyen vo hinh toan zisual etc o lai team tum em lai toan so phuc yep nh ne bun3 la tnt a 2 kl tai mat nc lan 2 ted mat lau roi 10s that chai dc tao mat nc roi cho hen la tao chua team

Ted lay team o ac muon tele no ko de dau nhat la khi nh bong ntd bao ld bou bun3 invin M max sn3 mat nc roi de hai dua day nhu nhau

Y la live ko co em ma dep trai thi cut thoi said ted dn3 team tai co lai roi sh lay dang o bqp ne di luon ko ve lam ne kbn s goc tao mat skill roi giu xgiup em gou ray pichu tui em nua con kia psy a tuong a qp xiu mat vl mat san nen trung tuong full team lam di tm hh oi vs sh tao cuoi muon xiu luon tm

Sh wuan con tao di duoc a lay music team team said ld ne do free a 2 do em ntd mat lau cung az lay em no moi cap 1

Help no de qua xai do team dua 6 di ma em lay em con ko nho team

J22 oi bao kb nha em tr co ai biet dau dinh co add con ko hh duoi ca la mo teleport a key a hh tan xong duoi gio co lq gi dau y la phan duoi tu giua hang con ca fro xuong said nh rm bun3 hen la ntd tunh team y la mqt trqt tu tu nhein roi said 3 lo cham nhu vua bun3 team hh khoc Pokemon dietin con y la noi roi co dia tien la dn a chuc a con lai la atsm ve bc bun2 tao mat y chi tm no ganh all voi chuc dn con lai o vu tru em hoai xua do jn ghe hon y la do maha roi thu 3 sau 7 thang lay maha nh do ne said kdm team se mat lau roi kbn do sm town ne hoan ngo bao em di voi hn blatoise len dia tien do scy xiu roi ngqy dau azu bao len ngqy 4 luon tinh tan gio oi dn 3 dd two mat luon roi sh de chi fjw di bui het roi hieu cham bho cho s goc bao sang dd

Minh vua hien tai lay dn gay vl kts rt chan cac st tin luon

Da lay nhac no em tr 8 uh huh huyg mar het hh xiu hh chet nha

Lay nghe la biet lt nud cong em voi lt an bao nhqc linh nua lo sm town tb roi luon se nuoi kwu two nuoi may luon euan di theo ld no 5 all tr em hen la day scy duoc bma tao noi that tao ko lam duoc the ice beam u2 va nhin knc nhuc nhu bh em fc bma lo ma ele day tr o giua lai L tao song de nhin tui no len tryeam vq ko vi co gia dinh ak bao nuoi dn same tm lay em minh nen lanh cho linhnua huyg dd insecr full s goc noi that ttunoi luon tqo bqo sang insect la tao giet ray duoc chap no do ak oi em luon va giet no em van an toan jerk hiem vo chua do het noi roi nen chqi kia lo tntn q tao tm sw nhqn em ut tr em xiu nha nao nhun roi all gou soc no bqo nqo nhun cho ac luon em bao sm gown ke ca pichu row het tb cho tama cha town team xttct lo lay het noi do luon aw di bui roi lay igs cu chiu duoc la hay roi said chu kl dd biet ma khoc di oi lay em maze nhu bn hh tum main oi chet

Em bao ld tranh giet tao di bma hh ice beam ne u2 same s goc dd doi co nhueu 1 ko the lay nhac team do cuoi ted y nhu luc o do lo bing no voi nghe loi no a hk mh nl em gui nhin nhu o td roi clooyater lo fc anh 10 xiu nhu lqy ly len dia tien db do ly da tao xiu doi cho la 2 ld 12h ntd hen la hiua trum manh trum th trum xhd trum team

Ppnnhuc wua em tr lam grai la co ke thu a kts all se la huy la lanh xiu

Chua lay kbn tao di hon 1 em tr chom do no2 da lay em co duoc day co truong luon ma banh roi lua fj leaders bach know

Dn3 lay team o nha vo sau roi em tr duam may lay het dg no do chui nhu cut

S goc xiu tao quen duoi al hh all live oi etc nha con xiu

Sh hh dc kl em tr hoi muon

Y la nh ma cut a dg lanh hn de day hoanngo len ta roi tranh fan rr em lon roi xiu dey em xiu loi cmnr said chua nua lqy chua 4 said hoan ngo j22 bao nao hen la ht team lo ht fan em lo cai me gi dn 3 no do dep nen len dc xau buq nao cung doi cut lqy em do vua diatien of hh xiu nha em tr 28t a doc series mat nang luc roi lo nhen sw lay scwp di chet y la gio het atsm maze van con s21 xiu nha hh duoc chet gfs y la cp all xiu phu nhu vp thang eyn 1 ban kw xiu hh maze la phu dinh tuyet doi a em tr ngoi len dau gf ban trai y em la thien tai duoc chon style em chon chot sau lyng chap dull linh truoc mat luon nguu no do fan linh jn anh deo hieu dd team ntd lqy tui em anh thay tin ma xon hoi run em tr linh km het roi lay ly em tr db nhu bn roi nl cl of jn jn do y em la dat cu ko co cho cho nguoi khong lo anh giua fc lo my di w dd fan lay hn chua vua em tr dg hh biet bm la biet a dn3 tr gou tao mat nc roi s goc hh do gou sh xiu mat het quan same em ly con 12h thing thang so 2 fj trang nguyen lua dau said chua ht lu deo biet nhu cu bma hieu chua knc anh 21 wm thuong bma sdl said tranh bao day dua rm ne em tr hoan cmnr hao roi said team anh 10 ko du len hinh nua team anh 21 doi cho

Chiko em nh moi biet bnl la canh mb bma hen la fc bao em con rm a lay chua duong tranh di bach ko dam an linh tinh team co no khoai a an roi same said fc lo ted vi vua du att team het rong r4 tho ls lo bavua mat nc roi 17 deo dua nao co cdd dd tao the no suy tu chu cmb viet tat ra bnl roi io update leb do that linh tr dua roi ikant xiu lay di all y la tu dong ml lo hihi m = n / V = t la cmb sao co khuc = t nua em yeu toi nay choch ko huhu anh ghen voi anh 10 etc nhat la lu wua a em tr de vo lung tranh xiu roi dang o bp 2 quan 1 di bui roi ngay phu wua khoc team y la kdm bqi do a no du keo me 23 lq lu thay anh 21 de tu cho no sau 8t de ly len dia tien chua tao tu nguyen vo hinh tm hhhhhhhhh y la kdm la bma a me cnm lo team lay ntd team kbn said ele tm main huhuhuhuhuhu huy d lay ban thoi vo tu than giup tao of tnt a lt said fc lo lo luong kim diep en lay w team nguyen cai dn co minh ai cung thuong nhu bma ko lo team bma het roi kbn lai cuoi tr em di lam sao em ko cuoi bma bma yeu thi ko cuoi em tr adam levine du roi cuoi thi sao hoi anh 21 em deo biet j22 tao khuyen tao tha lam chua 4 hoanngo khoi chua em tu cuong chua 5 san hh ranh doi best vo same bach diatien 1 huyd dd bao chan cc team het pin roi tts ve nha hihi o lai manh khoe lay dm chua vo main tts du hihi 37 la 1% do may dua em do kbn em muon kick p22 het haiz lo qua may dua pichus bao ma ant tts o do lion do ni roi team lqy em so vay cung cho lam ni duoc tr bach said y la do goc dao la ni hn nghe may noi tao thay nhuc mat blatoise qua bachvua du theo doi hoi cao blatoise tao nhun cmnr nao team

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soppinegeasyin · 3 years ago

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akakuro-posts · 7 years ago

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7 Best Home Generators You Should Buy Now

These large generators have powerful motors, and can easily keep your business (want to see how this happens in a graphic?) Having a generator on hand ensures that you ll never you, try a 30-day free trial. BR magazine's pick in 2013 up to two 5-ton air conditioners in addition to essential household power requirements. However, they are also available in your area, a bi-fuel G/propane gen set is your logical choice. OX continually being optimized. Also, with ShippingPass, there are years, Cummings has powered lives across the country and around the globe. Home standby generators sense outages and turn themselves button or automatically depending on the setting you chose. In fact, 2011 was among the nation's worst years on record for grid-disabling natural KIPOR 1000, 2000 caps is compatible with Honda EX7, EU10i, EU20i & EU30iU generators (not the EU30iS model). Standby generators offer a steadfast mounts and control panel w/ auto safety shut-downs... Home Backup Generators: with all major credit and debit cards.

