#g: hellenic museum

[travelingue]

Naples (4): Sybaritic afternoon

The story so far: the theft of my Samsung Galaxy A14 (£219 from Argos.co.uk) threatened to ruin our holiday.  We had just two days in Naples and reporting to a police station was not on the itinerary.

But that visit proved brief, as well as instructive about Italian hospitality. 

At 1pm we headed for the museo archeologico nazionale, where we planned to have a quick lunch before immersing ourselves in Naples' ancient history.

Driving rain had driven many tourists inside.  The café was particularly popular.

The single waiter was doing his best to keep crowds at bay by ignoring those who had managed to find a seat, including us. This no-rush method, at least, allowed us to have a good rest.  

The caprese we ordered had had time to mature nicely between the kitchen and our table.  At 3 pm we secured a bill through the classic expedient of starting to walk out. We had a museum to visit.

Many of its collections come from nearby Pompeii.

The mosaic below dates from shortly before that fateful eruption of Mount Vesuvius: you can imagine the owners walking their pet, just as the lava engulfed them.

With time running short, we chose to focus our ethnographic investigations on the early Hellenic presence in Italy and the western Mediterranean.

I'd often wondered why the Greeks beat the Romans to the French Riviera.  And why the name "Neapolis" as opposed to, say, "Civitanova"?

The museo archeologico is enlightening on these questions.  Greek traders and adventurers began checking out the area in Homeric times.  When Ulysses took the long way home, he spent some time around Sicily – you may recall that he blinded some dim-witted giant there.

But Greeks did not make Italian spots their home until the 8th century BC.  As a panel made clear, this was not a settlement of conquest, but of desperation.

The golden Hellenistic age did not begin until three centuries later.  Around 750 BC, in fact, life for people from Sparta to Smyrna was wretched.

Many of those who left were forced to do so by their own communities.  "In some cases, they were even chosen by lot, so ensuring the survival of those who remained," the curators explain.

The first settlers landed near Naples.  Each new colony was founded by rejects from a specific place back home.  A nifty map shows the migration routes.

Thus I learned why, to this day, French pedants like to call people from Marseille "Phoceans": the initial settlers were from Phocaea in Asia Minor.

These far-flung outposts of Magna Graecia eventually prospered.  The artefacts on display testify to a considerable degree of sophistication.

One of the highlights is the "Farnese Hercules", a 10-foot statue dated around 220 BC.

It should come with a trigger warning for the benefit of American students: consider yourself warned.

I'm a sucker for vases and was mightily impressed by those found at Canosa, in Puglia.

The one below shows the Persian king Darius being told by a messenger riding Pegasus that his men have lost the battle at Marathon. 

It was found in a burial site described by the museum as "the most significant testimony to the enormous socioeconomic development of Canosa from the mid-fourth century BC".

I also learned about Sybaris, a colony in modern-day Calabria that thrived from the 7th century BC. 

This must be why Sybarites became a byword for self-indulgent luxury: their wealth would have attracted envy back in the motherland.

After our visit, we were in the mood for a bit of Sybaritism ourselves.  We had enjoyed the warm simplicity of the neighbourhood pizzeria where we had our first dinner.  But this evening, a touch of refinement seemed to be in order, not to mention wine.

After consulting TripAdvisor at length, I found a top-ranked eatery that accepted reservations on The Fork website.  Miraculously, a table was available for 8 pm: I clicked on "book".

We reached our destination after a 20-minute walk through a neighbourhood that was shabby even by Neapolitan standards (this Streetview grab actually flatters it).

The staff of the humble trattoria were nonplussed by the arrival of a smartly dressed couple flashing a reservation email (my wife still had her phone).  But hosting us was no problem: none of their four tables was occupied.

Pizzas were the only items on the menu.  Ours were perfectly acceptable - there is no such thing as bad pizza in Naples – so we smiled sweetly at our hosts.

We were especially thankful that, in this strangely wine-averse land, they were able to find a bottle of plonkish red for us.  We couldn't complain about the €25 bill, but we hardly felt like Sybarites.

We returned via the barren expanse of Piazza Garibaldi. The deserted metro station would be an ideal location for an apocalyptic thriller.

Getting off after two stops, we found the dark alleys of Centro Storico much more hospitable than they had seemed the night before.

Previous entries on Naples:

1. Ryanair 2. Neapolis or Nablus? 3. Daylight Robbery

[iami0]

denial.of.service - reel from denial of service on Vimeo.

d-os.org facebook.com/dof.service soundcloud.com/states behance.net/states

reel audio by the denial.of.service ©2014 (orig. P2E Torch Song/Mayer-Orbit ©1983 IRS records)

reel index :

all visuals by the denial.of.service /h.martis except where stated.

01. 00:06:10 - AZA International Short Film Festival (gr) | ident 02. 00:07:02 - denial.of.service Juxtapositions | ARTup! Goethe Institut (de) Installation 03. 00:10:00 - Extrawelt (de) | Was Übrig Bleibt / music video 04. 00:13:03 - Extrawelt (de) | Breedle / music video | VIMEO STAFF PICK 05. 00:19:00 - Keene (gr) | +solecism / ICTVC /AlterVision DVD / Institut Francais installation ( * VFX, motion graphics, tracking, compositing, soundtrack) 06. 00:20:09 - Funckarma (nl) | Kinnex / music video 07. 00:23:24 - Extrawelt (de) | The Inkling / music video 08. 00:26:05 - relax.recs (gr) | Drive Lost / music video 09. 00:28:11 - human : error / AthensVideoArtFestival motion piece | beetroot (gr) | VIMEO STAFF PICK 10. 00:29:20 - denial.of.service | Dextro Rotatory Helix 11. 00:32:02 - MediaTemple™ (usa) | Collective Motion / promotional stings 12. 00:33:22 - Sivu - Can’t Stop Now (music video) - dir. Adam Powell | Black Dog Films R.S.A. (usa) ( * VFX, tracking, motion graphics, compositing) 13. 00:36:20 - denial.of.service | the Bite of Conscience 14. 00:40:21 - Attrition (uk) | A Few of My Favourite Things / music video 15. 00:43:07 - META05 / architectural exhibition - installation + DVD | beetroot (gr) 16. 00:46:01 - denial.of.service | I Am Become Death 17. 00:46:23 - NOMINT logo motion treatment | NOMINT (gr) 18. 00:48:18 - Sivu - I Lost Myself (music video) - dir. Adam Powell | Black Dog Films R.S.A. (usa) ( * VFX, particle FX, tracking, compositing) 19. 00:49:16 - Nestlé Nescafé / spot | NOMINT (gr) / publicis (gr) ( * VFX, particle FX, compositing) 20. 00:51:00 - E4 Radio (uk) / sting | NOMINT (gr) ( * motion graphics, tracking, compositing, sound design) 21. 00:51:11 - E4 (uk) xmas critters / tv stings | NOMINT (gr) ) ( * organic modeling, physics /dynamic simulations, compositing, sound design) 22. 00:52:08 - NISSAN Micra / tv spot | NOMINT (gr) ( * modeling, texturing, animation, lighting, motion graphics, compositing) 23. 00:53:17 - Ermis Awards / projections | NOMINT (gr) - pitch - ( * modeling, texturing, animation, lighting, motion graphics, compositing) 24. 00:55:01 - RedFM / tv spot | NOMINT (gr) ( * modeling, texturing, animation, lighting, compositing) 25. 00:56:20 - ELVISWayOut bar / motion flyers | AlterVision (gr) 26. 00:58:15 - denial.of.service | Clusters / installation piece 27. 00:59:24 - denial.of.service | 戦争 SENSOU / music video 28. 01:02:17 - RED DOT Agency oF The Year Award (de) official presentation | beetroot (gr) 29. 01:04:01 - O2 tv series ident | Designers United (gr) 30. 01:04:12 - LPth /White Tower Museum / motion exhibit | AlterVision (gr) 31. 01:05:20 - MOBY / Goldfrapp / cdRom - screensaver motion graphics | MUTE records (uk) 32. 01:07:15 - Greek Monsters - RED DOT AWARDS 2011 (de) / installation promo | beetroot (gr) 33. 01:08:10 - ENCOUNTERS - Walking Movie - BIENNALE ARCHITETTURA 2010 (it) / installation | beetroot (gr) 34. 01:11:05 - PhotoBiennale : Topos / promo ident | beetroot (gr) 35. 01:13:01 - REWORKS10 MTV spot | beetroot (gr) 36. 01:13:24 - REWORKS11 MTV spot | beetroot (gr) 37. 01:14:21 - Hellenic Export Promotion Organization / infographic spot | beetroot (gr) 38. 01:16:05 - MICROSOFT IE9 / launch promos | beetroot (gr) 39. 01:17:03 - MICROSOFT Windows Azure / promo spot | beetroot (gr) 40. 01:17:16 - Concert Hall 10 Years / promo spot | beetroot (gr) 41. 01:18:22 - 7EVEN Swap Spots / tv spot | beetroot (gr) 42. 01:22:01 - mangel-wurzel.com e-shop promos | beetroot (gr) 43. 01:23:22 - kraftwerk (de) | 2005 tour regional tv spots ( * motion graphics, compositing) 44. 01:24:20 - Museum Of Photography / promo ident | beetroot (gr) 45. 01:25:16 - ModularExpansion002 (gr) | g.apergis - ekhowax / music video 46. 01:31:01 - keene (gr) | glass / music video 47. 01:34:16 - Les Yper Yper | promo ident 48. 01:36:11 - denial.of.service | Shards / rwrks06 installation piece 49. 01:41:21 - David Bowie - Love Is Lost (official video) - dir. Barnaby Roper | Black Dog Films R.S.A./ModernPostNYC ( * tracking, particle FX, motion graphics, animation, datamoshing) 50. 01:46:23 - Banks - Brain (official video) - dir. Barnaby Roper | Black Dog Films R.S.A./ModernPostNYC ( * VFX, CG terrains, motion graphics) 51. 01:49:02 - Aria Da Capo / Plexus / Trapcode plugins Showcase 52. 01:49:24 - MARSHEAUX (gr) | Summer / music video

[ausarts]

RENEGADES was an exciting commission with renowned Spanish urban artists PichiAvo. The commission consisted of three outdoor, free-standing portraits, each depicting a woman from ancient Greek history or mythology. RENEGADES pays homage to three women who were, in their own way, renegades. Women who broke away from the traditional roles associated with women of the time and made an indelible mark on history.

