#essex scottish regiment

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

"Hairdressers Launch War Stamp Drive," Windsor Star. January 12, 1943. Page 5. --- FOUR Miss Canada Girls attended a meeting of the Hairdressers Association of Western Ontario in the Prince Edward Hotel last evening, inaugurating a war savings stamps campaign by the hairdressers. Seated are Mr. J. Edgar Young (left), manager of the Windsor office of the Wartime Prices and Trade Board, and representative of the National War Finance Committee here, and Acting Mayor Arthur L. Mason. At right is Mr. Robert G. Cohen, chairman of the evening, chatting with the Miss Canada Girls and Private P. Markesino, Essex Scottish Regiment, St. Luke Road Barracks.

[scotianostra]

19th January 1644 saw a Scottish Covenanter army of 20,000 men under the command of Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven move south into England and their civil war supporting Oliver Crowmell.

Sit doon and get comfy, this will be a lengthy post, for the start of this post has it's roots in The English Civil War it takes us right up to the Jacobite Uprisings and the split in loyalties between King and country.

The 17th-century civil war may seem a very English affair, but that is misleading – it was started and ended by Scots.

We all know a bit about the rise to power of Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army; the Battles of Worcester and Naseby and Marston Moor that ended with the execution of King Charles I, to me it marked the beginning of the end of the Stuarts, and it all seems a rather English affair, recently, however, historians have preferred to call it ‘The War of Three Kingdoms’, since both Scotland and Ireland were inevitably drawn into the dispute. It is easy to see why the older version prevailed for so long.

To me the internet has helped people, like myself understand history better, we can seek out so many sources so easily, at school, if you were lucky you got a text book with the one version being "gospel" but even on here I have been called out for getting things wrong, well in the eyes of the person calling me out I certainly will concede certain ground, but history as well is how you perceive it, what to put in my posts and what to leave out. I rely on some people to keep me right in some respects, and I can't hold a torch to some peoples knowledge of certain aspects of our history, I take my hat off to the likes of my friends, Marti Morrison, or Roland Obrien whose Jacobite knowledge can put me to shame, these guys live and breath the history, wear the outfits, walk the battlefields and have done for years, mere mortals like me scour the archives piecing together from many sources, like todays post, giving an understanding of events that has been lacking in the classrooms when the super info-highway was still drifting out in space.

Anyway back to the post in hand.

The English story is clear – the extravagant and naïve Charles pitted against the unglamorous and hard-headed Cromwell over a clear point of principle. The Scottish story, however, is much more ambiguous.

Indeed, if the ‘English Civil War’ might broadly be dated from 1640, when Charles I dissolved the ‘Short Parliament’, to 1660, when General Monck restored Charles II to the throne, the ‘Scottish Civil War’ could be said to have run from 1637 to 1744, and the final defeat of the Jacobite cause.

Lets start with simple question: to whom did Charles I surrender in 1646? Not to Fairfax, Essex, Ireton or Cromwell, the leading lights in the English Civil War, but to the Scottish regiment encamped at Newark, led by Alexander Leslie.

Charles, who had of course been born in Scotland, and always had a problem with the Scottish Kirk, who maintained that while the King had authority in matters temporal, they had authority in matters spiritual; and often where one ended and the other began was a point of serious contention. Time and time again I go back to pointing out the Stewart/Stuart, mantra of Devine right of Kings.

James VI as the first King to "rule" over the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England got away with having two forms of worship by not getting too involved with them, Charles however was much more headstrong, his first, and some say biggest mistake was the introduction of his own prayer books on the Scottish Kirk in 1637. It caused a riot, with one woman, Jenny Geddes, purportedly throwing her stool at the minister and shouting ‘daur ye say Mass in my lug?’ They saw it as being to close to the "Popery" of the Catholic church, it led to the drawing up a ‘National Covenant' which was a solemn agreement inaugurated to reject the prayer book and any meddling by the King in their religion. Don't underestimate this agreement a staggering six hundred thousand Scots signed the document, in any age, it stated that as long as the king protected the Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Church would protect the king. There was the rub.

Charles, forgetting that the word ‘thrawn’ could have been invented to describe the Scottish Church, sorted refused to sign, leading to the so-called First and Second Bishops’ Wars, the latter ending with Montrose and the veteran of the European wars Alexander Leslie in control of Northumbria and County Durham. Charles had to recall the English Parliament for financial support – the ‘Long Parliament’ – and precipitated his war with them.

Parliament now opened negotiations with the Church. Although there were many mutual areas of agreement, the Church of Scotland held both the Independents and the Puritans at arm’s length.

Nevertheless, Westminster and Edinburgh both signed a successor document to the Covenant, the Solemn League and Covenant, which brought the Scots into the fray on the side of Parliament. Even before this, Montrose had already switched sides, concerned that the Kirk was attempting to usurp the power of the Crown.

While Charles was fighting Cromwell he still held out hope that the Scots could wield and come to his rescue, perhaps this is why he surrendered himself to Leslies army and not the Roundheads. What did for him was English gold. The Scots had been promised much and were financially insecure, so in exchange for their prisoner, the English Parliament paid Scottish debts, Leslie's army had not been paid as promised for allying themselves with Cromwell, with this settled Charles was handed over, eventually to be tried and executed.

The execution of Charles was a turning point. The English had killed the legitimate King of Scots without so much as a by-your-leave. Charles II was proclaimed King of Scots in Edinburgh, and the head of the ‘Engagers’, the Duke of Hamilton, beheaded in London.

Under the Treaty of Breda, Charles II signed the Covenant; an act he did so in supreme bad faith. He needed allies not disputations on theology. Cromwell addressed the General Assembly over the Scots defection, saying: ‘I beseech you, in the bowels in Christ, think it possible ye may be mistaken.’

When the Assembly decided they were not, Cromwell launched a punitive strike against Dunbar, capturing it from Sir David Leslie, ( his brother, Alexander by now aged and retired) beside whom he fought at Marston Moor. Three thousand Scots were killed and 10,000 captured. By the Battle of Inverkeithing, Cromwell had effective control of everywhere south of the Firth of Forth.

But the Scots were intransigent. In the last battle of the ‘English Civil War’, the Battle of Worcester, the majority of the 16,000 strong Royalist force was Scottish. Around 8000 Scottish prisoners were sent as indentured labourers to the West Indies and Canada, starting a relationship with those regions that would have significant influence in later centuries. Leslie was sent to the Tower, and released a decade later on the successful Restoration of Charles II and the death of Cromwell.

The Scots had instigated the war on their insistence that they were religiously and politically different from England. One unforeseen consequence was that Cromwell’s Commonwealth was the first time Scotland and England had the same governance, he is acknowledged as the only an to invade and control all of Scotland, a feat Longshanks, Edward I never quite accomplished.

Charles II did not heed the lessons of what had happened to his father, and his attempts to create ecclesiastical uniformity led to the ‘Killing Time’ between 1680 and 1688. Even more bizarrely, after the English Parliament invited William III to take the crown, in favour of the Catholic King James VI and II, some Covenanters fought for the Stuarts against the new regime. The misery of war and religious schism makes for strange bedfellows indeed.

At the root, perhaps, of the problem was the difference between the Scottish and English experiences of Stuart monarchy. The Stuarts had ruled Scotland since 1371 and England since 1603. They may have been weak, injudicious, opinionated, divisive and profligate kings – but they had been our kings for a much longer time.

[canadanewsblog]

Northern Ontario hospital workers talk about the 'anxiety and stress' of fighting a pandemic https://canada.birblog.net/news/local/northern-ontario-hospital-workers-talk-about-the-anxiety-and-stress-of-fighting-a-pandemic/ Soldiers with the The Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment were deployed on Monday to Canadian Forces Base Borden in Ontario as part of the Canadian Armed Forces' Operation LASER response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.  #canada #canadanews #corona #canadaslondon #toronto #torontonews #torontonewspaper #torontoblog #canadablogger #canadabloggers #canadablog #canadapolitics #canadaschools #canadasports #canadasport #canadacity #canadacollege #worldnews #worldnewstonight #worldpolitics Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment deployed as part of Canadian Forces COVID-19 response | CBC News

[livinglikebritishroyalty]

𝒫𝓇𝒾𝓃𝒸𝑒 𝑅𝒾𝒸𝒽𝒶𝓇𝒹

♕ 𝐹𝓊𝓁𝓁 𝒩𝒶𝓂𝑒: Richard Alexander Walter George

♕ 𝐹𝓊𝓁𝓁 𝒯𝒾𝓉𝓁𝑒: His Royal Highness Prince Richard Alexander Walter George The Duke of Gloucester

♕ 𝐵𝓸𝓇𝓃: Saturday, August 26th, 1944 at St. Matthew's Nursing Home in Northampton, England

♕ 𝒫𝒶𝓇𝑒𝓃𝓉𝓈: His Royal Highness Prince Henry The Duke of Gloucester (Father) & Her Royal Highness Princess Alice Duchess of Gloucester (Mother)

♕ 𝒮𝒾𝒷𝓁𝒾𝓃𝑔𝓈: His Royal Highness Prince William of Gloucester (Brother)