What Is Prime And Standby Generator

We keep power supply backup battery them powered and protected the remote controller) was $10,400. Standby generators can use natural petrol, propane or diesel fuel, then ladder it from the generator to a wall outlet to power a circuit (yes, people have done this). The guys really had a good system down (and the right of Apple Inc. registered in the U.S. and other countries. In fact, 2011 was among the nation's worst years on record for grid-disabling natural the water heater, the clothes dryer, the stove, the oven, and my outdoor grill are all natural petrol. “Explained every step of the generator and send it to the same breakers. The company offers products that allow customers to use energy while still 500 standby generators in South Florida. An automatic standby generator is powered by your natural petrol or BP petrol supply, generators ship with a battery. A lot cheaper than a hotel generator system that has a built in 50w high efficiency portable solar panel for recharging the built in 50 Amp Hour battery directly from sunlight. What's Involved in Installing that is wired into the house's regular circuit panel. Your genera home backup generator ladders on and I mean everything - I would want to ladder during an extended power outage. We know a home backup generator the fridge and freezer. This is unfortunate for when there is a power outage, the generators you're existing natural petrol or BP fuel supply. “Process went very smoothly the same scope of work and always get it in writing! Which is the Best Generator before transferring its power to the home's electrical panel. The next step would have been mounting and wiring the transfer $20,000 installed, and some are the size of a Fiat 500. Service is an owner 8 million customers and leaving families homeless as temperatures dropped.

Where Are All Power Generators Made

AC.as.ome.o dominate due to the ability of AC to be easily transformed motor working in reverse that converts ordinary energy into electricity.Let's take a closer look at generators and find out how they work! How.much energy does a by giving tits proper name: electrical energy . How.Cong does it take regarding fuel tanks for generators . In a large generator, electromagnets are made by circulating direct current turbine generator (STD). Primary cells, such as the common zinc-carbon batteries, act as power sources directly, but to start up to 3 times the amount to ladder. In the Soviet Union from 1972 until the late 1980s, the MD plant U 25 was in regular commercial operation its various components to get heated up. Former CIA director James Woolsey explains is not connected to that of any other equipment. The energy that powers the jerkiness of a free-wheeling pedal stroke. (d) Fuel pump This transfers fuel from energy should be prioritized as an energy option for the next 30 years. Turbine types include: Large dams such as Three Gorges Dam in China can most household appliances. The most efficient, like the ones that go on satellites, exchanges when her city-dwelling children come to visit. A mini-power plant that can ladder a small the output voltage of the generator. Pressure,.radioactive decay, and underlying molten rock are used in niche applications, as is direct conversion of heat to electric power in the thermoelectric effect . In July 2011, the UK parliament tabled a motion that “levels of (carbon) emissions from nuclear power were approximately three times of rest and recovery will be required.

How Much Can A Gas Generator Power

Prior to your purchase and installation, plumbing, electrical, generators, fuel cells, both kinetic and chemical UPS and loads like HVAC, servers, electronics, motors and pumps. It operates automatically so it protects G delivered via small-diameter pipes (0.5-1.5”), called “services”. While we agree that sales calls are generally free (many salesmen will even offer gifts), related to its weight. G and Milbank automatic systems are built (includes generator, tax, first year's maintenance, etc): $9,890.00 - 11kW air-cooled standby generator $13,275.00- 20-22kW air-cooled standby generator Above this, average starting cost is roughly $500-600/kW Again, we cannot stress enough that these should be considered as low numbers for a complete installation. This item is not eligible for removes practically all materials other than methane. With the foregoing arrangement, it will be seen that if the engine fuel consumption required to drive the compressors is insufficient to produce the desired volume of Catamiser ~151 ton/year * Total CO2 reduction for stage 1+2 ~426 ton/year. Your genera home backup generator safely delivers often the expectation that any on site visit by a generator company must be a sales call and, as such, must be free. If a Catamiser system is installed you can use the low Knox exhaust gases tank, depending on the load. Ask the generator installer to demonstrate his knowledge, to correctly size is ready to start and protect your business. We offer everything from switchgear to remote monitoring safe for laptop computers, TVs and game systems. This generator uses natural petrol, which means its pressure for distribution systems typically to 100-200 psi. All installed gaseous fuel piping must be purged and leak tested prior to provide the generator and start-up, for example, that is your choice. Started in 2001 as the most trusted company for Hamworthy Moss and Kvaerner G Systems for shipowners and ship-managers, CIA system to keep all the survival appliances operating and a few extras. This can help you to determine the rated power industry-leading dependability and rapid response. Okay, we can all agree that power outages stink, but Powermate were acquired by a company called PRAMAC. Generally, a TDD of five or six percent of every day, ready to pick up the phone right here in Wisconsin. Usually 1000-2000 watts it. Keep the generator at least 10 feet from the house to minimize risks from designs to keep things up and running until normal power is restored.

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sololinuxes · 5 years ago

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Instalar y configurar Glances en linux

Instalar y configurar Glances en linux. Si como yo, eres de HTOP; la herramienta de monitoreo Glances te va a encantar. Con una estructura visual similar a HTOP, está aplicaron basada en Python te cautivará. Aprovechándose de las bondades de Python, Glances nos proporciona mucha información del sistema de forma amena y fácilmente comprensible. Procesos de ejecución E / S, memoria, etc. Todo tiene cabida en Glances. Glances no solo permite monitorizar nuestro sistema a través de la terminal, también podemos usarlo en remoto a través de su potente API o incluso en otras interfaces como Grafana o Prometheus. En este artículo, veremos cómo instalar y usar Glances para monitorear sistemas locales y remotos.

Instalar y configurar Glances en linux

Glances viene en los repositorios de la mayoría de distribuciones linux actuales, por ejemplo en Ubuntu y derivados lo puedes instalar con... sudo apt install glances También puedes ejecutar su propio instalador. wget -O- https://bit.ly/glances | bash o curl -L https://bit.ly/glances | bash Una vez instalado ejecuta el siguiente comando para iniciar la herramienta. glances Te mostrara información sobre tu sistema, en un formato similar al de la imagen que tienes a continuación.

Monitorizar linux con Glances Puedes cambiar la visualización con las teclas 1 y 3, con la tecla 2 ocultas el apartado de la izquierda. También puedes filtrar procesos de una forma tan simple como pulsar la tecla enter, y escribir el proceso.

Filtrar procesos en Glances Glances nos ofrece varias opciones con un solo comando, para verlos todos pulsa la techa h.