MEDUSA The Gorgon With her serpent hair, Medusa is an instantly recognisable figure. Possibly one of the most maligned characters in Greek mythology, a close look at her story reveals a nuanced and complex character who suffered at the hands of both men and women and ultimately became the archetypal femme fatale.

HIPPOLYTA The Amazon Long believed to be a myth, Amazons were a tribe of warrior women who were the archenemies of the ancient Greeks. Ancient accounts describe them as fierce and fearless in battle, a stark contrast to the cloistered and dependent Greek women. Hippolyta, an Amazonian queen, figures predominantly in the stories of Herakles and Theseus, both of which end with her death.

PHRYNE The Courtesan Phryne, an Athenian courtesan notable for her intelligence and wit was a desired and sought after companion amongst some of the most fêted intellects of all time. A self-made woman, she became so rich that she offered to pay for the rebuilding of the walls of Thebes, which were destroyed by Alexander the Great in 335 BCE. The city patriarchs refused her offer, leaving the walls in ruins.

[cool-despoina-alkionidamera]

Meander (art)

A meander or meandros[1] (Greek: Μαίανδρος) is a decorative border constructed from a continuous line, shaped into a repeated motif. Such a design is also called the Greek fret or Greek key design, although these are modern designations.

On the one hand, the name "meander" recalls the twisting and turning path of the Maeander River in Asia Minor, and on the other hand, as Karl Kerenyi pointed out, "the meander is the figure of a labyrinth in linear form".[2] Among some Italians, these patterns are known as Greek Lines. Usually the term is used for motifs with straight lines and right angles; the many versions with rounded shapes are called running scrolls.

Meanders are common decorative elements in Greek and Roman art. In ancient Greece they appear in many architectural friezes, and in bands on the pottery of ancient Greece from the Geometric Period onwards. The design is common to the present-day in classicizing architecture. The meander is a fundamental design motif in regions far from a Hellenic orbit: labyrinthine meanders ("thunder" pattern[3]) appear in bands and as infill on Shang bronzes, and many traditional buildings in and around China still bear geometric designs almost identical to meanders. There is a possibility that meanders of Greek origin may have come to China during to the time of the Han Dynasty by way of trade with the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.

They were among the most important symbols in ancient Greece; and perhaps symbolized infinity and unity; many ancient Greek temples incorporated the sign of the meander. Greek vases, especially during their Geometric Period, were probably the main reason for the widespread use of meanders; alternatively, very ocean-like patterns of waves also appeared in the same format as meanders, which can also be thought of as the guilloche pattern. The shield of Philip II of Macedon, conserved in the museum of Vergina, is decorated with multiple symbols of the meander. Meanders are also prevalent on the pavement mosaics found in Roman villas throughout the Roman empire. A good example is at the Chedworth Roman Villa in England, leading many[who?] historians to believe that the pattern was part of the original inspiration for the Latin "G" character.[citation needed]

Meanders and their generalizations are used with increasing frequency in various domains of contemporary art. The painter Yang Liu, for example, has incorporated smooth versions of the traditional Greek Key (also called Sona drawing, Sand drawing, and Kolam) in many of her paintings

[alatismeni-theitsa]

Sources about the origin of Aphrodite

I will keep adding to this post (by re-blogging) each time I have something new.

I thank @junkblog101 for giving the following sources:

1) Aphrodite's Origins: http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/aphrodite/origins.html

2) Book “Transformation of a goddess : Ishtar, Astarte, Aphrodite”: https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10648962

3) Short description of Aphrodite/Venus figurines by the Museum of Art and Archeology: https://maa.missouri.edu/media-gallery/detail/71/322

4) A small pdf, part of a book, “The Olympian goddesses”: http://people.uncw.edu/deagona/MYTH/OlympianGodesses.pdf

My thoughts:

From those sources I have understood that there are some common elements between Aphrodite and eastern goddesses of love, but Aphrodite’s origin is still obscure.

I quote from the first: ”These divinities were associated with power, fertility, and war, and were characterized by fierce jealousy and aggressive sexuality” (For the Aphrodite figurine) “The nudity and breast-holding gesture are typical of much earlier Near Eastern figures, and make clear the importance that was ascribed to fertility and sexuality.” Also, “[Goddess Hathor’s] presence on this head (of an Aphrodite sculpture) again testifies to the Near Eastern elements that contributed to Aphrodite's identity at Cyprus.” The last one puzzles me a little. I haven’t read it was common for gods to have other gods in their crowns. Maybe it wasn’t the goddess Hathor but Eastern people who dressed in a similar manner as this goddess?

So, their common elements were: sexuality, power, fertility, war (not so much for Aphrodite, though), nudity and breast-holding gesture. Well, those are similarities, but at the same time they don’t say much. While they clearly show some influence (nothing existed in a vacuum), they are not much, or enough to suggest the one came from the other. Influenced, would be a better word. Also, Ishtar/Astarte and Aphrodite have different “dynamics” as goddesses and different stories. I am not aware of any common stories between them (inform me if you know any, please!).

I can’t comment for the book, since I haven’t read it yet.

I don’t think the third link gives information about Eastern influence. It just states it. And while I would love to take their word for that, I would love more to have them say why or how this connection exists between the goddesses.  

For the last link (and pdf) the things that I found in relation to eastern goddesses are these: “As a divine being, Aphrodite had close links with the Semetic goddess of love, Ishtar/Astarte, who was worshiped in Mesopotamia and Phoenicia. Aphrodite often bore the title “Heavenly” (Urania), while Astarte was invoked as the Queen of Heaven; and both goddesses were honored with incense altars and sacrifices of doves. Sacred prostitution, one of the best publicized aspects of the cult of Ishtar/Astarte, was also to be found in some of the centers of Aphrodite’s worship”. (Historical example of an athlete who dedicated women as prostitutes to an Aphrodite’s temple follows).

Moreover: “The Herodotus’ statement that the oldest cults of Aphrodite in Greece had been established in Phoenician settlers may contain a broader element of truth. The goddess had very strong associations with the island of Cyprus [...]. And from the time of Homer onwards the epithet most commonly applied to her was ‘Cypris’, or ‘the Cyprian’. It is possible that she started life as a local Cyprian love goddess who took on some of Astarte’s characteristics when the island was colonized by the Phoenicians in the ninth century BC.[...] The reconstruction is speculative, however, for the picture of the goddess’s early development is still very unclear”.

Well, from what I gather from the last source, we know nothing for sure. If anything, the text actually suggests (with caution) that Aphrodite was a local Greek goddess and then she was influenced by cults of eastern love goddesses. And we are not sure of it either.

Why I am saying she was Greek when they say “local”? Greeks (Mycyneans) were already in Cyprus from 14th CBC*. (We are talking about Pre-historic Greeks and they lived in one of the periods of the Greek culture. Greek doesn’t necessarily mean classical Athens). As trade was happening, there were cultural exchanges between the East and the island. So again, because she was made in Greece (according to the last source), we shouldn’t say that there wasn’t any influence. There probably was. Also, people existed in the island before the Greeks came, so perhaps it was they who made the early form of the goddess. But in the Geometric era (see the Homeric epics and hymn) the goddess had already a Greek name and came from Greek gods. So,  if she came from residents of the island at all, she probably came from the Greeks.

*-Thomas, Carol G. and Conant, Craig: The Trojan War, pages 121–122. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. - A.D. Lacy. Greek Pottery in the Bronze Age

About Aphrodite’s identity as a Greek goddess:

Now if we accept she was indeed taken (for the argument’s sake) she is still distinctly Greek. She was already part of the pantheon in the Geometric era, when the Homeric epics and hymns were written, because she is in them. Her transition period could have been in 9th-8th centuries BC and maybe a little later. Until 381AC, when Greek polytheists started getting prosecuted, the Greeks had more than a millennia to make her a Greek goddess and give her her unique attributes and stories. For more than a thousand years Aphrodite has been into Greek/Hellenic households.

I am not saying the case of Aphrodite is closed because four sources are on the table. And I still haven’t read the book (2nd link)! I am sure there will be more good info there. So the picture is not completed.

Anyone who has found additional sources, pm me or tag me! And if you have something to say about the post, feel free to reblog and add stuff! Perhaps correct me even.

[cristinad61]

Textures in stone

Franklin Simmons (1839-1913), Penelope, 1896, Marble Gift of the Daughters of Penelope, an International Hellenic Women’s Organization, to the Fine Arts Museums of San Fransisco on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Daughters’ founding by Alexandra Apostolides in San Francisco on November 16, 1929. The donation in honor of Hellenism was made possible by the vision of Mrs. Julia G.…

[pandaemoniumpancakes]

Gilt silver phiale mesomphalos, Classical period, late 5th century BCE, silver-gilt, diameter: 20.3 cm, height: 3.2 cm, 413.95 g, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 

   “Very little Classical Greek silver plate survives today. The golden figural decoration on these examples calls to mind Athenian red-figure vases and scholars debate whether precious vessels like these were the inspiration for the painted vases. However, since most gold-figured silver vessels have been found in Macedonian and Thracian tombs on the northern fringes of the Hellenized world and are dated to the second half of fifth century B.C., much later than the advent of the red-figure style, it has also been suggested that the influence may go the other way.    On this beautifully preserved libation vessel, four youths hunt deer on horseback with spears. The artist makes clever use of the circular shape to show the hunters encircling their quarry.“

[instituteofgeorgianhistory]

Globalization, Hellenism and Population Movement – Georgian Case

Tedo Dundua

Emil Avdaliani

Globalization, or interconnectedness between the countries, big economic differences and dangerous growth of population have contributed to migratory influx from Asia to Europe, from East Europe to the West, Georgians being involved in latter pattern.

Graeco-Roman World also received much of population to Mediterranean either taken away by force, or later, Romans themselves being forced to receive the barbarians (receptio-system, like migration weapon). Again, Georgians are within this Graeco-Roman pattern, pouring into the lower classes.