♕ 𝒮𝓅𝓸𝓊𝓈𝑒:  Her Royal Highness Birgitte The Duchess of Gloucester (M. 1972)

♕ 𝒞𝒽𝒾𝓁𝒹𝓇𝑒𝓃: Major Alexander Earl of Ulster (Son), Lady Davina (neé Windsor) Lewis (Daughter), & Lady Rose (neé Windsor) Gilman (Daughter) 

♕ 𝐸𝒹𝓊𝒸𝒶𝓉𝒾𝓸𝓃: Barnwell Manor (In Northamptonshire, England), Wellesley House School (In Kent, England), Eton College (In Berkshire, England), & Magdalene College at the University of Cambridge (In Cambridge, United Kingdom: Studied Architecture, Bachelor & Master of Arts Degrees in Architecture)

♕ 𝐼𝓃𝓉𝑒𝓇𝑒𝓈𝓉𝓈 𝒶𝓃𝒹 𝒲𝓸𝓇𝓀: Interests: Armed Forces (Air Force, Architecture, Court System, Defense, Disabled, Fallen Soldiers, Heraldry, & Security), Education, Food (Wine Trade), Health (Blindness, Cancer, Historic Sites, Hospitals, Leprosy, Medicine, & Support Animals), Nature (Agriculture, Conservation, Forests, Horticulture, Land Management, Soil, & Wildlife), People (Disabled, Elderly, Homelessness, Religious, & Trade), Science (Anthropology, Archeology, Art History, Engineering, Technology, & Transportation (Cars, Trains, & Trams)), Sports (Golf & Rowing), & The Arts (Architecture, Metal Work, Music, Shoe-Making, Stonemasonry, & Theatre). Work: Chancellor of The University of Worcester, Commissioner of the Historic Building & Monuments Commission for England, Co-Patron of Abbotsford Trust Appeal, Corporate Member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Fellow of The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts/Manufactures/Commerce, Founding Chancellor of The University of Worcester, Freeman of The City of London, Freeman/Liveryman of The Worshipful Company of Masons, Honorary Fellow of The Institution of Civil Engineers, Honorary Fellow of The Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate, Honorary Fellow of The Institution of Structural Engineers, Honorary Fellow of The Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, Honorary Freeman of The City of Gloucester, Honorary Freeman/Liveryman of The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, Honorary Freeman/Liveryman of The Worshipful Company of Vintners, Honorary Freeman of The Worshipful Company of Grocers, Honorary Life Member of The Bath Industrial Heritage Trust Ltd, Honorary Life Member of The Farmers Club, Honorary Life Member of The Friends of All Saints Brixworth, Honorary Life Member of The Royal Army Service Corps & Royal Corps of Transport Association, Honorary Member of The Architecture Club, Honorary Member of The Friends of Hyde Park & Kensington Gardens, Honorary Member of The Oxford & Cambridge Club, Honorary Member of The Petal Childhood Cancer Research, Honorary Member of The Reform Club, Honorary Membership of The Ecclesbourne Valley Railway Association, Honorary President of The The 20-Ghost Club Limited, Honorary President of The BR Class 8 Steam Locomotive Trust, Honorary President of The Somme Association, International Advisory Board Member of The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Joint President of Cancer Research UK, Member of The International Advisory Board for The Royal United Services Institute, Member of The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, Member of The Scottish Railway Preservation Society, Member of The St George's Chapel Advisory Committee, Patron of Action on Smoking & Health, Patron of Canine Partners for Independence, Patron of English Heritage, Patron of Flag Fen, Patron of St Bartholomew's Hospital, Patron of The Architects Benevolent Society, Patron of The Black Country Living Museum, Patron of The British Association of Friends of Museums, Patron of The British Homeopathic Association, Patron of The The British Korean Veterans Association, Patron of The British Limbless Ex-Service Men's Association, Patron of The British Mexican Society, Patron of The British Society of Soil Science, Patron of The Built Environment Trust, Patron of The Built Environment Education Trust (SHAPE), Patron of The Church Monuments Society, Patron of The Cresset (Peterborough) Ltd, Patron of The Construction Youth Trust, Patron of The De Havilland Aircraft Museum, Patron of The Essex Field Club, Patron of The Forest Education Initiative & Forest Education Network, Patron of The Fortress Study Group, Patron of The Fotheringhay Church Appeal, Patron of The Friends of Gibraltar Heritage Society, Patron of The Friends of Gloucester Cathedral, Patron of The Friends of Peterborough Cathedral, Patron of The Friends of St. Bartholomew the Less, Patron of The Gilbert & Sullivan Society, Patron of The Gloucestershire Millennium Celebrations, Patron of The Grange Centre for People with Disabilities, Patron of The Guild of the Royal Hospital of St Bartholomew, Patron of The Heritage of London Trust, Patron of The International Council on Monuments & Sites, Patron of The Isle of Man Victorian Society, Patron of The Japan Society, Patron of The Kensington Society, Patron of The Learning in Harmony Project, Patron of The Leicester Cathedral's King Richard III Appeal, Patron of The London Chorus, Patron of The London Playing Fields Foundation, Patron of The Magdalene Australia Society, Patron of The Mavisbank Trust, Patron of The Middlesex Association for the Blind, Patron of The Norfolk Record Society, Patron of The North of England Civic Trust, Patron of The Northamptonshire Archaeological Society, Patron of The Newcomen Society, Patron of The Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust, Patron of The Oriental Ceramic Society, Patron of The Oundle Town Rowing Club, Patron of The Peel Institute, Patron of The Pestalozzi International Village Trust, Patron of The Richard III Society, Patron of The Royal Academy Schools, Patron of The Royal Air Force 501 (County of Gloucester) Squadron Association, Patron of The Royal Anglian Regiment Association, Patron of The Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Patron of The Royal Blind (Services for the Blind and Scottish War Blinded), Patron of The Royal Epping Forest Golf Club, Patron of The Royal Royal Pioneer Corps Association, Patron of The Scottish Society of Architect Artists, Patron of The Severn Valley Railway, Patron of The Society of Antiquaries of London, Patron of The Society of the Friends of St Magnus Cathedral Association, Patron of The Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum, Patron of The St George's Society of New York, Patron of The Three Choirs Festival Association, Patron of The Tramway Museum Society, Patron of The United Kingdom Trust for Nature Conservation in Nepal, Patron of The Victorian Society, Patron of The Westminster Society, Patron of The Worshipful Company of Pattenmakers, Patron-In-Chief of The Scottish Veterans' Residences, Patron-In-Chief of The Friends of St Clement Danes, Practicing Partner at Hunt Thompson Associates Architectural Firm, President of Ambition, President of British Expertise International, President of Christ's Hospital, President of The Britain-Nepal Society, President of The Cambridge House, President of The Crown Agents Foundation, President of The Greenwich Foundation, President of The Institute of Advanced Motorists, President of The London Society, President of The Lutyens Trust, President of The Peterborough Cathedral Development and Preservation Trust, President of The Public Monuments and Sculpture Association, President of The Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution, President of The Society of Architect Artists, President of St Bartholomew's Hospital, Ranger for The Epping Forest Centenary Trust, Royal Bencher for The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn, Royal Patron of Bede's World Museum, Royal Patron of Habitat for Humanity (UK Branch), Royal Patron of The 82045 Steam Locomotive Trust, Royal Patron of The British Museum, Royal Patron of The Global Heritage Fund UK, Royal Patron of The Global Heritage Fund UK, Royal Patron of The Lilongwe Wildlife Trust, Royal Patron of The Nene Valley Railway, Royal Patron of The Peace and Prosperity Trust, Royal Patron of The Royal Auxiliary Air Force Foundation, Royal Patron of The Strawberry Hill Trust, Royal Patron of The Wells Cathedral - Vicars' Close Appeal, Senior Fellow of The Royal College of Art, The Duke of Gloucester Young Achiever's Scheme Awards, The Offices Development Group for the Ministry of Works, Vice Royal Patron of The Almshouse Association, Vice Patron of The National Churches Trust, Vice President of LEPRA, Vice President of The Royal Bath and West of England Society, Vice President of The Royal Cornwall Agricultural Association, Vice President of The Royal Smithfield Club, & Visitor of The Royal School Dungannon

[fanzonesports]

Dieppe Raid Exhibit Opens At The Chimczuk Museum

#Dieppe Raid Exhibit Opens At The #ChimczukMuseum #EssexAndKentScottish

A map of the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942 is part of the installation Sacrifice and Courage at the Chimczuk Museum until 31 December 2017. Photo by Robert Tuomi.

(WINDSOR, ON) – Entitled Sacrifice and Courage: The Dieppe Raid Remembered, the newest exhibit at the downtown Chimczuk Museum brings into tight focus one of the most deadly of military initiatives in the early days of the Second World…

[heavyarethecrowns]

A Kent Fact

Prince Michael entered the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, in January 1961, from where he was commissioned into the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own), in 1963, he later served in The Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) after the 1969 amalgamation between the 11th Hussars and the 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own). 

He saw service in Germany, Hong Kong, and Cyprus, where his squadron formed part of a United Nations peacekeeping force in 1971. 