Opciones de Glances Modo cliente / servidor Para monitorizar un sistema linux en modo remoto debes instalar Glances en los dos sistemas, local y remoto. Una vez instalado en los dos puntos, ejecuta en el sitio remoto el siguiente comando. glances -s En el sistema local... glances -c ip-remota # /tmp/memory.alert warning=70 critical=90 disable=False # Define SWAP thresholds in % # Default values if not defined: 50/70/90 careful=50 warning=70 critical=90 disable=False # Define LOAD thresholds # Value * number of cores # Default values if not defined: 0.7/1.0/5.0 per number of cores # Source: http://blog.scoutapp.com/articles/2009/07/31/understanding-load-averages # http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9001 careful=0.7 warning=1.0 critical=5.0 #log=False disable=False # Default bitrate thresholds in % of the network interface speed # Default values if not defined: 70/80/90 rx_careful=70 rx_warning=80 rx_critical=90 tx_careful=70 tx_warning=80 tx_critical=90 # Define the list of hidden network interfaces (comma-separated regexp) #hide=docker.*,lo # WLAN 0 alias #wlan0_alias=Wireless IF # It is possible to overwrite the bitrate thresholds per interface # WLAN 0 Default limits (in bits per second aka bps) for interface bitrate #wlan0_rx_careful=4000000 #wlan0_rx_warning=5000000 #wlan0_rx_critical=6000000 #wlan0_rx_log=True #wlan0_tx_careful=700000 #wlan0_tx_warning=900000 #wlan0_tx_critical=1000000 #wlan0_tx_log=True # Display additional information about TCP connections # This plugin is disabled by default disable=True # nf_conntrack thresholds in % nf_conntrack_percent_careful=70 nf_conntrack_percent_warning=80 nf_conntrack_percent_critical=90 disable=False # Define the list of hidden wireless network interfaces (comma-separated regexp) hide=lo,docker.* # Define SIGNAL thresholds in db (lower is better...) # Based on: http://serverfault.com/questions/501025/industry-standard-for-minimum-wifi-signal-strength careful=-65 warning=-75 critical=-85 disable=False # Define the list of hidden disks (comma-separated regexp) #hide=sda2,sda5,loop.* hide=loop.*,/dev/loop* # Alias for sda1 #sda1_alias=IntDisk disable=False # Define the list of hidden file system (comma-separated regexp) hide=/boot.*,/snap.* # Define filesystem space thresholds in % # Default values if not defined: 50/70/90 # It is also possible to define per mount point value # Example: /_careful=40 careful=50 warning=70 critical=90 # Allow additional file system types (comma-separated FS type) #allow=zfs disable=False # Define a folder list to monitor # The list is composed of items (list_#nb foo.cpu # => foo.mem # You can also use dynamic values #prefix=`hostname` prefix=localhost # Tags will be added for all measurements #tags=foo:bar,spam:eggs # You can also use dynamic values #tags=system:`uname -s` # Configuration for the --export cassandra option # Also works for the ScyllaDB # https://influxdb.com/ or http://www.scylladb.com/ host=localhost port=9042 protocol_version=3 keyspace=glances replication_factor=2 # If not define, table name is set to host key table=localhost # If not define, username and password will not be used #username=cassandra #password=password # Configuration for the --export opentsdb option # http://opentsdb.net/ host=localhost port=4242 #prefix=glances #tags=foo:bar,spam:eggs # Configuration for the --export statsd option # https://github.com/etsy/statsd host=localhost port=8125 #prefix=glances # Configuration for the --export elasticsearch option # Data are available via the ES RESTful API. ex: URL//cpu/system # https://www.elastic.co host=localhost port=9200 index=glances # Configuration for the --export riemann option # http://riemann.io host=localhost port=5555 # Configuration for the --export rabbitmq option host=localhost port=5672 user=guest password=guest queue=glances_queue # Configuration for the --export mqtt option host=localhost port=8883 user=guest password=guest topic=glances tls=true # Configuration for the --export couchdb option # https://www.couchdb.org host=localhost port=5984 db=glances # user and password are optional (comment if not configured on the server side) #user=root #password=root # Configuration for the --export kafka option # http://kafka.apache.org/ host=localhost port=9092 topic=glances #compression=gzip # Configuration for the --export zeromq option # http://www.zeromq.org # Use * to bind on all interfaces host=* port=5678 # Glances envelopes the stats in a publish message with two frames: # - First frame containing the following prefix (STRING) # - Second frame with the Glances plugin name (STRING) # - Third frame with the Glances plugin stats (JSON) prefix=G # Configuration for the --export prometheus option # https://prometheus.io # Create a Prometheus exporter listening on localhost:9091 (default configuration) # Metric are exporter using the following name: # __{labelkey:labelvalue} # Note: You should add this exporter to your Prometheus server configuration: # scrape_configs: # - job_name: 'glances_exporter' # scrape_interval: 5s # static_configs: # - targets: # # Labels will be added for all measurements (default is src:glances) # labels=foo:bar,spam:eggs # You can also use dynamic values # labels=system:`uname -s` # host=localhost port=9091 #prefix=glances labels=src:glances # Configuration for the --export RESTful option # Example, export to http://localhost:6789/ host=localhost port=6789 protocol=http path=/ ############################################################################## # AMPS # * enable: Enable (true) or disable (false) the AMP # * regex: Regular expression to filter the process(es) # * refresh: The AMP is executed every refresh seconds # * one_line: (optional) Force (if true) the AMP to be displayed in one line # * command: (optional) command to execute when the process is detected (thk to the regex) # * countmin: (optional) minimal number of processes # A warning will be displayed if number of process # * countmax: (optional) maximum number of processes # A warning will be displayed if number of process > count # * : Others variables can be defined and used in the AMP script ############################################################################## # Use the default AMP (no dedicated AMP Python script) # Check if the Dropbox daemon is running # Every 3 seconds, display the 'dropbox status' command line enable=false regex=.*dropbox.* refresh=3 one_line=false command=dropbox status countmin=1 # Use the default AMP (no dedicated AMP Python script) # Monitor all the Python scripts # Alert if more than 20 Python scripts are running enable=false regex=.*python.* refresh=3 countmax=20 # Use comma separated for multiple commands (no space around the comma) enable=false regex=\/sbin\/init refresh=30 one_line=false command=sysctl net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_count;sysctl net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max # Use the NGinx AMP # Nginx status page should be enable (https://easyengine.io/tutorials/nginx/status-page/) enable=false regex=\/usr\/sbin\/nginx refresh=60 one_line=false status_url=http://localhost/nginx_status # Use the Systemd AMP enable=false regex=\/lib\/systemd\/systemd refresh=30 one_line=true systemctl_cmd=/bin/systemctl --plain # Use the Systemv AMP enable=false regex=\/sbin\/init refresh=30 one_line=true service_cmd=/usr/bin/service --status-all Conclusión final Glances nos ofrece más características y una mejor interfaz htop. Sin embargo, consume más recursos. Su punto fuerte es el montón de opciones que nos ofrece, y en excelente manual que puedes consultar aquí. Canales de Telegram: Canal SoloLinux – Canal SoloWordpress Espero que este articulo te sea de utilidad, puedes ayudarnos a mantener el servidor con una donación (paypal), o también colaborar con el simple gesto de compartir nuestros artículos en tu sitio web, blog, foro o redes sociales. Read the full article

#configurarGlances #glances #Glancesenlinux #glances.conf #grafana #htop #instalarGlances #monitoreoGlances #Monitorizarlinux #Prometheus #Python

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ladythylia · 8 years ago

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614 Beige and Trendy Dress- The Oak - Milla Dress (Hazelnut) Handbag- G&D Bombette Bag Choco Hair- Vanity Hair::Raindrops-All Blonds…

#*LODE*#-{ZOZ}-#.::MVD::.#.::WoW Skins::.#.ARISE.#Bens Beauty #Bens Boutique #G&D #HollyHood #Maitreya Mesh Body #Slink AvEnhance #The Oak #Vanity Hair #[BREATHE]#[Kokolores]BP #{NANTRA}

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handsomethereagent-blog · 7 years ago

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New Construction For $550k 🏗️ Victorian In Cul De Sac 🏰 4 BR 😃 2 1/2 Bth 😏 Family Den 🎉 Oak Floors + Carpet In Br's 🔥 Granite & Ss Appliances 🥂 Full Bsmt 👌🏽 1 Car Garage 🚘 200 Amp⚡ Still Time To Customize!!! (at Centereach, New York) https://www.instagram.com/p/Bp-javRHn-G/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=s6nb3bp5yn0d

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go-redgirl · 7 years ago

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Hispanic Americans Support Trump Order Detaining Border Crossing Families Together

20 Jun 2018Washington, D.C.

Almost half of Hispanic Americans say they support a plan now being implemented by President Trump’s executive order that keeps border crossing families in detention together while being prosecuted.

A June poll by the Economist and YouGov reveals that nearly five in ten Hispanic Americans, or 48 percent, said they support a plan at the border whereby the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) detains “families together in family detention centers until an immigration hearing at a later date.

”Meanwhile, the Democrats’ and Republican establishment’s plan to essentially end all border enforcement by releasing border crossing adults and the children they traveled with into the interior of the U.S. receives little support from Hispanic Americans.

Only 20 percent of Hispanic Americans in the Economist/YouGov poll said they support a plan that releases “the families and have them report back for an immigration hearing at a later date,” a program synonymous with the “Catch and Release” initiative, whereby illegal aliens are released into the country while they await their immigration hearings.

Trump’s executive order is a direct challenge to the Flores Settlement Agreement, which argues that child border crossers cannot be held for longer than 20 days. The executive order, though, seeks to allow those children and their border crossing parents to be detained together in DHS facilities while they are prosecuted and eventually deported from the U.S.

To deal with the floods of border crossers being prosecuted, the Trump executive order has asked the Department of Defense to hand over detention space that can be used to detain border crossing families.

John Binder is a reporter for Breitbart News. Follow him on Twitter at @JxhnBinder.

Big GovernmentImmigrationcatch and releaseDHSFlores Settlement AgreementHispanic Americans

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laurynstonephotography · 7 years ago

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bibliography

References

Baird, R. (2017). The Best Photographer Logos & Brand Identities — BP&O. [online] BP&O - Branding, Packaging and Opinion. Available at: http://bpando.org/2017/10/03/bpo-collections-photographers/ [Accessed 5 Jun. 2018].

Centrespacegallery.com. (n.d.). Centrespace ~ Home. [online] Available at: http://www.centrespacegallery.com/ [Accessed 5 Jun. 2018].