Gradually, some of the Iberians (Georgians) reached high positions.

The story below is about it.

 Civil war of 69 reveals freedman Moschus as admiral of the Roman fleet subordinated to Emperor M. Salvius Otho (Tacit. Hist. I. 87, Историки Античности. т. II. Древний Рим. Москва. 1989, p. 243; Tacitus. In Five Volumes. II. The Histories. Books I-III. With an English Translation by C. H. Moore. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press. London. MCMLXXX, p. 150).  In the 1st-2nd cc. the Roman citizenship was a prerequisite for enrolment in the legion but not for service in other units, such as the two Italian fleets (T. Dundua. Publicius Agrippa, Flavius Dades and a Dual Citizenship – a Pattern for Europe in Future? Caucasica. The Journal of Caucasian Studies. vol. 5. Tbilisi. 2000, p. 60). That is why Moschus found himself in his position. Romans used to give specific names to the slaves and freedmen, often connected with their original nationality, e.g. Emperor Aulus Vitellius, rival of Otho, had Asiaticus, as a favourite, gradually allotting him with the Roman citizenship and nomen (Tacit. Hist. II. 57, Историки Античности. т. II, p. 281). Having on mind Meskheti (Graeco-Roman Moschicē), a province of Iberia (Eastern and Southern Georgia), one can suggest Iberia, as a mother-land for Moschus or his parent. If so, he could also be called Iberian (Iber), like Gaios the Iberian (see below), mentioned on the bronze plate from Platea in Greece (T. Dundua. Gaius the Iberian – First Ever Recorded Georgian To Be Baptized. Proceedings of Institute of Georgian History. Ivane Javakishvili Tbilisi State University. II. Tbilisi. 2011, p. 425).

In the Roman World a slave or a freedman, Moschus by name, could be only Georgian. Greek case is different, for Moschos is original Greek name with the Greek etymology, employed rather extensively (Древнегреческо-русский словарь. Составил  И. Х. Дворецкий. Москва. 1958. т. II, p. 1110; Greek-English Lexicon, Compiled by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott. New edition completed 1940. Reprinted 1961. Oxford, p. 1148). There are no chances if proving the Georgian origin for Moschos of Elis, philosopher, Moschos of Lampsacos, tragic poet, and Moschos of Syracuse, famous bucolic poet (Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike. Band 8. Stuttgart. Weimar. Article “Moschos”, pp. 414-415).

Son could have father’s name in the Greek society, but these cases are not frequent if not within the Hellenistic dynasties. And, if we have Moschos, son of Moschos, then he must be Iberian, whose father, or grandfather had been taken away from the Iberian province of Meskheti. This duplicity in the name could mean nothing but stressing the ethnicity properly.

Final step for those barbarian slaves and freedmen was a citizenship.

Moschos, son of Moschos occurs, at least, for three times – twice, on the coins, once – in inscription. Magistrate of Smyrna, perhaps, in the 2nd c. B.C., he put his name on the bronze coins of the city, the so-called Homereias (Apollo/Rev. Homer. Greek inscription: Moschos, son of Moschos) (J. G. Milne. The Autonomous Coinage of Smyrna. II. The Numismatic Chronicle. Fifth Series – vol. VII. London. 1927, p. 95 #321). Maybe, that was him again to issue Kybele/Rev.Aphrodite Stratonikis type bronze coins with the legend Moschos, son of Moschos (A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. XVI. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Ionia. Barclay V. Head. London. 1892, p. 240 #33), and to be mentioned in the Greek inscription of the theatre in Halikarnassos (the 3rd-2nd cc. B.C.) – Moschos, son of Moschos, son of Moschos

(T. Dundua. History of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2017, pp. 86-90 https://www.academia.edu/35768659/History_of_Georgia).

We are moving to declare one of the leading families of Smyrna (todays Izmir) in the 2nd c. B.C. to be of the Georgian origin.

 For the lower classes in the 1st-3rd cc. there was Christianity as a certain consolation.

Bronze plate from Platea, Central Greece, offers 40 male names, mostly Greek, few Graeco-Roman. The positions are only for some of them and all they are Christian, like presbyter etc. (M. Guarducci. Epigrafia Greca. IV. Epigrafi Sacre Pagane e Christiane. Roma. 1978, pp. 335-336).

The plate, now in the National Museum at Athens, is thought to present early-Christian Community of Platea. The date corresponds to the verge of the 2nd-3rd cc.

For two persons we have special ethnic indicators. They are Gaius the Iberian and Athenodoros the Armenian.

So, Gaius the Iberian – was he Iberian born, only then removed from the country, and thus bilingual? Perhaps, not,

he bears Latin praenomen, nobody had it in Georgia. Then how had he found his way to Greece; and who was he socially? There are too many questions indeed.

Gaius’ case is more Graeco-Roman, than Georgian. But he is still “Iberian”, not completely assimilated thus claiming for himself to be first ever recorded Georgian as Christian

(T. Dundua. History of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2017, pp. 135-137 https://www.academia.edu/35768659/History_of_Georgia).

[the-brambled-way]

Free Classics Books

You can read 700+ free books from UC Press online. I combed through those 700 or so books to find those that would be useful to Hellenic/Hellenistic Polytheists. This is pretty much all of their free Classics books so it contains Roman and Greek religion, history, philosophy, and poetry. I have not read these yet, so this is a list for me as much as everyone else. If something looks like it doesn’t belong, let me know, and I’ll check it out.

Myth, Meaning, and Memory on Roman Sarcophagi - Michael Koortbojian

The Revolutions of Wisdom: Studies in the Claims and Practice of Ancient Greek Science - G. E. R. Lloyd

Hellenistic History and Culture - Edited by Peter Green

Reading Sappho: Contemporary Approaches - Edited by Ellen Greene

Regionalism and Change in the Economy of Independent Delos - Gary Reger

Athenian Democracy in Transition: Attic Letter-Cutters of 340 to 290 B.C. - Stephen V. Tracy

Senecan Drama and Stoic Cosmology - Thomas G. Rosenmeyer

The Development of Attic Black-Figure - J. D. Beazley

An Archaeology of Greece: The Present State and Future Scope of a Discipline - Anthony M. Snodgrass

Athens from Cleisthenes to Pericles - Charles W. Fornara and Loren J. Samons II

Tragedy and Enlightenment: Athenian Political Thought and the Dilemmas of Modernity - Christopher Rocco

Epic Traditions in the Contemporary World: The Poetics of Community - Edited By Margaret Beissinger

Rome Before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-Century Rome - Robert Brentano

Traditional Oral Epic: The Odyssey, Beowulf, and the Serbo-Croatian Return Song - John Miles Foley

Catullan Provocations: Lyric Poetry and the Drama of Position - William Fitzgerald

The Poet's Truth: A Study of the Poet in Virgil's Georgics - Christine G. Perkell

Thucydides and the Ancient Simplicity: The Limits of Political Realism - Gregory Crane

Spectacle and Society in Livy’s History - Andrew Feldherr

Plato's Euthydemus: Analysis of What Is and Is Not Philosophy - Thomas H. Chance

Fiction as History: Nero to Julianau - G. W. Bowersock

The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity - Paul Zanker

Dioscorus of Aphrodito: His Work and His World - Leslie S. B. Mac Coull

Hegemony to Empire: The Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 B.C. - Robert Morstein Kallet-Marx

The Power of Thetis: Allusion and Interpretation in the Iliad - Laura M. Slatkin

Religion in Hellenistic Athens - Jon D. Mikalson

Form and Good in Plato's Eleatic Dialogues: The Parmenides, Theaetetus, Sophist, and Statesman - Kenneth Dorter

Money, Expense, and Naval Power in Thucydides' History 1-5.24 - Lisa Kallet-Marx

Theocritus's Urban Mimes: Mobility, Gender, and Patronage - Joan B. Burton

Descartes's Imagination: Proportion, Images, and the Activity of Thinking - Dennis L. Sepper

Images and Ideologies: Self-definition in the Hellenistic World - Edited By Anthony Bulloch, Erich S. Gruen, A. A. Long, and Andrew Stewart

The Best of the Argonauts: The Redefinition of the Epic Hero in Book 1 of Apollonius's Argonautica - James J. Clauss

Dynasty and Empire in the Age of Augustus: The Case of the Boscoreale Cups - Ann L. Kuttner

Guardians of Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity - Robert A. Kaster

The Defense of Attica: The Dema Wall and the Boiotian War of 378-375 B.C. - Mark H. Munn

The Politics of Desire: Propertius IV - Micaela Janan

Horace and the Gift Economy of Patronage - Phebe Lowell Bowditch

Nuptial Arithmetic: Marsilio Ficino's Commentary on the Fatal Number in Book VIII of Plato's Republic - Michael J. B. Allen

The Question of "Eclecticism" Studies in Later Greek Philosophy - Edited by John M. Dillon and A. A. Long

Public Disputation, Power, and Social Order in Late Antiquity - Richard Lim

Nemea: A Guide to the Site and Museum - Edited by Stephen G. Miller

Aristotle on the Goals and Exactness of Ethics - Georgios Anagnostopoulos

Virgil's Epic Technique - Richard Heinze

Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius - Alan Cameron, Jacqueline Long

Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory - Ann Vasaly

[architectnews]

Syngrou Avenue Office Buildings, Athens

Syngrou Avenue Offices, Landmark Building, Greek Commercial Architecture, Images

Syngrou Avenue Office Buildings in Athens

17 Dec 2020

Syngrou Avenue Office Buildings

Design: Bennetts Associates and Divercity Architects

Location: Athens, Greece

Planning granted for the Syngrou Avenue Office Buildings a landmark scheme in Athens designed by Bennetts Associates and Divercity Architects

 New landmark on one of Athens’ major thoroughfares with stunning views to the Acropolis  High-quality workplace promoting exceptional design quality and class-leading sustainability in Greece  Designed by Bennetts Associates (first commission in Greece) and Divercity Architects  Collaboration with leading Greek developer Dimand

Planning permission has been granted for a landmark commercial scheme in central Athens by Bennetts Associates and Divercity Architects. Designed for leading, award-winning Greek developer Dimand, the 15,600sqm (Gross Building Area) new build scheme will create a workplace of the highest quality with class-leading sustainability credentials, and lush new courtyard garden. The scheme occupies a prominent corner site on Leoforos Syngrou, a major avenue linking the city centre and the seafront, and will consolidate a major new commercial and cultural destination together with the adjacent Hellenic General Insurance HQ [by Mario Botta and Rena Sakellaridou & Morpho Papanikolaou (SPARCH)], the Onassis Stegi (by Architecture Studio) and the Intercontinental Athenaeum Hotel (by Iason Rizos). The project has broken ground on site and is expected to be completed by early Spring 2022.