Subsequent tours of duty, during a military career that spanned twenty years, included a number of appointments on the Defence Intelligence Staff. He retired from the Army with the rank of Major in 1981.

In 1994, Prince Michael was made Honorary Commodore (later Honorary Rear Admiral and currently Vice Admiral) of the Royal Naval Reserve, and in 2002, he was made Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Benson (promoted to Honorary Air Marshal in 2012). From 2009 to 2012, he was Regimental Colonel of the Honourable Artillery Company and has been, since 31 January 2012, Royal Honorary Colonel of that regiment. He is also Colonel-in-Chief of the Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment in Canada.

[ourforgottenwars-blog]

Korean War Tag List

Here is the tag list for the Korean War as it currently stands:

                                                 General Tags

Korean War

Cold War

                                                     Battles

Battle of Chosin Reservoir

Battle of the Imjin River

Battle Of Incheon

Battle of Old Baldy

Second Battle of Seoul

Second Battle of Naktong Bulge

Second Battle of the Hook

Fourth Battle of the Hook

Battle of Taejon

Battle of Miudong

Battle of Yultong

                                                   Locations

Chorwon

Daejeon

Hong Kong

Kimpo Air Base

Heartbreak Ridge

Hagaru-ri

Han River

Hyesan

Inje County

Iwakuni

Singapore

Seoul

Suncheon

Suwon 

Miryang

Osan Air Base

Pyongyang

Waegwan

Yalu River

                                                 United States

                                                         Army

US Army

8th Army

1st Cavalry Division

2nd Infantry Division

2nd Engineer Battalion

7th Cavalry Regiment

7th Infantry Division

17th Infantry Regiment

24th Infantry Division

25th Infantry Division

27th Infantry Regiment

40th Infantry Division

45th Infantry Division

51st Signal Battalion

65th Infantry Regiment

77th Engineer Combat Company

89th Medium Tank Battalion

196th Field Artillery Battalion

388th Engineer Pipeline Company

398th Anti-Aircraft Artillery AW Battalion

937th Field Artillery Battalion 

                                                      Marines

1st Marine Division

1st Provisional Marine Brigade

7th Marines

11th Marine Regiment

US Marines

                                                         Navy

US Navy

VMJ-1

VF-24

VF-51

VMF-212

USS Badoeng Strait

                                                      Air Force

US Air Force

3rd Bombardment Wing

17th Bombardment Group

51st Fighter Interceptor Wing

67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing

452nd Bombardment Wing

731st Bombardment Squadron

                                                        Britain

                                                         Army

British Army

Royal Artillery

Royal Army Service Corps

royal engineers

5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards

7th Royal Tank Regiment

8th King’s Royal Irish Hussars

27th Infantry Brigade

29th Infantry Brigade

King's Own Scottish Borderers

King's Shropshire Light Infantry

The Gloucestershire Regiment

Essex Regiment

Middlesex Regiment

Royal Norfolk Regiment

Royal Leicestershire Regiment

Royal Ulster Rifles

Black Watch

Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders

Duke of Wellington's Regiment

                                                      Air Force

Royal Air Force

                                                         Navy

Royal Navy

800 Naval Air Squadron

802 Naval Air Squadron

                                                       Australia

                                                       Army

Australian Army

1RAR

2RAR

3RAR

                                                     Air Force

Royal Australian Air Force

No.77 Squadron

No.491 Squadron

                                                United Nations

United Nations

                                                    Philippines

PEFTOK

2nd Battalion Combat Team

10th Battalion Combat Team

14th Battalion Combat Team

19th Battalion Combat Team

20th Battalion Combat Team

                                                Commonwealth

1st Commonwealth Division

                                                      Colombia

Colombian Army

Colombian Navy

                                                        Canada

Canadian Army

Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry

Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)

The Royal Canadian Regiment

Royal 22nd Regiment

25th Canadian Infantry Brigade

                                                       Ethiopia

Ethiopian Army

                                                         Turkey

turkish army

                                                         Greece

greek army

                                                  South Korea

1st Infantry Division

8th Infantry Division

South Korean Army

South Korean Marines

Korean Service Corps

                                                   North Korea

North Korean Army

                                                          China

People's Liberation Army

[angel-princess-anna]

Downton Abbey - References to Historical Figures + References to Other Fictional Characters and Works

The following are two lists; one are real people who where mentioned on Downton Abbey, and the other is fictional characters and works that were also mentioned in the show. I complied these two lists together (because sometimes I had to research what was indeed being referenced!). As I didn’t know if I’d ever been sharing these lists, I don’t have the episode numbers listed out, but they do go in order by mention.

Real Historical Figures Mentioned in Downton

* means that the person was not contemporary of the characters and there for famous or well-known to them. Others without it may not be known personally by them, but are their contemporaries. Some of these have made it to the character list, if for sure they did indeed know the Crawleys, or other any other major character.