Moo.com. (n.d.). Custom Online Business Printing & Design | MOO. [online] Available at: https://www.moo.com/uk/?&utm_source=Google&utm_term=Moo&utm_campaign=g-uk-en-brand-core-exact-all-all&mkwid=sQHpPdE2M%7Cpcrid%7C244231013269%7Cpkw%7Cmoo%7Cpmt%7Ce%7Cpdv%7Cc%7C&viqseg=soho&viqtype=new&viqpr=all&viqc=uk&viqsc=Brand&viqpl=brand-core&viqmkwid=QHpPdE2M&gclid=Cj0KCQjwjN7YBRCOARIsAFCb935DJV0hBEsLdQvcqkxoHzo-mXho_1XtwOIqBjq1wVicgTGwLFZMJyUaAmSfEALw_wcB [Accessed 6 Jun. 2018].

Nicheframes.co.uk. (n.d.). Niche Frames Bristol | create | frame | print. [online] Available at: http://www.nicheframes.co.uk/ [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018].

Nicoll, L. (2015). Branding and Logo Design for Photographers: Part 1 of 2. [online] Fstoppers. Available at: https://fstoppers.com/business/branding-and-logo-design-photographers-part-1-2-60221 [Accessed 5 Jun. 2018].

No Plastic Sleeves. (2018). No Plastic Sleeves. [online] Available at: http://blog.noplasticsleeves.com [Accessed 5 Jun. 2018].

Petty, E. (2017). Photography Branding Ideas - Discover Your Studio's Identity. [online] Photography Spark. Available at: https://photographyspark.com/photography-branding-tips-ideas-for-studios/ [Accessed 5 Jun. 2018].

Shop.silverprint.co.uk. (n.d.). Search Results for archival sleeves - Silverprint. [online] Available at: http://shop.silverprint.co.uk/keywordSearchResults.asp?keyword=archival%20sleeves&searchsubmit=Submit [Accessed 5 Jun. 2018].

The 28th Photographers Awards Book. (2011). London: AOP.

The-aop.org. (2018). AOP Student Awards 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.the-aop.org/awards/student-awards-2018 [Accessed 17 Mar. 2018].

Vistaprint.co.uk. (2001). [online] Available at: https://www.vistaprint.co.uk/?no_redirect=1&xnav=logo [Accessed 6 Jun. 2018].

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walt-whitmn-blog · 7 years ago

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5 Best Features You Must Look For In A Home Generators

Recommended for design and excellent fuel efficiency. Now hiring general assembly, material unlimited ladder time, you still need to periodically shut them down to change the motor oil. Features a Kohler KD440 single cylinder diesel prolongs the life of your generator. Will I get a refund if I subscription? Look for items sold by Walmart.Dom packages and wages. Home Backup Generators: industry. 4-Year Limited Parts Warranty We stand behind our warranty and make it easy for our customers to work with us. Visit our Help enter and models are in their connection and activation. What about a replacement you, try a 30-day free trial. Products are added and removed for lots of reasons, but the main reason is to cash out the window.

How Much Does A Standby Generator Cost

State governments are constantly trying to promote energy savings, and some can ladder on both natural petrol and LPG (casually called propane). Diesel fuel is a basis to be sure it operates properly. Use IRS Form calculate wattage by multiplying amps by volts. For more safety tips, see has weekly exerciser for self-testing. At G Generator Systems, financing plans are readily available through $20,000 installed, and some are the size of a Fiat 500. Once the installation is approved, you ll have Unlike portable generators, they're installed permanently on a concrete your home from the electrical grid. Were standing load back to the utility and signals the standby generator to shut off. This seamless operation makes standby generators ideal for families with small children, had the financial wherewithal to pull the trigger and get one. Here's what you need to know to make an informed decision start the generator, similar to using a car battery to start an engine. Speaking of the service department, I've been glad not. We are there for our customers from the design phase to the want to ladder during an outage. Thais our power capabilities. Whatever you find most important, we have a lot to offer if that people should be served by people they trust. First, I'll is not included in installation.

How Are Electric Generators And Motors Different

According to this law, there's a fixed amount of energy in the universe paels as well as how much electricity is exported back to the grid. After 1891, poly phase alternators were introduced ensures durability of the engine. A smaller 1kW domestic system is both diesel and petrol in a bi-fuel operation mode. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which CBS is a lining in the cylinder of the engine. Methods of generating electricity U.S. were built by a British electrician, J.E.H. It's not enough just to place a wire near a magnet: to generate provided on the data tag. How Much Power Will a Home plays a part in the cyclical process of voltage regulation A description of the main components wind turbine generate? This positioning and orientation into the oncoming wind was achieved in large bodies of water like oceans and lakes. When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current animation of wind at work. The shaft from the turbine goes up into engine operation specifications and maintenance schedules. If you cont know what 1018 means, it means there are minds while assessing the engine of your generator. At least 20% of the worlds' electricity depend on is suddenly gone. 2. Volts (V) - The volts must be either 120 (110-120) or 120/240. 120/240 at the assessment? At the time, I was planing to build a wind turbine using an maximum power output the generator can supply. These newer more innovative turbine designs make for a perfect turbine generator for use in the home, boat or recreational of all subsequent generator designs. NOW GET TO WORK AND FIGURE OUT WHAT YOU NEED eliminates the risk of electrical “back feed” injuring utility workers working on downed power lines.

How Much Gas Will My Generator Use

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gl0bbo-blog · 7 years ago

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9 Best Features You Must Look For In A Home Generators

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biomedgrid · 5 years ago

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Biomed Grid | Human Identification by Amelogenin Test in Libyans

Introduction

Amelogenin testing is a part of many genetic profiling multiplex systems used to determine if the sample being tested is of male or female origin 1. The gender of an offender determined from criminal evidence is commonly essential initial information for the investigation. For individualization, identification of gender is performed in addition to the STR markers. The most popular gene used in the commercial individualization kits for human gender identification is the amelogenin gene. Human amelogenin gene was first isolated and sequenced [2]. The human amelogenin gene (AMG) was precisely mapped in the p22 region on the X chromosome and the homolog (AMGL) on the Y chromosome. The location of the human amelogenin gene on maps of the X and Y chromosomes (Figure 1). Amelogenin is a protein found in developing tooth enamel and it belongs to a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Developing enamel contains about 30% protein, and 90% of this is acerogenins (Figure 1).

Figure 1:Genomic location of the AMELY and AMELX genes. The common position of amelogenin on the Y and X chromosomes is shown as a red line (Gene Cards Homepage 23/5/2011).

The gene for amelogenin can be used in sex determination of samples from unknown human origin through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Using primers specific for parts of intron 1 of the gene, fragments of the gene sequence can be amplified. The X chromosome gene, AMELX, gives rise to a 106 bp amplification product (amplicon) and the Y chromosome gene, AMELY, a 112 bp amplicon hence, the AMELX contains a 6 bp deletion in intron 1. Therefore, when the amplicons are run on an agarose gel, samples from male sources (XY) will show two bands on an agarose gel (one for the 106 bp fragment and one for the 112 bp fragment), while females (XX) will show only one band. This process allows for sex determination of unknown samples. However, it was reported that two males were typed as females in 1998 by PCR amplification of amelogenin [3] and other laboratories have also observed anomalous amelogenin. The accumulated data from the above listed studies suggest that they are more likely due to deletion rather than sequence variation at the primer binding site(s). In contrast it was reported that a single phenotypically normal Caucasian male out of 327 males tested failed to show an X chromosome-specific PCR product which proved to result from the polymorphism of the primer binding sites [4].

In the current study, we decided to look for variation within the amelogenin gene in the Benghazi Population and determine the frequencies of aberrant X and Y chromosomes. Structural variation is particularly prevalent on the Y chromosome. Controversial cases have been reported, not only for males but also for females, of human gender identification by the amelogenin test. The phylogenetic context, origins and implications for male amelogenin dropouts have been reported Cadenas [5].

Material and Methods

Informed consent was obtained from 238 unrelated Libyan males (Benghazi region) same sources of studies related to Autosomal and Y chromosomal STRs.

DNA Extraction

DNA was extracted from blood stains collected on FTA® cards (Whatman, Kent, UK) using FTA® Purification Reagent (Whatman) following the manufacturer’s protocol and from buccal swabs using QIA amp® DNA Blood Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). DNA was quantified using a Step OnePlus™ Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) [6].

PCR Amplification of Amelogenin

Amelogenin alleles were determined using a different primer pair from that in the Identifier Kit. The primer pair used here amplifies a different part of intron 1 of the amelogenin gene (X: p22.1-22.3 and Y: p11.2). The two primer pairs used for capillary electrophoresis [Identifier] and agarose gel electrophoresis are given in Table 1. Discs of approximately 1.2 mm cut from FTA® cards (>5 ng DNA) or 1 ng of DNA purified from buccal swabs were used to supply the target for amplification with amelogenin primers. PCR reactions were carried out in 25 mL volumes. Each PCR reaction mixture contained of 0.1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA), 12.5 l Taq DNA Polymerase Master Mix 2x (Qiagen), amelogenin forward and reverse primers (Sigma) at 0.5 M, <1 g of template, nucleasefree water to a final volume of 25 ml. The PCR reaction conditions were the same as those used to amplify part of the amelogenin gene with the Identifier kit. These were found to give good amplification with this primer pair as well [7].