Contemporary reinterpretation of traditional design themes and use of local materials are intended to help bed the scheme in as identifiably Athenian. A pair of eight storey buildings are clad in vertical white marble louvres at carefully crafted angles to capture the unique Athenian light and create a choreography of vistas and views to the city, the mountains, and the Acropolis. Sculpting of the roofline above the lower building draws the eye from Syngrou Avenue towards the main entrance on Lagoumitzi street. At street level, a colonnade or ‘stoa’ provides the same signposting together with a new avenue of trees that soften and shade the context. A ‘peristyle’ marks the shared entrance and affords views to a new garden that draws reference from traditional Greek courtyard houses.

The project’s sustainability credentials, targeting LEED Gold, draw on Bennetts Associates and Divercity Architects’ vast expertise but re-evaluated for the local climate. The guiding principle is the Athenian preoccupation with the 3 S’s – ‘shade, shade, shade’. Internally a low energy ventilation system is adopted. Planted upper terraces and a green roof further enhance biodiversity and at the same time help to reduce cooling loads. Using materials with high percentages in recycled content, as steel reinforcement and façade structures reduces the carbon footprint of the project. The choice of materials is based on a Life Cycle Assessment approach to evaluate the embodied carbon of the scheme.

Bennetts Associates and Divercity Architects have designed the scheme to promote health and wellbeing, with natural white marble surfaces throughout; the core and façade located to ensure a good distribution of daylight, and openable windows to ensure abundant fresh air. Occupiers have access to the lush courtyard gardens to create a memorable arrival experience as well as an oasis to be enjoyed as a place of serenity at work breaks or as a social meeting place that can accommodate outdoor events,

Dimitris Andriopoulos, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer at Dimand comments: “I would first like to thank Prodea Investments for sourcing this investment opportunity and joining us as a codeveloper in the project. I believe this development will aesthetically improve and add value to the area, in line with a series of neighboring landmark properties. We trust this office complex will become a successful, sustainable and lively working space for all and I thank both Bennetts Associates and Divercity Architects for their inspiring work.”

Julian Lipscombe, Director at Bennetts Associates added: “It’s a great privilege to design on such a key site, in one of the world’s great cities with views to an icon of the ancient world. In response we have endeavoured to create a scheme that is both confident and identifiably Athenian in its DNA. It combines our vast expertise in workplace and sustainability with a sensibility to the rich cultural context and local climate. Collaborating with Dimand and Divercity Architects on this extraordinary commission has been a delight.”

Nikolas Travasaros, Founding Partner & Director at Divercity Architects said: “We are honoured to work for leading developer Dimand and alongside renowned UK practice Bennetts Associates, for this landmark project. On bustling Syngrou Avenue, we envisaged a timeless and powerful building, that will capture the unique Athenian light and reflect the cultural richness of ever-changing Athens.”

Syngrou Avenue Office Buildings in Athens, Greece – Building Information

Architects: Bennetts Associates and Divercity Architects

Structural Engineer: Pagonis- Polyxronopoulos- Kinatos Services Engineer: Insta Consulting Engineers Lighting Designer: Lighting Architecture Studio Landscape Designer: H. Pangalou & Associates Fire Protection Consultant: B & T Pyrgiotis Technical Office and Roussas Theofanis Acoustics Consultant: H.Moraitis & G. Chatzigeorgiou LEED Consultant: D-Carbon Traffic Engineering Consultant: Dromos Consulting

Syngrou Avenue Office Buildings, Athens images / information received 171220

Location: Athens, Greece, south east Europe

Athens Architecture

Contemporary Athens Architectural Projects

Athens Architecture Designs – chronological list

Athens Architecture News

Athens Architecture Walking Tours by e-architect

H3 Residence Design: 314 Architecture Studio photo fCourtesy of 314 Architecture Studio H3 House

Opening House, Stamata, Attica – located just north east of Athens Design: Kipseli Architects photograph : George Messaritakis, Berlin Opening House in Athens

Greek Architects

Acropolis Museum Athens

Three Residence Complex Design: AKKM & Associates – Architecture and Urban Design photo : Sylvia Diamantopoulou Residence Complex in Athens

Museum for Underwater Antiquities in Piraeus Design: Sane Architecture + DaSein image from architects Museum for Underwater Antiquities

Athens Building

Website: Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center Athens Building

Comments for the Family House Revision & Pool for Art in Athens page welcome

Website: Athens

The post Syngrou Avenue Office Buildings, Athens appeared first on e-architect.

[crystaloccult]

Hekate Resources

Note: I pulled this list from here. It is not my own but thought Tumblr would find it useful.

________________________________________________________________

I've had this for some time and though it might be useful to others who are sworn to Hekate or at least interested in her. I have purposely omitted some items due to language usage or audience focus, aimed at 3 - 10 years of age type thing. It's a large list and reflects my own biases and interests regarding the subject of reference material for Hekate / Hecate. ..............................

Books, Articles and Various for Hekate / Hecate reference

Section 1: Books

01.  Hekate Soteira: A Study of Hekate's Roles in the Chaldean Oracles and Related Literature (American Classical Studies, No by Sarah Iles Johnston, 1990, 200 pages. PB, ISBN 1555404278 // ISBN 155540426X 02. Restless Dead: Encounters between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece by Sarah Iles Johnston, 2013-PB, 352 Pages, ISBN 0520280180 // ISBN 0520217071 03. Mantike: Studies in Ancient Divination (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World) by Sarah Iles Johnston, 2005, 322 pages, ISBN 9004144978  04. The Goddess Hekate by Stephen Ronan, 1992, 166 pgs, ISBN 0948366214 05. Hekate in Ancient Greek Religion by Ilmo Robert Von Rudloff, 1999, 176 pages, ISBN is 978-0-9696066-8-0 / 9780969606680 06. Hekate Liminal Rites: A Study of the rituals, magic and symbols of the torch-bearing Triple Goddess of the Crossroads by Sorita d'Este,  2009, 194 pages, ISBN 1905297238 07. HEKATE: Keys to the Crossroads - A collection of personal essays, invocations, rituals, recipes and artwork from modern Witches, Priestesses and Priests ... Goddess of Witchcraft, Magick and Sorcery by Sorita d'Este, 2006, 156 pages, ISBN-13: 9781905297092 // ISBN: 1905297092 08. HEKATE Her Sacred Fires by Sorita d'Este, 2010, 308 pages, ISBN-13: 9781905297351 // ISBN: 1905297351 09. Artemis: Virgin Goddess of the Sun & Moon--A Comprehensive Guide to the Greek Goddess of the Hunt, Her Myths, Powers & M by Sorita d'Este, 2005, 156 pages, ISBN-13: 9781905297023 // ISBN: 1905297025 10. Thracian Magic: Past and Present by Georgi Mishev, 2012, 338 pages, ISBN 1905297483 11. Rotting Goddess: The Origins of the Witch in Classical Antiquity by Jacob Rabinowitz, 1998, 154 pages, ISBN 157027035X 12. Crossroads by Greg Crowfoot, 2005, 188 pages, ISBN 1593303025 13. Bearing Torches: A Devotional Anthology for Hekate by Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 2009, 200 pages, PB, ISBN 1449917046 14. The Cults of the Greek States, Volume II [Vol. 2] by Lewis Richard Farnell, CHAPTER XVI - HEKATE pp. 501-519, ISBN 1236589580, Online ISBN: 9780511710438, Paperback ISBN: 9781108015448 15. Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations by Karen Tate, 2006, ISBN-13: 978-1-888729-17-7 // ISBN-10: 1-888729-17-1 16. Hecate I: Death, Transition and Spiritual Mastery (2nd Edition) by Jade Sol Luna, 2009, 260 pages, ISBN 1442184515 - Hecate I: Death, Transition and Spiritual Mastery (1st edition) Paperback – October 31, 2008 by Jade Sol Luna (still being sold) 17. Hecate II: The Awakening of Hydra by Jade Sol Luna, 2009, 326 pages, ISBN 0615344755 18. Triple Hekate mainly on votive reliefs, coins, gems and amulets by Elpis Mitropoulou (Very rare have not found a copy yet printed 1978), Pyli Ed, 1978  19. Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World, by John G. Gager, Softcover, 1999, 296 pages, ISBN 0195134826 // ISBN 0195062264 20. A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidae, Volume 2, Part 2, Charles Thomas Newton and Richard Popplewell Pullan, CHAPTER XXIV pp. 554-572, Original Publication Year: 1863, Online ISBN:9780511910302, Paperback ISBN:9781108027274 About Lagina – Historical reference 21. The Temple of Hekate at Lagina, by Ahmet A. Tirpan – Zeliha Gider – Aytekin Buyukozer pg 181 – 202, Dipteros und Pseudodiptoros, BYZAS, Veroffenllichungen des Deutschen Archologischen Institits Istanbul, ISBN 978-605-5607-74-6 (English) 22. Labraunda and Karia, Proceedings of the International Symposium Commemorating Sixty Years of Swedish Archaeological Work in Labraunda, The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities Stockholm, November 20-21, 2008, ISSN 0346-6442 // ISBN 978-91-554-7997-8 - The Archaic architectural terracottas from Euromos and some cult signs by Suat Ateşlier, Pg 279 - 290  23. A N O D O S, Studies of the Ancient World, 6-7/2006-2007, CULT AND SANCTUARY THROUGH THE AGES, (From the Bronze Age to the Late Antiquity),  - DAŞBACAK, Coşkun: Hecate Cult in Anatolia: Rituals and Dedications in Lagina pg 143-148;  - SÖğÜT, Bilal: Naiskoi From the Sacred Precinct of Lagina Hekate: Augustus and Sarapis, PG 421-432 24. The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells, edited by Hans Dieter Betz, 1997, 406 pages, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-04444-0 25. RITUAL TEXTS FOR THE AFTERLIFE, Orpheus and the Bacchic Gold Tablets Fritz Graf and Sarah Iles Johnston, 2013, 296 pages 26. ANCIENT GREEK CULTS, A guide by Jennifer Larson, 2007, 320 pages, ISBN-13: 978-0415491020 ISBN-10: 0415491029   27. Magika Hiera, Ancient Greek Magic and Religion, Edited by Christopher A. Faraone & Dirk Obbink, Oxford University Press, 1997, 312 pages, ISBN 0-19-504450-9 / ISBN 0-19-511140-0 28. From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast, 12 Acta Hyperborea 2009, Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2009, 585 pages 29. Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds by Daniel Ogden, Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 0-19-513575-X; ISBN 0-19-515123-2 30. CHALDÆAN ORACLES, Translated and Commented by G. R. S. Mead (1908) version uses Hecat where later re-releases indicate Hecate. 31. Women’s Religions in the Greco-Roman World: A Sourcebook, ROSS SHEPARD KRAEMER, Editor, Oxford University press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-517065-2 (cloth); 0-19-514278-0 (pbk.) 32. Greek Religion by Walter Burker, – July 26, 1985, 512 pages 33. Various catalogs and Literature about Coin Collecting & Numismatics. A great deal of info and depictions of Hecate / Hekate on coins, tokens, can be discovered in the literature. These are just a few of the many journals, books, reports that are available. Requires a bit of determination on the part of the researcher to identify and discover how the coins reflect religion, economics, culture, geographical, etc influences. An underutilized source of information on many gods / goddesses.   - A Catalog of Greek Coins in the British Musuem, 28 Volumes - ERIC - The Encyclopedia of Roman Imperial Coins – 2005 by Rasiel Suarez - COINAGE AND IDENTITY IN THE ROMAN PROVINCES, Edited by Christopher Howgego, Volker Heuchert, Andrew Burnett, Oxford University Press, 2005