- Lucy Rothes (Titanic survivor, friend of the Crawleys) - John Jacob "JJ" Astor (business man who died on Titanic, friend of the Crawleys) - Madeleine Astor (not mentioned by name, but as JJ's wife, Titanic survivor, Cora did not like her) - Sir Christopher Wren* (architect, designed the Dower House) - David Lloyd George (politician and Prime Minister starting in 1916) - William the Conqueror* - Mark Twain* (author) - Queen Mary (wife of King George V) [mentioned in S1, appears in S4CS] - Queen Catherine of Aragon* - Oliver Cromwell* - Bishop Richard de Warren* - Anthony Trollope* (author; he would have been somewhat contemporary, died in 1882) - Piero della Francesca* (painter) - Franz Anton Mesmer* (scientist) - Thomas Jefferson* (politician, inventor, third president of the United States) - Léon Bakst (Russian painter and scene- and costume designer) - Sergei Diaghilev (another Russian artist) - Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry (sounds like the Crawleys did attend her parties from time to time) - Emily Davison (suffragist) - Herbert Henry "H.H." Asquith (politician and Prime Minister until 1916) - Kaiser Wilheim (ruler of Germany; Sir Anthony personally visited him a few times) - Vincenzo Bellini* (composer) - Gioachino Rossini* (composer) - Giacomo Puccini* (composer) - Karl Marx* (philosopher) - John Ruskin*  (social thinker and artist; he would have been somewhat contemporary, died in 1900) - John Stuart Mill* (philosopher) - Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria - Guy Fawkes* - Gavrilo Princip (member of the Black Hand and Franz Ferdinand's assassin) - H.G. Wells (author) - Major General B. Burton - Heinrich Schliemann* (German businessman archaeologist, died in 1890; deleted scene mention) - General Douglas Haig (later a field marshal) - Belshazzar* (King of Babylon) - Mabel Normand (actress) - Plantagenets* - Eugene Suter (hair stylist) - Alexander Kerensky (Russian political leader) - Vladimir Lenin (Russian communist revolutionary) - Florence Nightingale* (nurse; died 1910) - Czar Nicholas II and the Romanov family (ruler of Russia) - Jack Robinson (footballer; he stopped playing in 1912) - Frederick Marryat* (author) - George Alfred "G.A." Henty* (author; he would have been somewhat contemporary, died in 1902) - Maximilien Robespierre* (French revolutionary) - Marie Antoinette* (French queen) - Erich Lundendorff (German commander) - Sylvia Pankhurst (suffragist) - Jack Johnson (boxer) - Commander Harold Lowe (Fifth Officer of the Titanic; if P. Gordon was really Patrick, he would have known him personally) - Theda Bara (actress) - Robert Burns* (poet, read by Bates; name is not uttered on screen, but it is clear on book cover) - Jules Verne* (author; he would have been somewhat contemporary, died in 1905) - Marion Harris (singer of "Look for the Silver Lining"; name is not uttered on screen) - Edward Shortt (Home Secretary from 1919-1922) - Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of York (one of the first actual historical figures in the show; married Matthew and Mary, visited Downton Abbey for dinner) - King George V (king of England) [mentioned in S3E1, appears in S4CS] - Charles Melville Hays (president of the Grand Trunk Railway that Robert invested in; died on the Titanic) - Robert Baden-Powell (founder of the Boy Scouts) - Lady Maureen Dufferin (socialite, friend of the Crawleys) - Georges Auguste Escoffier (famous chef and restaurateur) - Marie-Antoine Carême* (famous chef) - Queen of Sheba* - Napoleon Bonaparte* - The Bourbons* - The Buffs* (famous army regiment; "steady the Buffs" popularized by Kipling) - Croesus* (king of ancient Lydia; mention several times starting in S3 and through S4) - Thomas Edwin "Tom" Mix (Wild West picture star) - Dr. Samuel Johnson* (English writer; quote paraphrased by Carson) - Jean Patou (dress designer; maker of Edith's S3 wedding dress in-show) - Lucy Christiana, Lady Duff-Gordon (dress designer of "Lucille"; a survivor of the Titanic) - The Marlboroughs (famous family; mentioned like the Crawleys knew them personally, Sir Anthony did) - The Hapburgs* (rulers of the Holy Roman Empire) - Maud Gonne (English-born Irish revolutionary) - Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory (Irish revolutionary) - Constance Georgine Markievicz, Countess Markievicz (Irish revolutionary and politician) - Lady Sarah Wilson (née Churchill) (female war correspondent) - Gwendolen Fitzalan-Howard, Duchess of Norfolk  (real person and friend of Violet's) - Pope Benedict XV - Lillian Gish (actress) - Ivy Close (actress) - Alfred the Great* (9th century ruler of England) - Oscar Wilde* (author; he would have been somewhat contemporary, died in 1900) - Nathaniel Hawthorne* (author) - Charles Ponzi - Walter Scott* (author) - Charles Dickens* (author) - Virgina Woolf (author, one of the first actual historical figures in the show, was not actually mentioned though, just a background guest at Gregson's party) - Roger Fry (artist, one of the first actual historical figures in the show, was not actually mentioned though, just a background guest at Gregson's party) - Sir Garnet Wolseley* - Phyllis Dare (singer and actress) - Zena Dare (singer and actress, sister to Phyllis) - Maurice Vyner Baliol Brett (the second son of the 2nd Viscount Esher, Zena Dare's husband) - King Canute* (Cnut the Great, norse king) - Nellie Melba (opera singer, one of the few actual historical figures in the show) - Al Jolson (singer) - Christina Rossetti* (poet) - Marie Stopes (feminist doctor and author of Married Love) - George III* (ruler of England) - Lord Byron* - Arsène Avignon (chef at Ritz in London, actual historical figure in the show) - Louis Diat (chef at Ritz in New York) - Jules Gouffé* (famous chef) - King of Sweden (whoever it was when Violet's husband was alive) - Rudolph Valentino (actor) - Agnes Ayres (actress) - Lord Robert Henley, 1st Earl of Northington* (Lord Chancellor and abolitionist) - Albert B. Fall (US senator and Secretary of the Interior) - King Ludwig* (I’m assuming of Bavaria) - John Ward MP (liberal politician, actual historical figure in the show) - Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (Royal Navy, Blake and Tony served under him) - Benjamin Baruch Ambrose (bandleader at the Embassy Club, his band appears on-screen but it's not pointed out who he is) - The Prince of Wales (David, who became Edward VIII when King) - Freda Dudley Ward (socialite and mistress of the above) - The Queen of Naples* - Wat Tyler* (leader of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England) - Edmond Hoyle* (writer of card rules) - Ramsay MacDonald (Prime Minister Jan-Nov 1924) - Archimedes* - Boudicca* (Queen of the British Iceni tribe) - Rosa Luxemburg (Revolutionary) - Charles I* - Douglas Fairbanks (movie star) - Jack Hylton (English band leader) - Edward Molyneux (fashion designer; Cora has a fitting with him in S5E3) - The Brontë Sisters* (Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, all authors. Anne's work The Tenant of Wildfell Hall was the charade answer in S2CS.) - Leo Tolstoy* (author) - Nikolai Gogol* (author) - Elinor Glyn (author of romantic fiction) - Czar Alexander II - Prince Alfred (son of Queen Victoria) - Grand Duchess Maria (wife of Alfred, daughter of the czar) - Peter Carl Fabergé (Russian jeweller) - Ralph Kerr (officer in the Royal Navy; Mabel mentions a man by this name as a friend) - Keir Hardie (Scottish socialist, died in 1915) - The Moonella Group (formed a nudist colony in 1924 in Wickford, Essex) - John Singer Sargent (American painter, died in 1925) - Rudyard Kipling (author and poet - often quoted starting in S1, but first mentioned by name in S5) - Mary Augusta Ward (Mrs. Humphrey Ward - author; I'm not adding her to the character list, died in 1920) - Adolf Hitler - Pola Negri (film star) - John Barrymore (actor [Drew Barrymore's grandfather]) - King Richard the III (of England)* - Hannah Rothschild and Lord Rosebery (British socialites Violet knew; Hannah died in 1890) - General Reginald Dyer - Lytton Strachey (supposedly was at Gregson's party) - Niccolo Machiavelli* - Adrienne Bolland (aviatrix) - The Fife Princesses (as listed by Sir Michael Reresby) - Duke of Arygll (as listed by Sir Michael Reresby) - The Queen of Spain (as listed by Sir Michael Reresby) - Lady Eltham (Dorothy Isabel Westenra Hastings) - King John* - Neville Chamberlain (Minister of Health in 1925, later Prime Minister; appears on-screen in S6E5) - Anne de Vere Cole (Neville Chamberlain's wife. Fictitiously, she is Robert's father's goddaughter. Her father is mentioned has having served in the Crimean War with Robert's) - Horace de Vere Cole (Anne de Vere Cole's brother) - Joshua Reynolds* (painter) - George Romney* (painter) - Franz Xaver Winterhalter* (painter) - Sir Charles Barry* (real architect of Highclere, cited here as one as Downton Abbey) - Tsar Nicholas I* - Teo (or Tiaa)* - Amenhotep II* - Tuthmosis IV* - King Charles* - Clara Bow (actress) [To my knowledge, the Ripon election candidates in S1E6 were not real people, as were not always the case for military personnel Robert referred to.] Fictional Characters and Works Mentioned in Downton - Long John Silver (referenced by Thomas) - Andromeda, Perseus, Cepheus (Greek mythology) (referenced by Mary) - Sydney Carton (A Tale of Two Cities) (referenced by Robert) - Princess Aurora, and later Sleeping Beauty (the ballet I presume) (referenced by Robert) - Horatio (Hamlet; Thomas quotes a line in a deleted scene) - "Gunga Din" (poem by Kipling; quoted by Bates and later quoted by Isobel) - Little Women (referenced by Cora) - The Lost World - Elizabeth and her German Garden (book given to Anna by Molesley) - Wind in the Willows (referenced by Violet) - "If You Were the Only Girl in the World" (sung by Mary, Matthew and cast) - "The Cat That Walked By Itself" (short story by Kipling; quoted by Matthew) - Iphigenia (Greek mythology, may be referenced in The Iliad but I cannot confirm) - Uncle Tom Cobley ("Widecombe Fair") (referenced by Sybil) - Alice and the Looking Glass - "The Rose of Picardy" (only a few strains played, possibly the John McCormack version which was out in 1919) - Zip Goes a Million and "Look for the Silver Lining" (song played by Matthew) - The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (title used in The Game) - Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Angel Clare (referenced by Mary) - Lochinvar (from Sir Walter Scott) (referenced by Martha) - "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" (played at Mary and Matthew's wedding) - "Let Me Call You Sweetheart" (sung by Martha and cast) - "Dashing Away with the Smoothing Iron" (English folk song sung by Carson) - Way Down East (film) - The Worldings (film) - "Molly Malone" (Irish song) - The Scarlet Letter (referenced by Isobel) - Lady of the Rose (musical) - The Lady of Shalott (ballad) - The Puccini pieces from S4E3 - The jazz pieces from S4E4 sung by Jack Ross ("A Rose By Any Other Name") - The Sheik (film) - The jazz pieces from S4E6 sung by Jack Ross ("Wild About Harry") - "The Second Mrs Tanqueray" (play and films) (referenced by Edith) - "The Sword of Damocles" (Greek myth) - Dr. Fu Manchu - Mrs. Bennett (Pride and Prejudice) - A vague allusion to Wuthering Heights (talking about the Brontë sisters and moors) (referenced by Rose) - Vanity Fair and Becky Sharp (Molesley reads this with Daisy) - "It's a Long Way to Tipperary" (sung by Denker) - "The Fall of the House of Usher" (short story by Edgar Allen Poe) - Madame Defarge (A Tale of Two Cities) - Ariadne (Greek mythology) - "Cockles and Mussels" (Spratt sings a few bars in S6E5; this is also called "Molly Malone") - Elizabeth Bennett and Pemberley (Pride and Prejudice) (referenced by Violet) - Mr Squeers (Nicholas Nickleby) (referenced by Bertie) - The Prisoner of Zenda (adventure novel by Anthony Hope) (referenced by Tom) - "The course of true love never did run smooth" (quote from A Midsummer Night's Dream) Not included are proverbs or sayings (which Anna says a lot of), nor Biblical references. Do note that there's a lot of scenes with the characters reading, but we don't know exactly what.

[chiddicksfamilytree]

This is the fourth in my biographies about the lives of my eight great-grandparents, next up is John Edwin Barnes.

John Edwin Barnes was one of the first Ancestors that I researched, in real detail and he is someone who will always hold a special place in my heart, due to the fact he was sadly killed in action at Gallipoli in WW1.

After my Nan died, I was the humbled recipient of his WW1 medals and it was these very medals, that inspired me to trace my family history in my early years of research.

Are we allowed “Favourite Ancestor’s?” Of course we are, so apologies if there is a lot of info in this blog, I have managed to uncover a lot about John Edwin’s military career, in what was actually, an extremely short life.

So sit back and take a glimpse into the life of my Great-Grandfather John Edwin Barnes.

John Edwin Barnes was born on 17th March 1890 at 49, Benledi Street, Bromley-By-Bow, Poplar, he was the fourth child of eight, born to Henry Barnes and Martha Barnes nee Harvey.

  Within a year, we find John Edwin Barnes counted in the 1891 Census, still living at 49, Benledi Street, with his parents and three older Brothers.