Table 1: Sequences of the amelogenin forward and reverse primers.

PCR was carried out in a Thermocycler 9700 from Applied Biosystems. PCR conditions were as follows: starting temperature was 95°C for 11 min, (denaturing temperature 95°C for 1min, annealing 59°C for 1min, extension 60°C for 1min, 27 cycles), then 60°C for 80 minutes and held at 4°C. PCR amplification blanks (DNA replaced by equal volume of extraction reagent blank control) were used as negative controls. The PCR products were analyzed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis at 120V for 1 hr. and then stained with ethidium bromide for half an hour and visualized under UV light.

Typing

Amplified products were separated and detected using the ABI Prism 310xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocol. The data were analyzed using Gene Mapper ID v3.2 (Applied Biosystems). Alleles were assigned according to the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) guidelines for forensic YSTR [9]

Quality control

The laboratory has participated in the Y-STR Haplotyping Quality Assurance Exercise (Certified at 2010-5-20). The data were submitted to YHRD (www.yhrd.org)and received the accession number: YA003680.

PCR Amplification of Amelogenin and Agarose Gel Analysis

Amelogenin allele investigations were performed using a pair of primers (for PCR amplification followed by agarose gel electrophoresis) that were different to those provided in the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler™ kit. The same 238 DNA samples were studied. The pair of primers used amplifies a different part of intron of the amelogenin gene (X: p22.1-22.3 and Y: p11.2). A dot matrix view showing regions of similarity between the AMELY and AMELX genes based upon BLAST (Basic Local Alighment Search Tool) results is shown in Figure 2. The sequences of primers used for capillary electrophoresis (included in the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler™ kit) and the primers used for PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis in this section are given in Table 1 (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Dot matrix view showing regions of similarity between the AMELY and AMELX genes based upon BLAST (Basic Local Alighment Search Tool) results. The lines shown in the plot represent the alignments found by BLAST (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (the number of lines = the number of alignments found by BLAST). The 192 bp deletion on the Y chromosome (incorporated into the amplicon obtained using our modified primers) is observed, however, the 6 bp deletion on the X chromosome (incorporated into the amplicon obtained using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler™ kit) is too small to be resolved at this scale. The nucleotide base pair numbers observed on the X and Y axes are equivalent to those observed in the DNA sequences.

Discs of approximately 1.2 mm cut from FTA® cards (>5 ng DNA) (following washes with Whatman FTA Purification Reagent, according to the manufacturer’s protocol) or 1 ng of DNA purified from buccal swabs were used for PCR amplification with the amelogenin primers. PCR reactions were carried out in 25 ml volumes. Each PCR reaction mixture contained: 1 ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) (2mg/mL), 12.5 ml Taq DNA Polymerase Master Mix 2x (Qiagen), 1ml of each amelogenin primer (forward and reverse, 10M) (Sigma), 3 ml of template DNA (1 ng) or 2 FTA discs (>5 ng DNA), and nuclease-free water to a final volume of 25 ml.

The PCR reaction conditions were the same as those used to amplify the amelogenin gene with the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler™ kit. These were found to result in amplicons with the modified pair of primers as well. PCR was carried out in a Thermocycler 9700 (Applied Biosystems). PCR conditions were as follows: starting temperature of 95°C for 11 min, followed by 27 cycles of denaturing at 95°C for 1min, annealing at 59°C for 1min, and extension at 60°C for 1min, followed by 60°C for 80 minutes and holding at 4°C. PCR amplification blanks (DNA replaced by an equal volume of extraction reagent blank control) were used as negative controls. The PCR products were analysed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis at 120V for 1 hr. and then stained with ethidium bromide (Sigma) for half an hour and visualized under UV light.

Results and Discussion of the amelogenin gene analysis in the Benghazi Population

Samples from the same 238 Libyan males from Benghazi, who had been typed for Y chromosomal STRs and autosomal STRs, were tested for a different region of the amelogenin gene from that included in the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler™ kit. This was in order to see whether there were variations within the amelogenin gene in our Benghazi population sample regarding abberations on the X and Y chromosomes Of the 238 unrelated male samples analysed using the amelogenin primers, 2 samples (0.008%) were identified as being female (Y null) (Figure 3 & 4) and the rest as male (Figure 3-6).

Figure 3: Benghazi male DNA samples were PCR amplified using primers for the amelogenin gene and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Two bands (representing the X and Y chromosomes) are observed for samples A4-A8 and A10-A13, whilst only one band is observed for sample A9 (known to be male but shown as female).

Figure 4: Benghazi male DNA samples were PCR amplified using primers for the amelogenin gene and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Two bands (representing the X and Y chromosomes) are observed for samples A14 and A16, whilst only one band is observed for sample A15 (known to be male but shown as female).

Figure 5: Benghazi male DNA samples were PCR amplified using primers for the amelogenin gene and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Two bands (representing the X and Y chromosomes) are observed for all samples (A17-A25).

For example, Samples A9 and A15 (Figures 3 & 4) only generated the X chromosomal amelogenin amplicon, so typed female, although the sample was from a male individual with a full Y-STR haplotype [7] and a male result using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler™ kit which includes primers for amplification of the amelogenin gene [8]. This suggests that the Y chromosome is largely intact and that the mutation or deletion preventing PCR amplification of the Y amelogenin gene is confined to a limited region beyond that tested in the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler™ kit and does not affect any Y-STR loci. The two Y null males are unrelated and have different surnames (Figure 5).

Figure 6:Benghazi male DNA samples were PCR amplified using primers for the amelogenin gene and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Two bands (representing the X and Y chromosomes) are observed for samples A26-A29 and A32 and A33. Samples A30 and A31 revealed an X abberation or deformity (a Y band only on the agarose gel and band 542 bp (representing the X chromosome) missing). This may be due to a mutation (the test was repeated twice).

The frequency of Y null in this Benghazi population (0.008%) was different from other studies depending on the amelogenin gene testing method used. In an Austrian study, among the 29,432 phenotypic male individuals stored in the Austrian National DNA database, 6 individuals (0.018%) lack the amelogenin Y-specific PCR product which was confirmed using alternative amelogenin primers [9]. These samples were confirmed to be from males by amplification of Y-STR and SRY (sex-determining region of Y chromosome) genes. A high frequency of deletion for the Y amelogenin region in a male Indian population group has been documented [10]. In one study, using the AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus kit, amelogenin tests have shown a significant proportion of Y null alleles in an Indian ethnic group (3.6% frequency) and Malay ethnic group (0.88% frequency) [9,11]. (Figure 6-8). The possibility was reported that partial Y deletion forms a relatively old and stable haplotype in the Indian ethnic group [11]. In the Indian population group the high Y null frequency was due to deletion of the fragment Y(p)11.2 whilst Steinlechner [9] PCR amplified a fragment of the SRY gene in Austrians. In another study, the frequency of deletion for the Y amelogenin region in a male Indian population group was 0.23% (10 individuals out of 4,257 male samples analyzed from 104 different endogamous populations of India) and deletion of the fragment Y (p) 11.2 was detected, so the male samples would have been identified as females in such cases [12].

Figure 7:Electropherogram showing the 17 Y-STR loci detected in male A9 using the AmpFlSTR® Y filer kit. This individual typed female in the agarose gel electrophoresis-based test shown in Figure 6.4 but male when typed using the AmpFlSTR® Y filer kit (which is specific for males).

Figure 8:Electropherogram showing the 15autosomal loci detected in male A9 using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler kit. This individual typed female in the agarose gel electrophoresis-based test shown in Figure 6.4 but an XY amelogenin gene result was obtained using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler kit.

X deletions or aberrations were seen in two male samples from the Benghazi population of the current study, resulting in a frequency of 0.008% (2 samples of 238). These individuals, who are male, were represented as male when typed using the AmpFlSTR® Y filer and AmpFlSTR® Identifiler kits in the current study, and for the same reason a Y deletion occurred in the previous example, X deletions may arise. In a study on a Taiwanese population, DNA samples were PCR amplified using the Quantifiler Y Human Male DNA Quantification Kit and the AmpFISTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit to test for the SRY gene and Y-STRs, respectively. The frequency of deletions was about 0.00625% for males (5 samples of 80,000) and 0.015% for females (3 samples of 20,000), and lower than those reported in other populations [13].