Section 1a: Books more LHP in focus 

01. Queen of Hell by Mark Alan Smith, 2010,  02. The Red King (Trident of Witchcraft) by Mark Alan Smith, 2011,  03. MAGICK OF THE ANCIENT GODS, Chthonic Paganism & the Left Hand Path by Michael W. Ford, 2009, 254 pages, ISBN 978-0-578-02732-6 04. Book of the Witch Moon: Chaos, Vampiric & Luciferian Sorcery, The Choronzon Edition by Michael W. Ford, 2006, 456 pages, Hecate Queen of Witches, pg 98 - 107 05. HECATE'S WOMB (And other essays) by Jason Perdue, 2004, 146 pages

Section 1b: Have heard both good and bad reviews of these books

01. The Witches' Craft: The Roots of Witchcraft & Magical Transformation by Raven Grimassi, 2002, 282 pgs 02. The New Book of Goddesses & Heroines by Patricia Monaghan, 3rd edition, 1997, 384 pgs 03. Hecate - The Witches' Goddess – November 4, 2011 by Gary R. Varner, PB, 120 pages (more bad than good reviews on this one) 04. The Temple of Hekate - Exploring the Goddess Hekate through Ritual, Meditation And Divination by Tara Sanchez, 2011, 192 pgs, ISBN 1905297491 (Myself I’d not recommend it) 05. Goddess Connections Workbook Hekate [Kindle Edition] by Tara Reynolds, 17 pages

Section 1c: Books questionable history and / or heavily MMC influenced (Not ones I’d recommend)

01. Mysteries of the Dark Moon: The Healing Power of the Dark Goddess Paperback – May 22, 1992, 304 pages, by Demetra George 02. Hecate: Queen of the Witches or Wise Crone? (Celebrate the Divine Feminine; Reclaim Your Power with Ancient Goddess Wisdom) by Joy Reichard, Chapter 13, 2011 03. Queen of the Night: Rediscovering the Celtic Moon Goddess by Sharynne MacLeod Nic Mhacha, 2005, Forth Lunation (chapter 4) 04. Goddess Enchantment, Magic and Spells Volume 2: Goddesses Love, Abundance and Transformation by Carrie Kirkpatrick, 2011, Chapter 4, pg 68-77 05. Lost Goddesses of Early Greece: A Collection of Pre-Hellenic Myths Paperback, by Charlene Spretnak – August 3, 1992, 144 pages (This book has been compared to Robert Graves THE WHITE GODDESS in the author’s ability to suggest opinion as historical fact) Feminist seem to endorse it while historical based opinions find it to questionable. 06. Hecate (Monsters of Mythology) Library Binding, by Bernard Evslin – September, 1988, 87 pages (Most reviews and such suggest incorrect info and best to just toss it, part of his Monsters of series of books) Could not bring myself to read it entirely. Publishing date of 1988 suggests part of the issue’s presented, theories which are no longer endorsed or supported.

Section 2: Historical / Archaic / Modern Plays & Poetry

01. The Homeric Hymns (HYMN TO DEMETER) by Homer 01a The Homeric Hymn to Demeter: Translation, Commentary, and Interpretive Essays by Helene P. Foley, 1993, 320 pages. 02. The Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes 03. Medea by Euripides 03a Medea: Essays on Medea in Myth, Literature, Philosophy, and Art Paperback, by James J. Clauss (Editor), Sarah Iles Johnston (Editor)– January 12, 1997, 376 pages, ISBN-13: 978-0691043760 ISBN-10: 0691043760 04. Hesiod: Volume I, Theogony. Works and Days. Testimonia (Loeb Classical Library No. 57N) by Hesiod (Author), Glenn W. Most (Translator) – 2007, 308 pages,  05. The Orphic Hymm to Hekate 06. IDYLL 2: THE SPELL by THEOCRITUS 07. Ovid – The Metamorphoses - book vii & The Epistles of Ovid 08. John Keats – To Homer & On the Sea 09. William Shakespeare’s Plays - A Midsummer Night's Dream, Act 5, Scene 1 - King Henry VI. Part I., Act 3 Scene 2 - Hamlet, Act III, Scene 2 - Macbeth, Act II, scene 1 - King Lear, Act 1, Scene 1  10. Pausanias' Description of Greece II.30.2 11. The Comedies of Plutus by Aristophanes 12. The Aeneid by Virgil, Robert Fitzgerald translation 13. Hymm to Minerva by Proclus – Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries by Thomas Taylor, 1891, Pgs 225 – 227.

Section 2a: Historical / Archaic / Modern Plays & Poetry more LHP

01. Aleister Crowley Invocation of Hecate 02. Invocation of Hecate , Queen of All Witchcraft

Section 3: Academic research articles

01. A Group of Marble Statuettes in the Ödemiş Museum” – Part of The Stone Artifacts of the Ödemiş Museum 02. Structure, Sculpture and Scholarship Understanding the Sanctuary of Hekate at Lagina, Amanda Elaine Herring, University of California (L.A.), 2011 03. Apollo, Ennodia, and fourth-century Thessaly by C.D. Graninger, Kernos 22 (2009), Varia 04. Karian, Greek or Roman? The layered identities of Stratonikeia at the sanctuary of Hekate at Lagina by Christina Williamson 05. SANCTUARIES AS TURNING POINTS IN TERRITORIAL FORMATION. LAGINA, PANAMARA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATONIKEIA by Christina Williamson 06. City and Sanctuary in Hellenistic Asia Minor. Sacred and Ideological Landscapes by Christina Williamson 07. Hekate: Bringer of Light by Shelly M. Nixon, California Institute of Integral Studies. 08. Hekate with Apollo and Artemis on a Gem from the Southern Black Sea Region by MANOLIS MANOLEDAKIS 09. HEKATE: HER ROLE AND CHARACTER IN GREEK LITERATURE FROM BEFORE THE FIFTH CENTURY B.C. by CAROL M. MOONEY, B.A., McMaster University February, 1971 10. PLATO’S X & HEKATE’S CROSSROADS, ASTRONOMICAL LINKS TO THE MYSTERIES OF ELEUSIS by George Latura, Independent Researcher, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. XX, No X, pp.xx-xx 11. Medea, Cytissorus, Hekate, they all came from Aea. Historical and Cultic Evidence from Hellas in the Golden Fleece Myths, Debbie Turkilsen and Joost Blasweiler, Publisher: Arnhem (NL) Bronze Age, ISBN/EAN: 978-90-820497-1-8 2014 Arnhem –Sydney 12. The Hecate of the Theogony, Jenny Strauss Clay, 1984, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 25: 27-38 13. A Portrait of Hekate by Patricia A. Marquardt, in the American Journal of Philology, Volume 102 14. DOG SACRIFICE IN ANCIENT AND MODERN GREECE: FROM THE SACRIFICE RITUAL TO DOG TORTURE (KYNOMARTYRION) by Manolis G. Sergis

Section 4: JSTOR articles

01. Diana Nemorensis by Andrew Alföldi, American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 64, No. 2 (Apr., 1960), pp. 137-144, Published by: Archaeological Institute of America, Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/502539 02. Hecate: A Transfunctional Goddess in the Theogony By Deborah Boedeker Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) Vol. 113, (1983), pp. 79-93 Published by: American Philological Association, Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/284004 03. Hecate: Greek or “Anatolian”? by William Berg, Numen Vol. 21, Fasc. 2 (Aug., 1974), pp. 128-140 Published by: BRILL Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3269561 04. The Running Maiden from Eleusis and the Early Classical Image of Hekate, Author(s): Charles M. Edwards Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 90, No. 3 (Jul., 1986), pp. 307-318 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/505689 05. Empousa, Dionysus and the Mysteries: Aristophanes, Frogs 285ff Author(s): Christopher G. Brown Reviewed work(s): Source: The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 41, No. 1 (1991), pp. 41-50 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/639022 06. Crossroads, Author(s): S. I. Johnston Reviewed work(s): Source: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 88 (1991), pp. 217-224 Published by: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn (Germany) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20187554  07. The Chthonic Gods of Greek Religion Author(s): Arthur Fairbanks, Source: The American Journal of Philology,Vol. 21, No. 3 (1900), pp. 241-259 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/287716 08. A Portrait of Hecate by Patricia A. Marquardt, The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 102, No. 3 (Autumn, 1981), pp. 243-260, Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/294128 09. The House-Door in Greek and Roman Religion and Folk-Lore Author(s): M. B. Ogle Source: The American Journal of Philology,Vol. 32, No. 3 (1911), pp. 251-271 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/288616 

[ahepad6]

Welcome back for another great AHEPA District 6 Year!!