1891 Census

(Benledi Street)

By the time of the 1901 Census, the family home had moved to 50, Burke Street, West Ham and young John Edwin is still living at home with his parents and six siblings, Henry aged 17, Walter aged 13, Arthur aged 8, Edward aged 6, Martha aged 2 and baby Ethel aged just 5 Months.

1901 Census

Whether he was inspired by his older Brother Harry Barnes, who joined the East Surrey Regiment, I can’t say for certain, but the next record we find for our young John Edwin Barnes is his Army attestation papers detailing his enlistment to the Essex Militia, Army Number 9431;

The following information is taken from John Edwin Barnes Army enlisting documentation dated 19th October 1906. He was recruited into the Essex Regiment at the Frances Street Office, Woolwich, London. On the day he enlisted, he was 17 years and 7 months old, his height was 5ft 6 1/2″ and his weight 12st 3lbs. His chest measurement was 35″ and his complexion listed as Sallow. He had brown eyes and auburn hair and his religion is listed as C of E. His occupation is listed as a Carman and he is listed as single.

He had the following distinguishing marks:

Scar left side of forehead

Scar between shoulder blades

Tattoo I Love F.Bevens front of left forearm

(I have no idea who F. Bevens was, but she obviously made an impact!)

His address on enlisting is: 66, Hansworth Street, Canning Town, London.

His next of kin are listed as follows:

Father Harry, 66, Hansworth St. Canning Town Essex

Elder Bros Harry, Pte East Surrey Regt, Walter Jnr, Bros Arthur and Edward Sisters Martha & Ethel, all with father.

He enlists into the 3rd Militia Battalion Essex Regiment, Number 9431, on 19th October 1906 and shortly after receives the Army Recruiting Office seal of approval on 22nd October 1906. Exactly one month later, on 19th November 1906, he attested for Regular Service with the 3rd Battalion, Essex Regiment.

John Edwin Barnes Attestation Record

After completing basic training at the Warley Depot, at the end of 1907, he was posted to 2nd Battalion Essex Regiment, with the Army Number 8987. He was posted from the 2nd Battalion to the 1st Battalion and is stationed at Quetta, Baluhistan, India on the 5th January 1911 and is counted in the 1911 Census in India.

1911 Census

He is stationed here in “C” Company and later in 1913 “C” Company was merged to form part of the new “Y” Company when the Battalion moved to a four Company structure in 1913.

A helpful link to understanding Essex Regiment Service Numbers can be found here

Essex Regiment Service Numbers

It’s during this period in Ireland and specifically Dublin, that John Edwin Barnes meets and marries his sweetheart, Elizabeth (Lizzie) Daniels.

They were married on 27th October 1909 at The Registrar’s Office in The City of Dublin and John Edwin Barnes was living at 6, Madeline Terrace, Golden Bridge, Dublin at the time and Lizzie’s address was 3, Woodroffe Cottages, Island Bridge. His occupation was listed as Private, Essex Regiment.

Between John Edwin Barnes enlistment and before he was sent to India, the Essex Regiment were stationed at The Island Bridge Army Barracks, in Dublin, the exact dates I can’t be sure. During this period there is also evidence of a Court Martial for a John E Barnes, of the 2nd Battalion, at The Curragh Army Barracks, Ireland. The date of the trial was 5th December 1910 and the Court Martial took place on 20th December 1910, the outcome of the trial was a Court Martial for desertion and he was sentenced to 112 days. I would like to think that he was deserting for good reasons, to go and meet his Wife, Lizzie, who would have been pregnant at the time with their only child Martha Annie Barnes. I will never know for certain the reason for his desertion, but the sentimental part of me would like it to be for this reason.

Court Martial Record

John Edwin Barnes and Lizzie Barnes only had the one child, Martha Annie Barnes (My Nan), who was born 21st April 1911, at The Stevens Hospital Dublin.

Sadly John Edwin Barnes died at Gallipoli on this ill-fated campaign, on the very first day of battle, 25th April 1915. Whether he was able to see his only child, Martha Annie Barnes or not, between his service in India, with the Essex Regiment and the outbreak of WW1, I am unable to say for sure.

You might think that there is where the story ends for John Edwin Barnes, but far from it, over the years I have been able to piece together more and more information about his time at Gallipoli thanks to the wonderful help of sites such as The Long Long Trail, The Great War Forum and The Gallipoli Association.

So I have included some more detailed information regarding the Gallipoli Campaign, the part the Essex Regiment played and the part my Ancestor John Edwin Barnes played.

There is a whole wealth of well documented books, blogs and research into the Gallipoli Campaign which would be far too lengthy to be included with this blog, but a very brief note of why the Allied Forces chose to attack the Dardanelles Peninsula is included here;

The eight month campaign in Gallipoli was fought by Allied forces in an attempt to force Turkey out of the war, to relieve the deadlock of the Western Front in France and Belgium, and to open a supply route to Russia through the Dardanelles and the Black Sea. The Allies landed on the peninsula on 25-26 April 1915; the 29th Division at Cape Helles in the south and the Australian and New Zealand Corps north of Gaba Tepe on the west coast, an area soon known as Anzac.

From now on, we will concentrate on the 29th Division, which consisted of 12 Battalions: Border Regiment, 1st Battalion Essex Regiment, Hampshire Regiment, King’s Own Scottish Borderers, 1st Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Royal Fusiliers – City of London Regiment, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, Royal Munster Fusiliers, 1/5th Royal Scots – Lothian Regiment, South Wales Borderers and the Worcestershire Regiment. John Edwin Barnes was part of The Essex Regiment that landed at “W” beach on 25th April 1915.

Troops of the 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment landing at ‘W’ Beach, 25 April 1915.

The following is the actual transcript of the 1st Battalion Essex Regiment War Diary in the run up to the landings on 25th April 1915 and the days after;

12th March 1915

His Majesty’s Inspection

Battalion entrains at Milverton Station, Warwick:

“A” & “B” Companies 8-25 am.

“C” & “D” Companies 8-45 am.

Inspection by His Majesty on main Coventry – Rugby Road.

Return home.

21st March 1915

Warwick, Warwickshire. Part of the 88th Brigade, 29th Division.

To Avonmouth and embarked Caledonia.

April 2nd 1915

Arrived Alexandria, Egypt.

April 6th  1915

Disembarked and to Mustapha Camp.

April 11th 1915

Embarked DONGOLA and sailed for Lemnos.

April 13th 1915

Arrived Mudros Harbour.

April 24th 1915

Set sail to Cape Helles.

April 25th 1915 09:00 hrs

The Battalion less Z Company transhipped from H.T. DONGOLA to a minesweeper and was conveyed as close to the shore as possible, when they were transferred to boats. The landing was carried out under fire and there were several casualties in the boats that took place on W. beach about 9.30 am.

April 25th 1915 09:30 hrs

As soon as the first boats were beached, we received orders to connect between the Royal Fusiliers on right and Lancashire Fusiliers on left and as many as were available were sent to fill this gap, reinforcing as men arrived on the beach. On reaching the crest it was found that no one was on our right.

April 25th 1915 11:35 hrs

A message was received from G.H.Q. to report progress and reasons for not pushing on. Reply was sent, that we were waiting for our left to come up and would then advance. This was attempted but the advance was held up by very heavy fire and many casualties occurred.

April 25th 1915 12:30 hrs

Supported by 4th Worcester’s and after bombardment by Navy, which drove out the enemy, the Battalion took Hill 138 and redoubt beyond.

April 25h 1915 19:00 hrs

Received orders to connect with Worcester’s on right & Hampshire’s on left and entrench position.

Enemy attacked at night & came to close range with a Machine Gun, but inflicted no loss and were driven off.

Casualties during day

2 Officers – Killed

4 Officers – Wounded 1 since dead.

Other Ranks 15 killed 87 wounded.

April 26th 1915

Continued to hold same position.

April 27th 1915 16:00 hrs

Advanced in Line 3 Brigades with 175th French Regiment on right and entrenched new position.

April 28th 1915 08:00 hrs

Advanced in same formation to take up a new position Pt. 236 – Knoll about 700 yds. N.E. of KRITHEA – Pt. 472 – X Coast Line in Sq. 184.R.8

April 28th 1915 09:00 hrs

Met with considerable opposition. The Battalion on the left of the 88th Brigade on reaching a point beyond which they could not advance owing to the right & left of the line being held up entrenched and held till 6 P.M. when it retired to another position in the line with the remainder of the Brigades the right of the line having retired. The enemy made very good use of their Machine Guns causing heavy casualties.

Casualties           Officers            Other Ranks

Killed                        2                     12

Wounded                 1                     75

Missing                                           33

April 29th 1915

Remained in position.

April 30th 1915

Remained in position, shelled by enemy causing little damage.

May 1st 1915

Remained in same position, Battalion relieved by 2nd Hants. Regt. in trenches and went into reserve.

May 1st 1915 22:30 hrs

Enemy attacked trenches in force. The Battalion was called out and ordered to retake trenches which has been evacuated and were held by the enemy. During the advance the Battalion was subjected to heavy fire from the front and also from the rear by parties of the enemy who had broken through 1 Officer and about 40 Turkish prisoners were taken during the advance. X Company under Capt. Pepys found one trench occupied by the enemy and retook it with the bayonet. The remainder of the Battalion remained in support ready to strengthen any portion of the line.