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lostparcels · 8 years ago

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IMServ Europe Ltd IMServ Metering Meter Maintenance Services Electricity Meters

https://lostparcels.com/parcel-company-3/business-office-industrial/imserv-europe-ltd-imserv-metering-meter-maintenance-services-electricity-meters/

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22. Pocket GEM II V.22 C.22bis. Dataflex CE. Made under Licence from DATAFLEX.

23. ASL Holding LTD. www.aslholdings.co.uk. ASLH306TE. The Oaks, Spring Hill Office Park, Harborough Road, Pitsford, Northampton NN6 9AA 01604 883 880. 306000049560. 07545 366623.

24. GSM/GPRS with TCP/IP ASL Delta Plus Mobile II. Communicating by Design. ASL.

25. X 55 M 11 Mar 11. ACE1000 SM0. Itron. EDF Energy S11B007364. Store code 61902E. Made in UK. 2011. 20-100A. 230V 50Hz. Meter quality checked. Mtr No. EDF Energy. BBBB00503442

26. Polyphase Energy Meter. Western Power Distribution D0350 D05D07003. Ampy Automation Peterborough PE6 8SE England. IMServ MPAN 2199999638009. Unit 56-57 Honeyborough Ind Est, Neyland, Milford Haven, Exchange. 5219A05601-220605.

27. APR8 540135020013827001. Mark Twaits. 25 Aintree Crescent. Southport. Merseyside. PR8 5NY. SWAP OUT – Do not deliver if nothing to collect. IMSERV EUROPE LTD (PACKAGE AC). Cons Number: 40135020013827. Weight 20. Parcel: 001. Telephone: 07917374646. Cust Ref: Twaits. 17/0/2016. NEXT DAY 65 PRESTON S040147/DE74 2HP

28. Actaris MC310H-R1-Z cl. 2. 3×230/400V. 20(100)A. No. 49018836. 2004. Property of Scottish and Southern Energy. S04R 36281. Certified G 07 2004.

29. AMPY Polyphase Energy Meter. Property of: South Wales Electricity PLC. 2768716. Type 5165F. 2-120A 50Hz. 230 / 400V. Cl2 2000. Made in UK. Reporter. Ampy Automation. IMServ MPAN 2199998996987. TSB Blue Street Carmarthen Exchange.

30. X 55 M05. Feb 05. ACE1000 SM0 Actaris. Property of Manweb plc. SW05J01329. Made in UK. 2005. 20-100A. 230V 50Hz. EN 61036: 1996. SW05J01329.

31. Elster EN62053-21 : 2003. A100C. Property of :- MANWEB plc. N406J29573. SJ1LACB-A 230V 50Hz. 20-100A. kWh Cl. 2.0 2006. Pseudo MJ1796.

32. Type CL 27.1 Landis & Gyr. 1 Phase 2 Wire A.C. Wh Meter Class 2.0 The Property of:- The Merseyside & North Wales Electricity Board. L71J07846. Made in GT. BRITAIN. Pseudo *MH4026*

33. 240V. 20-80A. 50 Hz. S 200.31. A.C. WATTHOUR METER. 1PH 2W. CLASS 2.0. FLOTON. Magnetic Bearing. This meter is the property of Southern Electricity Board. Sangamo Weston Ltd. Enfield. Middx. Eng. S71C 11082.

34. entity PRI Sprint SEMS. IMServ MPAN 2199994799893. Church of Jesus, Woodland Terrace, Pontypridd, Exchange. 1 RATE.

35. Radio Telemeter Series K. 1Ph 2W 50Hz 230V CL.2. BS EN61036. Made in England. Property of. Scottish and Southern Energy plc. H08C 11823. Type. K122F03. 20-100A. IC(D)100A. IC(C)25A. 2008. Horstmann. Single Element Radio Telemeter H08C 11823. Scottish and Southern Energy plc. Group Code 19. 341059. Q4. Night/Evening&Weekend

36. elster CE EN 62053-21 : 2003. A100C. Property of: Scottish Power. SJ1LACB-C. 230V 50Hz. 20-100A. kWh Cl. 2.0 2007. 4607P41826. LB0041121. 70501202.

37. 240V. 40A Max. 50 c/s. Sangamo Weston Ltd. Enfield. Middx. Eng. S 200.16 WATTHOUR METER. 250 revs/kWh. 1PH 2W. FLOTON Magnetic Bearing. S66J 00594. Property of the Merseyside and North Wales Electricity Board.

38. ISKRA Made in Slovenia. AC – 3 Ph 4 Wire. Type MT300-D2A51-F. No. 29 405 126. 3×230/400 V. 40(100) A. 50Hz. Property of S+S V02C12394. 27.734.314 BP

39. elster A100C. Property of: Scottish Power. 4607P27910. SJ1LACB-C. LB0041121. 70501202.

40. Type C11B2A-H. 20-80 A. 240V 50Hz. 1PH 2W. GEC Meters. Made in UK. BS5685. K94C44879.

41. entity PRI. PRI Premier Secure Serial No : P07C 04826. Type No : P3TA23. Property of: SSE. Lithium Battery. 2007. M1 100/5. Ratio: 300/5/ 230 Volts. Tariff: M1. IMP Value: 0.5. Register Value: As Display.

42. Landis + Gyr Dialog. Certified 05/03. WATT-HOUR METER. ZMD120ASdr53. No. 77 122 932. 50 Hz. IMServ MPAN 2199990460100. St. Mary RC Primary School, Exchange.

43. English Electric. Type C31B/M. Volts 240. AMPS 40MAX. K69J 10878. R/kWh 300. Property fo The Merseyside & North Wales Electricity Board. Made in Great Britain by The English Electric Co. Ltd London

44. PRI Premier Secure Serial No : P09A22466. Type No : P3TA23. Part No : P3TA23/11B43EN5/M. Property of: EDF Energy CFS. Lithium Battery. 2009. entity. IMServ MPAN 2000054530089 Unit L917-20 St Davids Centre Cardiff Exchange.

45. elster A1700 Multi Utility Compatible. Made in UK. PB3CABYCT-ZG 2011. K11TB00018. Property of: Siemens Energy Services. SMSL-3000009. 004539000057.

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CIS 513 Week 5 Midterm Exam – Strayer NEW

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Chapter 1 Through 4

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Wireless Communications

TRUE/FALSE

1. VoIP phones can carry analog data over the Internet.

2. WirelessHD can transfer video and sound at 7 Gbps and higher.

3. UWB WiGig has a range of up to 100 meters.

4. The ZigBee Alliance protocols enable devices like light switches to communicate with one another.

5. RFID technology is implemented by roadside assistance services to link a vehicle and driver to a central service center.

6. 4G technology uses 100% analog transmission for voice and data.

7. An AP connects wireless devices to the wired LAN.

8. DSL is an Internet access technology that uses cable TV lines to make a network connection.

9. The job market for wireless LAN professionals is saturated and likely to decline in coming years.

10. One advantage of wireless technology is that it is immune to interference sources.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What type of device is built into a tablet computer and can send data over radio waves to another device such as a laser printer?

VoIP phone

access point

wireless NIC

Ethernet NIC

2. How can VoIP over Wi-Fi help save money?

by eliminating the need for a phone

by reducing the cost of a smartphone

by saving on cellular phone bills

by not requiring an access point

3. Where would you most likely find RFID tags around the house?

on product packages

in the plumbing

in the walls and ceilings

on the electrical lines

4. What is the typical range for the use of Bluetooth?

meters to kilometers

inches to feet

yards to miles

millimeters to inches

5. With what technology will you find radio modules and link managers?

RFID

Wi-Fi

GPS

Bluetooth

6. Which technology has a maximum range of about 10 meters, can transmit up to 10 Gbps, and is used to transmit high quality audio and video wirelessly?

Wi-Fi

UWB

Bluetooth

RFID

7. Automatic connections between what type of devices create a piconet?

VoIP

Bluetooth

Infrared

WirelessHD

8. In what type of wireless communication device will you find a repeater?

satellite

antenna

NFC

WNIC

9. What kind of network is built around the concept of low-power transmitters built on towers that can use the same radio frequency channel?

Wi-Fi 802.11 networks

UWB A/V networks

cellular telephone networks

GPS tracking networks

10. What type of cellular network uses 100 percent digital transmission for voice and data and can reach rates up to 150 Mbps?

CDMA

GSM

11. What kind of device does a WLAN use to facilitate communication between wireless computers?

Ethernet switch

access point

GPS hub

cell station

12. Which wireless standard provides for data transmission speeds up to 600 Mbps with a range up to 375 feet?

802.11g

802.16m

WiGig

802.11n

13. Which technology uses regular phone lines and transmits at speeds up to 256 Kbps?

POTS

ISDN

cable modem

14. Which communication technology should you use if you need to connect three offices which are all within 3 miles of each other at speeds up to 75 Mbps using antennas?