Brothers:

Welcome back for another great AHEPA District 6 year!! Thank you all for you and your Chapter’s tireless continuous efforts in making and maintaining District 6 as the largest District by membership in the AHEPA national and international domain and your focus on the finest aspects of our organization relating to Hellenism, education and philanthropy, among many other things. It’s your grassroot initiatives, determination, and efforts towards the “arista” in all things that you do that makes me proud to call you my brothers. The strength of AHEPA has always rested on its ground up activities that have helped make it the largest Hellenic American organization outside of the Church.

During the summer our District Lodge officers and directors have met on a monthly basis so we can help promote and organize our/your upcoming initiatives for the year. One of them includes the establishment of a Sons Mentorship Plan and, among others, a District Directory and which we will provide information on these shortly. Please note and Mark Your Calendars for the following:  

Upcoming District 6 Events – Details to follow

a. September 15 – Cassis Chapter #170 on the Hellenic Genocide. A Chapter/District 6/AHEPA Hellenic Cultural Commission Event.

b. October 28 – District 6 OXI Day event on the 90th year Anniversary of the start of WW2. Invitations to Consuls of various Allied nations. Event hosted by EMBCA.

c. District 6 Fall Conference October 26 – St. Basil Academy

d. December 12 and 15 – Hermes Chapter #186. A Chapter/District 6/AHEPA Hellenic Cultural Commission Event. On the Life, Times and Works of John Cassavetes (1909-1989) on the Anniversary of his Life and Passing. It will include a lecture on his life and works (December 12) and a Cassavetes Film presentation at the Museum of the Moving Image with the Hellenic Film Society USA (December 15). Event hosted by EMBCA.

e. December 15 – The District 6 Christmas Party. It will be hosted by Cassis Chapter #170 which submitted the winning proposal for the event.

f. March 21 – Delphi Chapter #25 – FDR Hyde Park on the Anniversary of FDR’s induction into AHEPA. A Chapter/District 6/AHEPA Hellenic Cultural Commission Event. The event will include a lecture, lunch and honor WW2 Veterans in the extended area.

g. March 29 – Hellenic Independence Day Parade on 5th Avenue

h. Spring District 6 Family Picnic – Mid State-Location (currently Date and Location not selected but St. Basil Academy seriously being considered).

NOTE: Shortly we will be sending out Requests For Proposals to the District Chapters to bid to host this year’s District Convention. Please discuss this with your AHEPA Family Chapter members and consider submitting a bid to host this very important and prestigious event.

On a personal note - a sincere brotherly thank you to all the officers and directors of the AHEPA District 6 Lodge for all your great contributions and the strategic thought out guidance you have given, and continue to give.

Fraternally yours,

Brother Lou Katsos AHEPA District 6 Governor

[release-info]

Schule, William (July 1993). “Mammals, Vegetation and the Initial Human Settlement of the Mediterranean Islands: A Palaeoecological Approach”. Journal of Biogeography. 2: 407. doi:10.2307/2845588. JSTOR 2845588. “Stone Age wells found in Cyprus”. BBC News. 2009-06-25. Retrieved 2009-07-31. Wade, Nicholas, “Study Traces Cat’s Ancestry to Middle East”, The New York Times, June 29, 2007 Walton, Marsha (April 9, 2004). “Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat”. CNN. Retrieved 2007-11-23. Through the Mycenaean Greek Linear B 𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍, ku-pi-ri-jo, meaning “Cypriot” and corresponding to the later Greek form Κύπριος, Kyprios. Strange, John (1980). Caphtor : Keftiu : a new investigation. Leiden: Brill. p. 167. ISBN 978-90-04-06256-6. Thomas, Carol G. & Conant, C.: The Trojan War, pages 121-122. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0-313-32526-X, 9780313325267. Andreas G Orphanides, “Late Bronze Age Socio-Economic and Political Organization, and the Hellenization of Cyprus”, Athens Journal of History, volume 3, number 1, 2017, pp. 7–20 C. Michael Hogan, C. Michael Hogan, Cydonia, The Modern Antiquarian, Jan. 23, 2008 Flourentzos, P. (1996). A Guide to the Larnaca District Museum. Ministry of Communications and Works – Department of Antiquities. p. 18. ISBN 9789963364251. Danopoulos, Constantine Panos. Civil-military relations, nation building, and national identity: comparative perspectives (2004), Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 260 Barbara Rose Johnston, Susan Slyomovics. Waging War, Making Peace: Reparations and Human Rights (2009), American Anthropological Association Reparations Task Force, p. 211. Morelli, Vincent. Cyprus: Reunification Proving ElusiveTurkey invaded Cyprus on Saturday, 20 July 1974. Heavily armed troops landed shortly before dawn at Kyrenia (Girne) on the northern coast meeting resistance from Greek and Greek Cypriot forces.Cyprus has been divided since 1974 when Turkey invaded the north in response to a military coup on the island which was backed by the Greek government. … Cyprus has successfully diversified its largely agrarian economy into one based on services – including a large tourism sector – and light manufacturing. http://bit.ly/2wyJ8ab

[smithsoniantranscriptioncenter]

Yearbooks memorialize student and academic achievements; like windows into scholarly activity, student governance, and extracurricular engagements. We’re lucky to have the chance to peek into student life in the mid-twentieth century - from two institutions in St. Louis at which African American students trained and led as teachers and nurses.

The Stowe Teachers College 1945 yearbook offers looks into social activities and organizations including glee club, pan-hellenic society, men’s and women’s athletic associations, and the graduating classes of January and June. In 1945, the Stowe Teachers College yearbook staff emphasized “Freedom...Law...Justice” - “On these principles depends whether a nation may endure supreme.” 

Sorority life at Stowe (now Harris-Stowe State University) was robust and seeded service and commitment to students. Dorothy Snipes of Delta Sigma Theta went on to a PhD in psychology and became “School Psychologist” with a career spanning over 40 years. 

You can help review the final 16 pages of this project--“Les Collégians 1945”--to make it searchable.  

 The Homer G. Phillips Hospital School of Nursing’s yearbook “The Guardian” is shared by 1947 graduate Pauline Brown Payne. You may have had the chance to view Mrs. Payne’s nursing outfit in the “Making a Way Out of No Way” exhibit at @nmaahc.

The Homer G. Phillips Hospital School of Nursing was the successor to the St. Louis City Hospital No. 2 for Colored, which opened in 1919. The Homer G. Phillips Hospital School of Nursing remained the world’s largest exclusively black municipally operated general hospital until integration in 1955. The Guardian yearbook we are transcribing marks the final graduating class from the Homer G. Phillips Hospital School of Nursing in 1968; it reflects on the legacy of training and care for patients grown through this program.

The Guardian connects the advances in nurse training and techniques in St. Louis with other African American hospitals, such as graduate nurses from Freedmens Hospital in DC (captured here by the Scurlock Studio in 1944.) 

You can join us to transcribe and review these yearbooks as part of our #TCBlackHistoryMonth collaborative campaign with National Museum of African American History and Culture and Anacostia Community Museum. Learn more here.

[eviafoxhouse]

Why visit Evia

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Why visit Evia

The 4 season tourist destination                                                           Getting here       Book Hotel

Evia the 2nd largest island of Greece, an ideal and excellent holiday destination for both Greeks and foreign visitors. With its rich natural and cultural heritage, its exceptional natural beauty, its Natural Monuments, its Special Protected Areas, its Natural Environment Areas, Natura 2000 Network, its Wetlands, its 900 kilometers of coastline and1,190 thousands acres of forestland – today it remains the crossroads of cultures and traditions. The county offers 130 large and small beaches, 235 hotels with 15,700 beds and 6,700 apartments. Its only recently that it has started to become known as a 4 season tourist destination thanks to its natural beauty, diversity of soil, its cultural heritage, its vibrant local tradition, its folk art, its hospitality and its cuisine and traditional recipes. Despite the development, the Prefecture has been converted into a mass tourism destination and has not altered its natural environment. This is the great comparative advantage as the island of Evia is an authentic and traditional island yet remains unspoilt. Located only 80 km from Athens International Airport Eleftherios Venizelos and is easily accessible both by land and by sea. It has easy road access with its two bridges in central Evia, its railway line Athens – Chalkis and its six (6) ferry connections makes it an ideal weekend getaway that leaves no one disappointed. Evia has natural beauty, archaeological sites , museums, the unique tidal phenomenon of Euripus, explicit spas, the famous Drakospita Karystia, the Petrified Forest and Kerassia’s Museum of Fossils Vertebrates www.kerasiamuseum.gr the monasteries and churches with the leading church of St. John the Russian, picturesque villages, the forest village in Northern Evia, the wetlands, the canyons, the mountain refuges, the hiking and climbing trails, the mountain bike trails, the underwater activities, the religious trails, horseback riding, the great beaches, unique flora and fauna, tasty treats and a vast variety of entertainment and more from a perfect combination of hospitality, affection and human warmth.

Why visit Evia                                                                                    

– Evia the year round island with its proximity to the mainland

– Is a mainland island

– Just 50 minutes from the Athens airport and 65 minutes from the airport Aghialos (Volos), does not impose taxes and very economical for chartered flights.