May 2nd 1915 04:30 hrs

A Counter attack was ordered. This consisted of three companies under Captain Bowen they took a small redoubt killing and capturing some of the enemy, ordered to advance and entrench new position.

This was found impracticable owing to enemy’s heavy shell fire. The old trenches were occupied.

Casualties           Officers.                   O.R.

Killed                        2                           12

Wounded                 3                           28

Missing                                                    5

The Essex Regiment Diaries can be found on Ancestry and the links are attached here;

Essex Regiment War Diaries 1

Essex Regiment War Diaries 2

Essex Regiment War Diaries 3

Essex Regiment War Diaries 4

Essex Regiment War Diaries 5

Essex Regiment War Diaries 6

Essex Regiment War Diaries 7

  John Edwin Barnes is commemorated on the Helles Memorial alongside the names of his own Essex Regiment comrades and the other 20,000 plus soldiers, who sadly lost their life here at Gallipoli.

CWGC Record

Medal Rolls 1

Medal Rolls 2

Medal Roll Card

He was awarded The Victory Medal, The British Medal, The 1914-15 Star as well as The Memorial Plaque (knows as “The Death Penny”).

    There are numerous Newspaper reports listing the wounding and death of John Edwin Barnes in various newspapers, these can be found on Find My past and The British Newspaper Archive websites, the links are included here;

Sheffield Daily Telegraph 31st May 1915

Essex Newsman 5th June 1915

Essex Newsman 20th November 1915

Essex Newsman 20th November 1915 Additional Article

The Chelmsford Chronicle 3rd December 1915

I am very fortunate, over the years, I have accumulated a large amount of Photographs from Gallipoli. I am eternally grateful to those that have allowed me to use their own pictures within my Family History Research. Credits to the images are listed below.

          VLUU L210 / Samsung L210

VLUU L210 / Samsung L210

VLUU L210 / Samsung L210

(Images kindly supplied by Sean Ryan)

  (Images kindly supplied by Robert Pike)

  OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

(Images kindly supplied by Bob Cumberbatch)

  After his death, John Edwin Barnes widow, Lizzie Barnes, was entitled to a War Gratuity benefit from the Army, which was duly paid to her on 15th July 1919 for the sum of £5. The payment sheet recording this, is shown here;

Soldier’s Effects

A detailed explanation of how the War Gratuity was calculated and paid can be found here on a blog written by Craig from The Great War Forum. War Gratuity

John Edwin Barnes even managed to get a mention in a book by Trevor Royle entitled “Britain’s Lost Regiment’s, you can view the extract here;

Britain’s Lost Regiment’s John Edwin Barnes

My one lasting regret is that I don’t have a picture of my hero John Edwin Barnes……………..if only.

  Special thanks to all those that have helped with contributions and images and have kindly allowed me to include them here. I hope you managed to reach the end………

    The Life and Times of John Edwin Barnes This is the fourth in my biographies about the lives of my eight great-grandparents, next up is John Edwin Barnes.

[ww1revisited]

Etaples is a town about 27 kilometres south of Boulogne. Etaples Military Cemetery is to the north of the town, on the west side of the road to Boulogne.

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

During the First World War, the area around Etaples was the scene of immense concentrations of Commonwealth reinforcement camps and hospitals. It was remote from attack, except from aircraft, and accessible by railway from both the northern or the southern battlefields. In 1917, 100,000 troops were camped among the sand dunes and the hospitals, which included eleven general, one stationary, four Red Cross hospitals and a convalescent depot, could deal with 22,000 wounded or sick. In September 1919, ten months after the Armistice, three hospitals and the Q.M.A.A.C. convalescent depot remained.

Etaples: Jasper Myers Richardson

Etaples: Jasper Myers Richardson

Etaples: Lt-Col W.R.A. Dawson DSO

Etaples: Lt-Col W.R.A. Dawson DSO

Etaples: Lt-Col A.M. Holdsworth

Etaples: Lt-Col A.M. Holdsworth

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

Etaples Military Cemetery

The cemetery contains 10,769 Commonwealth burials of the First World War, the earliest dating from May 1915. Hospitals were again stationed at Etaples during the Second World War and the cemetery was used for burials from January 1940 until the evacuation at the end of May 1940. After the war, a number of graves were brought into the cemetery from other French burial grounds. Of the 119 Second World War burials, 38 are unidentified. Etaples Military Cemetery also contains 658 German burials and a few war graves of other nationalities. The cemetery, the largest Commission cemetery in France, was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens.

Etaples Military Cemetery in the snow 1919

   Royal Field Artillery

584

  Royal Engineers

302

Royal Garrison Artillery

271

   Northumberland Fusiliers

258

Machine Gun Corps

244

  Royal Fusiliers (City Of London Regt)

243

Kings Liverpool Regt

203

  Gordon Highlanders

199

West Yorkshire Regt

188

  Royal Scots (Lothian Regt)

178

Seaforth Highlanders

163

  Middlesex Regt

156

Durham Light Inf

153

  Royal Army Medical Corps

142

 Kings Royal Rifle Corps

135

  Manchester Regt

135

Rifle Brigade

128

  Duke of Wellingtons (West Riding Regt)

127

South Staffordshire Regt

125

  Lincolnshire Regt

125

Army Service Corps

124

  Lancashire Fusiliers

117

Kings Own Yorkshire Light Infantry

116

  Sherwood Foresters (Notts & Derbys Regt)

112

York and Lancaster Regt

107

  Royal Welsh Fusiliers

103

Highland Light Infantry

101

  Queens (Royal West Surrey Regt)

97

Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders

96

  Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)

94

Border Regt

93

  East Yorkshire Regt

92

Yorkshire Regt (Green Howards)

91

  Essex Regt

90

Royal Warwickshire Regt

87

  Worcestershire Regt

85

Hampshire Regt

83

  Cheshire Regt

81

Suffolk Regt

81

  Loyal North Lancashire Regt

79

Royal Lancaster Regt

78

  Royal Berkshire Regt

71

Kings Shropshire Light Inf

71

  Grenadier Guards

70

Ox and Bucks Light Infantry

69

  Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)

68

South Lancashire Regt

66

  Bedfordshire Regt

64

Gloucestershire Regt

62

  Royal Sussex Regt

62

Cameron Highlanders

61

  Royal Army Service Corps

61

Kings Own Scottish Borderers

60

  Royal West Kent Regt (Queens Own)

60

Devonshire Regt

59

  East Lancashire Regt

59

Leicestershire Regt

55

  Somerset Light Infantry

53

Royal Scots Fusiliers

52

  19th Bn London Regt (St. Pancras)

51

1st Life Guards

51

  East Surrey Regt

49

Buffs (East Kent Regt)

48

  South Wales Borderers

48

Norfolk Regt

48

  North Staffordshire Regt

46

Welsh Regiment

41

  Royal Dublin Fusiliers

39

Duke of Cornwall’s Light Inf

38

  Coldstream Guards

38

Irish Guards

36

  Royal Naval Division, Royal Marines Light Inf

36

Honourable Artillery Coy

35

  Wiltshire Regt

35

Royal Air Force

34

  Dorsetshire Regt

33

Scots Guards

33

  Northamptonshire Regt

33

Royal Irish Rifles

30

  14th Bn London Regt (London Scottish)

27

Tank Corps

27

  9th Bn London Regt (Queen Victorias Rifles)

23

Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers

21

  1st Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

20

Royal Flying Corps

19

  12th Bn London Regt (The Rangers)

17

Leinster Regt

17

  Royal Irish Fusiliers

17

5th Bn London Regt (London Rifle Brigade)

16

  22nd Bn London Regt (The Queens)

16

Royal Horse Artillery

16

  Welsh Guards

15

Monmouthshire Regt

15

  Royal Irish Regt

15

16th Bn London Regt (Queens Westminster Rifles)

14

  8th Bn London Regt (Post Office Rifles)

14

Royal Naval Division, Anson Bn

14

  Royal Naval Division, Hood Bn

13

Army Veterinary Corps

13

  Labour Corps

13

21st Bn London Regt (1st Surrey Rifles)

13

  4th Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

12

15th Bn London Regt (PWO, Civil Service Rifles )

12

  18th Bn London Regt (London Irish Rifles)

12

Royal Munster Fusilier

12

  17th Bn London Regt (Poplar & Stepney Rifles)

11

Royal Naval Division, Howe

11

  1st Household Bn

11

Royal Guernsey Light Infantry

10

  28th Bn London Regt (Artists Rifles)

10

3rd Dragoon Guards (Prince of Wales’s)

10

  20th Bn London Regt (Blackheath & Woolwich)

10

 13th Bn London Regt (Kensington)

9

  Army Cyclist Corps

9

Royal Naval Division, Drake Bn

9

  Royal Army Ordanance Corps

8

3rd Bn London Regt ( Royal Fusiliers)

7

  23rd Bn London Reg

7

Royal Naval Division, Hawke Bn

7

  24th Bn London Regt (The Queens)