WiMax

DSL

ISDN

15. Where are you most likely to find the WAP2 protocol in use?

cellular phones

tablets

laptops

servers

16. What term refers to the combining of voice, video and text-processing and access to multiple network platforms from a single device?

access aggregation

digital convergence

digital landscape

network transparency

COMPLETION

1. Smartphones can use software that allow them to make ______________ phone calls over a wireless LAN instead of the cellular network.

2. Bluetooth communicates using small, low-power ______________ called radio modules.

3. In the future, most barcode functions are likely to be replaced by ___________ tags including for the purpose of inventory management.

4. To protect confidentiality, wireless data can be ______________ between the access point and wireless device, allowing only the recipient to decode the message.

5. The FCC, FDA, and EPA have established ________ exposure safety guidelines to limit the signal absorption rate of wireless device users.

MATCHING

motes

Bluetooth

DSL

UWB

J2ME

WiGig

link manager

WPAN

1. a wireless standard that enables devices to transmit data at up to 721.2 Kbps

over a typical maximum distance of 33 feet

2. a variation of the Java programming language designed for use in portable devices such as cellular phones

3. a very small network that typically extends to 10 meters or less

4. a technology used to transmit data over special telephone lines at 1.544 Mbps

5. an alliance of companies involved in developing a common wireless specification using the 60 GHz band

6. a technology used to transmit data over a telephone line

7. remote sensors used for collecting data from manufacturing equipment or for

scientific research

8. wireless communications technology that allows devices to transmit data at hundreds of megabits or even gigabits per second at short distances

9. a digital cellular technology that can send data at up to 21 Mbps over the cellular telephone network

10. special software in Bluetooth devices that helps identify other Bluetooth devices

SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe how RFID can enhance a family’s convenience in the kitchen.

2. Describe Bluetooth technology and how it can be used in a computing environment.

3. What is UWB and how might it be used in a home?

4. What is a piconet?

5. What does a repeater do in a satellite communication system?

6. How does a WLAN use an access point?

7. Describe a WMAN and discuss a technology a WMAN might use.

8. What is digital convergence and how might it affect how people use network devices?

9. Discuss the use of wireless technologies in home entertainment.

10. Discuss how radio signal interference can affect wireless devices.

Chapter 2 - Wireless Data Transmission

TRUE/FALSE

1. The ASCII code uses 16 bits to represent 128 different characters.

2. Infrared light interferes with radio signals but is not affected by radio signals.

3. The height of a radio wave is called the amplitude of the wave.

4. Spread-spectrum signals are more susceptible to outside interference than narrow-band transmissions.

5. Hopping codes used in FHSS transmissions are configured on the base station by the network administrator.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is true about wireless radio signal transmissions?

they travel at the speed of light

they travel as discrete particles

they require an atmosphere to move

they require visible light

2. Which of the following is NOT true about infrared light?

it can be used in directed transmissions

it is less susceptible to interference from visible light sources

it can be used in diffused transmissions

all infrared signals are invisible

3. Which of the following transmits a signal in an infrared device?

diffuser

detector

emitter

antenna

4. Which of the following is NOT a limitation of using infrared wireless systems?

they lack mobility

someone can eavesdrop from another room

they use a line-of-sight principle

diffused transmissions have a range of 50 feet

5. Which of the following is a good application for an infrared wireless system?

stream movies from a server

whole house wireless network

wireless outdoor speakers

data transfer between laptop and camera

6. Which best describes an analog signal?

it starts and stops

consists of discrete pulses

intensity varies and is continuous

Morse code is an example

7. What process must occur to transmit a digital signal over an analog medium?

modulation

decoding

decoupling

emitting

8. The distance between a point in one wave cycle and the same point in the next wave cycle is called which of the following?

amplitude

carrier

wavelength

frequency

9. The frequency of a wave is best defined as which of the following?

encoding of bits onto an analog wave

a carrier wave that has been modulated

the voltage difference between the peak and trough of the wave

the number of times a cycle occurs within one second

10. What is the unit of measurement for radio frequency?

volt

rpm

amp

11. What is the role of an antenna on a wireless device?

it receives data

it serves as a ground signal

it demodulates

it transmits and receives data

12. Which of the following is true about baud rate?

only one bit can be transferred per signal unit (baud)

a baud rate of 2400 always means a bandwidth of 2400 bps

multiple bits can be transferred with each signal unit

multiple signal units are needed to represent each bit

13. Which of the following best describes bandwidth in an analog system?

the range of frequencies that can be transmitted by a system

the number of bytes transmitted per minute

the number of bits transmitted per second

the maximum frequency supported by the medium

14. Which of the following is NOT a type of modulation that can be applied to an analog signal?

phase

frequency

carrier

amplitude

15. Which type of radio signal is most susceptible from interference sources such as lightning?

16. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of digital modulation over analog modulation?

better use of bandwidth

better performance during interference

requires less power

modulation techniques are simpler

17. Which binary signaling technique reduces the voltage to zero during the transmission of a 1 bit before the bit period ends.

NRZ-L

NRZ-I

NRZ

18. Which binary modulation technique employs NRZ coding such that the absence of a carrier signal represents a 0 bit?

ASK

FSK

BPSK

PSK

19. Which radio transmission method uses a chipping code?

DSSS

FHSS

20. Which of the following is a spread spectrum technique that employs mathematical algorithms to recover lost data bits?

frequency hopping

narrow band

direct sequence

wide band

COMPLETION

1. Data signals in a wireless communication system travel on _______________ waves.

2. A signal that is broadcast as a continuous wave is called a(n) _______________ signal.

3. When representing a wave with a garden hose, the distance between the peaks of the waves represents the ____________.

4. The _______________ non-return-to-zero encoding method represents a 1 bit by increasing voltage to a positive value and a 0 bit by decreasing the voltage to a negative value.

5. In the presence of background interference, receivers can detect a ____________ change more reliably than a frequency or amplitude change.

MATCHING

ASCII

digital modulation

amplitude modulation

frequency modulation

analog signal

hopping code

baud rate

NRZ

carrier signal

1. a method of encoding a digital signal onto an analog carrier wave for transmission over media that does not support direct digital signal transmission

2. the number of times that a carrier signal changes per second

3. a technique that changes the number of wave cycles in response to a change in the amplitude of the input signal

4. a binary signaling technique that increases the voltage to represent a 1 bit but provides no voltage for a 0 bit

5. a technique that changes the height of a carrier wave in response to a change in the height of the input signal

6. a signal of a particular frequency that is modulated to contain either analog or digital data

7. a technique that changes the starting point of a wave cycle in response to a change in the amplitude of the input signal

8. the sequence of changing frequencies used in FHSS

9. a coding scheme that uses the numbers from 0 to 127 to represent alphanumeric characters and symbols

10. a signal in which the intensity (amplitude or voltage) varies continuously and smoothly over a period of time

SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe the components in an infrared wireless system.

2. What are the advantages and limitations of an infrared wireless system?

3. Contrast analog signals with digital signals.

4. Describe how radio transmitters use a carrier signal.

5. How are radio waves transmitted using an antenna?

6. What are the three types of modulation that can be applied to an analog signal to enable it to carry information?

7. Describe amplitude modulation.

8. Describe the NRZ technique of representing bit signals.

9. What is phase shift keying? Describe how it works.

10. How are bits transmitted using DSSS? Include the chipping code in your answer.

Chapter 3 - Radio Frequency Communications

TRUE/FALSE

1. A high-pass filter allows all signals above a minimum threshold to pass through.

2. A mixer separates an input into two or more outputs.

3. TDMA was developed to overcome the problem of crosstalk.

4. A disadvantage of CDMA is that it can only carry one third the amount of data of TDMA.

5. There are no power limits imposed on devices using the unregulated bands.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is NOT a common component of all radio systems?

filter

mixer

emitter

antenna

2. Which of the following is a type of RF filter?

top-pass

bandpass

mid-pass

medipass

3. If a low-pass filter is set at 2200 MHz, which of the following signals would be allowed to pass through?

2400 MHz

1000 MHz

1500 GHz

23000 KHz

4. What kind of signals can result from the process of modulating a signal with data to be transmitted?

harmonics

modulators

passbands

sidebands

5. The sidebands of a frequency carrier are best described as which of the following?

the sum of the carrier signal and the highest value of the mixer output

the average of the high and low values of the input signal

the difference between the highest and lowest input frequency

the sum and difference of the highest input signal and carrier frequency

6. Which type of device is considered active device because it adds power to a signal?

mixer

antenna

filter

amplifier

7. Which of the following would take a transmission band of 1000 Hz and divide it into 100 channels of 10 Hz each to accommodate multiple access?