– Accessable both by land and by sea

– Transfer from the airport to the island of Evia is – in collaboration with the hotels at special rates with luxury coaches, minibuses, connecting with train and rental vehicles

– Provides the possibility of combinational tours with other sites (Acropolis, Delphi, Parnassus, Skiathos, Skopelos)

1 For easy access

2 For the unique clear water beaches

3 For the phenomenon of the Euripus Strait

4 For the Thermal spas

5 For peace and serenity

6 For the Dragon houses of Karystia

7 For the monasteries and shrines

8 For the Museum of Fossils Vertebrates and archaeological sites

9 For the mountain – climbing trails and canyons

10 For the unique ponies of Skyros

11 For the Mediterranean diet

12 For the hospitality The Effect of Tidal Strait of Euripus in Chalcis

It is about six hours by switching the direction of the waters in the Strait of Euripus. It is based on the pull of the Moon and the Sun to Earth. The study has been addressed by Aristotle and Eratosthenes, to contemporary Greek and foreign scientists. Final interpretation has been given by Professor Dimitris Eginitis, during which the phenomenon is due to the very narrow point of the channel ( 40 meters long ) to the difference in water level between North and South Coast , combined with the effects of the attraction that the moon and the sun in earth.

Mineral Springs and Spas

Hot springs are called natural upwelling of hot water, which ingredients they contain are suitable to cure various ailments. Famous for its thermal springs is Edipsos in North of Evia. The spa is considered the most comprehensive therapeutic of its kind. Today there are more than 80 hot springs where the temperature ranges from 28°C to 80°C. Reports of special hydrologists’ doctors and other scientists arrive at the conclusion that the thermal waters and Edipsos and Yialtra are ideal for conditions such as arthrosis, rheumatism, spondylitis, lumbago, sciatica, anchylosis, migraines, tendonitis, chronic gynecological diseases, angiopathy, but also for the revitalization of aesthetics and beauty. Today Edipso is a health-resort well organized, ready to accommodate visitors arriving there because of health problems or just for tourism. It has about 5,500 habitants, but a much greater capability of accommodation.

The Petrified Forest and Kerassia’s Museum of Fossils Vertebrates http://www.kerasiamuseum.gr

The Petrified Forest cherry located in northern Evia and is a unique natural monument of Geological heritage with great interest.Significant findings are petrified logs throughout the region. There, on farms, showing clusters of petrified trees, large as well as pieces of petrified logs. From studies in paleoflora area, allegedly has aged 10-25 million years. The creation of the Petrified Forest is associated with intense volcanic activity occurred in the area before 10-25 million years. 

Kerassia’s Museum of Fossils Vertebrates  Inaugurated in September 2006 and houses the paleontological richness of the area. Excavations in Kerassia have found fossils of mammals that lived in Evia more than six million years ago. These findings are properly maintained by the University of Athens and presented for the first time in public in an unique way.

The Dragon House Karystia

These stone buildings are the most known enigmatic monuments of Evia today. They are always located in steep and surveillant positions, while they’re distinctive for their massive and stocky construction with huge slabs of gray limestone and shale, forming at the top a tiered pyramid-shaped roof.

This is a total of 23 ancient megalithic structures, found in the mountainous areas around Styra, the best preserved example being the Dragon house on the peak of Mount Oche. It was assumed that these were the temples dedicated to ancient gods Hercules and Hera.

Convents and Places of worship

Throughout Evia there consists of sixteen (16 ) monasteries , monuments of Greek Orthodoxy , which are an integral part of our national heritage, valued visitor attraction and offer excitement to lovers of religious tourism. One of the most important pilgrimages not only of Evia and the whole of Hellenism is the church of St. John the Russian Prokopi located in North Evia.  In the church that hosted the venerable relics of St. John the Russian, who moved into his new  home in the year 1925 Procopius the rootless refugees from Cappadocia. Thousands of visitors visit the Holy and in particularly on May27th. Christians from every region make use of the worship and invoke help in their difficult moments.

Archaeological site and museum of Eretria

The museum, which is located adjacent to the archaeological site of Eretria, contains artifacts unearthed at Xeropolis, the cemetery of Skoumbri, Palaia Perivolia, and Toumba in Lefkandi, at Paliochora and Geraki hill in Amarynthos and in Eretria and Magoula.Many artifacts found in Eretria are on display at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens and in the Louvre in Paris. Eretria of the oldest cradles of Greek Culture, along with Halkida were the pioneers of Culture in Europe by transferring the wave of the Halkidian and Evian alphabet to the colonies of southern Italy, which was the forerunner of the modern Latin.Today, there is great interest for the archaeological findings of ancient Eretria, as the ancient theater, The Dome, the Macedonian tomb of love. The Apollo Temple, The Temple of Isis,  The House of mosaics, The bath springs, the lower Gymnasium, West Portal, Sanctuary Mars, the Palace, the Temple of Dionysus, the Upper Gymnasium, the Thesmoforio (holy Demeter ).

Archaeological Museum of Eretria

The Archaeological Museum of Eretria was established in 1960, but was enlarged between 1961 and 1962. It underwent further renovation and extension between 1987 and 1991 by the 11th Ephorate of Antiquities of the Greek Archaeological Service in collaboration with the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece. The museum houses the archaeological finds from excavations in the area. Prominent in holding exhibits sculptures of the temple of Apollo, and especially the complex of Theseus with the Amazon Antiope .

Kymi – the birthplace of the physician Dr. George Papanicolaou

In central Evia, on the east side, built on the slopes from the balcony of the Aegean, in lush greenery, is the noble birthplace of Dr. George Nicholas Papanicolaou in the seaport town of Kymi, with the invention of the «test pap». The Pap test (also known as Papanicolaou test or smear test) was developed by the Greek doctor G. N. Papanicolaou and is still one of the most important tools to identify the very early stages of cervical cancer in women and has saved the lifes of many women. George Papanicolaou received many awards and distinctions towards the end of his life, though he never received the Nobel Prize, despite having been suggested several times. In 1949 the Medical School of Athens University, declared him honorary doctorate, while the Academy of Athens in 1957 declared him an honorary member too. Posthumously he was awarded the prize of the UN. George Nicolas Papanicolaou died on 18th February 1962 of heart failure, a short time prior to the opening of the Papanicolaou Research Institute in Miami, Florida. He is buried in Clinton, New Jersey.

We invite you to visit us and discover the island of EVIA for its natural beauty and culture.

Source:Goevia.com

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Hier sind die 10 größten Hoaxes aller Zeiten

Neuer Beitrag veröffentlicht bei https://melby.de/hier-sind-die-10-groessten-hoaxes-aller-zeiten/

Hier sind die 10 größten Hoaxes aller Zeiten

Fotokredit: Shutterstock.com

Das Jahr 2014 kennzeichnete eine der Fahnenwissenschaftlichen Hoaxes der neuen Geschichte, die reizende dreireihige Dame. Tampa, Floridas Alisha Jasmine Hessler begeisterte die Brustliebhaber unter uns mit Geschichten (und begleitenden Fotos) ihrer verbesserten Silhouette. Laut Hessler, 21, die sich in Jasmine Tridevil umbenannte, suchte sie weit und breit und fand schließlich einen plastischen Chirurgen, der bereit war, ihrem bereits ausgiebigen Duett eine dritte Brust hinzuzufügen. Die Wahrheit kam ans Licht, als Hessler, um eine gestohlene Tüte vom Flughafen zu holen, gezwungen wurde, den Inhalt zu erklären, der eine dreireihige Prothese enthielt. Die Website Smoking Gun blies den ganzen Betrug weit auf und wir mussten in unserer nun weniger magischen Welt weitermachen. Einhörner und Tridevil sind nicht das, was sie zu sein scheinen.

Aber ihre war nicht die erste und wird sicher nicht der letzte Schwindel sein, der dem gläubigen amerikanischen Publikum angetan wird. Sogar diejenigen, die nur an die Wunder der Wissenschaft glauben, neigen dazu, auf den gelegentlich wissenschaftlich klingenden Betrug hereinzufallen. Und wenn der Wille zu glauben stark genug ist und Geld zu machen ist, erschüttert keine Menge von falschen Behauptungen die Willigen unter uns. Hier sind 10 der größten Hoaxes aller Zeiten.

1. Piltdown Man

Seit Charles Darwin den Evolutionsprozess artikulierte, wurde die Suche nach dem Missing Link fortgesetzt. Wenn sich der Mensch vom Affen entwickelte, wo ist die Verbindung zwischen den beiden? Im Jahr 1912 wurde bekannt, dass endlich der Missing Link gefunden wurde. Es wurde Eoanthropus dawsoni von Charles Dawson, dem Amateurgeologen, der in Piltdown, England, den Schädel ausgrub, genannt. Die großen Geister der Zeit stimmten alle darin überein, dass der Schädel authentisch sei und ein Beweis für die Verbindung zwischen Mensch und Affe sei. Erst 40 Jahre später, im Jahre 1953, hat der Fluortest anders gezeigt. Der Schädel war modern (wahrscheinlich weniger als 50.000 Jahre alt), nicht uralt, und er wurde tatsächlich aus dem Kiefer eines Orang-Utans, eines menschlichen Schädels und abgelegten Schimpantzähnen konstruiert. Interessanterweise glauben einige, dass der wahre Täter der Falschmeldung nicht Charles Dawson war, sondern Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, der Schöpfer von Sherlock Holmes. Es scheint, dass Doyle ein Mitglied von Dawsons archäologischer Gesellschaft und ein häufiger Besucher von Piltdown war. Die Handlung verdichtet sich …

2. Crop Circles

In den 1970er Jahren erschienen mysteriöse Kornkreise über Nacht in Weizenfeldern in ganz England – aufwendige Designs, perfekt kreisförmig, kompliziert und schön. Beobachter waren davon überzeugt, dass sie zu kompliziert, zu perfekt, mit menschlichen Mitteln gemacht waren und dass sie Zeichen von außerirdischen Wesen waren, die versuchten, mit uns zu kommunizieren. Die Kreise blieben mysteriös, Katzenminze zu UFO-Gläubigen und übernatürlichen Enthusiasten. Schließlich gaben 1991 Doug Bower und Dave Chorley, ein paar Schergen, zu, die Kornkreise mit einfachen Seilen, Mützen und Draht als einzige Werkzeuge zu schaffen.