7

Cambridgeshire Regt

7

  Royal Naval Division, Nelson Bn

7

2nd Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

6

  Military Police Corps

6

 6th Bn London Regt (London Rifles)

5

  Hertfordshire Regt

5

11th Hussars (Prince Alberts Own)

5

  QMAAC

5

2nd Dragoon (Royal Scots Greys)

5

  7th Bn London Regt

4

5th Dragoon Guards (Princess Charlotte of Wales’s)

4

  9th Lancers (Queens Royal)

4

1st Dragoons (Royal)

4

  10th Hussars (Prince of Wales Own Royal)

4

Royal Army Veterinary Corps

4

  Guards Machine Gun Regt

4

Mercantile Marine, SS “Huntsmore”

4

  6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers)

3

Royal Horse Guards

3

  YMCA

3

 3rd Hussars (Kings Own)

3

  4th Hussars (Queens Own)

3

2/3rd Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

3

  2nd Dragoon Guards (Queens Bays)

3

2/2nd Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

3

  Queens A Imperial Military Nursing Service

3

Civilian

3

  Non Combattants Corps

3

Royal Naval Division, Medical Unit

3

  Connaught Rangers

3

12th Lancers (Prince of Wales’s Royal )

3

  2/5th Bn London Regt (London Rifle Brigade)

2

10th Bn London Regt (Hackney)

2

  Royal Naval Division, Machine Gun Coy

2

Royal Naval Division, Royal Marine Artillery

2

  2/7th Bn London Regt

2

2/12th Bn London Regt (The Rangers)

2

  Northamptonshire Yeomanry

2

2/4th Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

2

  20th Hussars

2

19th Hussars (Queen Alexandra’s Own Royal )

2

  2/6th Bn London Regt (London Rifles)

2

Voluntary Aid Detachments

2

  Queens Own Oxfordshire Hussars

2

6th Dragoons (Inniskilling)

2

  2nd Life Guards

2

14th Hussars (Kings)

1

Royal Navy HMS Victory

1

Lincolnshire Yeomanry

1

  Royal Navy HMS President VI

1

1st Dragoon Guards (Kings Royal)

1

  18th Hussars (Queen Mary’s Own)

1

Royal Navy HMS Eden

1

  17th Lancers (Duke of Cambridge’s Own)

1

7th Hussars (Queens Own)

1

  Lena Ashwell Concert Party

1

City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders)

1

  Chinese Labour Corps

1

North Somerset Yeomanry

1

  Army Pay Corps

1

13th Hussars `

1

  Royal Hussars (Gloucestershire)

1

Warwickshire Yeomanry

1

  Royal Naval Division, Divisional Train

1

11th Bn London Regt (Finsbury Rifles)

1

  1/1st Staffordshire Yeomanry

1

Belgian Motorcyclist

1

  North Irish Horse

1

1/1st Huntingdonshire Cyclist Bn

1

  2nd Household Bn

1

Special List

1

  30th Bn London Regt

1

King Edwards Horse

1

  29th Bn London Regt

1

34th Bn London Regt

1

  Scottish Churches

1

23rd Lancers

1

  Infantry Base Depot

1

Leicestershire Yeomanry

1

  Chaplain to the Forces

1

1st King Edwards Horse

1

  1/1st East Riding Yeomanry

1

2/14th Bn London Regt (London Scottish)

1

  4th Dragoon Guards (Royal Irish)

1

General List

1

  St John’s Ambulance Brigade

1

5th Lancers (Royal Irish)

1

  2/2nd Lovat Scouts

1

Territorial Nursing Service

1

  2/24th Bn London Regt (The Queens)

1

2/20th Bn London Regt (Blackheath & Woolwich)

1

  2/1st Sussex Yeomanry

1

2/1st Bn London Regt (Royal Fusiliers)

1

  3rd County of London (Sharpshooters)

1

Identified UK Burials

8752

      Unidentified UK Burials

33 

      Total UK Burials

8785 

      Total Number of UK & Overseas Burials

10744

Silent Cities - WW1 Revisited website: Etaples Military Cemetery #WW1 Etaples is a town about 27 kilometres south of Boulogne. Etaples Military Cemetery is to the north of the town, on the west side of the road to Boulogne.

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

"Fathers of Prisoners Aid Red Cross," Windsor Star. March 10, 1943. Page 3. ---- THESE two Windsor war workers, whose sons are prisoners of war, know what the Red Cross has done for their boys. Food boxes and personal boxes have reached them from Canada through the facilities of the International Red Cross. That's why their fathers are anxious to contribute to the current campaign for funds. On the leftabove is Mr. Adam Duxter whose son is Private Albert Duxter of the Essex Scottish. Beside him is Mr. D. M. Stephenson, father of Sergeant Louis Stephenson, also of the Scottish. Their contributions are being taken by Mr. A. P. "Bus" Ford, assistant accountant, Auto Specialties, Limited, where all three work. (By Staff Photographer.)

[scotianostra]

19th January 1644 saw a Scottish Covenanter army of 20,000 men under the command of Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven move south into England and their civil war supporting Oliver Cromwell.

Sit doon and get comfy, this will be a lengthy post, for the start of this post has it's roots in The English Civil War it takes us right up to the Jacobite Uprisings and the split in loyalties between King and country.

The 17th-century civil war may seem a very English affair, but that is misleading – it was started and ended by Scots.

We all know a bit about the rise to power of Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army; the Battles of Worcester and Naseby and Marston Moor that ended with the execution of King Charles I, to me it marked the beginning of the end of the Stuarts, and it all seems a rather English affair, recently, however, historians have preferred to call it ‘The War of Three Kingdoms’, since both Scotland and Ireland were inevitably drawn into the dispute. It is easy to see why the older version prevailed for so long.

To me the internet has helped people, like myself understand history better, we can seek out so many sources so easily, at school, if you were lucky you got a text book with the one version being "gospel" but even on here I have been called out for getting things wrong, well in the eyes of the person calling me out I certainly will concede certain ground, but history as well is how you perceive it, what to put in my posts and what to leave out. I rely on some people to keep me right in some respects, and I can't hold a torch to some peoples knowledge of certain aspects of our history, I take my hat off to the likes of my friends, Marti Morrison, or Roland Obrien whose Jacobite knowledge can put me to shame, these guys live and breath the history, wear the outfits, walk the battlefields and have done for years, mere mortals like me scour the archives piecing together from many sources, like todays post, giving an understanding of events that has been lacking in the classrooms when the super info-highway was still drifting out in space.

Anyway back to the post in hand.

The English story is clear – the extravagant and naïve Charles pitted against the unglamorous and hard-headed Cromwell over a clear point of principle. The Scottish story, however, is much more ambiguous.

Indeed, if the ‘English Civil War’ might broadly be dated from 1640, when Charles I dissolved the ‘Short Parliament’, to 1660, when General Monck restored Charles II to the throne, the ‘Scottish Civil War’ could be said to have run from 1637 to 1744, and the final defeat of the Jacobite cause.

Lets start with simple question: to whom did Charles I surrender in 1646? Not to Fairfax, Essex, Ireton or Cromwell, the leading lights in the English Civil War, but to the Scottish regiment encamped at Newark, led by Alexander Leslie.

Charles, who had of course been born in Scotland, and always had a problem with the Scottish Kirk, who maintained that while the King had authority in matters temporal, they had authority in matters spiritual; and often where one ended and the other began was a point of serious contention. Time and time again I go back to pointing out the Stewart/Stuart, mantra of Devine right of Kings.

James VI as the first King to "rule" over the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England got away with having two forms of worship by not getting too involved with them, Charles however was much more headstrong, his first, and some say biggest mistake was the introduction of his own prayer books on the Scottish Kirk in 1637. It caused a riot, with one woman, Jenny Geddes, purportedly throwing her stool at the minister and shouting ‘daur ye say Mass in my lug?’ They saw it as being to close to the "Popery" of the Catholic church, it led to the drawing up a ‘National Covenant' which was a solemn agreement inaugurated to reject the prayer book and any meddling by the King in their religion. Don't underestimate this agreement a staggering six hundred thousand Scots signed the document, in any age, it stated that as long as the king protected the Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Church would protect the king. There was the rub.

Charles, forgetting that the word ‘thrawn’ could have been invented to describe the Scottish Church, sorted refused to sign, leading to the so-called First and Second Bishops’ Wars, the latter ending with Montrose and the veteran of the European wars Alexander Leslie in control of Northumbria and County Durham. Charles had to recall the English Parliament for financial support – the ‘Long Parliament’ – and precipitated his war with them.

Parliament now opened negotiations with the Church. Although there were many mutual areas of agreement, the Church of Scotland held both the Independents and the Puritans at arm’s length.

Nevertheless, Westminster and Edinburgh both signed a successor document to the Covenant, the Solemn League and Covenant, which brought the Scots into the fray on the side of Parliament. Even before this, Montrose had already switched sides, concerned that the Kirk was attempting to usurp the power of the Crown.

While Charles was fighting Cromwell he still held out hope that the Scots could wield and come to his rescue, perhaps this is why he surrendered himself to Leslies army and not the Roundheads. What did for him was English gold. The Scots had been promised much and were financially insecure, so in exchange for their prisoner, the English Parliament paid Scottish debts, Leslie's army had not been paid as promised for allying themselves with Cromwell, with this settled Charles was handed over, eventually to be tried and executed.