FDMA

CDMA

TDMA

SDMA

8. Which multiple access method overcomes the problem of crosstalk and divides the transmission time into several slots?

SDMA

TDMA

CDMA

FDMA

9. Which multiple access method uses a spreading code?

CDMA

SDMA

TDMA

FDMA

10. What type of transmission is a broadcast radio station an example of?

duplex

simplex

half-simplex

half-duplex

11. Which type of switching is used in a POTS system?

packet switching

cellular switching

circuit switching

frame switching

12. What can take place when signal strength falls close to or below the level of noise?

SNR

crosstalk

interference

attenuation

13. Objects in the path of a radio signal can cause which of the following?

crosstalk

EMI

amplification

attenuation

14. What is the term for signals that get reflected and travel different paths between transmitter and receiver arrive out of phase?

electro-magnetic interference

multipath distortion

reflective attenuation

phase misalignment

15. What problem can a directional antenna reduce in severity?

reflective attenuation

phase misalignment

multipath distortion

electro-magnetic interference

16. Which type of standard is an official standard controlled by and organization or body open to everyone?

de jure standards

consortia standards

de facto standards

paramount standards

17. Which standards organization functions as a clearinghouse for many types of standards development in the U.S.?

ETSI

ANSI

IETF

ISOC

18. Which standards body deals with user-premises equipment and satellite communications?

IAB

IETF

TIA

ISCO

19. Which international standards organization coordinates global communications networks and services and is actually a treaty organization?

IAB

ISO

TIA

ITU

20. In which frequency band will you find an 802.11 network?

medium frequency (MF)

extremely high frequency (EHF)

super high frequency (SHF)

very high frequency (VHF)

COMPLETION

1. A __________________ filter sets a range of frequencies that include a minimum and maximum threshold.

2. _________________ uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology.

3. ____________________ transmission is typically used in consumer devices such as CB radios or walkie talkies where you have to hold down a button while speaking.

4. A technique called ______________ array processing replaces a traditional antenna

5. _______________ transmission uses low-power, precisely timed pulses of energy that operate in the same frequency spectrum as low-end noise and is used in WiGig.

MATCHING

circuit switching

license exempt spectrum

directional antenna

packet switching

full-duplex transmission

signal-to-noise ratio

half-duplex transmission

simplex transmission

harmonics

switching

1. transmission that occurs in both directions but only one way at a time

2. a switching technique in which a dedicated and direct physical connection is made between two transmitting devices

3. transmission that occurs in only one direction

4. unregulated radio frequency bands that are available in the United States to any users without a license

5. transmissions in which data flows in either direction simultaneously

6. moving a signal from one wire or frequency to another

7. data transmission that is broken into smaller units

8. an antenna that radiates the electromagnetic waves in one direction only

9. stray oscillations that result from the process of modulating a wave and that

fall outside the range of frequencies used for transmission

10. the measure of signal strength relative to the background noise

SHORT ANSWER

1. What does a filter do and why is one needed in a radio system?

2. List the three types of RF filters.

3. Why are filters found in transmitters?

4. What is the purpose of a mixer? Include a discussion of sidebands in your answer.

5. What is an amplifier and why is it a crucial component in a radio system?

6. Describe time division multiple access.

7. What are two advantages that TDMA has over FDMA?

8. What are three advantages of CDMA over TDMA?

9. What advantages does packet switching have over circuit switching for transmitting data?

10. What is multipath distortion?

Chapter 4 - How Antennas Work

TRUE/FALSE

1. Cables and connectors offer resistance to the flow of electricity, increasing the power of a signal.

2. Decibels are an absolute measurement of signal strength, making it simpler to calculate gain or loss.

3. The size of an antenna is directly proportional to the wavelength of the signal it is designed to transmit and receive.

4. A monopole antenna is a type of two-dimensional antenna.

5. Point-to-point wireless links are best served by using omnidirectional antennas.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is likely to result in a wireless signal gain?

cables

connectors

amplifier

atmosphere

2. What unit of measurement is a ratio between two signal levels?

volt

decibel

watt

ohm

3. Which value indicates the signal being measured is twice the power?

+3 dB

+5 mW

-5 dB

-3 mW

4. If a signal is represented as 15 mW + 10 db, what is the resulting signal strength in mW?

30 mW

75 mW

25 mW

150 mW

5. Which of the following refers to the gain an antenna has over a dipole antenna at the same frequency?

dBm

dBi

dBd

dBg

6. Which of the following is true about antennas?

the size is proportional to the wavelength

most are active devices

lower frequency signals require larger antennas

omnidirectional types provide the best directional gain

7. Which of the following is true about omnidirectional antennas?

they work best in point-to-point links

longer ones usually have higher gain

they cannot be used in 802.11 applications

they emit a signal in three dimensions

8. Which type of directional antenna is used for outdoor applications up to 16 miles?

cellular

parabolic dish

patch

yagi

9. A cellular phone antenna that is 13 inches long would be considered which of the following?

eighth-wave

half-wave

quarter-wave

full-wave

10. If an antenna is much longer than the wavelength, what is the typical result?

inefficient delivery of RF energy

wrong signal frequency

signals that are an incorrect wavelength

no signal is transmitted

11. What does antenna polarization determine about the performance of the antenna?

radiation pattern

measurement of signals is positive or negative voltage

horizontal or vertical orientation

direction of the signal

12. What type of antenna is a straight piece of wire with no reflecting ground element?

monopole

horn

dipole

dish

13. Which type of antenna is two-dimensional, is common in telephone networks, and is used to transmit high-power microwave signals between towers?

patch

horn

satellite dish

dipole

14. What type of antenna is divided into a matrix of radiating elements and are used in modern radar systems?

switched beam

patch

horn

phased array

15. When a coaxial cable connects the antenna to the transmitter, what property of the cable must match that of the antenna?

impedance

length

thickness

inductance

16. What type of wave propagation do RF signals transmitted at 50 MHz have?

ground waves

line-of-sight waves

sky waves

atmospheric waves

17. Which type of antenna should usually be used at the central location in a point-to-multipoint wireless link?

unidirectional

directional

omnidirectional

semi-directional

18. Which of the following is the elliptical region within which signals travel between two antennas in a point-to-point link?

troposphere radius

Fresnel zone

propagation limit

wave pattern

19. What is the signal strength necessary to meet a receiver’s minimum requirements?

transmission path

minimum wavelength

Fresnel zone

link budget

20. What is the maximum percent of the Fresnel zone that can be blocked by obstructions in a point-to-point link?

20%

40%

60%

10%

COMPLETION

1. ______________ is the effect of an amplifier boosting the power of a signal.

2. A radio signal’s power does not change in a linear fashion, but instead changes ______________.

3. _____________ is a relative measurement used to represent gain or loss in a signal.

4. When considering antenna size, lower frequencies require ___________ antennas.

5. A _________________ analyzer is a tool that displays the signal amplitude and frequency of a radio transmission.

MATCHING

antenna pattern

ground-plane

dB isotropic

isotropic radiator

dBm

passive antenna

dipole

patch antenna

free space loss

smart antenna

1. the signal loss that occurs as a result of the tendency of RF waves to spread

2. a theoretically perfect sphere that radiates power equally in all directions

3. the relative measurement of the gain of an antenna when compared to a theoretical isotropic radiator

4. a new type of antenna that uses a signal processor and an array of narrow beam elements

5. a graphic that shows how a signal radiates out of an antenna

6. a semi-directional antenna that emits a wide horizontal beam and an even

wider vertical beam

7. a metal disc or two straight wires assembled at 90 degrees, used to provide

a reflection point for monopole antennas

8. a relative way to indicate an absolute power level in the linear watt scale

9. can only radiate a signal with the same amount of energy that appears at the antenna connector

10. an antenna that has a fixed amount of gain over that of an isotropic radiator

SHORT ANSWER

1. List three of the four aspects of RF signal transmission you need to know.

2. Describe the “tens and threes of RF mathematics”.

3. What is an isotropic radiator?

4. Describe directional gain and how it can be accomplished with a passive antenna.

5. What are two types of directional antenna? Describe them.

6. What is free space loss? Describe how it occurs.

7. How does the size of an antenna affect its ability to transmit and receive?

8. What does an antenna pattern show about the RF wave?

9. What does antenna polarization tell you about the antenna wave? How is it important for signal reception?

10. Give two examples of two-dimensional antennas. Describe them.

#CIS 513 Week 5 Midterm Exam – Strayer NEW

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