3. Cleverer Hans

In den frühen 1900er Jahren besaß ein Mann namens Wilhelm von Osten, ein Mathelehrer, Phrenologe und ein bisschen Mystiker, ein Pferd namens Hans, der anscheinend ziemlich genial war. Bei freien Auftritten im ganzen Land konnte Hans mathematische Fragen beantworten, Wörter buchstabieren, Deutsch verstehen und andere schillernde Stunts ausführen, die die Menschen davon überzeugten, dass Hans ein Wunderkind war. Fragen Sie Clever Hans, was 2 + 9 gleich ist und Hans würde 11 Mal auf seinen Huf tippen, um das Publikum zu überraschen. Außerdem konnte Hans die Fragen in gesprochener oder schriftlicher Form beantworten. Aber 1907 zeigte ein Psychologe namens Oskar Pfungst nach eingehender Untersuchung, dass Hans nicht wirklich Fragen beantwortete, sondern auf die Körpersprache seines Publikums reagierte. Das Pferd beobachtete, dass, als er auf seinen Huf tippte, um 2 + 9 zu beantworten, sich das Publikum merklich angespannt hatte, bis er 11 erreichte. An diesem Punkt entspannten sich die Leute und gaben dem aufmerksamen Pferd den Tipp, mit dem Tippen aufzuhören. Von Osten akzeptierte nie, dass sein Pferd nicht wirklich zählen konnte, und er zeigte weiterhin Hans, bis von Osten 1909 starb.

4. Alien Autopsy

In den 1990er Jahren enthüllt Ray Santilli Schwarzweißfilme, die die Welt schockieren. Angeblich als Autopsie eines Aliens, das bei einem Sturz einer fliegenden Untertasse 1947 in der Nähe von Roswell, New Mexico, gefunden wurde, wurde das Material angeblich von einem militärischen Kameramann genommen (der nach Santilli anonym bleiben wollte). Das authentisch wirkende Material löste eine Debatte aus, die trotz der Tatsache, dass es als Fälschung zugelassen wurde, bis heute andauert. 1995 sendete Fox TV das Filmmaterial in einem TV-Special, das zweimal wiederholt wurde, jedes Mal zu großen Bewertungen. Im Jahr 2006 räumte Santilli allerdings ein, dass das Material nicht real sei, sondern eine "Restaurierung" von Material, das er 1992 gesehen zu haben glaubte. Das Originalmaterial, sagte er, sei abgebaut und unbrauchbar und zwinge ihn, es neu zu schaffen. Es war eigentlich der Regisseur des TV-Specials, der zuerst vermutete, dass das Filmmaterial gefälscht war, aber Fox hinderte ihn daran, es öffentlich zu diskutieren, aus Angst, die Bewertungen zu verletzen. Der Alien in dem "restaurierten" Film war anscheinend ein Gipsverband, der Schädel enthielt Schafhirne, Himbeerkonserve und Hühnerkot.

5. Der Türke

1770 enthüllte Wolfgang von Kempelen der Kaiserin Maria Theresia von Österreich den verblüffenden "Schachturke", der Schach-Türke war ein Automat, ein Roboter, der Schach spielen und erstaunliches Schach spielen konnte Tricks wie die Knight's Tour (bei der der Ritter bewegt wird, um jedes Feld auf dem Schachbrett genau einmal zu besetzen) Die nächsten 84 Jahre, bis sie bei einem Feuer zerstört wurde, tourte der Türke durch Europa und Amerika, wo der Roboter war er schlug alle Herausforderer, einschließlich Benjamin Franklin und Napoleon Bonaparte, aber es stellte sich heraus, dass der Türke erstaunlich gewesen sein könnte, aber wie der Zauberer von Oz brauchte er den Mann hinter dem Vorhang, der im Innern von einer Nachfolge heimlich kontrolliert wurde von Schachmeistern, die die menschlichen Gehirne hinter dem nicht allzu hellen Türken stellten. Dennoch war die Maschine auf ihre eigenen Vorzüge beeindruckend genug, dass sie weiter tourte, selbst nachdem der Schwindel in den 1820er Jahren enthüllt wurde.

6 Der Krieg von d Die Welten

Am Abend des 30. Oktober 1938 wurde im Radio eine Nachrichtensendung ausgestrahlt, die die Nation erschütterte. Außerirdische Raumfahrzeuge vom Mars waren in New Jersey gelandet, und Mars-Eindringlinge waren unterwegs, um Menschen zu attackieren, während die US-Armee zurückschlug. Die Sendung war natürlich nicht real und tatsächlich wurde sie zu Beginn als Hörspiel des berühmten H. G. Wells-Romans Der Krieg der Welten identifiziert. Leider war es so realistisch, dass Leute, die nach dem Anfang dran waren, glaubten, dass es wirklich passierte. Massenpanik und Raserei folgten und viele im ganzen Land waren überzeugt, dass das Ende nahe sei. Am nächsten Tag schrie die Titelseite der New York Times: "Radiohörer in Panik, Kriegstheater als Fakt nehmen. Viele flüchtende Häuser müssen entkommen "Gas Raid From Mars." "Sie können solche Werbung einfach nicht kaufen. Die lange und legendäre Karriere von Orson Welles, der der Kopf hinter der Sendung war, wurde geboren.

7 Die Fidschi-Meerjungfrau

1822 kaufte Samuel Barrett Edes eine Meerjungfrau von einigen japanischen Matrosen für die exorbitante Summe von $ 6000. Die mumifizierten Überreste waren von einer Kreatur halb Mensch, halb Fisch, mit Tierhaaren bedeckend die Hälfte des Menschen und Fischschuppen auf dem Boden, Edes brachte die Kreatur zurück nach England, wo sie ausgestellt, an seinen Sohn weitergegeben und später 1842 an Moses Kimball verkauft wurde. Kimball, der einen Weg zum Einlösen fand, brachte seine Meerjungfrau nach New York, wo er es PT Barnum zeigte Barnum kannte einen Geldmacher, als er einen sah Er mietete die Meerjungfrau für $ 12,50 pro Woche, um sie der Öffentlichkeit zu zeigen Durch ein ausgeklügeltes Schema, das er entworfen hatte, um die Presse und die Öffentlichkeit zu täuschen Die Fidschi-Meerjungfrau wurde im American Museum of Natural History ausgestellt. Das Museum für Archäologie und Ethnologie der Harvard-Universität behauptet, das ursprüngliche Exemplar zu besitzen. Es wurde vor langer Zeit gezeigt, dass es eine Fälschung war, keine Meerjungfrau, sondern ein Babyaffe, der an einen Fisch genäht wurde.

8. Der steinzeitliche Tasaday-Stamm

1971 wurde ein Steinzeit-Stamm auf den Philippinen von Manuel Elizade, Jr. "entdeckt". Der Stamm, der als Tasaday bekannt war, war klein, isoliert und völlig ignorant gegenüber der modernen Gesellschaft. Immer noch mit Werkzeugen der Steinzeit arbeitend, waren sie Jäger und Sammler, die mit der Landwirtschaft nicht vertraut waren. Die Nachrichten sorgten in der Presse und in der Wissenschaft für Aufsehen. Leider war es eine Lüge. Im Jahr 1986 zeigten genauere Untersuchungen, die durch das Ende der Marcos-Diktatur möglich wurden, dass die Tasaday nicht ganz so waren, wie sie schienen. Sie handelten mit Bauern in der Nähe, trugen blaue Jeans und T-Shirts und sprachen sogar einen lokalen Dialekt. Es scheint, dass der Stamm dem Betrug im Gegenzug für Zigaretten und freie Kleidung zustimmte.

9. Der Cardiff Giant

1869 wurde auf einem Bauernhof ein Riese entdeckt. Unbedeckt, während er nach einem Brunnen graben wollte, schien der zehn Fuß lange, versteinerte Riese die Stellen in der Genesis zu bestätigen, die von Riesen sprachen, die die Erde durchquerten. Die Entdeckung war eine Sensation, und Menschen strömten herbei, um den versteinerten Mann zu sehen. Es stellte sich heraus, dass der Cardiff Giant eine Fälschung war. Der Cardiff-Riese, geboren von einem Binghamton-New Yorker Tabakhändler und Atheisten namens George Hull, wurde aus einer Unterhaltung geboren, die er zwischen evangelikalen Ministern über Riesen, die die Erde durchstreiften, mitgehört hat. Er gab eine bemerkenswert realistische Statue in Auftrag, die aus einem Gipsstein besteht, durch den blaue Adern verlaufen, die den menschlichen Venen ähneln. Er ließ die Statue auf der Farm seines Cousins ​​vergraben und hatte sie sechs Monate später "entdeckt". P.T. Barnum wollte den Riesen kaufen, wurde aber von einem Banker namens David Hannum überboten. Obwohl er Barnum zugeschrieben wurde, war es in Wirklichkeit Hannum, der in Anlehnung an die Menschenmengen, die den Riesen sehen wollten, den Satz prägte: "Es wird jede Minute ein Trottel geboren."

10. Biber auf dem Mond

1835 veröffentlichte die Zeitung New York Sun eine Reihe von Artikeln über die Entdeckungen des Astronomen John Herschel, der mit Hilfe eines neuen und leistungsfähigen Teleskops den Mond genauer untersuchen konnte je zuvor. Herschel, so wurde berichtet, beobachtete eine ganze idyllische Mondzivilisation, darunter Menschen mit Flügeln, Einhörnern, Pflanzen und, seltsamerweise, Bibern. Die Ungeheuerlichkeit der Geschichte sprach für sich selbst, und die Rivalen des Papiers erklärten es fast sofort für einen Schwindel. Jedoch, einige Dinge sterben nie, besonders, Mondbiber. Die Geschichte wurde in Zeitungen auf der ganzen Welt nachgedruckt und ein Stück wurde sogar basierend auf der Serie inszeniert. Da die New York Sun eine Gelegenheit für zusätzliches Geld suchte, schuf sie eine separate Flugschrift zum Verkauf sowie lithographische Drucke der Mondzivilisation. Es dauerte fünf Jahre, bis der Schwindel endlich ausgeruht war, als der Autor des Artikels, Richard Adams Locke, endlich auftauchte. Er behauptete, dass er lediglich den Eingriff der Religion in den Bereich der Wissenschaft verspottete.

Larry Schwartz ist ein in Brooklyn ansässiger freiberuflicher Schriftsteller mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Gesundheit, Wissenschaft und amerikanischer Geschichte.

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