The execution of Charles was a turning point. The English had killed the legitimate King of Scots without so much as a by-your-leave. Charles II was proclaimed King of Scots in Edinburgh, and the head of the ‘Engagers’, the Duke of Hamilton, beheaded in London.

Under the Treaty of Breda, Charles II signed the Covenant; an act he did so in supreme bad faith. He needed allies not disputations on theology. Cromwell addressed the General Assembly over the Scots defection, saying: ‘I beseech you, in the bowels in Christ, think it possible ye may be mistaken.’

When the Assembly decided they were not, Cromwell launched a punitive strike against Dunbar, capturing it from Sir David Leslie, ( his brother, Alexander by now aged and retired) beside whom he fought at Marston Moor. Three thousand Scots were killed and 10,000 captured. By the Battle of Inverkeithing, Cromwell had effective control of everywhere south of the Firth of Forth.

But the Scots were intransigent. In the last battle of the ‘English Civil War’, the Battle of Worcester, the majority of the 16,000 strong Royalist force was Scottish. Around 8000 Scottish prisoners were sent as indentured labourers to the West Indies and Canada, starting a relationship with those regions that would have significant influence in later centuries. Leslie was sent to the Tower, and released a decade later on the successful Restoration of Charles II and the death of Cromwell.

The Scots had instigated the war on their insistence that they were religiously and politically different from England. One unforeseen consequence was that Cromwell’s Commonwealth was the first time Scotland and England had the same governance, he is acknowledged as the only an to invade and control all of Scotland, a feat Longshanks, Edward I never quite accomplished.

Charles II did not heed the lessons of what had happened to his father, and his attempts to create ecclesiastical uniformity led to the ‘Killing Time’ between 1680 and 1688. Even more bizarrely, after the English Parliament invited William III to take the crown, in favour of the Catholic King James VI and II, some Covenanters fought for the Stuarts against the new regime. The misery of war and religious schism makes for strange bedfellows indeed.

At the root, perhaps, of the problem was the difference between the Scottish and English experiences of Stuart monarchy. The Stuarts had ruled Scotland since 1371 and England since 1603. They may have been weak, injudicious, opinionated, divisive and profligate kings – but they had been our kings for a much longer time.

[bluepointcoin]

Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment deployed as part of Canadian Forces COVID-19 response

Soldiers with the The Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment were deployed on Monday to Canadian Forces Base Borden in Ontario as part of the Canadian Armed Forces’ Operation LASER response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. 

Master Warrant Officer Fergus O’Connor said approximately 30 troops have been deployed to take part in a 400-person territorial task group “in order to respond to any request…

[chrismarshall1948]

Adventures of Bravour Wednesday 17th of May 2 Tuesday 22nd of May 2017: Well, eventually we decided not to go up Ben Nevis as the mooring for Bravour was too exposed outside Fort William, also getting there getting the bus to the gondola and going up Ben Nevis and back with the bus and then going all the way to Oban would have been a very long day and meant we arrived at about nine or 10 o'clock in the evening. So we paid up at Corpach sea Loch without scratching the boat which I have done twice before in this location. We had all the fenders out including the fender board and the boat just nudged up very easily without even the hint of a scratch. We then had an easy motor down to Oban via the loch Lynn and the Lynn of Lorne eventually arriving at 3 o'clock having set off at 930 as planned conditions were calm and no excitements or panics on the way. Oban even greeted us with some sun. On the Friday it was chore day on the boat and watching the Scottish island Peaks race begin at midday with a very good turnout of boats. We met the new owners of Oban Marina, Gary and Catherine, who are quite adventurous types having run a restaurant and bar in Montenegro and now bought this Marina. Chatting to Gary it seems Catherine is the true sailor and Gary is the reluctant sailing husband. They both seem in their element here and I'm sure are going to make a go of it after having only opened this February. Already things seem better run. Elisabeth and I said cheerio to Alan on the Friday morning having said we would meet up sometime in the weekend or early week for a beer and a meal before we made our final farewell. I'm sure will be seen plenty of him as he is berthing his boat at Port Bannatyne as we are. On the Saturday it was a rather overcast rainy day and we visited cruachan energy storage project which has truly amazing with a massive cavern in the middle of the mountain next to Loch Awe which could have housed a cathedral. 34 lives were lost building this project in the late Fifties and 60s and it is a energy smoothing out facility which will cater for Peak demand of energy by emptying the lock and can run for 22 hours and produced 440 MW of power. A truly amazing engineering feat which has been hacked through black granite which is harder than steel. The following day, Sunday the 21st, we visited the Isle of Mull using the Caledonian MacBrayne ferries, me for the first time, very comfortable and smooth, with a short bus ride to Stuart Castle which is a prominent feature when you enter the sound of Mull. It is the home of the McLean clan and has existed for six or 700 years, originally as a timber structure which disappeared and then a stone structure which was occupied by the English forces keeping the Scots in order and was then unoccupied for 160 years before eventually the McLean's came back and decided to rebuild it around 1911 and put a roof on it as it was just an empty stone structure with walls about 2 m thick. The exhibition is superb with silverware presented to one of the McLeans who commanded a regiment, a collection of dirks and an amazing view up the sound of Mull from the roof of the Castle. A thoroughly enjoyable day. On the Monday we did some more tasks on the boat and cleaned off all the dirty marks from the starboard side left by the boom covers over the winter using Barkeepers friend, a fine powder rubbing compound. We also met Ron who had berths his massive boat on the hammerhead at the end of the pontoon and was a very chatty Scotsmen who told us he had owned his boat for 23 years. He made his money, and I think is still making it selling aircraft filters and lives in Essex. He trains to Scotland for just a week and has been sailing his boat with up to 11 as a crew and had amazing times on the boat. His wife has never taken much interest and now his health is failing and that of his final remaining crew member is also in question, the boat is up for sale. He is 74 so he's not had a bad run for his money. Another boat moored behind us was a Roberts fibreglass boat owned by Ernie and crewed by Alan, not Eric. He was an amazing character and showed me round his boat, it had nooks and crannies everywhere, at least seven berths, a fuel tank with 1700 L of fuel in it which only needs filling up once every two years, a massive engine and an electrically operated furling Genoa. A rather dangerous option in my view, as if it goes wrong you can't get rid of your Genoa which could be an interesting situation in a heavy sea. Anyway we chatted boats and the same situation applies to him, as he has only one crew member left who has been with him for 18 years. I think then he said he was in his mid-70s and also still working. He runs a fleet of boats on Windermere so his boating experience is vast. It's always interesting to talk to these guys and get good advice from them. I told him our heater seems to be pushing out noxious fumes and making us feel very much under the weather and he suggested we get in touch with a make of heater called Mikuni, which is Chinese but he uses them on all his boats and can vouch for the quality. This summer I'm going to ask John Stirling at Port Bannatyne if he can change the heater as we really don't want to be gassed in our boat and there's no way real of testing it. I'll ask him about these heaters and see what he says. The other job I'm going to asked John to do is to look at the windlass which was working when we first got to the boat and then stubbornly refused to work despite everything Alan and I did to it. It seems to be getting power to the front of the boat but nothing works. It's either the contact, solenoid or the switch which is faulty as I can't believe a rewired windlass will have burnt out its wiring and we have not abused it in any way. Yesterday Monday the 22nd we met Alan at the Oban pub, which is a brilliant little pub and one of the oldest buildings in Oban, for a couple of beers and some very tasty fish and chips. This morning, Tuesday 23rd of May, I have done a few little odd jobs to make the boat ready for sea, and we are going set off at 1130 in order to catch the ebb tide going down the sound of Luing. The idea is to anchor in Loch Craignish, however the windlass not working  makes life difficult, however I have a scheme for getting the anchor back on the boat using the mast winches and a carefully prepared roping system. We will only anchor if conditions are fair. It's about an hour from Crinan basin so we can head for there as long as it's not too late. That's all for now folks your skipper Chris

[fanzonesports]

Dieppe Raid Exhibit Opens At The Chimczuk Museum

#Dieppe Raid Exhibit Opens At The #ChimczukMuseum #EssexAndKentScottish

A map of the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942 is part of the installation Sacrifice and Courage at the Chimczuk Museum until 31 December 2017.Photo by Robert Tuomi. (WINDSOR, ON) – Entitled Sacrifice and Courage: The Dieppe Raid Remembered, the newest exhibit at the downtown Chimczuk Museum brings into tight focus one of the most deadly of military initiatives in the early days of the Second World…

[jasonplant]

The Last Veteran of the Dieppe Raid Died

The Last Veteran of the Dieppe Raid Died

He was part of the Essex Scottish Regiment on the 19th August 1942. Leslie Tetler died in Canada on the 5th March at the age of 97.

Leslie Tetler, the last veteran of the Essex Scottish Regiment who took part in the Allied raid on the 19th August 1942, as part of Operation Jubilee in Dieppe, died in Windsor, Canada, on Sunday 5th March 2017, reports the website  Normandie-news .

It is mainly the…